ANTI-ALPHA2 INTEGRIN ANTIBODIES AND THEIR USES

Abstract

The invention relates to anti-α2 integrin antibodies and their uses. Humanized antibodies are disclosed that bind to the I domain of α2 integrin and inhibit the interaction of α2β1 integrin with collagen. Also disclosed are therapeutic uses of anti-α2 integrin antibodies in treating α2β1-mediated disorders, including anti-α2 integrin antibodies that bind to α2 integrin without activating platelets.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/858,174, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,759,009, filed Aug. 17, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/601,595, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,807,794, filed Nov. 17, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/738,303, filed Nov. 18, 2005, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY VIA EFS-WEB

[0002] The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing (Name: 3305_--0030003_SEQLISTING.ascii; Size: 170,895 bytes; and Date of Creation: May 19, 2014) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present invention generally relates to antibodies directed to α2β1 integrin and their uses, including humanized anti-alpha 2 (α2) integrin antibodies and methods of treatment with anti-α2 integrin antibodies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The integrin α2β1 (Very late antigen 2; VLA-2) is expressed on a variety of cell types including platelets, vascular endothelial cells, epithelial cells, activated monocytes/macrophages, fibroblasts, leukocytes, lymphocytes, activated neutrophils and mast cells. (Hemler, Annu Rev Immunol 8:365:365-400 (1999); Wu and Santoro, Dev. Dyn. 206:169-171 (1994); Edelson et al., Blood. 103(6):2214-20 (2004); Dickeson et al., Cell Adhesion and Communication. 5: 273-281 (1998)). The most typical ligands for α2β1 include collagen and laminin, both of which are found in extracellular matrix. Typically the I-domain of the α2 integrin binds to collagen in a divalent-cation dependent manner whereas the same domain binds to laminin through both divalent-cation dependent and independent mechanisms. (Dickeson et al., Cell Adhesion and Communication. 5: 273-281 (1998)) The specificity of the α2β1 integrin varies with cell type and serves as a collagen and/or laminin receptor for particular cell types, for example α2β1 integrin is known as a collagen receptor for platelets and a laminin receptor for endothelial cells. (Dickeson et al., J Biol. Chem. 272: 7661-7668 (1997)) Echovirus-1, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase I (MMP-I), endorepellin and multiple collectins and the C1q complement protein are also ligands for α2β1 integrin. (Edelson et al., Blood 107(1): 143-50 (2006)) The α2β1 integrin has been implicated in several biological and pathological processes including collagen-induced platelet aggregation, cell migration on collagen, cell-dependent reorganization of collagen fibers as well as collagen-dependent cellular responses that result in increases in cytokine expression and proliferation, (Gendron, J. Biol. Chem. 278:48633-48643 (2003); Andreasen et al., J. Immunol. 171:2804-2811 (2003); Rao et al., J. Immunol. 165(9):4935-40 (2000)), aspects of T-cell, mast cell, and neutrophil function (Chan et al., J. Immunol. 147:398-404 (1991); Dustin and de Fougerolles, Curr Opin Immunol 13:286-290 (2001), Edelson et. al., Blood. 103(6):2214-20 (2004), Werr et al., Blood 95:1804-1809 (2000), aspects of delayed type hyersensitivity contact hypersensitivity and collagen-induced arthritis (de Fougerolles et, al., J. Clin. Invest. 105:721-720 (2000): Kriegelstein et al., J. Clin. Invest. 110(12):1773-82 (2002)), mammary gland ductal morphogenesis (Keely et. al., J. Cell Sci. 108:595-607 (1995); Zutter et al., Am. J. Pathol. 155(3):927-940 (1995)), epidermal wound healing (Pilcher et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:181457-54 (1997)), and processes associated with VEGF-induced angiogenesis (Senger et al., Am. J. Pathol. 160(1):195-204 (2002)).

[0005] Integrins are heterodimers comprised of one α and one β subunit, and comprise a large family of cell surface proteins that mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as plasma proteins and are central to some types of cell-cell interactions. Integrins interact with ECM components through their extracellular domains. (Pozzi & Zent, Exp Nephrol. 94:77-84 (2003)) Upon binding to ligands, integrins transduce intracellular signals to the cytoskeleton that modify cellular activity in response to these cellular adhesion events, referred to as outside-in signaling (see, e.g., Hemler, Annu Rev Immunol 8:365:365-400 (1999); Hynes, Cell. 110(6):673-87 (2002)). Such signaling can also activate other integrin subtypes expressed on the same cell, referred to as inside-out signaling. Inside-out signaling further occurs via regulatory signals that originate within cell cytoplasm such as a disruption of the clasp between an α and β subunit, which are then transmitted to the external ligand-binding domain of the receptor. Integrins can play important roles in the cell adhesion events that control development, organ morphogenesis, physiology and pathology as well as normal tissue homeostasis and immune and thrombotic responses, and in addition, they serve as environmental sensors for the cell. These proteins are characterized as being in a closed conformation under normal conditions that, upon activation undergo rapid conformational change that exposes the ligand binding site. X-ray crystal structure is a recent tool that has been used in the study of integrin structure and mechanisms of activation. The understanding of integrin structural features facilitates the better understanding of binding sites, differentiated states and their active and inactive formations. In general, the binding site for ligand/counter-receptor for all integrins lies within the α domain and is comprised of a metal ion dependent binding site, referred to as the MIDAS domain (Dembo et al., J Biol. Chem. 274, 32108-32111 (1988): Feuston et al., J. Med. Chem. 46:5316-5325 (2003); Gadek et al., Science 295(5557):1086-9 (2002)); Gurrath et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 210:911-921 (1992)). In the a subunits of the collagen-binding integrins, which include α1, α2, α10 and α11 integrins, the MIDAS site is located within an extra inserted domain at the N-terminus known as the I, A or I/A domain, a feature they share with the α subunits of the leukocyte β2 family of integrins (Randi and Hogg, J Biol Chem. 269: 12395-8 (1994), Larson et al J Cell Biol. 108(2):703-12 (1989), Lee et al., J Biol Chem. 269: 12395-8 (1995); Emsley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:28512-28517 (1997) and Cell 100:47-56 (2000)). The I domains are structurally homologous to the A1 domain of von Willebrandt factor, with a Rossman-fold topology of six β-sheet strands surrounded by seven α-helices (Colombatti and Bonaldo, Blood 77(11):2305-15 (1991); Larson et al., J Cell Biol. 108(2):703-712 (1989); Emsley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:28512-28517 (1997); Nolte et al; FEBS Letters, 452(3):379-385 (1999)). The collagen-binding integrins have an additional α-helix known as the αC helix (Emsley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:28512-28517 (1997) and Cell 100:47-56 (2000); Nolte et al; FEBS Letters, 452(3):379-385 (1999)).

[0006] Integrin/ligand interactions can facilitate leukocyte extravasation into inflamed tissues (Jackson et al., J. Med. Chem. 40:3359-3368 (1997); Gadek et al., Science 295(5557):1086-9 (2002), Sircar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10:2051-2066 (2002)), and play a role in downstream events following the initial extravasation of leukocytes from the circulation into tissues in response to inflammatory stimuli, including migration, recruitment and activation of pro-inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation (Eble J. A., Curr. Phar. Des. 11(7):867-880 (2005)). Some antibodies that block α2β1 integrin were reported to show impact on delayed hypersensitivity responses and efficacy in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis and a model of inflammatory bowel disease (Kriegelstein et al., J. Clin. Invest. 110(12):1773-82 (2002); de Fougerolles et. al., J. Clin. Invest. 105:721-720 (2000) and were reported to attenuate endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro (Senger et al., Am. J. Pathol. 160(1):195-204 (2002), suggesting that the blocking of α2β1 integrin might prevent/inhibit abnormal or higher than normal angiogenesis, as observed in various cancers.

[0007] Platelets normally circulate in the blood in an inactive resting state, however, they are primed to respond rapidly at sites of injury to a wide variety of agonists. Upon stimulation, they undergo shape changes and become highly reactive with plasma proteins, such as fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (vWf), other platelets, and the endothelial lining of the vessel wall. These interactions all cooperate to facilitate the rapid formation of a hemostatic fibrin platelet plug (Cramer, 2002 in Hemostasis and Thrombosis, 4^th edition). Upon binding ligand, platelet receptors transduce outside-in signal pathways which in turn, trigger inside-out signaling that results in activation of secondary receptors such as the platelet fibrinogen receptor, αIIbβ3 integrin, leading to platelet aggregation. Antibodies or peptide ligand mimetics that bind to or interact with platelet receptors are anticipated to induce a similar signaling cascade leading to platelet activation. Even minor activation of platelets can result in platelet thrombotic responses, thrombocytopenia and bleeding complications.

[0008] α2β1 integrin is the only collagen-binding integrin expressed on platelets and has been implicated to play some role in platelet adhesion to collagen and hemostasis (Gruner et al., Blood 102:4021-4027 (2003); Nieswandt and Watson, Blood 102(2):449-461 (2003); Santoro et al., Thromb. Haemost. 74:813-821 (1995); Siljander et al., Blood 15:1333-1341 (2004); Vanhoorelbeke et al., Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. 3(2):125-40 (2003)). In addition, platelet α2β1 may play a role in the regulation of the size of the platelet aggregate (Siljander et al., Blood 103(4):1333-1341 (2004)).

[0009] α2β1 integrin has also been shown as a laminin-binding integrin expressed on endothelial cells (Languino et al., J Cell Bio. 109:2455-2462 (1989)). Endothelial cells are thought to attach to laminin through an integrin-mediated mechanism, however it has been suggested that the α2 I domain may function as a ligand-specific sequence involved in mediating endothelial cell interactions (Bahou et al., Blood. 84(11):3734-3741(1994)).

[0010] It is anticipated that a therapeutic antibody that binds α2β1 integrin, including the α2β1 integrin on platelets, could result in bleeding complications. For example, antibodies targeting other platelet receptors such as GPIb (Vanhoorelbeke et al., Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. 3(2):125-40 (2003) or GP IIb/IIIa (Schell et al., Ann. Hematol. 81:76-79 (2002), Nieswandt and Watson, Blood 102(2):449-461 (2003), Merlini et al., Circulation 109:2203-2206 (2004)) have been associated with thrombocytopenia, although the mechanisms behind this are not well understood. It has been hypothesized that binding of an antibody to a platelet receptor can alter its three dimensional structure, and expose normally unexposed epitopes which then leads to platelet elimination (Merlini et al., Circulation 109:2203-2206 (2004). Indeed, the bleeding complications associated with oral doses of GP IIa/IIIb antagonists have been described as the "dark side" of this class of compounds (Bhatt and Topol, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2(1):15-28 (2003)). If α2β1 integrin plays an important role in the movement of leukocytes through inflammatory tissue, it would be desirable to develop therapeutic agents that could target α2β1 for diseases α2β1 integrin-associated disorders and/or cellular processes associated with the disorders, including cancer, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases, if such agents would not activate platelets. Thus, there is a need in the art for the development of compounds capable of targeting α2β1 integrin, such as the α2β1 integrin on leukocytes, which would not be associated with adverse bleeding complications.

[0011] The anti-human α2β1 integrin blocking antibody BHA2.1 was first described by Hangan et al., (Cancer Res. 56:3142-3149 (1996)). Other anti-α2β1 integrin antibodies are known and have been used in vitro, such as the commercially available antibodies AK7 (Mazurov et al., Thromb. Haemost. 66(4):494-9 (1991), P1E6 (Wayner et al., J. Cell Biol. 107(5):1881-91 (1988)), 10G11 (Giltay et al., Blood 73(5):1235-41 (1989) and A2-11E10 (Bergelson et al., Cell Adhes. Commun. 2(5):455-64 (1994). Hangan et al., (Cancer Res. 56:3142-3149 (1996)) used the BHA2.1 antibody in vivo to study the effects of blocking α2β1 integrin function on the extravasation of human tumor cells in the liver, and the ability of these tumor cells to develop metastatic foci under antibody treatment. The Ha1/29 antibody (Mendrick and Kelly, Lab Invest. 69(6):690-702 (1993)), specific for rat and murine α2β1 integrin, has been used in vivo to study the upregulation of α2β1 integrin on T cells following LCMV viral activation (Andreasen et al., J. Immunol. 171:2804-2811 (2003)), to study SRBC-induced delayed type hypersensitivity and FITC-induced contact type-hypersensitivity responses and collagen-induced arthritis (de Fougerolles et, al., J. Clin. Invest. 105:721-720 (2000)), to study the role of α2β1 integrin in VEGF regulated angiogenesis (Senger et al., Am. J. Pathol. 160(1):195-204 (2002); Senger et al., PNAS 94(25): 13612-7 (1997)), and to study the role of α2β1 integrin in PMN locomotion in response to platelet activating factor (PAF) (Werr et al., Blood 95:1804-1809 (2000)).

[0012] The use of murine monoclonal antibodies, such as those described above, as human therapeutic agents in non-immunocompromized patients has been limited by the robust immune responses directed against administered murine antibodies, particularly in repeated administration. This response cannot only curtail the effective half-life of the murine antibody in circulation but also can lead to profound injection site and/or anaphylactic responses (Shawler et al., J. Immunol. 135(2):1530 (1985)). In addition, the rodent effector functions associated with the constant regions (Fc) are much less effective than their human counterparts when administered to humans, resulting in a loss of potentially desirable complement activation and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity.

[0013] Thus, there is a need for the development of antibodies directed against α2β1 integrin, including for treatment of α2β1 integrin-associated disorders, mechanisms, and cellular processes including inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, it would be desirable to develop anti-α2β1 integrin antibodies that would not be associated with the development of an anti-murine antibody response in a patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1: Graphical results of studies of effects of anti-α2 integrin antibody on paralytic disease in mouse EAE model when administered at first sign of disease (See Example 7).

[0015] FIG. 2: Graphical results of studies of effects of anti-α2 integrin on paralytic disease when administered during induction phase (See Example 7).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The present invention provides anti-alpha 2 (α2) integrin antibodies and methods for their use, notably humanized anti-alpha 2 (α2) integrin antibodies and methods for their use.

[0017] In certain embodiments, the anti-α2 integrin antibody includes one or more human constant regions (e.g., C_L and/or C_H) and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 and/or a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 or amino acid sequence variants thereof. Various forms of the antibody are contemplated herein. For example, the anti-α2 integrin antibody may be a full length antibody (e.g., comprising human immunoglobulin constant regions) or an antibody fragment (e.g. Fab or F(ab')₂ or Fab' or Fv or scFv fragments). Furthermore, the antibody may be labeled with a detectable label, immobilized on a solid phase and/or conjugated with a heterologous compound (such as a cytotoxic agent).

[0018] Diagnostic and therapeutic uses for anti-α2 integrin antibodies are contemplated as well as prophylactic or preventative uses. For diagnostic uses, a method for determining the presence of α2β1 integrin protein is provided comprising exposing a sample suspected of containing the α2β1 integrin protein to an anti-α2 integrin antibody and determining binding of the antibody to the sample. For this use, a kit is provided comprising an anti-α2 integrin antibody and instructions for using the antibody to detect the α2β1 integrin protein. Therapeutic uses included but are not limited to the treatment of α2β1 integrin-associated disorders, mechanisms, and cellular processes including inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis.

[0019] Gene therapy applications for anti-α2 integrin antibodies are contemplated. Various vectors (e.g., retroviral vectors, chromosomes) encoding the anti-α2β1 heavy and light chain gene sequences, may be transferred to cells (e.g., fibroblasts, stem cells) to generate populations of cells secreting anti-α2β1 MAb. These cells may possess specific "homing" properties to different cell types, tissues, and/or organs. These antibody-producing cells in turn may be introduced into a patient for localized delivery of the anti-α2β1 MAb. As an example, mesenchymal stem cells modified with an anti-α2β1 MAb vector could be injected into the brain of a patient suffering from multiple sclerosis. The stem cells differentiate into neural cells and secrete the anti-α2β1 MAb to treat the inflammation associated with the multiple sclerosis. In addition, anti-α2β1 may be conjugated to viruses encoding therapeutic genes (e.g., ricin). The modified viruses would bind specifically to cells expressing α2β1 on the cell surface, enabling increased transgene transfer efficiency. Further, immunoconjugates composed of anti-α2β1 antibody-liposome complexes encapsulating nucleic acids encoding therapeutic genes may be introduced intravenously into a patient. The anti-α2β1-immunoconjugate would bind to cells expressing α2β1 integrin and facilitate efficient uptake of the therapeutic genes.

[0020] Further provided is an isolated nucleic acid encoding an anti-α2 integrin antibody; a vector comprising that nucleic acid, optionally operably linked to control sequences recognized by a host cell transformed with the vector; a host cell comprising that vector; a process for producing the anti-α2 integrin antibody comprising culturing the host cell so that the nucleic acid is expressed and, optionally, recovering the antibody from the host cell culture (e.g., from the host cell culture medium).

[0021] Also provided is a composition comprising a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Compositions for therapeutic uses may be sterile and may be lyophilized. Further provided is a method for treating an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder, comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of an anti-α2 integrin antibody such as a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody to the mammal. For such therapeutic uses, other agents (e.g., another α2β1 integrin antagonist) may be co-administered to the mammal either before, after, or simultaneously with, the anti-α2 integrin antibody.

[0022] Also provided is a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2), (b) HCDR1 (GFSLTNYGIH, SEQ ID NO:1), HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2) and HCDR3 (ANDGVYYAMDY, SEQ ID NO:3), or (c) SEQ ID NO:40.

[0023] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185.

[0024] In a further embodiment, the above-mentioned heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185 in which (a) position 71 is Lys, (b) position 73 is Asn, (c) position 78 is Val, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c).

[0025] In a further embodiment, the above-mentioned heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:70-79 and SEQ ID NOs:109-111.

[0026] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody further comprises a FW4 region comprising the amino acid sequence WGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:13).

[0027] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 (SEQ ID NO:1), HCDR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) and HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0028] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody further comprises a light chain.

[0029] The invention further provides a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody comprising a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) an LCDR1 selected from SANSSVNYIH (SEQ ID NO:4) or SAQSSWNYIH (SEQ ID NO:112), (b) LCDR2 (DTSKLAS; SEQ ID NO:5) and (c) LCDR3 (QQWTTNPLT, SEQ ID NO:6).

[0030] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186.

[0031] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186 in which (a) position 2 is Phe, (b) position 45 is Lys, (c) position 48 is Tyr, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c).

[0032] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NOs:80-92 and SEQ ID NO:108.

[0033] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody further comprises a FW4 region comprising the amino acids sequence FGQGTKVEIK of SEQ ID NO:38.

[0034] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 (SEQ ID NO:4), LCDR2 (SEQ ID NO:5) and LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO:6)

[0035] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody further comprises a heavy chain.

[0036] The invention further provides a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody comprising:

(i) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2), (b) HCDR1 (GFSLTNYGIH, SEQ ID NO:1), HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2) and HCDR3 (ANDGVYYAMDY, SEQ ID NO:3), or (c) SEQ ID NO:40; and (ii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) an LCDR1 selected from SANSSVNYIH (SEQ ID NO:4) or SAQSSWNYIH (SEQ ID NO:112), (b) LCDR2 (DTSKLAS; SEQ ID NO:5) and (c) LCDR3 (QQWTTNPLT, SEQ ID NO:6).

[0037] Also provided is the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody, wherein (a) the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185, (b) the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186, or (c) both (a) and (b).

[0038] Also provided is the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody, wherein (i) the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185 in which (a) position 71 is Lys, (b) position 73 is Asn, (c) position 78 is Val, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c); (ii) the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186 in which (a) position 2 is Phe, (b) position 45 is Lys, (c) position 48 is Tyr, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c); or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0039] Also provided is the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody, wherein (a) the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:70-79 and SEQ ID NOs:109-111; (b) the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NOs:80-92 and SEQ ID NO:108; or (c) both (a) and (b).

[0040] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody recognizes the I domain of human α2 integrin.

[0041] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody binds α2β1 integrin.

[0042] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody binds an epitope of α2 integrin, the epitope comprising:

(a) a Lys residue corresponding to position 192 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 40 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (b) an Asn residue corresponding to position 225 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 73 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (c) a Gln residue corresponding to position 241 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 89 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (d) a Tyr residue corresponding to position 245 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 93 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (e) an Arg residue corresponding to position 317 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 165 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (f) an Asn residue corresponding to position 318 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 166 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; or (g) any combination of (a) to (f).

[0043] Also provided is an anti-α2 integrin antibody, wherein the antibody binds an epitope of α2 integrin, the epitope comprising:

(a) a Lys residue corresponding to position 192 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 40 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (b) an Asn residue corresponding to position 225 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 73 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (c) a Gln residue corresponding to position 241 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 89 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (d) a Tyr residue corresponding to position 245 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 93 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (e) an Arg residue corresponding to position 317 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 165 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (f) an Asn residue corresponding to position 318 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 166 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; or (g) any combination of (a) to (f).

[0044] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody is a full length antibody.

[0045] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody is an antibody fragment.

[0046] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody is bound to a detectable label.

[0047] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody is immobilized on solid phase.

[0048] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody inhibits binding of α2 or α2β1 integrin to an α2β1 integrin ligand.

[0049] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned α2β1 integrin ligand is selected from collagen, laminin, Echovirus-1, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase I (MMP-I), endorepellin, collectin and C1q complement protein.

[0050] The invention further provides a method for determining whether a sample contains α2 integrin, α2β1 integrin, or both, comprising contacting the sample with the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody and determining whether the antibody binds to the sample, said binding being an indication that the sample contains α2 integrin, α2β1 integrin, or both.

[0051] The invention further provides a kit comprising the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin, optionally further comprising instructions for its use to detect α2 or α2β1 integrin protein.

[0052] The invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a humanized anti-α2β1 integrin antibody mentioned above.

[0053] The invention further provides a vector comprising the above-mentioned nucleic acid.

[0054] The invention further provides a host cell comprising the above-mentioned nucleic acid or vector.

[0055] The invention further provides a process of producing a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody comprising culturing the above-mentioned host cell under conditions permitting expression of the antibody. In an embodiment, the method further comprises recovering the humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody from the host cell. In a further embodiment, the method further comprises recovering the humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody from the host cell culture medium.

[0056] The invention further provides a screening method comprising: detecting binding of α2 or α2β1 integrin to an antibody comprising the VL region of SEQ ID NO:19 and the VH region of SEQ ID NO:21 in the presence versus the absence of a test antibody; and selecting the test antibody if its presence correlates with decreased binding of the α2 or α2β1 integrin to the antibody comprising the VL region of SEQ ID NO:19 and the VH region of SEQ ID NO:21. In an embodiment, the α2 or α2β1 integrin is immobilized on a solid support.

[0057] The invention further provides a screening method comprising: detecting binding of α2β1 integrin to collagen in the presence of a test antibody, wherein test antibody refers to an antibody that binds to an α2 I domain; detecting binding of the test antibody to the α2 I domain in the presence of Mg⁺+ ions; detecting binding of the test antibody to the α2 I domain in the presence of Ca⁺+ ions; detecting binding of the test antibody to the α2 I domain in the presence of cation-free media; and selecting the test antibody if inhibits the binding of α2β1 integrin to collagen and binds to the α2 I domain in the presence of Mg⁺+ ions and Ca⁺+ ions and cation-free media.

[0058] The invention further provides a composition comprising the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0059] The invention further provides a method of treating an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody or composition.

[0060] The invention further provides a method for inhibiting leukocyte binding to collagen comprising administering to a subject an amount of the above-mentioned anti-α2β1 integrin antibody effective to inhibit the binding of the leukocytes to collagen.

[0061] The invention further provides a use of the above mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody as a medicament.

[0062] The invention further provides a use of the above mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody or composition for the treatment of an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder.

[0063] The invention further provides a use of the above mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody or composition for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder.

[0064] The invention further provides a composition for the treatment of an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder, the composition comprising the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

[0065] The invention further provides a package comprising the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody or composition together with instructions for the treatment of an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder.

[0066] In embodiments, the α2β1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease and a disease characterized by abnormal or increased angiogenesis.

[0067] In embodiments, the α2β1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, reactions to transplant, optical neuritis, spinal cord trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Reynaud's syndrome, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, scleroderma, juvenile onset diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, cancer as well as infections that induce an inflammatory response.

[0068] In embodiments, the α2β1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from multiple sclerosis (e.g., characterized by relapse, acute treatment, delayed treatment), rheumatoid arthritis, optical neuritis and spinal cord trauma.

[0069] In embodiments, the above-mentioned method is not associated with (a) platelet activation, (b) platelet aggregation, (c) a decrease in circulating platelet count, (d) bleeding complications, or (e) any combination of (a) to (d).

[0070] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising SEQ ID NO:174 or SEQ ID NO:176 and a light chain comprising SEQ ID NO:178.

[0071] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody competively inhibits the binding of an antibody comprising the UL region of SEQ ID NO:19 and the VH region of SEQ ID NO:21 to human α2β1 integrin or the I domain thereof.

[0072] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned method is associated with an alleviation of a flare or neuroligical sequelae associated with multiple sclerosis.

[0073] In an embodiment, the above-mentioned anti-α2 integrin antibody inhibits the binding of α2β1 integrin to collagen and is not a ligand mimetic.

[0074] Also provided is a method of targeting a moiety, such as a molecule, protein, nucleic acid, vector, composition, complex, etc., to a site characterized by the presence of an α2β1 integrin ligand, the method comprising attaching or binding the moiety to the above-mentioned humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody.

[0075] Also provided is an α2 integrin epitope that binds an anti-α2 integrin antibody, wherein the epitope does not comprise the ligand-binding site of α2 integrin. In embodiments, binding to the epitope is not associated with (a) platelet activation, (b) platelet aggregation, (c) a decrease in circulating platelet count, (d) bleeding complications, (e) α2 integrin activation, or (f) any combination of (a) to (e).

[0076] Preferred antibodies bind to the I-domain of human α2β1 integrin. In particular, the preferred antibodies are able to block α2-dependent adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly to at least one or both of collagen and laminin. Humanized antibodies are provided, including antibodies based on an antibody referred to herein as TMC-2206. Anti-α2 integrin antibodies are provided that are highly specific for human α2β1 integrin, and whose administration is not associated with undesired effects such as bleeding complications or complications due to cellular activation. The binding specificity (e.g., epitope specificity) of these antibodies is associated with their unexpected non-hemorrhagic profile.

[0077] The humanized anti-α2β1 integrin antibody may have a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 (GFSLTNYGIH; SEQ ID NO:1) and/or HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS; SEQ ID NO:2) and/or HCDR3 (ANDGVYYAMDY; SEQ ID NO:3). The humanized anti-α2β1 integrin antibody may have a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 (SANSSVNYIH; SEQ ID NO:4 or SAQSSWNYIH; SEQ ID NO:112) and/or LCDR2 (DTSKLAS; SEQ ID NO:5) and/or LCDR3 (QQWTTNPLT; SEQ ID NO:6). In certain embodiments, the humanized anti-α2β1 integrin antibodies have a heavy chain comprising HCDR1 (GFSLTNYGIH; SEQ ID NO:1) and/or HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS; SEQ ID NO:2) and/or HCDR3 (ANDGVYYAMDY; SEQ ID NO:3) and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 (SANSSVNYIH; SEQ ID NO:4) and/or LCDR2 (DTSKLAS; SEQ ID NO:5) and/or LCDR3 (QQWTTNPLT; SEQ ID NO:6). In other embodiments, the antibody comprises an amino acid sequence variant of one or more of such CDRs, which variant comprises one or more amino acid insertion(s) within or adjacent to a CDR residue and/or deletion(s) within or adjacent to a CDR residue and/or substitution(s) of CDR residue(s) (with substitution(s) being the preferred type of amino acid alteration for generating such variants).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0078] The present invention provides antibodies specifically reactive with human alpha 2 (α2) integrin, including humanized antibodies, and methods for their use. The humanized antibodies may have human framework regions (FWs) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from a non-human antibody, typically a mouse, specifically reactive with human α2 integrin. Nucleotide sequences encoding, and amino acid sequences comprising heavy and light chain antibodies are provided. In preferred embodiments, one or more of the CDR regions are derived from or based on the murine antibody secreted by the hybridoma clone, BHA2.1 [referred to herein as the TMC-2206 antibody]. Further provided are antibodies having similar binding properties and antibodies (or other antagonists) having similar functionality as the antibodies disclosed herein. Preferred anti-α2 integrin antibodies include those that (a) bind to the I domain of α2 integrin, (b) inhibit the function of α2 integrin (e.g., collagen or laminin binding), (c) bind to α2 integrin on resting platelets without inducing platelet activation and (d) recognize the binding epitope of TMC-2206 (e.g., compete with TMC-2206 for the binding to α2 integrin). Such antibodies may bind preferentially to the inactive or closed conformation of the target α2 integrin molecule without competing for the ligand binding site. Unexpected advantages of anti-α2 integrin antibodies as described herein that bind preferentially to the closed conformation of the α2β1 integrin and/or bind to α2β1 integrin without competing for the ligand binding site (e.g., are not a ligand mimetic) include preventing potential platelet activation, platelet aggregation, decreases in circulating platelet count and/or bleeding complications in a treated subject.

[0079] "Bleeding complications" as used herein refers to any adverse effect on blood levels and physiology, including platelet thrombotic responses, thrombocytopenia, increased time to clot, increased bleeding time and blood loss that limit therapeutic use of the anti-α2 integrin antibody.

[0080] α2β1 integrin is a molecule comprised of an α2 integrin subunit (see, e.g., SEQ ID NO:7, for DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO:8 for protein sequence of human α2) from the family of alpha integrins, and a β1 integrin subunit (see, e.g., SEQ ID NO:9 for DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO:10 protein sequence of human β1) from the family of beta integrins, and may be from any subject including a mammal, but preferably is from a human. The α2β1 integrin may be purified from any natural source, or may be produced synthetically (e.g., by use of recombinant DNA technology). The nucleic acid coding sequences for α2 integrin and for β1 integrin are described in Takada and Hemler J. Cell Biol. 109(1):397-407 (1989; GenBank submission X17033; subsequently updated to entry NM 002203) and Argraves, W. S, J. Cell. Biol. September 105(3):1183-90 (1987: Genbank submission X07979.1 and related sequences representing alternatively spliced variants), respectively.

[0081] The `I` domain of the α2β1 integrin molecule refers to a region of this α2β1 integrin molecule within the α2 subunit, and is described, for example, in Kamata et al., J Biol. Chem. 269:9659-9663(1994); Emsley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:28512 (1997) and Cell 101:47 (2000). The amino acid sequence of a human I domain of α2 integrin is shown as SEQ ID NO:11 (see also, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 107). The I domain of α2 integrin contains a MIDAS type of ligand binding site (Metal Ion Dependent Adhesion Site) which has a requirement and a specificity for a given divalent cation to support ligand binding. The amino acid sequences for an I domain of (2 integrin in rat shown as SEQ ID NO:93 (see also, e.g., SEQ ID NO:113) and in mouse shown as SEQ ID NO:94 (see also, e.g., SEQ ID NO:114) are shown in Table 28. Cynomolgus monkey and rhesus monkey I domain sequences were cloned from the leukocyte fraction derived from whole blood and are provided in SEQ ID NO:103 (DNA), SEQ ID NO:171 (amino acid) for cynomolgus and SEQ ID NO:104 (DNA), SEQ ID NO:172 (amino acid) for rhesus, respectively.

[0082] A TMC-2206 (BHA2.1) epitope refers to a region of the I domain of human α2 integrin to which the TMC-2206 antibody binds. This epitope spans a region encompassing amino acid residues, K40, N73, Q89, Y93, R165, and N166 and optionally, other amino acid residues of the α2 integrin I domain.

[0083] An α2 integrin-associated disorder refers to a disorder, disease, or condition that involves α2 integrin-dependent processes/function (e.g., binding, activity) that mediate aberrant cellular reactions within target tissue. Examples of α2 integrin-dependent processes involved in disease include collagen-dependent cellular responses such as those involved in increases in cytokine expression and proliferation, aspects of T-cell-, mast cell- and neutrophil-function, inflammatory disorders, mammary gland ductal morphogenesis, epidermal wound healing, and angiogenesis. Examples of α2 integrin-associated disorders include, but are not limited to, inflammatory diseases or disorders including but not limited to inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), reactions to transplant (including transplant rejection), optic neuritis, spinal cord trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (including treatment of neurological sequelae associated therewith as well as multiple sclerosis characterized by relapse), autoimmune diseases or disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus, Reynaud's syndrome, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, scleroderma), juvenile onset diabetes, and disorders associated with abnormal or higher than normal angiogenesis (such as diabetic retinopathy, age related macula degeneration, cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer) as well as infections that induce an inflammatory response.

[0084] Treatment of an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder refers to both therapeutic use and prophylactic or preventative use of the anti-α2 integrin antibodies described herein. Those in need of treatment include those already diagnosed with the disorder as well as those in which the onset of the disorder is to be prevented or delayed.

[0085] A mammal, including for purposes of treatment, refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports or pet animals such as dogs, horses, cats, cows etc. Preferably, the mammal is human.

[0086] Intermittent or periodic dosing is a dosing that is continuous for a certain period of time and is at regular intervals that are preferably separated more than by one day.

[0087] The term antibody or immunoglobulin is used in the broadest sense, and covers monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. Antibody fragments comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally an antigen binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab')₂, and Fv fragments, diabodies, linear antibodies, single-chain antibody molecules, single domain antibodies (e.g., from camelids), shark NAR single domain antibodies, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. Antibody fragments can also refer to binding moieties comprising CDRs or antigen binding domains including, but not limited to, VH regions (V_H, V_H-V_H), anticalins, PepBodies®, antibody-T-cell epitope fusions (Troybodies) or Peptibodies.

[0088] A monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, e.g., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (e.g., polyclonal) antibody preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (e.g., epitopes) on an antigen, each monoclonal antibody is directed against at least a single determinant on the antigen. The modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, monoclonal antibodies may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). Monoclonal antibodies may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries, for example, using the techniques described in Clackson et al., Nature 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991). Monoclonal antibodies can also be isolated using the techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,025,155 and 6,077,677 as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2002/0160970 and 2003/0083293 (see also, e.g., Lindenbaum, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 32 (21):0177 (2004)).

[0089] Monoclonal antibodies can include chimeric antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 81: 6851-6855 (1984) for mouse-human chimeric antibodies).

[0090] A hypervariable region refers to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen-binding. The hypervariable region comprises amino acid residues from a complementarity determining region or CDR (e.g., residues 24-34 (L1), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 31-35 (H1), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)) and/or those residues from a hypervariable loop (e.g., residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987)). Framework or FR residues are those variable domain residues other than the hypervariable region residues. For antibodies described herein, the CDR and framework regions are identified based on the Kabat numbering system except that the CDR1 of the heavy chain is defined by Oxford Molecular's AbM definition as spanning residues 26 to 35. The Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software (Martin et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 9268-9272 (1989); Martin et al., Methods Enzymol., 203, 121-153 (1991); Pedersen et al., Immunomethods, 1, 126 (1992); and Rees et al., In Sternberg M. J. E. (ed.), Protein Structure Prediction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 141-172. (1996)) combines the Kabat CDR and the Chothia hypervariable region numbering systems to define CDRs.

[0091] Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies may be chimeric antibodies which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. For the most part, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient or acceptor antibody) in which hypervariable region residues of the recipient are replaced by hypervariable region residues from a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In addition, individual or groups of Fv framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin may be replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, humanized antibodies may comprise residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable regions or domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (e.g., Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin (see, e.g., Queen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029 (1989), and Foote and Winter, J. Mol. Biol. 224: 487 (1992)).

[0092] Single-chain Fv or scFv antibody fragments may comprise the V_H and V_L regions or domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Generally, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V_H and V_L domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding (for a review, see, e.g., Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994)).

[0093] Diabody refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy chain variable domain (V_H) connected to a light chain variable domain (V_L) in the same polypeptide chain (V_H-V_L). By using a linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites. Diabodies are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6444-6448 (1993).

[0094] Linear antibody refers to antibodies such as those described in Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10): 1057-1062 (1995). Briefly, these antibodies comprise a pair of tandem Fd segments (V_H--C_H1--V_H--C_H1) which form a pair of antigen binding regions. Linear antibodies can be bispecific or monospecific.

[0095] An isolated antibody refers to one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes. In preferred embodiments, the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step.

[0096] An epitope tagged antibody refers to one wherein the antibody of the invention is fused to an epitope tag. The epitope tag polypeptide has enough residues to provide an epitope against which an antibody thereagainst can be made, yet is short enough such that it does not interfere with activity of the anti-α2β1 integrin antibody. The epitope tag preferably is sufficiently unique so that the antibody thereagainst does not substantially cross-react with other epitopes. Suitable tag polypeptides generally have at least 6 amino acid residues and usually between about 8-50 amino acid residues (preferably between about 9-30 residues). Examples include the flu HA tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 (Field et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 2159-2165 (1988)); the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10, G4, B7 and 9E10 antibodies thereto (Evan et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5(12):3610-3616 (1985)); and the Herpes Simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) tag and its antibody (Paborsky et al., Protein Engineering 3(6): 547-553 (1990)). In certain embodiments, the epitope tag is a salvage receptor binding epitope which is an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃, or IgG₄) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.

[0097] A cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells. The can include radioactive isotopes (e.g., ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ⁹⁰Y and ¹86Re), chemotherapeutic agents, and toxins such as enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof. A non-cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that does not inhibit or prevent function of cells and/or does not cause destruction of cells. A non-cytotoxic agent may include an agent that can be activated to become cytotoxic. A non-cytotoxic agent may include a bead, liposome, matrix or particle (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publications 2003/0028071 and 2003/0032995 which are incorporated by reference herein). Such agents may be conjugated, coupled, linked or associated with an anti-α2β1 integrin antibody as described herein.

[0098] A chemotherapeutic agent refers to a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to Adriamycin, Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, Cytosine arabinoside ("Ara-C"), Cyclophosphamide, Thiotepa, Taxotere (docetaxel), Busulfan, Cytoxin, Taxol, Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Melphalan, Vinblastine, Bleomycin, Etoposide, Ifosfamide, Mitomycin C, Mitoxantrone, Vincreistine, Vinorelbine, Carboplatin, Teniposide, Daunomycin, Carminomycin, Aminopterin, Dactinomycin, Mitomycins, Esperamicins (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,187), Melphalan and other related nitrogen mustards.

[0099] A prodrug refers to a precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into the more active parent form (see, e.g., Wilman, "Prodrugs in Cancer Chemotherapy" Biochemical Society Transactions, 14, pp. 375-382, 615th Meeting Belfast (1986) and Stella et al., "Prodrugs: A Chemical Approach to Targeted Drug Delivery," Directed Drug Delivery, Borchardt et al., (ed.), pp. 247-267, Humana Press (1985). Prodrugs include, but are mot limited to, phosphate-containing prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing prodrugs, sulfate-containing prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs, β-lactam-containing prodrugs, optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosine and other 5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more active cytotoxic free drug. Examples of cytotoxic drugs that can be derivatized into a prodrug form can be those chemotherapeutic agents described above.

[0100] A label refers to a detectable compound or composition which is conjugated or coupled directly or indirectly to the antibody. The label may itself be detectable by itself (e.g., radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels) or, in the case of an enzymatic label, may catalyze chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition which is detectable.

[0101] Solid phase refers to a non-aqueous matrix to which the antibody of the present invention can adhere. Examples of solid phases encompassed herein include those formed partially or entirely of glass (e.g., controlled pore glass), polysaccharides (e.g., agarose), polyacrylamides, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol and silicones. In certain embodiments, depending on the context, the solid phase can comprise the well of an assay plate; in others it is a purification column (e.g., an affinity chromatography column). This term also includes a discontinuous solid phase of discrete particles, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149.

[0102] A liposome refers to a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as the antibodies of the invention and, optionally, a chemotherapeutic agent) to a mammal. The components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.

[0103] An isolated nucleic acid molecule refers to a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural source of the antibody nucleic acid. An isolated nucleic acid molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature. Isolated nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the nucleic acid molecule as it exists in natural cells. However, an isolated nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells that ordinarily express the antibody where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells.

[0104] A viral vector refers to a vehicle for the transfer of a nucleic acid (e.g. DNA or RNA) to cells through viral infection or transduction. Examples of viral vectors include retroviruses, adenoviruses, pox viruses, and baculovirus.

[0105] A non-viral vector refers to a nucleic acid vehicle such as a CAN, plasmid or chromosome that is delivered to cells by non-viral methods such as electroporation, injections, and cationic reagent mediated transfection.

[0106] Expression control sequences refer to those DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site. Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers.

[0107] A nucleic acid is operably linked when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice.

[0108] A further aspect of the present invention is the treatment of α2β1 integrin-associated disorders by administering to a subject a nucleic acid molecule encoding an anti-α2 integrin antibody of the invention. Suitable methods of administration include gene therapy methods (see below).

[0109] A nucleic acid of the invention may be delivered to cells in vivo using methods such as direct injection of DNA, receptor-mediated DNA uptake, viral-mediated transfection or non-viral transfection and lipid based transfection, all of which may involve the use of gene therapy vectors. Direct injection has been used to introduce naked DNA into cells in vivo (see e.g., Acsadi et al. (1991) Nature 332:815-818; Wolff et al. (1990) Science 247:1465-1468). A delivery apparatus (e.g., a "gene gun") for injecting DNA into cells in vivo may be used. Such an apparatus may be commercially available (e.g., from BioRad). Naked DNA may also be introduced into cells by complexing the DNA to a cation, such as polylysine, which is coupled to a ligand for a cell-surface receptor (see for example Wu, G. and Wu, C. H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:14621; Wilson el al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:963-967; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,320). Binding of the DNA-ligand complex to the receptor may facilitate uptake of the DNA by receptor-mediated endocytosis. A DNA-ligand complex linked to adenovirus capsids which disrupt endosomes, thereby releasing material into the cytoplasm, may be used to avoid degradation of the complex by intracellular lysosomes (see for example Curiel el al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8850; Cristiano et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2122-2126).

[0110] Defective retroviruses are well characterized for use as gene therapy vectors (for a review see Miller, A. D. (1990) Blood 76:271). Protocols for producing recombinant retroviruses and for infecting cells in vitro or in vivo with such viruses can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (eds.) Greene Publishing Associates, (1989), Sections 9.10-9.14 and other standard laboratory manuals. Examples of suitable retroviruses include pLJ, pZIP, pWE and pEM which are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable packaging virus lines include ψCrip, ψCre, ψ2 and ψAm. Retroviruses have been used to introduce a variety of genes into many different cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, myoblasts, hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, in vitro and/or in vivo (see for example Eglitis, et al. (1985) Science 230:1395-1398; Danos and Mulligan (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6460-6464; Wilson et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3014-3018; Armentano et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6141-6145; Huber et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8039-8043; Ferry et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8377-8381; Chowdhury et al. (1991) Science 254:1802-1805; van Beusechem et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7640-7644; Kay et al. (1992) Human Gene Therapy 3:641-647; Dai et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10892-10895; Hwu et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 150:4104-4115; U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,116; U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286; PCT Application WO 89/07136; PCT Application WO 89/02468; PCT Application WO 89/05345; and PCT Application WO 92/07573).

[0111] For use as a gene therapy vector, the genome of an adenovirus may be manipulated so that it encodes and expresses a nucleic acid compound of the invention, but is inactivated in terms of its ability to replicate in a normal lytic viral life cycle. See for example Berkner et al. (1988) BioTechniques 6:616; Rosenfeld et al. (1991) Science 252:431-434; and Rosenfeld et al. (1992) Cell 68:143-155. Suitable adenoviral vectors derived from the adenovirus strain Ad type 5 dl324 or other strains of adenovirus (e.g., Ad2, Ad3, Ad7 etc.) are well known to those skilled in the art. Recombinant adenoviruses are advantageous in that they do not require dividing cells to be effective gene delivery vehicles and can be used to infect a wide variety of cell types, including airway epithelium (Rosenfeld et al. (1992) cited supra), endothelial cells (Lemarchand et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6482-6486), hepatocytes (Herz and Gerard (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2812-2816) and muscle cells (Quantin el al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2581-2584).

[0112] Adeno-associated virus (AAV) may be used as a gene therapy vector for delivery of DNA for gene therapy purposes. AAV is a naturally occurring defective virus that requires another virus, such as an adenovirus or a herpes virus, as a helper virus for efficient replication and a productive life cycle (Muzyczka et al. Curr. Topics in Micro. and Immunol. (1992) 158:97-129). AAV may be used to integrate DNA into non-dividing cells (see for example Flotte et al. (1992) Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 7:349-356: Samulski et al. (1989) J. Virol. 63:3822-3828; and McLaughlin et al. (1989) J. Virol. 62:1963-1973). An AAV vector such as that described in Tratschin et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3251-3260 may be used to introduce DNA into cells (see for example Hermonat et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6466-6470; Tratschin et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2072-2081; Wondisford et al. (1988) Mol. Endocrinol. 2:32-39; Tratschin et al. (1984) J. Virol. 51:611-619; and Flotte et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:3781-3790). Lentiviral gene therapy vectors may also be adapted for use in the invention.

[0113] General methods for gene therapy are known in the art. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346 by Anderson et al. A biocompatible capsule for delivering genetic material is described in PCT Publication WO 95/05452 by Baetge et al. Methods of gene transfer into hematopoietic cells have also previously been reported (see Clapp, D. W., et al., Blood 78: 1132-1139 (1991): Anderson, Science 288:627-9 (2000): and Cavazzana-Calvo et al., Science 288:669-72 (2000)).

[0114] Cell, cell line, and cell culture are often used interchangeably and all such designations include progeny. Transformants and transformed cells (e.g., obtained by transfection, transformation or transduction of nucleic acids, vectors, virus, etc.) include the primary subject cell and cultures derived therefrom without regard for the number of transfers. It is also understood that all progeny may not be precisely identical in DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened for in the originally transformed cell are included. Where distinct designations are intended, it will be clear from the context.

[0115] Humanized antibodies as described herein include antibodies that have variable region frameworks derived from a human acceptor antibody molecule, hypervariable or CDR sequences from a donor murine antibody, and constant regions, if present, derived from human sequences.

[0116] Antibodies of the present invention have been constructed comprising CDRs from both the heavy chain variable and light chain variable regions of the murine monoclonal antibody clone BHA2.1 (Hangan et al., Cancer Res. 56:3142-3149 (1996)). Preferred starting materials for constructing antibodies are anti-α2 integrin antibodies such as those secreted by the BHA2.1 hybridoma (e.g., TMC-2206) that are function-blocking antibodies directed against human α2 integrin and are dependent for binding and activity on the presence of an intact I-domain within the targeted α2 integrin. Preferred are antibodies with the epitope specificity of TMC-2206 (or BHA2.1), including antibodies which bind to the inactive conformation of the α2 integrin molecule, and/or do not act as ligand mimetics. Preferred are antibodies with the epitope specificity of TMC-2206 (or BHA2.1) that, although they interact with α2β1 integrin present on both leukocytes and platelets, do not cause platelet activation, impair aggregation of activated platelets on collagen, have minimal or no effect on bleeding and/or are not associated with bleeding complications at administered concentrations, including therapeutic doses in vivo.

[0117] Antibodies may be constructed wherein the human acceptor molecule for the light chain variable region is selected based on homology considerations between potential acceptor molecule variable regions and with the light chain variable region of the murine antibody. Germline candidate human acceptor molecules are preferred to reduce potential antigenicity. Germline databases are made up of antibody sequences that read through the end of the heavy chain FW3 region and partially into the CDR3 sequence. For selection of a FW4 region, it is preferred to search databases of mature antibody sequences which have been derived from the selected germline molecule, and also preferred to select a reasonably homologous FW4 region for use in the recombinant antibody molecule. Human acceptor molecules are preferably selected from the same light chain class as the murine donor molecule, and of the same canonical structural class of the variable region of the murine donor molecule. Secondary considerations for selection of the human acceptor molecule for the light chain variable region include homology in CDR length between the murine donor molecule and the human acceptor molecule. Human acceptor antibody molecules are preferably selected by homology searches to the V-BASE database, and other databases such as the Kabat and the public NCBI databases may be used as well. For humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies with the same or similar epitope specificity and/or functional properties as TMC-2206, a preferred light chain human acceptor molecule is SEQ ID NO:37 with the germline antibody sequence A14 for the FW 1-3 region and the sequence FGQGTKVEIK for FW4 (SEQ ID NO:38) which represents a common FW-4 of mature kappa 1 light chains (e.g., light chain sequence AAB24132 (NCBI entry gi/259596/gb/AAB24132).

[0118] Antibodies may be constructed wherein the human acceptor molecule for the heavy chain variable region is selected based on homology considerations between potential acceptor molecule variable regions and the heavy chain variable region of the murine antibody. Germline candidate human acceptor molecules are preferred to reduce potential antigenicity. Germline databases are made up of antibody sequences that read through the end of the heavy chain FW3 region and partially into the CDR3 sequence. For selection of a FW4 region, it is preferred to search databases of mature antibody sequences which have been derived from the selected germline molecule, and also preferred to select a reasonably homologous FW4 region for use in the recombinant antibody molecule. Human acceptor molecules are preferably selected from the same heavy chain class as the murine donor molecule, and of the same canonical structural class of the variable region of the murine donor molecule. Secondary considerations for selection of the human acceptor molecule for the heavy chain variable region include homology in CDR length between the murine donor molecule and the human acceptor molecule. Human acceptor antibody molecules are preferably selected by homology search to the V-BASE database, although other databases such as the Kabat and the public NCBI databases may be used as well. For anti-α2 integrin antibodies with the same or similar epitope specificity and/or functional properties as TMC-2206, a preferred heavy chain acceptor molecule is SEQ ID NO:39 with the germline antibody sequence 4-59 for the FW 1-3 region (SEQ ID NO:12) and antibody, CAA48104.1 (NCBI entry, gi/33583/emb/CAA48104.1) a mature antibody derived from the 4-59 germline sequence for the FW 4 region (SEQ ID NO:13).

[0119] Methods for humanizing a nonhuman α2 integrin antibody are described herein, including in the Examples below. In order to humanize an anti-α2 integrin antibody, the nonhuman antibody starting material is obtained, including by preparation from immunization or by purchase of commercially available antibodies. Exemplary techniques for generating antibodies are described herein.

[0120] The α2β1 integrin antigen to be used for production of antibodies may be, for example, a soluble form of α2β1 integrin or other fragment of α2β1 integrin (e.g., an α2β1 integrin fragment comprising a human α2 integrin I-domain (SEQ ID NO:11); see also, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 107). Other forms of α2 integrin useful for generating antibodies will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the sequence of α2 integrin (e.g., a human α2 integrin as in SEQ ID NO:8).

[0121] Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc), intravenous (iv) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of the relevant antigen with or without an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate the relevant antigen to a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized, e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a bifunctional or derivatizing agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SOCl₂, or R¹N═C═NR, where R and R¹ are different alkyl groups.

[0122] Animals may be immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining the antigen or conjugate (e.g., 100 μg for rabbits or 5 μg for mice) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites. One month later the animals are boosted with the antigen or conjugate (e.g., with 1/5 to 1/10 of the original amount used to immunize) in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites. Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus. Preferably, for conjugate immunizations, the animal is boosted with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and/or through a different cross-linking reagent. Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions. Also, aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response.

[0123] Monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256: 495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,023). Monoclonal antibodies may also be made using the techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,025,155 and 6,077,677 as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2002/0160970 and 2003/0083293 (see also, e.g., Lindenbaum, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 32 (21):0177 (2004)).

[0124] In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal, such as a rat, hamster or monkey, is immunized (e.g., as hereinabove described) to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the antigen used for immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (see, e.g., Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)).

[0125] The hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells. For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.

[0126] Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium. Among these, preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOP-21 and M.C.-11 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, Calif. USA, and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. USA. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133: 3001 (1984); Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)).

[0127] Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen. Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).

[0128] The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can be determined, for example, by the Scatchard analysis of Munson et al., Anal. Biochem., 107: 220 (1980).

[0129] After hybridoma cells are identified that produce antibodies of the desired specificity, affinity, and/or activity, the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium. In addition, the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal.

[0130] The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures including, for example, protein A chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and/or affinity chromatography.

[0131] DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the monoclonal antibodies). The hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells, including those that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells. Recombinant production of antibodies is described in further detail below.

[0132] The Examples herein describe methods for humanization of an exemplary anti-α2 integrin antibody. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to generate amino acid sequence variants of the humanized antibody, particularly where these improve the binding affinity or other biological properties of the humanized antibody.

[0133] Amino acid sequence variants of humanized anti-α2β1 integrin antibody are prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into a humanized anti-α2β1 integrin antibody DNA, or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of, residues within the amino acid sequences shown for the anti-α2 integrin antibody TMC-2206 (e.g., derived from or based on variable region sequences as shown in SEQ ID NOS: 19 and 21). Any combination of amino acid deletion, insertion, and substitution is made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics. The amino acid changes also may alter post-translational processes of the humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites.

[0134] There are a number of methods used to make antibodies human or human-like (e.g., "humanization"). Approaches to humanize antibodies have varied over the years. One approach was to generate murine variable regions fused to human constant regions, so-called murine-human Fc chimeras (see, e.g., Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984); U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715). Another approach exploited the fact that CDRs could be readily identified based on their hypervariable nature (Kabat et al, J. Biol. Chem. 252:6609-6616 (1977)), Kabat, Adv. Protein Chem. 32:1-75 (1978)) and canonical structure (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196(4):901-17 (1987); Lazakani et al., J. Mol. Biol. 272:929 (1997) and humanized by grafting just the non-human CDR regions (referred to as donor CDRs) onto a human framework (referred to as acceptor frameworks) as shown, for example by Jones et al., Nature 321(6069):522-5 (1986); (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,640). The six CDR loops are presented in a cluster, and based on crystallographic analysis, critical framework residues within the so-called "Vernier" zone flanking the CDRs or in the heavy-light chain interface can be readily identified (see, e.g., Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196(4):901-17 (1987); Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 186(3):651-63 (1985); Chothia et al., Nature 342(6252):877-83 (1989)). These residues can be back-mutated to the murine residue to restore the correct relative orientation of the six CDRs (see, e.g., Verhoyen et al., Science 239(4847):1534-6 (1988); Reichman et al., Nature 332(6162):323-7 (1988); Tempest et al., Biotechnology (NY) 9(3):266-71 (1991)). Since variable regions can be classified in families that bear relatively high homology between mouse and human (reviewed in e.g., Pascual and Capra Adv. Immunol. 49:1-74 (1991)), these early studies also indicated that the potential for loss in affinity could be minimized in the grafted antibody by selecting the human germline sequence with the highest homology to the murine antibody of interest for use as the human acceptor molecule (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; Verhoyen et al., Science 239(4847):1534-6 (1988)).

[0135] Family homologies and structural relationships between frameworks that impact correct presentation of a given type of CDR canonical structure have been reported (see, e.g., Al-Lazakani et al., J. Mol. Biol. 273(4):927-48 (1997) and references therein). Preferably, a best fit human or germline sequence is chosen. Available databases of antibody germline sequences may be used to determine the family subtype of a given murine heavy and light chain and to identify best fit sequences useful as human acceptor frameworks within that human subfamily. Both the linear amino acid homology of the donor and acceptor frameworks as well as the CDR canonical structure are preferably taken into account.

[0136] Exemplary heavy chain residues which may be substituted in a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody include any one or more of the following framework residue numbers: H37, H48, H67, H71, H73, H78 and H91 (Kabat numbering system). Preferably at least four of these framework residues are substituted. A particularly preferable set of substitutions for the heavy chain in humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies as exemplified herein is H37, H71, H73 and H78. Similarly, residues in the light chain can also be substituted. Exemplary light chain residues for substitution include any one or more of the following residue numbers: L1, L2, L4, L6, L46, L47, L49 and L71. Preferably at least three of these framework residues are substituted. A particularly preferable set of substitutions for the light chain in humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies as exemplified herein is L2, L46 and L49.

[0137] A useful method for identification of certain residues or regions of a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody that are preferred locations for mutagenesis is called "alanine scanning mutagenesis" (see, e.g., Cunningham and Wells Science, 244: 1081-1085 (1989)). Here, a residue or group of target residues are identified (e.g., charged residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) and replaced by a neutral or negatively charged amino acid (preferably alanine or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with α2β1 integrin antigen. Those amino acid locations demonstrating functional sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing further or other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution. Thus, while the site for introducing an amino acid sequence variation is predetermined, the nature of the mutation per se need not be predetermined. For example, to analyze the performance of a mutation at a given site, ala scanning or random mutagenesis is conducted at the target codon or region and the expressed humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody variants are screened for the desired activity.

[0138] Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues. Examples of terminal insertions include a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody with an N-terminal methionyl residue or the antibody fused to an epitope tag. Other insertional variants of a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody molecule include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody of an enzyme or a polypeptide which increases the serum half-life of the antibody (see below).

[0139] Another type of variant is an amino acid substitution variant. These variants have at least one amino acid residue in a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody molecule removed and a different residue inserted in its place. The sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include the hypervariable loops, but framework alterations are also contemplated. Hypervariable region residues or framework residues involved in antigen binding are generally substituted in a relatively conservative manner. Such conservative substitutions are shown below under the heading of "preferred substitutions". If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated "exemplary substitutions" or as further described below in reference to amino acid classes, are introduced and the products screened.

TABLE-US-00001 Original Exemplary Preferred Residue Substitutions Substitutions Ala (A) val; leu; ile Val Arg (R) lys; gln; asn Lys Asn (N) gln: his; lys; arg Gln Asp (D) glu Glu Cys (C) ser Ser Gln (C) asn Asn Glu (E) asp Asp Gly (G) pro; ala Ala His (F) asn; gln; lys, arg Arg Ile (I) leu; val; met; ala; Leu phe; norleucine Leu (L) norleucine; il; val; Ile met; ala; phe Lys (K) arg; gln; asn Arg Met (M) leu; phe; ile leu Phe (F) leu; val; ile; ala; tyr Leu Pro (P) ala Ala Ser (S) thr Thr Thr (T) ser Ser Trp (W) tyr; phe Tyr Tyr (Y) trp; phe; thr; ser Phe Val (V) ile; leu; met; phe; Leu ala; norleucine

[0140] Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the antibody are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile; (2) neutral hydrophilic: cys, ser, thr; (3) acidic: asp, glu; (4) basic: asn, gin, his, lys, arg; (5) residues that influence chain orientation: gly, pro; and (6) aromatic: trp, tyr, phe.

[0141] Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class. Any cysteine residue not involved in maintaining the proper confirmation of a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody also may be substituted, generally with serine, to improve the oxidative stability of the molecule and prevent aberrant crosslinking. Conversely, cysteine bond(s) may be added to the antibody to improve its stability (particularly where the antibody is an antibody fragment such as an Fv fragment).

[0142] Another type of amino acid variant of the antibody alters the original glycosylation pattern of the antibody. By altering is meant deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the antibody and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the antibody.

[0143] Glycosylation of antibodies is typically either N-linked or O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain. Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site. O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.

[0144] Addition or deletion of glycosylation sites to the antibody is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains or lacks one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may also be made by the addition of, substitution by, or deletion of, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (for O-linked glycosylation sites). Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody are prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source (in the case of naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants) or preparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, or cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non-variant version of humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody.

[0145] Ordinarily, amino acid sequence variants of a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody will have an amino acid sequence having at least 75% amino acid sequence identity with the original humanized antibody amino acid sequences of either the heavy or the light chain (e.g., variable region sequences as in SEQ ID NO:21 or SEQ ID NO:19, respectively), more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%, including for example, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and 100%. Identity or homology with respect to this sequence is defined herein as the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the humanized anti-α2 integrin residues, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions (as described above) as part of the sequence identity. None of N-terminal, C-terminal, or internal extensions, deletions, or insertions into the antibody sequence shall be construed as affecting sequence identity or homology. Thus sequence identity can be determined by standard methods that are commonly used to compare the similarity in position of the amino acids of two polypeptides. Using a computer program such as BLAST or FASTA, two polypeptides are aligned for optimal matching of their respective amino acids (either along the full length of one or both sequences, or along a pre-determined portion of one or both sequences). The programs provide a default opening penalty and a default gap penalty, and a scoring matrix such as PAM250 (a standard scoring matrix; see Dayhoff et al., in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol 5, supp. 3 (1978)) can be used in conjunction with the computer program. For example, the percent identity can the be calculated as: the total number of identical matches multiplied by 100 and then divided by the sum of the length of the longer sequence within the matched span and the number of gaps introduced into the longer sequences in order to align the two sequences.

[0146] Antibodies having the characteristics identified herein as being desirable in a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody are screened for by methods as described herein. For example, methods for screening candidate anti-α2 integrin antibodies for preferred characteristics and functionalities are provided that include screening for antibodies which bind to the epitope on α2β1 integrin bound by an antibody of interest (e.g., those which compete with, inhibit or block binding of the TMC-2206 antibody to α2β1 integrin). Exemplary methods and materials are described in Example 13. Cross-blocking assays can be performed and are described, for example, in Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed Harlow and David Lane (1988). In addition, or alternatively, epitope mapping, for example, as described in Champe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:1388-1394 (1995), can be performed to determine whether the antibody binds an epitope of interest (see, e.g., Example 12 for epitope mapping studies of TMC-2206).

[0147] Immobilized α2β1 integrin can similarly be used to determine relative binding potencies by measuring K_i values in competition assays (see, e.g., Example 2). For example, fluorescently labeled Eu-TMC-2206 is used in the presence of varying concentrations of unlabeled candidate antibody, for example, using an assay system similar to that described above. Following a specified incubation time, the amount of bound Eu-TMC-2206 is determined. The inhibition curves are fitted with the "one site competition" model using Prism software (GraphPad, Inc. CA) to obtain IC₅₀ values and to calculate the K_i using the equation of Cheng and Prusoff (Biochem, Pharmacol. 22(23):3099-108(1973)).

[0148] It is desirable to prepare, identify and/or select humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies which have beneficial binding properties, for example, under conditions as described in Example 2, wherein candidate antibodies are tested for their ability to block α2β1-integrin mediated cell adhesion in comparison to TMC-2206 and the mouse-human chimeric antibody derived from TMC-2206 as described in Example 2. For example, CHO cells expressing human α2 integrin and endogenous hamster β1 (Symington et al., J. Cell Biol. 120(2):523-35 (1993)) are prepared and labeled with CFSE (Molecule Probes, OR). Labeled cells are prepared and the cell concentration is adjusted; cells are kept in the dark until used. A collagen-coated plate (rat-tail collagen Type I; BD Biosciences) is prepared and each serially diluted antibody solution is added to the collagen plate. Labeled cells are then added to the well and the plate is incubated. After washing, cells are lysed and the fluorescence intensity (excitation, 485 nm; emission, 535 nm) is read. The inhibitory activity of each antibody is calculated.

[0149] Additionally, binding constants of the candidate antibodies for the immobilized α2β1 integrin ligand can be calculated as described in Example 2. Wells in a 96 well microtiter plate are coated with platelet α2β1-integrin (custom-coated with human platelet α2β1 by GTI Inc., WI) and then blocked. For example, to determine the affinity of TMC-2206 for its α2 integrin antigen, fluorescently labeled TMC-2206 or isotype control IgG antibody are used (see Examples below). The fluorescently labeled antibody, including Eu-TMC-2206 or Eu-isotype control IgG, is applied to the blocked α2β1-integrin microtiter plates. After incubating the sealed plates to allow the antibody-antigen interaction to reach equilibrium, samples are transferred from each well into a fresh well containing an enhancement solution for the measurement of free (unbound) label. The enhancement solution is also added to the emptied wells for the measurement of bound label. The K_d values of the anti-α2 integrin antibody is calculated by Scatchard analysis. The relative affinity of TMC-2206 derivatives (including humanized antibodies derived from or based on TMC-2206) can be determined by determining the Ki value in a competition assay. For example, for the competition assay, Eu-labelled TMC-2206 is added to α2β1-coated wells in the presence of unlabelled anti-α2 integrin antibodies, including TMC-2206 or chimeric (including humanized) antibodies derived from or based on TMC-2206, or isotype control IgG antibody at various concentrations. After a period of incubation to reach equilibrium, the wells are washed and the bound labeled antibody levels are measured as retained Eu label in each well. The Ki value can be derived from the EC50 values using the K_d value obtained for the Eu-TMC-2206 antibody by the direct binding studies as described above.

[0150] In certain embodiments, the humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody is an antibody fragment. Various techniques have been developed for the production of antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et al., Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24: 107-117 (1992) and Brennan et al., Science 229: 81 (1985)). However, these fragments can be produced directly by recombinant host cells, such as bacteria (see, e.g., Better et al., Science 240(4855):1041-1043 (1988); U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,023. For example, Fab'-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab')₂ fragments (Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10: 163-167 (1992)). According to another approach, F(ab')₂ fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture. Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner.

[0151] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to generate multispecific (e.g., bispecific) humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies having binding specificities for at least two different epitopes. Exemplary bispecific antibodies (e.g., with two different binding arms) may bind to two different epitopes of the α2β1 integrin protein. Alternately, an anti-α2 integrin arm may be combined with an arm which binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g., CD2 or CD3), or Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR), such as FcγR1 (CD64), FcγRII (CD32) and FcγRIII (CD16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms on a cell which has α2β1 integrin bound to its surface. Bispecific antibodies can be used to localized cytotoxic agents to cells with α2β1 integrin bound to their surface. These antibodies possess a α2β1 integrin binding arm and an arm which binds the cytotoxic agent (e.g., gelonin, saporin, anti-interferon alpha, vinca alkaloid, ricin A chain, or radioisotope hapten). Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g., F(ab')₂ bispecific antibodies).

[0152] According to another approach for making bispecific antibodies, the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture. The preferred interface comprises at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan). Compensatory cavities of identical or smaller size to the large side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimers over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers (see, e.g., WO96/27011).

[0153] Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or heteroconjugate antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, the other to biotin. Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known in the art, and are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980 along with a number of cross-linking techniques.

[0154] Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have also been described in the literature. Bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage. For example, Brennan et al., (Science 229:81 (1985)) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab')₂ fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vincal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab' fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab'-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab'-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab'-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.

[0155] Fab'-SH fragments, recovered from E. coli, can be chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. For example, Shalaby et al., (J. Exp. Med. 175:217-225 (1992)) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab')₂ molecule. Where each Fab' fragment was separately secreted from E. coli and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the HER2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets.

[0156] Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers (see, e.g., Kostgelny et al., J. Immunol. 148(5):1547-1553 (1992)). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to Fab' portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody heterodimers. The diabody technology (see, e.g., Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making bispecific antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) connected to a light-chain variable region (VL) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the VH and VL domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary VL and VH domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. Another strategy for making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (sFv or scFv) dimers also has been reported (see, e.g., Gruber et al., J. Immunol. 152:5368 (1994)). Alternatively, the bispecific antibody, may be a linear antibody, for example, produced as described in Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10):1057-1062 (1995).

[0157] Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated. For example, trispecific antibodies can be prepared (see, e.g., Tutt et al., J. Immunol. 147:60 (1991)).

[0158] Other modifications of the humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies are contemplated. For example, it may be desirable to modify the antibody with respect to effector function, so as to enhance or decrease the effectiveness of the antibody, for example, in treating cancer. Cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in the region. The homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement mediated cell killing (CMC) and/or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (see e.g., Caron et al., J. Exp. Med. 176:1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B. J. Immunol. 148:2918-2922 (1992)). Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers (see, e.g., those described in Wolff et al., Cancer Research 53:2560-2565 (1993)). Alternatively, an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced CMC and/or ADCC capabilities (see, e.g., Stevenson et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230 (1989)).

[0159] Immunoconjugates comprising a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody conjugated to a moiety, e.g., a molecule, composition, complex, or agent, for example a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (e.g., a radioconjugate), for the targeting of the agent to an anti-α2 integrin-expressing cell, tissue or organ. Such an immunoconjugate may be used in a method of targeting the moiety or agent to a particular site of action characterized by the presence of α2 or α2β1 integrin.

[0160] Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the generation of such immunoconjugates have been described above. Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin or the tricothecenes. A variety of radionuclides are available for the production of radioconjugated anti-alpha 2 integrin antibodies. Examples include ²¹² Bi, ¹³¹In, ⁹⁰Y or ¹86Re.

[0161] Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as gluteraldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis(p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), or bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science 238:1098 (1987). Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionuclide to the antibody (see, e.g., WO94/11026).

[0162] In another embodiment, the antibody may be conjugated to a receptor (such as streptavidin) for utilization in pretargeting α2 integrin-expressing cell, tissue or organ wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a ligand (e.g., avidin) which is conjugated to an agent, for example a cytotoxic agent (e.g., a radio-nuclide).

[0163] The anti-α2 integrin antibodies disclosed herein may also be formulated as immunoliposomes. Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 3688 (1985); Hwang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4030 (1980); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556.

[0164] Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter. Fab' fragments of an anti-α2 integrin antibody can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 257: 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent (e.g., doxorubicin) is optionally contained within the liposome (see, e.g., Gabizon et al., J. National Cancer Inst. 81(19): 1484 (1989)).

[0165] Humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies may also be used in Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) by conjugating the antibody to a prodrug-activating enzyme which converts a prodrug (e.g., a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see, e.g., WO81/01145) to an active drug. (see, e.g., WO88107378 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278). The enzyme component of the immunoconjugate useful for ADEPT includes any enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug in such a way so as to covert it into its more active form. Enzymes that are useful include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; cytosine deaminase useful for converting non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), that are useful for converting peptide-containing prodrugs into free drugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents; carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes such as β-galactosidase and neuraminidase useful for converting glycosylated prodrugs into free drugs; β-lactamase useful for converting drugs derivatized with β-lactams into free drugs; and penicillin amidases, such as penicillin V amidase or penicillin G amidase, useful for converting drugs derivatized at their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or phenylacetyl groups, respectively, into free drugs. Alternatively, antibodies with enzymatic activity, also known as abzymes, can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention into free active drugs (see, e.g., Massey, Nature 328: 457-458 (1987)). Antibody-abzyme conjugates can be prepared as described herein, including for delivery of the abzyme to a α2 integrin-expressing cell, tissue or organ.

[0166] Enzymes may be covalently bound to the anti-α2 integrin antibodies by techniques well known in the art, including the use of the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents discussed above. Alternatively, fusion proteins comprising at least the antigen binding region of an anti-α2 integrin antibody linked to at least a functionally active portion of an enzyme can be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art (see, e.g., Neuberger et al., Nature 312: 604-608 (1984)).

[0167] In certain embodiments of the invention, it may be desirable to use an antibody fragment, rather than an intact antibody, for example, to increase tissue or tumor penetration. It may also be desirable to modify the antibody fragment in order to increase its serum half-life. This may be achieved by incorporation of a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody fragment, for example, by mutation of the appropriate region in the antibody fragment or by incorporating the epitope into a peptide tag that is then fused to the antibody fragment at either end or in the middle, for example, by DNA or peptide synthesis (see, e.g., WO96/32478).

[0168] Covalent modifications of the humanized anti-α2 integrin antibodies may be made, for example, by chemical synthesis or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of the antibody. Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N- or C-terminal residues. Cysteinyl residues, for example, most commonly are reacted with α-haloacetates (and corresponding amines), such as chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives. Cysteinyl residues also are derivatized by reaction with bromotrifluoroacetone, α-bromo-β-(5-imidozoyl)propionic acid, chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide, methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, or chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Histidyl residues, for example, are derivatized by reaction with diethylpyrocarbonate at pH 5.5-7.0 because this agent is relatively specific for the histidyl side chain. Para-bromophenacyl bromide also is useful; the reaction is preferably performed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.0. Lysinyl and amino-terminal residues, for example, are reacted with succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with these agents has the effect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl residues. Other suitable reagents for derivatizing α-amino-containing residues include imidoesters such as methyl picolinimidate, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal, chloroborohydride, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, O-methylisourea, 2,4-pentanedione, and transaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate. Arginyl residues, for example, are modified by reaction with one or several conventional reagents, among them phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin. Derivatization of arginine residues requires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pK, of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine epsilon-amino group. Tyrosyl residues, for example, are specifically modified with particular interest in introducing spectral labels into tyrosyl residues by reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane. Most commonly, N-acetylimidizole and tetranitromethane are used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl species and 3-nitro derivatives, respectively. Tyrosyl residues are iodinated using ¹²⁵I or ¹³¹I to prepare labeled proteins for use in radioimmunoassay. Carboxyl side groups, for example, aspartyl or glutamyl, are selectively modified by reaction with carbodiimides (R--N═C═N--R'), where R and R' are different alkyl groups, such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-4-ethyl) carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide. Furthermore, aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted to asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions. Glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues are frequently deamidated to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues, respectively. These residues are deamidated under neutral or basic conditions. The deamidated form of these residues falls within the scope of this invention. Other modifications include hydroxylation of proline and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues, methylation of the α-amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains (T. E. Creighton, Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, pp. 79-86 (1983)), acetylation of the N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl group.

[0169] Another type of covalent modification involves chemically or enzymatically coupling glycosides to the antibody. These procedures are advantageous in that they do not require production of the antibody in a host cell that has glycosylation capabilities for N- or O-linked glycosylation. Depending on the coupling mode used, the sugar(s) may be attached to (a) arginine and histidine, (b) free carboxyl groups, (c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cysteine, (d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, or hydroxyproline, (e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, or (f) the amide group of glutamine (see, e.g., WO87/05330; Aplin and Wriston, CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., pp. 259-306 (1981)).

[0170] Removal of any carbohydrate moieties present on the antibody may be accomplished, for example, chemically or enzymatically. Chemical deglycosylation requires exposure of the antibody to the compound trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or an equivalent compound. This treatment results in the cleavage of most or all sugars except the linking sugar (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine), while leaving the antibody intact (see, e.g., Hakimuddin, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 259: 52 (1987); Edge et al., Anal. Biochem., 118: 131 (1981)). Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on antibodies can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases, (see, e.g., Thotakura et al., Meth. Enzymol. 138: 350 (1987)).

[0171] Another type of covalent modification of the antibody comprises linking the antibody to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337).

[0172] Isolated nucleic acid(s) encoding a humanized anti-α2 integrin antibody, as well as vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid, and recombinant techniques for the production of the antibody are described herein. For recombinant production of the antibody, the nucleic acid(s) encoding the antibody are isolated and inserted into a replicable vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression. DNA encoding the antibody is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody). Many vectors are available. The vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence.

[0173] An anti-α2 integrin antibody may be produced recombinantly, including as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide, which is preferably a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide. The heterologous signal sequence selected preferably is one that is recognized and processed (e.g., cleaved by a signal peptidase) by the host cell. For prokaryotic host cells that do not recognize and process a eukaryotic signal sequence (e.g., an immunoglobulin signal sequence), the signal sequence is substituted by a prokaryotic signal sequence including, for example, pectate lysase (such as pelB), alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, Ipp, or heat-stable enterotoxin ii leaders. For yeast secretion, a yeast signal sequence may be utilized, including, for example, the yeast invertase leader, a factor leader (including Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces α-factor leaders), or acid phosphatase leader, the C. albicans glucoamylase leader, or the signal described in WO090/13646. In mammalian cell expression, mammalian signal sequences as well as viral secretory leaders, for example, the herpes simplex gD signal, are available and may be utilized. The DNA for such a precursor region (e.g., the signal sequence) is ligated in reading frame to DNA encoding an anti-α2 integrin antibody.

[0174] Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells. Generally, in cloning vectors, this sequence is one that enables the vector to replicate independently of the host chromosomal DNA, and includes origins of replication or autonomously replicating sequences. Such sequences are well known for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses. For example, the origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most gram-negative bacteria, the 2μ plasmid origin is suitable for yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or BPV) are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian cells. Generally, the origin of replication component is not needed for mammalian expression vectors (e.g., the SV40 origin may typically be used only because it contains the early promoter).

[0175] Expression and cloning vectors may contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker. Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, (e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli).

[0176] One example of a selection scheme utilizes a drug to arrest growth of a host cell. Those cells that are successfully transformed with a heterologous gene produce a protein conferring drug resistance and thus survive the selection regimen. Examples of such dominant selection use the drugs methotrexate, neomycin, histidinol, puromycin, mycophenolic acid and hygromycin.

[0177] Another example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take up the anti-α2 integrin antibody nucleic acid, such as DHFR, thymidine kinase, metallothionein-I and -II, preferably primate metallothionein genes, adenosine deaminase, ornithine decarboxylase, etc.

[0178] For example, cells transformed with the DHFR selection gene are first identified by culturing all of the transformants in a culture medium that contains methotrexate (Mtx), a competitive antagonist of DHFR. An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line deficient in DHFR activity.

[0179] Alternatively, host cells (particularly wild-type hosts that contain endogenous DHFR) transformed or co-transformed with DNA sequences encoding anti-α2 integrin antibody, wild-type DHFR protein, and another selectable marker such as aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (APH) can be selected by cell growth in medium containing a selection agent for the selectable marker, including an aminoglycosidic antibiotic, such as kanamycin, neomycin, or G418 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,199).

[0180] One suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trp1 gene present in the yeast plasmid YRp7 (Stinchcomb et al., Nature, 282: 39 (1979)). The trp1 gene provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example, ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1 (see, e.g., Jones, Genetics, 85: 12 (1977)). The presence of the trp1 lesion in the yeast host cell genome then provides an effective environment for detecting transformation by growth in the absence of tryptophan. Similarly, Leu2-deficient yeast strains (ATCC 20,622 or 38,626) are complemented by known plasmids bearing the Leu2 gene.

[0181] In addition, vectors derived from the 1.6 μcircular plasmid pKD1 can be used for transformation of Kluyveromyces yeasts. Alternatively, an expression system for large-scale production of recombinant calf chymosin was reported for K. lactis by Van den Berg, Bio/Technology, 8:135 (1990). Stable multi-copy expression vectors for secretion of mature recombinant human serum albumin by industrial strains of Kluyveromyces have also been disclosed (see, e.g., Fleer et al., Bio/Technology, 9: 968-975 (1991)).

[0182] Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter that is recognized by the host organism and is operably linked to the anti-α2 integrin antibody nucleic acid. Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the arabinose promoter (e.g., araB), phoA promoter, β-lactamase and lactose promoter systems, alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system, and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter. However, other known bacterial promoters are suitable. Promoters for use in bacterial systems also will contain a Shine-Dalgamo (S.D.) sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding the anti-α2 integrin antibody.

[0183] Promoter sequences are known for eukaryotes. Most eukaryotic genes have an AT-rich region located approximately 25 to 30 bases upstream from the site where transcription is initiated. Another sequence found 70 to 80 bases upstream from the start of transcription of many genes is a CNCAAT (SEQ ID NO:115) region where N may be any nucleotide. At the 3' end of most eukaryotic genes is an AATAAA (SEQ ID NO:116) sequence that may be the signal for addition of the poly A tail to the 3' end of the coding sequence. Such sequences are suitably inserted into eukaryotic expression vectors.

[0184] Examples of suitable promoter sequences for use with yeast hosts include but are not limited to the promoters for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase. Other yeast promoters, which are inducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization. Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657. Yeast enhancers also are advantageously used with yeast promoters.

[0185] Anti-α2 integrin antibody transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus or Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, for example, the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter, from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems. The early and late promoters of the SV40 virus are conveniently obtained as an SV40 restriction fragment that also contains the SV40 viral origin of replication. The immediate early promoter of the human cytomegalovirus is conveniently obtained as a HindIII E restriction fragment. A system for expressing DNA in mammalian hosts using the bovine papilloma virus as a vector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,446, and a modification of this system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,978 (see, also Reyes et al., Nature 297: 598-601 (1982) on expression of human p-interferon cDNA in mouse cells under the control of a thymidine kinase promoter from herpes simplex virus). Alternatively, the rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat can be used as the promoter.

[0186] Transcription of DNA encoding an anti-α2 integrin antibody by higher eukaryotes is often increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase, albumin, α-fetoprotein, and insulin). Often, however, an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus is used. Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100-270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers (see, also, e.g., Yaniv, Nature 297: 17-18 (1982) on enhancing elements for activation of eukaryotic promoters). The enhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5' or 3' to the anti-α2 integrin antibody-encoding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5' from the promoter. Other gene regulation systems well known in the art (e.g. inducible systems, such as tetracycline inducible systems and GeneSwitch®) can be used to control the transcription of DNA encoding an anti-α2 integrin.

[0187] Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast, fungi, insect, plant, animal, human, or nucleated cells from other multicellular organisms) will also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription and for stabilizing the mRNA. Such sequences are commonly available from the 5' and, occasionally 3', untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs. These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding an anti-α2 integrin antibody. One useful transcription termination component is the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation region (see, e.g., WO94/11026 and the expression vector disclosed therein).

[0188] Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein are the prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells as described above. Suitable prokaryotes for this purpose include eubacteria, including gram-negative or gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium. Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces. Suitable E. coli cloning hosts include E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446), E. coli B, E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537), and E. coli W3110 (ATCC 27,325).

[0189] In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for anti-alpha 2 integrin antibody-encoding vectors. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker's yeast, is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms. However, a number of other genera, species, and strains are commonly available and useful, such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Kluyveromyces hosts including K. lactis, K. fragilis (ATCC 12,424), K. bulgaricus (ATCC 16,045), K. wickeramii (ATCC 24,178), K. waltii (ATCC 56,500), K. drosophilarum (ATCC 36,906), K. thermotolerans, or K. marxianus; yarrowia (EP 402,226); Pichia pastoris (EP 183,070); Candida; Trichoderma reesia (EP 244,234); Neurospora crassa; Schwanniomyces such as Schwanniomyces occidentais; and filamentous fungi including Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium, or Aspergillus hosts such as A. niduians or A. niger.

[0190] Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated anti-α2 integrin antibody are derived from multicellular organisms. Examples of invertebrate cells include plant and insect cells. Numerous baculoviral strains and variants and corresponding permissive insect host cells from hosts such as Spodoptera frugiperda (caterpillar), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Aedes albopictus (mosquito), Drosophila melanogasler (fruitfly), and Bombyx mori have been identified. A variety of viral strains for transfection are publicly available, for example, the L-1 variant of Autographa californica NPV and the Bm-5 strain of Bombyx mori NPV, and such viruses may be used, particularly for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells.

[0191] Plant cell cultures of cotton, corn, potato, soybean, petunia, tomato, and tobacco can also be utilized as hosts.

[0192] However, interest has been greatest in vertebrate cells, and propagation of vertebrate cells, including a variety of mammalian cells, has become routine procedure. Examples of useful mammalian host cells include: a monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (e.g., COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); a human embryonic kidney line 293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture (see e.g., Graham et al., J. Gen Virol. 36: 59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (e.g., BHK, ATCC CCL 10); Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, including CHO cells lacking DHFR (see, e.g., DHFR Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4216 (1980)); mouse sertoli cells ((e.g., TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod. 23: 243-251 (1980)); monkey kidney cells (e.g., CV1 ATCC CCL 70); African green monkey kidney cells (e.g., VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587); human cervical carcinoma cells (e.g., HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney cells (e.g., MDCK, ATCC CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (e.g., BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442); human lung cells (e.g., W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (e.g., Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor (e.g., MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51); TRI cells (see, e.g., Mather et al., Annals N.Y Acad. Sci. 383: 44-68 (1982)); MRC 5 cells; FS4 cells; or a human hepatoma line (e.g., Hep G2).

[0193] Host cells are transformed with an above-described expression or cloning vectors for anti-α2 integrin antibody production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants and/or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences.

[0194] The host cells used to produce an anti-α2 integrin antibody may be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media such as Ham's F10 (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium ((MEM), (Sigma), RPMI-1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium ((DMEM), Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells. In addition, any of the media described in Ham et al., Meth. Enz. 58: 44 (1979), Barnes et al., Anal. Biochem. 102: 255 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,767,704; 4,657,866; 4,927,762; 4,560,655; or 5,122,469; WO090103430; WO 87/00195; or U.S. Pat. Re. No. 30,985 may be used as culture media for the host cells. Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor), salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosine and thymidine), antibiotics (such as GENTAMYCIN® drug), trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art. Culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are selected by those skilled in the art, including those culture conditions previously used with the host cell selected for expression.

[0195] Anti-α2 integrin antibodies can be purified from cells, including microbial or mammalian cells using, for example, protein A chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and/or affinity chromatography. The suitability of protein A as an affinity ligand depends on the species and isotype of any immunoglobulin Fc domain that is present in the antibody. Protein A can be used to purify antibodies that are based on human γ1, γ2, or γ4 heavy chains (see, e.g., Lindmark et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 62:1-13 (1983)). Protein G is useful for mouse isotypes and for human γ3 (see, e.g., Guss et al., EMBO J. 5:1516-1517 (1986)). The matrix to which the affinity ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are available. Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose. Where the antibody comprises a CH3 domain, the Bakerbond ABX® (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.) is useful for purification. Protein purification can include one or more of the following techniques such as fractionation on an ion-exchange column, ethanol precipitation, Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin SEPHAROSE®, chromatography on an anion or cation exchange resin (e.g., a polyaspartic acid column), chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, ammonium sulfate precipitation and/or hydrophobic interaction chromatography. For example, it may be useful following any purification step(s), to subject a mixture comprising the antibody of interest and contaminants to low pH hydrophobic interaction chromatography using an elution buffer at a pH between about 2.5-4.5, preferably performed at low salt concentrations (e.g., from about 0-0.25M salt).

[0196] Formulations of an anti-α2 integrin antibody, including those for therapeutic administration, are prepared for storage by mixing the antibody having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, or other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN®, PLURONICS® or polyethylene glycol (PEG).

[0197] The antibody formulation may also contain more than one active compound for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. It may be desirable to use anti-α2 integrin antibody in addition to one or more agents currently used to prevent or treat the disorder in question. In addition, it may be desirable to further provide an immunosuppressive agent. Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.

[0198] The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsule prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsule and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsule, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles or nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980).

[0199] Formulations to be used for in vivo administration are preferably sterile. This is readily accomplished, for example, by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.

[0200] Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsule. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and γ ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the Lupron Depot® (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated antibodies remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37° C., resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S--S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.

[0201] The anti-α2 antibodies may be used as affinity purification agents. In this process, the antibodies are immobilized on a solid phase such a Sephadex resin or filter paper, using methods well known in the art. The immobilized antibody is contacted with a sample containing the α2β1 integrin protein (or fragment thereof) to be purified, and thereafter the support is washed with a suitable solvent that will remove substantially all the material in the sample except the α2β1 integrin protein, which is bound to the immobilized antibody. Finally, the support is washed with another suitable solvent, such as glycine buffer at pH 5.0, that will release the α2β1 integrin protein from the antibody.

[0202] Anti-α2 integrin antibodies may also be useful in diagnostic assays for α2β1 integrin protein, e.g., detecting its expression in specific cells, tissues, or serum. For diagnostic applications, the antibody typically will be labeled with a detectable moiety. Numerous labels are available which can be generally grouped into the following categories of radioisotopes, fluorescent labels and enzyme-substrate labels. Radioisotopes, such as ³⁵S, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³H, and ¹³¹I, are useful labels. The antibody can be labeled with the radioisotope, for example, using the techniques described in Current Protocols in Immunology, Volumes 1 and 2, Coligen et al., Ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., Pubs. (1991) and radioactivity can be measured, for example, using scintillation counting. Fluorescent labels such as rare earth chelates (europium chelates) or fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, Lissamine, phycoerythrin and Texas Red are also useful. The fluorescent labels can be conjugated to the antibody, for example, using the techniques disclosed in Current Protocols in Immunology, supra. Fluorescence can be quantified, for example, using a fluorimeter. Various enzyme-substrate labels are also useful (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149 for a review). The enzyme generally catalyzes a chemical alteration of the chromogenic substrate which can be measured using various techniques. For example, the enzyme may catalyze a color change in a substrate, which can be measured spectrophotometrically. Alternatively, the enzyme may alter the fluorescence or chemiluminescence of the substrate. Techniques for quantifying a change in fluorescence are described above. The chemiluminescent substrate becomes electronically excited by a chemical reaction and may then emit light which can be measured (e.g., using a chemiluminometer) or donates energy to a fluorescent acceptor. Examples of enzymatic labels include luciferases (e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase; U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,456), luciferin, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, malate dehydrogenase, urease, peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase (HRPO), alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases (e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), heterocydic oxidases (such as uricase and xanthine oxidase), lactoperoxidase, microperoxidase, and the like. Techniques for conjugating enzymes to antibodies are described, for example, in O'Sullivan et al., Methods for the Preparation of Enzyme-Antibody Conjugates for use in Enzyme Immunoassay, in Methods in Enzym. (ed J. Langone & H. Van Vunakis), Academic press, N.Y., 73: 147-166 (1981). Examples of enzyme-substrate combinations include, for example: (i) Horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) with hydrogen peroxidase as a substrate, wherein the hydrogen peroxidase oxidizes a dye precursor (e.g., orthophenylene diamine (OPD) or 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl benzidine hydrochloride (TMB)); (ii) alkaline phosphatase (AP) with para-Nitrophenyl phosphate as chromogenic substrate; and (iii) β-D-galactosidase (β-D-Gal) with a chromogenic substrate (e.g., p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactosidase) or fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactosidase. Numerous other enzyme-substrate combinations are available to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,275,149 and 4,318,980 for a general review).

[0203] Sometimes, a label is indirectly conjugated with the antibody. The skilled artisan will be aware of various techniques for achieving this. For example, the antibody can be conjugated with biotin and any of the three broad categories of labels mentioned above can be conjugated with avidin, or vice versa. Biotin binds selectively to avidin and thus, the label can be conjugated with the antibody in this indirect manner. Alternatively, to achieve indirect conjugation of the label with the antibody, the antibody can be conjugated with a small hapten (e.g., digoxin) and one of the different types of labels mentioned above can be conjugated with an anti-hapten antibody (e.g., anti-digoxin antibody). Thus, indirect conjugation of the label with the antibody can be achieved.

[0204] An anti-α2 integrin antibody need not be labeled, and the presence thereof can be detected using a labeled antibody which binds to the anti-α2 integrin antibody. Anti-α2 integrin antibodies may be employed in any known assay method, such as competitive binding assays, direct and indirect sandwich assays, and immunoprecipitation assays (see, e.g., Zola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual of Techniques, pp. 147-158 (CRC Press, Inc. 1987)). Competitive binding assays rely on the ability of a labeled standard to compete with the test sample analyte for binding with a limited amount of antibody. For example, the amount of α2β1 integrin protein in the test sample is inversely proportional to the amount of standard that becomes bound to the antibodies. To facilitate determining the amount of standard that becomes bound, the antibodies generally are insolubilized before or after the competition, so that the standard and analyte that are bound to the antibodies may conveniently be separated from the standard and analyte which remain unbound. Sandwich assays involve the use of two antibodies, each capable of binding to a different immunogenic portion, or epitope, of the protein to be detected. In a sandwich assay, the test sample analyte is bound by a first antibody which is immobilized on a solid support, and thereafter a second antibody binds to the analyte, thus forming an insoluble three-part complex (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110). The second antibody may itself be labeled with a detectable moiety (e.g., direct sandwich assays) or may be measured using an anti-immunoglobulin antibody that is labeled with a detectable moiety (e.g., indirect sandwich assay). For example, one type of sandwich assay is an ELISA assay, in which case the detectable moiety is an enzyme.

[0205] For immunohistochemistry, a tissue sample, including a tumor sample, may be fresh or frozen or may be embedded in paraffin and fixed with a preservative such as formalin.

[0206] Anti-α2 integrin antibodies may also be used for in vivo diagnostic assays. Generally, the antibody is labeled with a radionuclide (¹¹¹In, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹⁴C, ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ³H, ³2P or ³⁵S) so that the tissue, for example, a tumor, can be localized using immunoscintiography.

[0207] As a matter of convenience, an anti-α2 integrin antibody can be provided in a kit, such as a packaged combination of reagents in predetermined amounts with instructions, including for performing a diagnostic assay. Where the antibody is labeled with an enzyme, the kit will include substrates and cofactors required by the enzyme (e.g., a substrate precursor which provides the detectable chromophore or fluorophore). Other additives may be included in the kit such as stabilizers, buffers (e.g., a block buffer or lysis buffer) and the like. The relative amounts of the various reagents provided in the kit may be varied widely, for example, to provide for concentrations in solution of the reagents which substantially optimize the sensitivity of the assay. The reagents may be provided as dry powders, usually lyophilized, including excipients, for example, which on dissolution will provide a reagent solution having the appropriate concentration.

[0208] An anti-α2 integrin antibody may be used to treat various α2β1 integrin associated disorders as described herein. The anti-α2 integrin antibody is administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, or intranasal. If desired for local immunosuppressive treatment, intralesional administration of the antibody (including perfusing or otherwise contacting the graft with the antibody before transplantation) is done. Parenteral administration includes intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration. In addition, the anti-α2 integrin antibody is suitably administered by pulse infusion, for example, with declining doses of the antibody. Preferably the dosing is given by injections, most preferably intravenous or subcutaneous injections. This may depend in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic.

[0209] For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of antibody will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether the anti-α2 integrin antibody is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody, and the discretion of the attending physician. The antibody is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments.

[0210] Depending on the type and severity of the disease [from about 1 μg/kg to about 15 mg/kg or from about 0.05 μg/kg to about 20 mg/kg] of antibody is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the subject, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. A typical daily dosage might range [from about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg] or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this therapy is readily monitored by those skilled in the art.

[0211] An anti-α2 integrin antibody composition will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, results from pharmacological and toxicity studies and other factors known to medical practitioners. A therapeutically effective amount of the antibody to be administered is determined by consideration of such, and is the minimum amount necessary to prevent, ameliorate, or treat an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder. Such amount is preferably below the amount that is toxic to the host or renders the host significantly more susceptible to infections.

[0212] The anti-α2 integrin antibody need not be, but may be optionally formulated, co-administered or used as an adjunct therapy with one or more agents currently used to prevent or treat the disorder in question. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis, the antibody may be given in conjunction with a glucocorticosteroid, Remicaid® or any approved treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. For multiple sclerosis, the antibody may be given in conjunction with an interferonβ, Avonex, Copaxon, or other approved therapies for treatment of the signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis. For transplants, the antibody may be administered concurrently with or separate from an immunosuppressive agent as defined above, such as cyclosporin A, to modulate the immunosuppressant effect. Alternatively, or in addition, α2β1 integrin antagonists may be administered to the mammal suffering from an α2β1 integrin-associated disorder. The effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of anti-α2 integrin antibody present in the formulation, the type of disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed above. These are generally used in the same dosages and with administration routes as used hereinbefore or about from 1 to 99% of the heretofore employed dosages.

[0213] An article of manufacture containing materials, including an anti-α2 integrin antibody, useful for the treatment of the disorders described above is provided. The article of manufacture comprises a container and a label. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a composition which is effective for treating the condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). The active agent in the composition is an anti-alpha 2 integrin antibody. The label on, or associated with, the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice. The article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution or dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

[0214] The principles described above have been applied, for example, to the anti-α2 integrin antibody secreted by the BHA2.1 hybridoma (Hangan et al., Cancer Res., 56(13): 3142-9 (1996)). This antibody binds to human and rat α2β1 integrin, but does not bind the murine counterpart. The antibody so produced by the BHA2.1 hybridoma is referred to herein as TMC-2206 and is commercially available from Chemicon (now part of Millipore, catalog number MAB1998). Chimeric, including humanized, variants of TMC-2206 were produced and subjected to in vitro analysis. Studies were also carried out in vivo, using either the TMC-2206 antibody or a similar antibody, including one capable of recognizing murine α2β1 integrin. The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. The disclosures of all citations in the specification are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Example 1

[0215] Antibodies with specificity for α2β1 integrin were designed and prepared. The previously unknown sequences of variable regions of a murine antibody designated TMC-2206 secreted by the hybridoma BHA2.1 were determined as described herein. The VH and VL cDNAs were cloned from mRNA from BHA2.1 hybridoma cells by RT-PCR using one set of primers corresponding to amino acids at the N-terminus of the murine variable region of the heavy (VH) or light (VL) chain, and a second set of primers corresponding to the respective heavy γ1 and κ light chain constant regions. The sequence was determined from cDNA that had been synthesized from mRNA isolated according to standard methods is described herein.

[0216] Cytoplasmic mRNA was isolated from approximately 1 million (1×10⁶) BHA2.1 hybridoma cells expressing TMC-2206 using standard molecular techniques for those skilled in the art. To isolate poly A mRNA, cells were lysed in 5M guanidinium thiocyanate, mixed with oligo (dT) cellulose (Ambion, Tex.) and incubated at room temperature with gentle agitation for 60 minutes. The oligo(dT) cellulose-bound poly(A) RNA was pelleted, washed, then applied to a wash spin column (Ambion, Tex.). The column was centrifuged at 3000×g for 1 minute, then the RNA eluted with 200 μL of 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA (TE) buffer, pH 8.0 and precipitated with 0.1 volume of 5 M ammonium acetate (NH₄Ac) and 2.5 volumes of 100% ethanol at -20° C. The RNA was pelleted by centrifugation, dried and dissolved in DEPC-treated water.

[0217] cDNAs were synthesized from the isolated BHA2.1 mRNA via reverse transcription initiated with primers based on the either the N-terminus of the murine variable region of the heavy (VH) or light (VL) chain, and a second set of primers corresponding to the murine γ1 heavy or κ light chain constant regions. The sequence of the BHA2.1 antibody was unknown, thus, commercial degenerate antibody primers for the N-terminus of murine light and heavy chain variable regions were used (Light primer mix, #27-1583-01 and Heavy Primer mix, #27-1586-01, from Amersham Biosciences) as shown in Table 1. These primers are reported to encompass the heterogeneous amino acid composition at the N-terminus of the murine light and heavy chains, respectively. RT-PCR reactions (Qiagen RT kit) were set up as follows: 0.5 μg of mRNA, 10 μL of 5× RT buffer, 2 μL of 10 mM of dNTP mix, 5 μL of each 10 mM primer solution and 2 μL of enzyme mix in 50 μL of total volume. The reaction was initiated with reverse transcription at 50° C. for 30 minutes followed by a PCR activation step at 95° C. for 15 minutes and ended with a PCR program suitable for the degenerate primer mixes used to amplify the variable regions of both heavy and light chains: 94° C. for 30 seconds, 56° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 1 minute for 28 cycles with a final extension run for 10 minutes at 72° C. Subsequent PCR reactions used the primer pairs listed in Table 2, which were synthesized by Retrogen (San Diego, Calif.). All primers are listed as 5' to 3'

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Primer name Nucleotide sequences (5'-3') VHL-for CCATGGCTGTCTTGGGGCTGCTCTTCT (SEQ ID NO: 14) HC-rev GGGGCCAGTGGATAGAC (SEQ ID NO: 15) VLL-for CCATGGATTTTCAAGTGCAGATTTTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 16) LCκ-rev GTTGGTGCAGCATCAGC (SEQ ID NO: 17)

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Primer name Nucleotide sequences (5'-3') Igκ-S TCGAGCCACCATGGAGACAGACACACTCCTGCTATGGGTACTGCTGCTCTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 27) TTCCAGGTTCCACTGGAGACGCG Igκ-AS AATTCGCGTCTCCAGTGGAACCTGGAACCCAGAGCAGCAGTACCCATAGCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 28) AGTGTGTCTGTCTCCATGGTGGC TMC-2206-r5' CCCGAATTCACAGGTGCAGTTGAAGGAGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 22) TMC-2206-r3' CGGGATCCTTAGGATCATTTACCAGGAGAGTGGGA (SEQ ID NO: 23) TMC-2206-k5' CCCGAATTCACAATTTGTTCTCACCCAGTCT (SEQ ID NO: 24) TMC-2206-k3' CGGGATCCTTATCTCTAACACTCATTCCTGTTGAA (SEQ ID NO: 25) TMC-2206VH- CTTGGTCGACGCTGAGGAGACGGTGACTGAGGT hIgG1/4Fc-SalI (SEQ ID NO: 29) TMC-2206VL-hKc-SalI TCGTTTGATGTCGACCTTGGTCCCAGCACCGAACGTGAG (SEQ ID NO: 32) hIgG1/4Fc-SalI-F TCAGCGTCGACCAAGGGCCCATCSGTCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 30) hIgG1/4Fc-SalI-R AAGGGAAGCGGCCGCTTATCATTTACCCYGAGACAGGGAGAGGCTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 31) hKc-SalI-F ACCAAGGTCGACATCAAACGAACTGTGGCTGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 33) Kappa-F CGAACTGTGGCTGCACCATCTGTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 95) Kappa-BamHI-R AATTCGGATCCTTACTAACACTCTCCCCTGTTGAAGCTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 96) hKc-NotI-R AAGGGAAGCGGCCGCTTATCARCACTCTCCCCTGTTGAAGCTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 34) TMC-2206VLwt-hKc-F AGGGTGGAGCTGAAACGAACTGTGGCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 35) TMC-2206VLwt-hKc-R TCGTTTCAGCTCCACCCTGGTCCC (SEQ ID NO: 36)

[0218] PCR products of approximately 350 bp in length were obtained for both VH and VL. These PCR products were recovered from a 1% agarose gel, into the pCR2.1-TOPO cloning vector (Invitrogen, CA) and sequenced.

[0219] The sequencing was performed on a CEQ DNA sequencer using M13 forward and reverse primers (Invitrogen, CA). Plasmid DNA was made 1.5 mL bacterial cultures using Qiagen kits according to manufacturer's directions. Approximately 300 ng of DNA were used for each PCR sequencing reaction, typically in a volume of 10 μL. The DNA was denature at 96° C. for 2 minutes and then mixed with sequencing primer at a final concentration of 0.3 μM. Four μL of DTCS Quick Start Master Mix (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.) were added to the mix and sequencing proceeded for 30 cycles: 96° C. for 20 seconds, 50° C. for 20 seconds and 60° C. for 2 minutes. The sequencing reactions were precipitated with ethanol in the presence of sodium acetate (NaAc), EDTA and glycogen. The pellet was washed twice with 70% ethanol, air-dried, and resuspended in 20 μL of the Sample Loading Solution (provided in the kit). Eight individual VH and VL clones were sequenced by standard techniques, and the deduced amino acid sequences of VH (SEQ ID NO:21) and VL (SEQ ID NO:19) are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The sequences obtained from all eight clones were identical except for the first one or two amino acids. In the VL clones, Glu-Asn or Gln-Phe occurred in equal frequency. In the VH clones, Gln or Glu occurred in equal frequency. The sequences were checked against the NCBI protein BLAST database (Ye et al., Nucleic acids Res., July 1: 34 (Web Server Issue): W6-9). All sequences along with the query (e.g. VH or VL of TMC-2206) were aligned by CLUSTALW (Multiple Sequence Alignment) (Aiyar, Methods Mol Biol., 132:221-41 (2000)). The cloned inserts showed the best match with murine heavy (IgG1) and light (κ) chains, which was the expected isotype. The sequences of the cloned VH and VL regions suggested likely leader and flanking constant region sequences, which were used to design more exact primers to clone the entire heavy and light variable region of TMC-2206 from the hybridoma mRNA. All primers were synthesized by Retrogen (San Diego, Calif.). The primer pair, VHL-for CCATGGCTGTCTTGGGGCTGCTCTTCT (SEQ ID NO:14) and HC-rev GGGGCCAGTGGATAGAC (SEQ ID NO:15; from mouse Fcγ CH1), was used to re-clone the heavy chain variable region and the primer pair, VLL-for CCATGGATTTTCAAGTGCAGATTTTCAG (SEQ ID NO:16) and LCκ-rev GTTGGTGCAGCATCAGC (SEQ ID NO:17), was used to re-clone the light chain variable region from the hybridoma mRNA using the same PCR conditions outlined above. Sequencing of the products confirmed the identity of the first two residues in the TMC-2206 VL to be L1-Q and L2-F and the identity of the first two residues in the heavy chain to be H1-Q and H2-V. The remaining nucleotide sequences were identical to those cloned using the degenerate primer mixes.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Name FW1 HCDR1 FW2 HCDR2 ---------1---------2----- ----3----- ----4--------- 5---------6----- Kabat No: 1234567890123456789012345 6789012345 67890123456789 0123456789012345 TMC-2206 VH QVQLKESGPGLVQPSQSLSITCTVS GFSLTNYGIH WVRQPPGKGLEWLG VIWARGFTNYNSALMS (SEQ ID NO: 21) Name FW3 HCDR3 FW4 ----7---------8------------9---- ----10----- -------11-- Kabat No: 67890123456789012ABC345678901234 567890ABC12 34567890123 TMC-2206 VH RLIITKDNSQSQVFLKMNSLQPDDSATYFCAR ANDGVYYAMDY WGQGTSVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 21)

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Name FW1 LCDR1 FW2 LCDR2 ---------1---------2--- ------3---- -----4--------- 5----- Kabat No: 12345678901234567890123 45678901234 567890123456789 0123456 TMC-2206 VL QVFLTQSPAFLSASPGEKVTMTC SANS-SVNYIH WYQQKSGTSPKKWIY DTSKLAS (SEQ ID NO: 19) Name FW3 LCDR3 FW4 ---6---------7---------8-------- -9------- -10------ Kabat No: 78901234567890123456789012345678 901234567 8901234567 TMC-2206 VL GVPVRFSGFGFGTSYSLTISSMETEDAATYYC QQWTTNPLT FGAGTRVELK (SEQ ID NO: 19)

[0220] The cloned VL region was 106 amino acids and the VH was 119 amino acids in length. As shown in Tables 3 and 4, there are three CDRs (CDR1-3) and four frameworks (FW1-4) in both the cloned heavy (VH) and light (VL) variable regions. Frameworks and CDRs were identified based on the Kabat numbering system (Kabat et al., 1983) except that the CDR1 of the heavy chain was defined by the Oxford Molecular's AbM definition as spanning residues 26 to 35. The Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software (Martin et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA, 86. 9268-9272 (1989): Martin et al., Methods Enzymol., 203, 121-153 (1991); Pedersen et al., Immunomethods, 1, 126 (1992); and Rees et at, in Sternberg M. J. E. (ed.), Protein Structure Prediction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 141-172. (1996)) combines the Kabat CDR and the Chothia hypervariable region numbering systems to define CDRs. For numbering consistency, insertions in both framework regions and CDRs relative to the standards are named as the residue position followed by an alphabetic sequence (for example, residues 82A, 82B, 82C are inserted between residues 82 and 83 in the heavy chain as shown in Table 3). Both the VH and VL sequences have relatively short CDR3s. There is a potential glycosylation site (Asp-Ser-Ser, NSS) within the CDR1 of the cloned light chain. This is consistent with the observation that the TMC-2206 light chain has a molecular weight of 29 kD by SDS-PAGE that can be shifted by endoglycosidase treatment to 25 kD (typical molecular weight of antibody light chains).

[0221] To confirm that the cloned sequences represented the bioactive VH and VL of the TMC-2206 antibody, the antibody purified from the hybridoma medium was subjected to Edman degradation N-terminal peptide sequencing. The deduced amino acid sequence of both the VH and VL clones indicated the likely presence of an N-terminal glutamine on each, which raised the possibility of N-terminal blockage arising from cyclization of the N-terminal glutamine residue to yield pyroglutamate (pGlu). Therefore, to remove any potentially cyclized terminal glutamine, the protein was subjected to pyroglutamate aminopeptidase digestion using a heat tolerant enzyme from the thermophilic Pyrococcus furiosus before subjecting the heavy and light chains to N-terminal peptide sequencing. Purified pyroglutamate aminopeptidase (0.01 U) from Pyrococcus furiosus (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) was reconstituted in 50 μL Digestion Buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA and 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT)). A preparation of TMC-2206 was digested using a 1:100 molar ratio of pyroglutamate aminopeptidase:protein at 95° C. for 1 hour. The digested proteins were resolved using a standard 10% SDS-PAGE gel (Tris-glycine, BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) with sodium mercaptoacetate (0.1 g in 150 mL of Running Buffer) in the upper reservoir. The gel was then blotted onto Immobilon P PVDF membrane (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) in Transfer Buffer (10 mM CAPS, pH 10.5, 0.5 g/L DTT and 15% methanol) at 250 mAmp for 1 hour. The blot was stained using a fresh solution of 0.1% Ponceau S in 1% acetic acid for 1 minute followed by destaining in 1% acetic acid. The blot was subjected to peptide sequencing where it was found that 20 of the first 21 N-terminal amino acids of the light chain were successfully sequenced and showed exact identity with the deduced peptide sequence obtained by cloning. This confirmed the identity of the first amino acid in the cloned VL to be a Glu. The pyroglutamate aminopeptidase digested VH failed to yield any peptide sequence data.

Example 2

[0222] Chimeric antibodies with specificity for α2β1 integrin were designed and prepared, including mouse-human chimeric antibodies. VH and VL regions of the cloned TMC-2206 as described in Example 1 were used to design and prepare chimeric heavy and light chains, respectively, using standard molecular cloning techniques (see, e.g. Molecular Biology Manual by Sambrook and Russell, 2001).

[0223] Heavy and light chains were cloned with the introduction of restriction sites as follows. The primers, TMC-2206-r5' CCCGAATTCACAGGTGCAGTTGAAGGAGTCA SEQ ID NO:22) and TMC-2206-r3' CGGGATCCTTAGGATCATTTACCAGGAGAG TGGGA (SEQ ID NO:23), were used to clone out the TMC-2206 heavy chain by RT-PCR from BHA2.1 hybridoma mRNA and the primers TMC-2206-k5' CCCGAATTCACAATTTGTTCTCACCCAGTCT (SEQ ID NO:24) and TMC-2206-k3' CGGGATCCTTATCTCTAACACTCATTCCTGTTGAA (SEQ ID NO:25) were used to clone out the TMC-2206 light chain. These primers introduced EcoRI and BamHI sites at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively, to allow cloning of the cloned heavy and light chains into the pIRES2-GFP and pIRES2-Ds Red mammalian expression vectors (Clontech, catalog nos. 632306 and 632420), respectively. Both vectors were engineered to carry an Igκ leader sequence METDTLLLWVLLLWVPGGSTGD (SEQ ID NO:26).

[0224] To isolate the mRNA, approximately 1 million hybridoma cells expressing TMC-2206 were pelleted at low speed (10 minutes at 800 rpm), washed with PBS, and lysed with 1 mL of Trizol (Invitrogen, CA). After vigorously vortexing, the cell suspension was extracted with 0.2 mL of chloroform and after centrifugation (14,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4° C.), the supernatant was transferred to a new tube where the RNA was precipitated by mixing with 0.5 mL isopropanol followed by centrifugation (14,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4° C.). The RNA pellet was washed with 1 mL 75% ethanol and dissolved in 50 μL DEPC-treated H₂O.

[0225] The RT-PCR reaction (Qiagen RT kit) was performed as described above using 0.5 μg of RNA, 10 μL of 5× PT buffer, 2 μL of 10 mM of dNTP mix, 5 μL of each 10 mM primer solution and 2 μL of enzyme mix in a total volume of 50 μL. PCR products were digested with EcoRI and BamHI restriction enzymes and the purified fragments from 1% agarose gel were then ligated into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of the pIRES2-GFP (heavy chain) and pIRES2-Ds Red (light chain) vectors. Subsequent sequencing of the variable regions confirmed that no mutations had been introduced by the RT-PCR.

[0226] pCI-neo (Promega, catalog no. E1841) was chosen as the expression vector for cloning chimeric, including humanized, antibody molecules based on or derived from TMC-2206 as described below. To reduce the possibility of introducing mutations into the constant regions through PCR, cloning cassettes were prepared for both the VH and VL. First, the DNA encoding an Igκ leader (SEQ ID NO:26) was cloned into the XhoI and EcoRI cloning sites of pCI-neo using the oligonucleotides Igκ-S(SEQ ID NO:27) and Igκ-AS (SEQ ID NO:28) listed in Table 2, which were annealed to each other and then ligated directly into XhoI-EcoRI digested pCI-neo using T4 ligase. This provided the parental vector for all subsequent cloning steps. From this, two expression cassettes were made: one for cloning in the VH regions adjacent to a human IgG1 Fc (hFc) and the second for cloning in the VL regions upstream from the constant region of the human kappa chain (hKc).

[0227] There are no EcoRI, XbaI, HindIII or SalI sites found on sequences of human IgG1 Fc (hFc) or the constant region of the kappa chain (hKc), therefore any one of these restriction sites could be introduced at the 5' end of the constant regions to facilitate cloning. SalI was chosen as the cloning site since this would minimize the number of changes in amino acids at the variable-constant junction. For the heavy chain chimera, introduction of a SalI site at the mouse VH-human Fc junction was accomplished without causing any change in amino acid sequence. First, an EcoRI-SalI VH fragment was made by PCR using the primer pairs TMC-2206-r5' (SEQ ID NO:22) and TMC2206VH-hIgG1/4Fc-SalI (SEQ ID NO:29) shown in Table 2 to introduce a SalI restriction site at the 3' end of the murine VH sequence using the cloned heavy chain in the pIRES-GFP vector as a template. The human IgG1 Fc was obtained from amplification of IMAGE clone 20688 (Invitrogen, Catalog No. 4764519) DNA using the primers shown in Table 2, hIgG1/4Fc-SalI-F (SEQ ID NO:30) and hIgG1/4Fc-NotI-R (SEQ ID NO:31). The two PCR products were digested with EcoRI/SalI and SalI/NotI, respectively, purified, and ligated with EcoRI/NotI digested pCI-neo-Igκ vector. The resulting vector was named pCI-neo-Igκ-TMCVH-hFc.

[0228] For the light chain chimera, it was not possible to design a SalI site without changing two amino acids at the VL-κC junction, E105D and L106I. This was accomplished by generating a PCR product using the primers shown in Table 2, TMC-2206-k5' (SEQ ID NO:24) and TMC2206VL-hKc-SalI (SEQ ID NO:32) to amplify the 2206VL region from the plasmid, pIRES-DsRed2-TMC-2206LC from above. The PCR product was digested with EcoRI/SalI separated on a 1% agarose gel, purified with a Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) and ligated with the human Igκ light chain constant region amplified from the IMAGE clone #4704496 (ATCC) using the primers hKc-SalI-F (SEQ ID NO:33) and hKc-NotI-R (SEQ ID NO:34) and the vector described above, pCL-neo-Igκ. The resulting plasmid was named pCI-neo-Igκ-TMC2206VL-hKc.

[0229] To evaluate whether the two amino acid change at the VL-κC junction would impact antibody activity, a second light chain chimera was constructed that encoded the parental amino acid sequence light chain chimera plasmid. First, the VL and the human kappa constant regions were amplified with the primer pair TMC-2206VLwt-hKc-R and TMC-2206-k5' (SEQ ID NOS: 36 and 24) and primer pair TMC-2206VLwt-hKc-F and hKc-NotI-R (SEQ ID NOS: 35 and 34) respectively, using the pIRES2-DsRed2-Igk-TMC2206LC vector from above as a template. Second, splicing by overlapping extension PCR (Horton et al., Gene 77(1):61-8 (1989)) with the TMC-2206-k5' (SEQ ID NO:24) and hKc-NotI-R (SEQ ID NO:34) primers was performed to link the two products, and the final PCR product was digested and cloned into pCI-neo-Igκ.

[0230] To confirm that the cloned mouse-human chimeric antibody bore the same specificity as the original monoclonal TMC-2206 antibody secreted by the BHA2.1 hybridoma, the mouse-human chimeric antibody was expressed in 293F cells using transient transfection methodology using a transfection mixture was composed of equal parts DNA/OptiMEM and 293fectin/OptiMEM (Invitrogen). Each solution was made with OptiMEM prewarmed to room temperature. The DNA/OptiMEM mixture contained 20 μg of the heavy chain (HC) expression plasmid, 20 μg of the light chain (LC) expression plasmid, and OptiMEM to a total volume of 1.3 mL. The 293fectin OptiMEM mixture contained 53 μL of 293fectin and OptiMEM to a total volume of 1.3 mL. The 293fectin mixture was added to the DNA mixture, mixed and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. The 2.6 mL transfection mixture was added to a flask containing 40 mL 293F cell culture at 10⁶ cells/mL. The flask was incubated at 37° C., 8% CO₂ with shaking at 120 rpm. After 3 days, the cell suspension was centrifuged and immediately subjected to Protein A affinity chromatography to purify the antibody. The final product was concentrated, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and protein concentration determined by Lowry assays.

[0231] To confirm that the purified mouse-human chimeric antibody had the same binding activity as the parent TMC-2206 antibody, purified mouse-human chimeric antibody was tested for its ability to block α2β1-integrin mediated cell adhesion. CHO cells expressing a human α2 integrin (SEQ ID NO:8) and an endogenous hamster β1 (Symington et al., J Cell Biol. 120(2):523-35. (1993)) were detached from the culture flask by incubating in Ca⁺+/Mg⁺+-free PBS containing 5 mM EDTA. Cells were then centrifuged (1200 rpm for 8 minutes in a Beckman GH 38 rotor) and the pellet was resuspended in 10 mL of RPMI-1640. 30 UL of 17 mM CFSE (Molecular Probes, OR) was added to the cell suspension and the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes. Labeled cells were pelleted at low speed, resuspended in 10 mL of RPMI-1640 with 0.1% BSA and counted. The cell concentration was adjusted to 8×10⁵ cells/mL and kept in the dark until used. A collagen-coated plate (rat-tail collagen Type I; BD Biosciences) was blocked with 100 μL/well of 0.1% BSA in PBS and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Protein samples were serially diluted in serum-free media and 50 μL of each serially diluted antibody solution was added to the collagen plate. 50 μL/well of labeled cells were then added to the well and the plate was incubated for 1.5 hours at 37° C. After washing, cells were lysed with 0.1% Triton X-100 and the fluorescence intensity (excitation, 485 nm; emission, 535 nm) was read using a Victor2 1420 multi-label counter (Perkin-Elmer). The cloned TMC-2206 chimera was a potent inhibitor of α2β1-mediated cell adhesion to collagen Type I and showed potency equivalent to TMC-2206 with an EC50 value of 1.8 nM compared to 1.2 nM, respectively. In these experiments, use of control Ig gave no inhibition of binding while use of the murine TMC-2206 or the chimera antibody showed binding inhibition when tested over a range of 10^-11 to 10^-6 molar concentration.

[0232] The affinity of the mouse-human chimeric antibody for immobilized α2β1 integrin was also compared with the parent antibody TMC-2206 for its ability to compete binding of Eu-labelled TMC-2206 to 2β1-coated plates, e.g., by determining Ki values. First, the affinity of the parent antibody TMC-2206 for the immobilized α2β1-integrin was determined by equilibrium binding. Wells in a 96 well microtiter plate were coated with platelet α2β1-integrin (custom-coated with human platelet α2β1 by GTI Inc., WI) and then blocked with nonfat milk. For the binding and competition assays, fluorescently labeled TMC-2206 or isotype control IgG antibody were used. To label antibodies with Eu-N1-ITC reagent, approximately 2 mg of either TMC-2206 or the isotype control, MOPC-21 (Invitrogen) were suspended into and dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 1.47 mM KH₂PO₄, 8.1 mM Na₂HPO₄; pH 7.4, 138 mM NaCl and 2.67 mM KCl). After concentration in prewashed MicroSep concentrators (30-kDa cutoff; Pall Life Sciences at 9500 rpm (7000×g) in a JA-20 rotor (Beckman Instruments, Inc.) for 20 minutes at 4° C.), antibodies were adjusted to 4.0 mg/mL with PBS containing a final concentration of 100 mM NaHCO₃, pH 9.3. The mAb/bicarbonate mixture (0.250 mL) was gently mixed into a vial containing 0.2 mg N¹-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-diethylenetriamine-N¹,N²,N.sup- .3,N³-tetraacetic acid chelated with Eu³+ (Eu-N1-ITC; Perkin Elmer Life Sciences) and reacted overnight at 4° C. without stirring. Each labeled antibody mixture was applied to a separate PD-10 column (GE Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) pre-equilibrated with Running Buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4 and 138 mM NaCl). Fractions (0.5 mL) were collected and assayed for total protein (Bradford reagent; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) using a SpectraMax 384 absorbance plate reader and for europium after 1:10.000 dilution in DELFIA Enhancement Solution (Perkin-Elmer) by time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) using a Victor2 multi-label plate reader (Perkin Elmer). The fractions that were positive for both protein and Eu label were pooled and applied to new PD-10 columns and samples collected and assayed for total protein and for europium content by TRF calibrated against a europium standard solution (Perkin-Elmer) to calculate the fluor:protein ratio. The fluorescently labeled antibody, either Eu-TMC-2206 or Eu-isotype control IgG, was then applied to the blocked α2β1-integrin microtiter plates in a volume of 10 μL/well. After incubating the sealed plates for 1 hr at 37° C. to allow binding to reach equilibrium, 2 μL samples were transferred from each well into a fresh well containing DELFIA Enhancement Solution (100 μL/well; Perkin-Elmer) for the measurement of free (unbound) label. Enhancement Solution (100 μL/well) was added to the emptied wells for the measurement of bound label. The plate was shaken (Titer Plate Shaker speed setting of 5 for 5 minutes at room temperature) and time-resolved fluorescent (TRF) intensities were read using a Victor2 multi-label plate reader (Perkin-Elmer Wallac, Boston, Mass.). The K_d value was calculated by Scatchard analysis to be 0.374 nM for TMC-2206.

[0233] Relative binding potencies to immobilized α2β1 integrin were analyzed by measuring K_i values in a competition assay using 100 μM fluorescently labeled Eu-TMC-2206 in the presence of varying concentrations of unlabeled TMC-2206 antibody or the chimeric antibody as competitors, using an assay system similar to that described above. Test antibody combinations were then applied to the α2β1 integrin coated wells, tested over a concentration range of from 10^-11 to 10^-7 M, and following the specified time, the amount of bound Eu-TMC-2206 was determined. The inhibition curves were fitted with the "one site competition" model using Prism software (GraphPad, Inc.) to obtain IC₅₀ values and to calculate the K_i using the equation of Cheng and Prusoff (1973) and the value for K_d of 0.374 nM from above. The parental TMC-2206 antibody exhibited a K_i of 0.22±0.04 nM (n=10) compared to a value of 0 27±0.07 nM (n=5) for the wild type (wt) chimera. The activity of the wt chimera was comparable to that of the chimeric form carrying the two LC mutations introduced by engineering a SalI site (K_i also 0.27 nM), confirming that these mutations did not affect activity. In these experiments, BSA coated control wells tested with either control IgG or with TMC-2206 did not demonstrate any antibody binding.

Example 3

[0234] Humanized antibodies with specificity for α2β1 integrin were designed and prepared. Residues of the cloned TMC-2206 antibody that comprise the CDR regions of the heavy and light chains were determined and humanized variants were prepared as follows. Three regions of hypervariability within the less variable framework regions are found in both the heavy and light chain variable regions. In most cases, these hypervariable regions correspond to, but may extend beyond, the CDRs. The amino acid sequences of the TMC-2206 heavy and light chain variable regions are specified above in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The CDR and framework regions were elucidated generally in accordance with Kabat by alignment with other VH and VL regions using general homology searches using the NCBI protein BLAST database (Ye et al., Nucleic acids Res., July 1: 34 (Web Server Issue): W6-9)), except for HCDR1. HCDRI was defined by the AbM definition as spanning residues 26 to 35. The Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software (Martin et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 9268-9272 (1989); Martin et al., Methods Enzymol., 203, 121-153 (1991); Pedersen et al., Immunomethods, 1, 126 (1992); and Rees et al., In Sternberg M. J. E. (ed.), Protein Structure Prediction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 141-172. (1996)) combines Kabat and Chothia numbering systems in defining CDRs. Thus the heavy chain CDR regions were defined as follows:

TABLE-US-00006 HGDR1 aa26- aa35 HCDR2 aa50- aa65 HCDR3 aa95- aa102

Similarly, the light chain CDR regions were defined as follows:

TABLE-US-00007 LCDR1 aa24- aa34 LCDR2 aa50- aa56 LCDR3 aa89- aa97

[0235] It is desirable to retain the binding affinity of the murine antibody in the humanized counterpart antibody. It may be desirable to choose a human acceptor molecule that shares homology with the murine antibody. Preferred human acceptors are human germline frameworks because the lack of somatic mutations may lower the degree of immunogenicity, however, individual mature antibody frameworks may also be used as acceptor molecules. The V-BASE database provides a comprehensive listing of human heavy and light chain germline sequences and was used as a source of human germline sequences to compare with the VH and VL from TMC-2206; the Kabat database was also used (Johnson, G. and Wu, T. T. (2001), Nucleic Acids Res., 29, 205-206).

[0236] The TMC-2206 VH aligned well with three of 51 human germline sequences in the V-BASE database, 4-59, 4-61 and 4-30.4, with no sequences showing a good fit in framework 3. The CDR H1 and H2 lengths in 4-59 were identical to those of the TMC-2206 VH, and 4-59 (SEQ ID NO:39) was selected as an acceptor framework. It carried the same canonical structure class 1 for CDR H1 and CDR H2 as the TMC-2206 CDR H1 and CDR H2. The CDR3 and FW4 regions of VH are not included in the VBASE germline sequences, because part of the CDR3 and framework 4 regions are derived from a different and noncontiguous gene that varies during the maturation of each antibody. The sequence of the antibody, CAA48104 (NCBI entry: gi/33583/emb/CAA48104) was used to provide CDR3 and FW 4 sequences for alignment, and a FW4 acceptor molecule sequence. A comparison of the TMC-2206 VH with 4-59 and the CDR3 and FW4 region of the CAA48104 antibody sequence is provided in Table 5.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 5 Name FW1 HCDR1 FW2 HCDR2 ---------1---------2----- ----3----- ----4--------- 5---------6----- Kabat No: 1234567890123456789012345 6789012345 67890123456789 0123456789012345 TMC-2206 QVQLKESGPGLVAPSQSLSITCTVS GFSLTNYGIH WVRQPPGKGLEWLG VIWARGFTNYNSALMS (SEQ ID NO: 21) 4-59 QVQLKESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVS GGSISSYYWS WIRQPPGKGLEWIG YIYYSGSTNYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 39) Name FW3 HCDR3 FW4 ----7---------8------------9---- ----10------- -------11-- Kabat No: 67890123456789012ABC345678901234 567890ABCDE12 34567890123 TMC-2206 RLIITKDNSQSQVFLKMNSLQPDDSATYFCAR ANDGVYYAM--DY WGQGTSVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 21) 4-59 RVTISVDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCAR HNSSSWYGRYFDY WGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 39) CAA48104 HNSSSWYGRYFDY WGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 183)

[0237] The germline sequence, A14 (SEQ ID NO:37), was one of 38 human VL antibody sequences in the V-BASE database and was selected as an acceptor VL framework. A14 is in the VK VI family and its LCDR1 and LCDR2 fall into canonical classes 2 and 1, respectively. The TMC-2206 LCDR2 is also class 1, although the TMC-2206 LCDR1 is similar, but not identical, to a canonical class 1 structure. Germline VL sequences extend through CDR-L3, so an additional sequence for FW4 of a human VL was selected. The selected sequence represents a commonly used framework 4 gene for kappa light chains in mature human antibodies (e.g., AAB24132, NCBI entry gi/259596/gb/AAB24132). Although with the introduction of the SalI site, two amino acid changes were made in the sequence during the construction of the light chain chimera (E105D and L1061, which did not impact antibody binding, see above), the human light chain acceptor FW-4 already has an isoleucine at position 106 so this change introduced only a single conservative amino acid mutation (E105D) in the humanized variants. A comparison of the TMC-2206 VL with A14 and the FW4 region of the AAB24132 antibody sequence is provided in Table 6.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 6 Name FW1 LCDR1 FW2 LCDR2 ---------1---------2--- ------3---- -----4--------- 5------ Kabat No: 12345678901234567890123 45678901234 567890123456789 0123456 TMC-2206 QFVLTQSPAFLSASPGEKVTMTC SANS-SVNYIH WYQQKSGTSPKKWIY DTSKLAS (SEQ ID NO: 19) A14 DVVMTQSPAFLSVTPGEKVTITC QASEGIGNYLY WYQQKPDQAPKLLIK YASQSIS (SEQ ID NO: 37) Name FW3 LCDR3 FW4 ---6---------7---------8-------- -9------- -10------ Kabat No: 78901234567890123456789012345678 901234567 8901234567 TMC-2206 GVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISSMETEDAATYYC QQWTTNPLT FGAGTRVELK (SEQ ID NO: 19) A14 GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTFTISSLEAEDAATYYC QQWTTNPLT FGQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 37) AAB24132 QQGNTLPWT FGQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 184)

[0238] Humanized variants of TMC-2206 were prepared using CDR sequences from TMC-2206 VH and VL sequences and the human frameworks selected as described above. To maintain proper CDR presentation, some canonical residues of acceptor frameworks (see e.g., Chothia et al., 1985, 1992; Queen et al., 1989; Foote and Winter, 1992) may be exchanged for the counterpart donor murine canonical residues, a process called back-mutation. Tables 7 and 8 list residues that may affect CDR conformation and interchain packing, respectively, and show differences between the TMC-2206 donor VH and VL residues and the corresponding human acceptor framework residues (highlighted in bold italics). The L46 residue marked with an asterisk in Table 8 may play a role in both CDR canonical structure presentation and interchain packing.

[0239] As shown in Tables 7 and 8, eleven framework residues affecting CDR canonical presentation and two residues affecting interchain packing differ between TMC-2206 donor and the A14 and 4-59 human acceptor germline sequences, with residue L46 falling in both categories. Specifically, these differences are positions H37, H48, H67, H71, H73, H78, and H91 for the heavy chain and L2, L4, L46, L47, L49, and L71 in the light chain variable framework regions. These residues were identified and selected as candidates for back-mutation.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 7 VL VH Kabat TMC- A14 Kabat TMC- 4-59 residue# 2206 acceptor residue# 2206 acceptor 2 F 2 V V 4 L 47-49 W, L, G W, I, G 35-36 W, Y W, Y 67 L 46-49 K, W, I, Y I, 69 I I 64 G G 71 K 66 G G 73 N 68-69 G, T G, T 78 V 71 Y 93-94 A, R A, R 98 F A 103 W W

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 8 VL VH Kabat TMC- A14 Kabat TMC- 4-59 residue# 2206 acceptor Residue# 2206 acceptor 34 H Y 35 H S 36 Y Y 37 V 38 Q Q 39 Q Q 44 P P 45 L L 46* K 47 W W 87 Y Y 91 F 89 Q Q 93 A A 91 W G 95 A H 96 L L 100c M R 98 F F 103 W W *Mutation also affecting CDR conformation

[0240] The 13 candidate back-mutations as identified, with 11 involving proper canonical structure presentation and 2 involving interchain packing, were included in the first humanized variant of TMC-2206. In addition an amino terminal Q was retained in the humanized VL. This position was retained with the murine identity because it is adjacent to the Phe at L2, which is an unusual amino acid for this position. These humanized light chain and heavy chain variants were termed TMC-2206VH1.0 and TMC-2206VL1.0. Additional humanized variants were prepared with fewer back mutations by changing the murine residues back to human framework residues. In this way, framework residues were identified that were sensitive to a reversion to the human residue (in terms of maintaining antibody potency). In parallel, computer modeling was performed to assist in the selection of candidate residues for changing back to the human counterpart.

[0241] The light and heavy chain chimera pCI-neo expression vectors described in Example 1 were used for expression of all the humanized variants. The version 1.0 of the humanized TMC-2206 VH (hVH1.0, SEQ ID NO:40) and version 1.0 of the humanized VL (hVL1.0, SEQ ID NO:41) incorporating the 14 back-mutations defined above were translated to a nucleotide sequence optimized for mammalian cell expression using Vector NTI software. These sequences were custom synthesized in tandem within a single plasmid construct by Retrogen (San Diego, Calif.) and cloned into the EcoRI and SalI sites of the parental TMC-2206 LC and HC expression vectors replacing the mouse VH and VL regions. Specifically, EcoRI-SalI digestion of the plasmid DNA resulted in two fragments of different sizes, the larger being hVH1.0 and the small fragment hVL1.0. These two fragments were then cloned into the EcoRI and SalI sites of the parental pCI-TMC-2206 chimeric LC and HC expression vectors, replacing the mouse VH and VL regions, respectively, following EcoRI and SalI digestion and gel purification of the large fragment from pCI-neoIgk-TMC2206VG-hFc and pCI-neoIgK-TMC-2206VLhκc, respectively. This strategy was used for preparation of subsequent variants. The resultant plasmids contained Igκ leader, optimal Kozak translation initiation sequence, variable region and human constant region.

[0242] The variant with version 1.0 of the humanized TMC-2206 VH (SEQ ID NO:40) and version 1.0 of the humanized VL (SEQ ID NO:41) as described above was tested for activity in the α2β1-integrin mediated cell adhesion assay and in the competition assay for binding to immobilized α2β1 integrin along with the chimera and the original TMC-2206 antibody as described in Example 2. The K_i value for humanized prototype was 0.32 nM which was comparable to the measured K_i of the parent antibody TMC-2206 (0.21 nM) as well as the chimera (0.27 nM), indicating that this first humanized version retained binding affinity. Similarly, the first humanized prototype showed comparable inhibitory activity to the TMC-2206 parent antibody in blocking α2β1-mediated cell adhesion to collagen (e.g., EC₅₀ of 1.5 nM for both).

[0243] Using the data generated by the version 1.0 variant, a series of mutations back to the human VH or VL framework residues were made using PCR methodology and minimum numbers of back-mutations (murine residues) were determined to avoid compromising the specificity and affinity of the original TMC-2206 mAb. Desirable humanized variants include those that retain the biological activity of the parent murine antibody and also contain fewer murine residues to decrease potential immunogenicity.

[0244] The individual primer sequences were synthesized by Sigma-Genosys and their sequences are listed in Table 9. The primer pairs and templates used for variants generated are shown in Tables 10 and 11. PCR reactions were carried out using the following conditions: Primer 1 and 2 (0.6 μM final concentration), dNTP (1 mM final concentration), DNA template (1 to 10 ng), and 1 unit of Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, CA) typically in a final volume of 50 μL. A PCR program consisted of initial denaturation at 95° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles with each cycle being 95° C. for 30 seconds, 56° C. for 45 seconds and 68° C. for one and a half minutes. The final step was 68° C. for 10 minutes.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 9 Primer name Nucleotide sequences (5'-3') hVH3.0-F AGCGTGGACACCAGCAAGAACCAGTTCAGCCTGAAGCTGAGCAGCGTG (SEQ ID NO: 42) hVH3.0-R GTTCTTGCTGGTGTCCACGCTGATGGTCACGCGGGACATGAGAGCGCTGTT (SEQ ID NO: 43) hVH4.0-F CCTCCAGGCAAGGGCCTGGAGTGGATCGGCGTGATATGGGCTCGCGGC (SEQ ID NO: 44) hVH4.0-R CTCCAGGCCCTTGCCTGGAGGCTGGCGTATCCAGTGGATGCCATAGTTGGT (SEQ ID NO: 45) hVL3.0-F CCCAAGCTCCTGATCTATGACACTTCCAAGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 46) hVL3.0-R AGTGTCATAGATCAGGAGCTTGGGGGCCTGGTCGGGCTTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 47) hVL4.0-F GACGCGAATTCAGACGTGGTGATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCATTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 48) hVL2.0-F GTGACCATCAGCAAGGACAACAGC (SEQ ID NO: 49) hVH2.0-R GCTGTTGTCCTTGCTGATGGTCACGCGGGACATGAGAGCGCTGTT (SEQ ID NO: 50) hVH5.0-F ATCGGCGTGATATGGGCTCGCGGCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 51) hVH5.0-R GCCGCGAGCCCATATCACGCCGATCCACTCCAGGCCCTTGCCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 52) hVH6.0-F ATATGGGCTCGCGGCTTCACAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 53) hVH6.0-R GTTTGTGAAGCCGCGAGCCCATAT (SEQ ID NO: 54) hVH7.0-F GCCGCGGACACCGCCGTGTACTACTGCGCCAGAGCCAACGACGGG (SEQ ID NO: 55) hVH7.0-R GTAGTACACGGCGGTGTCCGCGGCGGT (SEQ ID NO: 56) hVH8.0-F ATATCCAACTATGGCATCCACTGGGTT (SEQ ID NO: 57) hVH8.0-R CCAGTGGATGCCATAGTTGGATATGCTAAATCCAGAGACGGTACAGGT (SEQ ID NO: 58) VH12.0-(K71V)-F GCCTGACCATCAGCGTGGACAACAGCAAGAACCAGGTGAG (SEQ ID NO: 97) VH12.0-(K71V)-R CTCACCTGGTTCTTGCTGTTGTCCACGCTGATGGTCAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 98) VH13.0-(N73T)-F CTGACCATCAGCAAGGACACCAGCAAGAACCAGGTGAGCC (SEQ ID NO: 99) VH13.0-(N73T)-R GGCTCACCTGGTTCTTGCTGGTGTCCTTGCTGATGGTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 100) VH14.0-(V78F)-F GCAAGGACAACAGCAAGAACCAGTTTAGCCTGAAGCTGAGC (SEQ ID NO: 101) VH14.0-(V78F)-R GCTCAGCTTCAGGCTAAACTGGTTCTTGCTGTTGTCCTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 102) hVL2.0-R CAGCTTGGAAGTGTCATAGATCAATTTCTTGGGGGCCTGGTCGGG (SEQ ID NO: 59) hVL5.0-F GACGCGAATTCAGAC TTCGTGCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGCATTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 60) hVL6.0-F GACGCGAATTCACAG TTCGTGATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCATTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 61) hVL7.0-F GACGCGAATTCAGACTTCGTGATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCATTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 62) hVL8.0-F TTCACCTTCACCATCAGCAGCCTGGAG (SEQ ID NO: 63) hVL8.0-R CTCCAGGCTGCTGATGGTGAAGGTGAAGTCGGTGCCGCTGCCGCTGCC (SEQ ID NO: 64) VH12.0-(K71V)-F GCCTGACCATCAGCGTGGACAACAGCAAGAACCAGGTGAG (SEQ ID NO: 97) VH12.0-(K71V)-R CTCACCTGGTTCTTGCTGTTGTCCACGCTGATGGTCAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 98) hLCQ3-F CCAATCAAGCGTGAACTACATTCACTGG (SEQ ID NO: 65) hLCQ3-R CCAGTGAATGTAGTTCACGCTTGATTGGGCGCTGCAGGTGATGGTCAC (SEQ ID NO: 66) Igκ-For ACTCCTGCTATGGGTACTGCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 67) hIgG1Fc-CH1-R GAAGTAGTCCTTGACCAGGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 68) Cl-neo-msc3' (SEQ ID NO: 69) TTTCACTGCATTCTAGTTGTGG

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 10 PCR primers for PCR primers for PCR primers for VH variants Fragment 1 Fragment-2 complete VH 2.0 Igk-For & hVH2.0-F & hlgG1 lgk-For & hlgG1 hVH2.0-R Fc-CH1-R Fc-CH1-R 3.0 Igk-For & hVH3.0-F & hlgG1 lgk-For & hlgG1 Fc- hVH3.0-R Fc-CH1-R CH1-R 4.0 Igk-For & hVH4.0-F & lgk-For & hVH4.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 5.0 Igk-For & HVH5.0-F & lgk-For & hVH5.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 6.0 Igk-For & hVH6.0-F & lgk-For & hVH6.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 7.0 Igk-For & hVH7.0-F & lgk-For & hVH7.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 3.0 Igk-For & hVH8.0-F& lgk-For & hVH8.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 9.0 Igk-For & hVH7.0-F & lgk-For & hVH7.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 10.0 Igk-For & hVE-17.0-F & lgk-For & hVH7.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgGi Fc-CH1-R 11.0 Igk-For & hVH2.0-F & lgk-For & hVH2.0-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 12.0 Igk-For & VH12.0-F & lgk-For & VH12.0-R hlgG1Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 13.0 Igk-For & VH13.0-F & lgk-For & VH13.0-R hlgGlFc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R 14.0 Igk-For & VH14.0-F & lgk-For & VH14.0-R hlgG1Fc-CH1-R hlgG1 Fc-CH1-R

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 11 VL PCR primers PCR primers for PCR primers for variants for Fragment 1 Fragment-2 complete VL 2.0 Igk-For & hVL2.0-F & Igk-For & hVL2.0-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 3.0 Igk-For & hVL3.0-F & Igk-For &' hVL3.0-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 4.0 N/A N/A hVL4.0-F & Cl-neo-msc3' 5.0 N/A N/A hVL5.0-F & Cl-neo-msc3' 6.0 N/A N/A hVL6.0-F & Cl-neo-msc3' 7.0 N/A N/A hVL7.0-F & Cl-neo-msc3' 8.0 Igk-For & hVL8.0-F & Igk-For & hVL8.0-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 9.0 Igk-For & hVL2.0-F & Igk-For & hVL2.0-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 10.0 Igk-For & hVL8.0-F & Igk-For & hVL8.0-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 11.0 Igk-For & hVL8.0-F & Igk-For & hVL8.0-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 12.0 Igk-For & VL12.0-F & Igκ-For & VL12.0-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3'

[0245] Table 12 lists VH variants and Table 13 lists VL variants and compares the chosen human acceptor frameworks with the initial (1.0) VH and VL variants. VH variants as listed in Table 12 include: hVH1.0 (SEQ ID NO:21); hVH2.0 (SEQ ID NO:70); hVH3.0 (SEQ ID NO:71); hVH4.0 (SEQ ID NO:72); hVH5.0 (SEQ ID NO:73); hVH6.0 (SEQ ID NO:74); hVH7.0 (SEQ ID NO:75); hVH8.0 (SEQ ID NO:76); hVH9.0 (SEQ ID NO:77); hVH10.0 (SEQ ID NO:78); hVH11.0 (SEQ ID NO:79); hVH12.0 (SEQ ID NO:109); hVH13.0 (SEQ ID NO:110); hVH14.0 (SEQ ID NO:111). VL variants as listed in Table 13 include: hVL1.0 (SEQ ID NO:41); hVL2.0 (SEQ ID NO:80); hVL3.0 (SEQ ID NO:81); hVL4.0 (SEQ ID NO:82); hVL5.0 (SEQ ID NO:83); hVL6.0 (SEQ ID NO:84); hVL7.0 (SEQ ID NO:85); hVL8.0 (SEQ ID NO:86); hVL9.0 (SEQ ID NO:87); hVL10.0 (SEQ ID NO:88); hVL11.0 (SEQ ID NO:89); hVL12.0 (SEQ ID NO:108). The retained murine residues are indicated in bold type. Each additional variant constructed (see below) is also shown. Each variant shown in Table 12 below VH1.0 has the same sequence as VH1.0 (indicated by a dash [-]) unless a specific amino acid substitution, changing the retained murine residue to the human framework counterpart, is shown. Similarly, each VL variant shown in Table 13 has the same sequence as the VL1.0 variant except for the specific amino acid substitutions indicated.

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 12 Name FW1 CDR1 FW2 CDR2 Kabat ---------1---------2----- ----3----- ----4--------- 5---------6----- TMC-2206 VH QVQLKESGPGLVAPSQSLSITCTVS GFSLTNYGIH WVRQPPGKGLEWLG VIWARGFTNYNSALMS 4-59 VH QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVS GGSISSYYWS WIRQPPGKGLEWIG YIYYSGSTNYNPSLKS hVH1.0 QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVS GFSLTNYGIH WVRQPPGKGLEWLG VIWARGFTNYNSALMS hVH2.0 ------------------------- ---------- -------------- ---------------- hVH3.0 ------------------------- ---------- -------------- ---------------- hVH4.0 ------------------------- ---------- -I----------I- ---------------- hVH5.0 ------------------------- ---------- ------------I- ---------------- hVH6.0 ------------------------- ---------- ------------I- ---------------- hVH7.0 ------------------------- ---------- -------------- ---------------- hVH8.0 ------------------------- ----IS---- -------------- ---------------- hVH9.0 ------------------------- ---------- -------------- ---------------- hVH10.0 ------------------------- ---------- -------------- ---------------- hVH11.0 ------------------------- ---------- -------------- ---------------- hVH12.0 ------------------------- ---------- -I------------ ---------------- hVH13.0 ------------------------- ---------- ------------I- ---------------- hVH14.0 ------------------------- ---------- -I------------ ---------------- Name FW3 CDR3 FW4 Kabat ----7---------8--ABC-------9---- -----10----- -------11-- TMC-2206 VH RLIITKDNSQSQVFLKMNSLQPDDSATYFCAR ANDGVYYAM DY WGQGTSVTVSS 4-59 VH RVTISVDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCAR HNSSSWYGRYFDY WGQGTLVTVSS hVH1.0 RLTISKDNSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYFCAR ANDGVYYAM DY WGQGTLVTVSS hVH2.0 -V------------------------------ ------------ ----------- hVH3.0 -V---V-T----F------------------- ------------ ----------- hVH4.0 -------------------------------- ------------ ----------- hVH5.0 -------------------------------- ------------ ----------- hVH6.0 -V------------------------------ ------------ ----------- hVH7.0 ----------------------------Y--- ------------ ----------- hVH8.0 -------------------------------- ------------ ----------- hVH9.0 -----V-------------------------- ------------ ----------- hVH10.0 -------T------------------------ ------------ ----------- hVH11.0 ------------F------------------- ------------ ----------- hVH12.0 ----------------------------Y--- ------------ ----------- hVH13.0 -V--------------------------Y--- ------------ ----------- hVH14.0 -V--------------------------Y--- ------------ -----------

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 13 Name FW1 CDR1 FW2 CDR2 Kabat ---------1---------2--- ------3---- -----4--------- 5------ TMC-2206 VL QFVLTQSPAFLSASPGEKVTMTC SANSS VNYIH WYQQKSGTSPKKWIY DTSKLAS A14 VL DVVMTQSPAFLSVTPGEKVTITC QASEGIGNYLY WYQQKPDQAPKLLIK YASQSIS hVH1.0 QFVLTQSPAFLSVTPGEKVTITC SANSS VNYIH WYHHKPDQAPKKWIY DTSKLAS hVH2.0 ----------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH3.0 ----------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH4.0 DV-M------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH5.0 D---------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH6.0 ---M------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH7.0 D--M------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH8.0 ----------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH9.0 ----------------------- ----------- --------------K ------- hVH10.0 D--M------------------- ----------- ------------L-- ------- hVH11.0 D--M------------------- ----------- --------------- ------- hVH12.0 D--M------------------- ----------- ------------L-- ------- Name FW3 CDR3 FW4 Kabat ---6---------7---------8------- -9------- --10------ TMC-2206 VL GVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISSMETEDAATYYC QQWTTNPLT FGAGTRVELK A14 VL GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTFTISSLEAEDAATYYC QQGNKHPLT FGQGTKVEIK hVH1.0 GVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTFTISSLETEDAATYYC QQWTTNPLT FGQGTKVEIK hVH2.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH3.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH4.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH5.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH6.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH7.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH8.0 --------------F----------------- --------- ---------- hVH9.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH10.0 -------------------------------- --------- ---------- hVH11.0 --------------F----------------- --------- ---------- hVH12.0 --------------F----------------- --------- ----------

[0246] Amino acid seqLuence alignment of TMC-2206 with germline sequences showed a clustering of framework residues that had been back-mutated to the murine equivalent in the initial humanized TMC-2206 variant (TMC-2356)]. As shown by the alignment, there were two clusters that fell within FW2 and FW3 in the heavy chain, and similarly there were two clusters, one located in FW1 and one in FW2, in the light chain. Two hVH and hVL variants containing back mutations to human residues in the sites of interest were the 3.0 and 4.0 variants, designed to carry clusters of mutations to help define the regions where the residues of interest might lie (Tables 12 and 13). In addition to the differences in residues highlighted in Tables 7 and 8 for the VL regions, the L1 position was changed to the human Asp in VL4.0, since this is a common residue for human κ light chains. The hVH3.0 and hVH4.0 heavy chains were co-transfected with hVL3.0 and hVL4.0 light chains in various VH/VL combinations and the resultant antibodies were compared with the hVH1.0/hVL1.0 antibody described above for ligand affinity by head-to-head comparisons with the unlabelled TMC-2206 monoclonal antibody. In Table 14, the residues in version 1.0 of humanized VH or VL that were reverted back to the human residues are indicated in bold italics. The numbers in parenthesis in Table 14 represent the fold shift in potency compared to the hVH1.0, hVL1.0 variant.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 14 VH hVH1.0 hVH3.0 hVH4.0 K_i values VL [nM] K_i values [nM] K_i values [nM] hVL1.0 0.33 12.0 0.44 (36x) (1.3x) HVL3.0 0.64 202 1.34 (1.9x) (631x) (4.2x) hVL4.0 1.40 118 2.60 (4.2x) (358x) (7.9x)

[0247] From the K_i values it was evident that the changes in the VH 3.0 variant (human residues inserted at H67, H71, H73 and H78, designated the FW-3 cluster) induced a large decrease in potency in the hVH3.0 containing antibodies; similarly, a decrease was also observed for the hVL4.0 variants (human residues inserted at L1, L2 and L4, designated the FW-1 cluster). Except for the hVH1.0/hVL3.0 and hVH4.0/hVL1.0 combination antibodies, which showed a 1.9 and 1.3-fold shift in potency when compared to the hVH1.0/hVL1.0 antibody, respectively, all remaining combinations showed a greater than 4-fold decrease in potency (Table 14). These data indicated that the H37 (V to I) and H48 (L to I) back mutations, both of which are conservative amino acid changes, were well tolerated. The L46 (K to L) and L47 (W to L) changes of the murine residues back to human residues were reasonably well tolerated in combination with hVH1.0 but had a marked synergistic adverse effect on antibody affinity when in combination with the hVH3.0 variant.

[0248] Examination of the differences in residues that existed between the human and murine VH and VL frameworks indicated that some were conservative changes. Additionally, three-dimensional computer modeling of the murine TMC-2206 VH and VL, the human acceptor molecules, and the hVH 1.0 and hVL 1.0 structures was performed. To guide in the computer modeling, a BLAST search was done to identify database structures with close fits to the TMC-2206 VL and VH. The structure ISY6.pdb (2.0 Å resolution) was chosen for the TMC-2206 VL and the structure IGIG.pdb (2.3 Å resolution) was chosen for the TMC-2206 VH. For the human light chain acceptor molecule A14, the structure ICE1.pdb was chosen (1.9 Å resolution) while for the human VH heavy chain acceptor molecule, 4-59, IDN0 (2.3 Å resolution) was chosen.

[0249] Modeling predicted that the murine residues retained in the humanized VL 1.0 were likely to contact antigen, except for two (L1 and L4). The models also indicated that the retained human germline framework residues did not contact the CDRs whereas the retained murine framework residues were generally clustered around the CDRs.

[0250] In the heavy chain variable regions, three areas of difference were identified between the modeled murine and human VH regions. The first area was residues H27-H33 which were predicted as likely to contact antigen and CDR H1. These residues can also affect the VL/VH interface angle and have additional indirect effects on antigen binding. The second area was the first loop of CDR H2 which may require FW residue H71. The third area was the CDR H3.

[0251] For the light chain regions, three areas of difference were also noted between the modeled murine and human VL structures. The first structure was CDR1 which was one residue longer in the murine TMC-2206 VL. The murine Y at L71 (F in A14) was useful to accommodate this difference. The second area was the L40 to L43 murine loop which was pushed out further into solvent compared to the human which indicated that human L40-43 might be problematic, although activity of the first humanized prototype demonstrated that these back mutations were tolerated in hVL1.0. The third area was human framework residues L55 to L59 which were displaced relative to murine structure. Framework residue L73 (L in murine, F in human) was predicted to be responsible for this difference, although back mutation was tolerated in hVL1.0.

[0252] Using the in silico analysis, results were predicted for the specific heavy chain residues of interest and are summarized in Table 15 below. Similar results for the light chain residues of interest are listed in Table 16.

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 15 Residue Murine Human Position Type of change H37 V I Possibly in the Conservative VH/VL interface H48 L I Interior, away from the Conservative binding site, near H67 H67 L V Interior, away from the Conservative binding site, near H48 H71 K V Behind CDR H2 Large residues H53-55 H73 N T Behind CDR H2, solvated, Moderate near H71 H78 V F Contacts CDR H1 residue Large H34, buried H91 F Y In the VH/VL interface Conservative

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 16 Residue Murine Human Position Type of change L1 Q D Behind CDR L3, solvated Conservative L2 F V Extensive contacts with Large CDR L3, partially solvated L4 L M Behind CDR L3, partially Conservative solvated L46 K L In the VH/VL interface Large L47 W L VL interior behind Large CDR L2 L49 Y K Possible direct antigen Large contacts L71 Y F Behind CDR L1 Conservative

[0253] Using the in silico analysis, positions were accessed and ranked in order to reflect the likelihood that a human substitution would cause an effect on antibody performance: H48, H67<H37, H91<H73<H78, H71. In this ranking, a human back mutation at position H48 was predicted most likely to be the most well tolerated, while a back mutation at positions H78 or H71 was predicted to be the least tolerated. Similarly, the following order was predicted for positions of interest within the light chain region: L1<L4<L71<L2<L47<L46<L49. Generally, these rankings were in agreement with K_i values obtained with hVH3.0, hVH4.0, and hVL4.0 variants. However, a difference between the substitution affects predicted by the computer modeling and the observed effects seen with the constructed variants was observed in the activity for the hVL3.0 variant. For example, the antibody variant comprising a combination between the VH1.0/VL3.0 gave fair activity, although the computer data above predicted that the hVL3.0 variant would have greatly decreased activity. The impact of the retained murine framework residues were further assessed by constructing additional humanized variants, including eight VH and six VL variants, each carrying a single mutation from the retained murine to its human counterpart. The relative contributions of the changes to activity were measured. Table 12 lists the VH variants and Table 13 lists the VL variants.

[0254] K_i values that were obtained for these variants indicated that the mouse residues at H71, H78, L2 and L46 were preferably retained to maximize activity, while H37, H48, H67, H91, L1, L4 and L71 could be changed to their human counterparts without resulting in a significant loss in activity. Using computer modeling, changing the mouse residue, L47 (Tryptophan, a rare residue for this position in human antibodies) and H73 was predicted to impact antigen binding. However, the change to the human Val-L47 did not significantly affect antigen binding, and the change to Thr-H73 caused only a minor shift (1.6-fold decrease) as measured by K_i. L49 (Tyrosine) was predicted to bind antigen by in silico modeling and the change to a human lysine was predicted to cause a large change in potency. However, the change to the human lysine for this position caused only a 3.3-fold decrease in potency as measured by K_i.

[0255] A significant change was observed in the VH for the change at H78 from the murine valine to human phenylalanine, which caused a 70-fold decrease in potency for the hVH11.0, hVL1.0 variant compared to the hVH1.0, hVL1.0 variant as measured by K_i. Modeling indicated this residue plays a role in the canonical structure of HCDR1. These results suggest that HCDR1 plays an important role in antigen binding. To maximize activity, H71 also is retained. Changing this residue from Lys to a Val resulted in a 6.4-fold decrease observed with the hVH9.0, hVL1.0 antibody variant. Additionally, among canonical residues in the light chain, the phenylalanine at L2 was sensitive to change as evidenced by the marked loss in binding affinity observed with the hVL4.0 variant compared to the hVL5.0, hVL6.0 and hVL7.0 variants. Computer modeling indicated that this Phe-L2 may make extensive contact with LCDR3. Database searches of human and murine antibodies additionally indicated that this Phe at the L2 position is rare, suggesting that it may represent a somatic mutation that has an impact on antigen binding.

[0256] Those residues selected after analysis as described above to be tolerant of back mutation were combined in the hVH variants 12.0 through 14.0 and the VL variants VL10.0 through 12 and the activity of these variants were compared against the original TMC-2206 monoclonal antibody and the mouse-human chimeric TMC-2206 antibody. The results indicated that the number of murine residues in the hVL could be reduced to three (e.g., L2 [Phe], L46 [Lys] and L49 [Tyr]) without causing any loss in activity of the variants. Similarly the number of murine residues in the hVH could be reduced from seven to three (e.g., H71 [Lys], H73 [Asn] and H78 [Val]) without causing statistically significant changes in affinity and potency. These results are summarized in Table 17.

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 17 #murine K_i(nM) EC₅₀ (nM) VH VL Changes back to human residues Mean ± SD Mean ± SD TMC-2206 mAb N/A 0.22 ± 0.04 1.18 ± 0.35 Chimera N/A 0.26 ± 0.07 1.66 ± 0.64 1.0 1.0 N/A 14 0.27 ± 0.06 2.70 ± 1.66 1.0 1.0Q N/A 14 0.35 ± 0.03 3.00 ± 1.20 12.0 10.0 H37, H91, L1, L4, L47 9 0.29 ± 0.05 2.20 ± 0.58 12.0 10.0Q H37, H91, L1, L4, L47 9 0.31 ± 0.05 2.36 ± 1.06 14.0 10.0 H37, H67, H91, L1, L4, L47 8 0.32 ± 0.07 2.90 ± 2.71 14.0 10.0Q H37, H67, H91, L1, L4, L47 8 0.29 ± 0.05 2.98 ± 1.98 14.0 12.0 H37, H67, H91, L1, L4, L47, L71 7 0.38 ± 0.10 2.93 ± 1.37 14.0 12.0Q H37, H67, H91, L1, L4, L47, L71 7 0.33 ± 0.11 2.95 ± 0.32 [ANOVA analysis with Dunnett multiple comparison test showed no statistically significant differences with TMC-2206 or the chimera].

[0257] In parallel, homologues to these variants were constructed where the consensus glycosylation sequence within LCDRI was changed. Elimination of the glycosylation site (NSS to QSS) may be useful for downstream manufacturing and process development. The N26Q change in the hVL1.0, hVL10.0 and hVL12.0 variants (denoted hVL1.0Q [SEQ ID NO:90], hVL10.0Q [SEQ ID NO:91] and hVL12.0Q [SEQ ID NO:92]) was introduced into the relevant variant VL using the primer pairs indicated in Table 18 whose sequences are provided in Table 9. The N26Q change had no statistically significant effect on activity of any of the resultant antibodies as shown in Table 17. Although this glycosylation site occurs on the light chain CDR 1 of the wild-type TMC-2206 antibody, these data indicate that it does not appear to play a role in the affinity of function-blocking activity of the TMC-2206 antibody.

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 18 PCR primers for PCR primers for PCR primers for VL variants Fragment 1 Fragment-2 complete VL 1.0Q Igκ-For & hLCQ3-F & Igκ-For & hLCQ3-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 10.0Q Igκ-For & Hlcq3-F & Igκ-For & Hlcq3-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3' 12.0Q Igκ-For & Hlcq3-F & Igκ-For & Hlcq3-R Cl-neo-msc3' Cl-neo-msc3'

Example 4

[0258] Human antibodies of the γ1class carry effector functions associated with complement and Fc receptor mediated functions. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that to avoid antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement responses a γ chain lacking this functionality, such as a human γ4 constant region, is preferred. To generate a γ4 version of the VH12.0, VL10.0Q and the VH14.0, VL10.0Q antibodies, a γ1 constant region sequence was replaced by a γ4 constant region sequence in the VH12.0 and VH14.0 heavy chains as follows. The γ4 constant region sequence was obtained from Genbank sequence KO1316. Both a γ1 Fc sequence derived from IMAGE clone 20688 used to generate the intact heavy chains of IgG1 antibodies with hVH and hVL regions as described herein and the γ4 Fc derived from the KO1316 sequence contain a naturally occurring Apa1 restriction site near the junction of the variable and constant regions. This site was used to clone a γ4 constant region to replace a γ1 constant region. BamH1 and Not1 restriction sites were placed at the 3' end of the sequence to facilitate subcloning into the pCI-neo expression vector. The γ4 sequence (SEQ ID NOS: 105 and 106) was then synthesized as a de novo synthetic gene by Blue Heron Biotechnology (Bothell, Wash.). The plasmid from Blue Heron Biotechnology, containing the de novo synthesized IgG4 constant region, was digested with ApaI and NotI, the 1 kb -γ4 constant region fragment was gel purified and ligated into the ApaI/NotI digested pCI-VH12.0 and the pCI-VH14.0 plasmids to produce plasmids encoding VH12.0-γ4 and VH14.0-γ4. These were combined individually with the pCI-VL10.0Q plasmid and transfected into CHO cells. Four days after transfection, culture supernatants were harvested and the IgG4 isotypes of the VH12.0, VL10.0Q and the VH14.0, VL10.0Q antibodies purified by Protein A affinity chromatography. New transient transfections of the γ1 constructs of these variants were performed in parallel.

[0259] After acid elution and neutralization, analytical size exclusion chromatography by HPLC indicated the presence of higher order oligomeric forms in the Protein-A purified IgG4 preparations. Therefore, a second purification step was performed by Sephacryl S-300 26/60 size exclusion chromatography to obtain the monomeric fraction. For this, the Sephacryl S-300 26/60 column was pre-equilibrated in 660 mil SEC Running Buffer (40 mM HEPES, pH 6.5, 20 mM L-histidine, 100 mM NaCl and 0.02% Tween-80). The pooled fractions containing protein eluted from the Protein A column were loaded (12.5 ml sample injection) via a Superloop (Amersham Biosciences). SEC fractions (5 ml each) were collected at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. The fractions corresponding to the monomeric form (peak elution at 168.4 ml) were pooled, and protein content determined by Lowry assay.

[0260] Exemplary IgG1 antibodies have a hVH 14.0γ heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:181) or a hVH12.0 γ1 heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:182) and a hVL10.0Q light chain (SEQ ID NO:178). Exemplary IgG4 antibodies have a hVH14.0 γ4 heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:174) or a hVH12.0 γ4 heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:176) and a hVL 10.0Q light chain (SEQ ID NO:178). Purified antibodies were tested in the competition assay to compare potency by K_i values as well as in the cell adhesion to collagen assay, where potency is measured as EC₅₀ values. No significant difference was observed between the isotypes of the different variants nor did they differ significantly from the original TMC-2206 mAb in either assay as shown in Table 19.

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 19 Isotype VH VL K_i (nM) EC₅₀ (nM) TMC-2206 IgG1/κ Murine Murine 0.22 1.03 ± 0.29 hIgG1/κ 14.0 10.0Q 0.24 1.30 ± 0.10 hIgG1/κ 12.0 10.0Q 0.27 2.20 ± 012 hIgG4/κ 14.0 10.0Q 0.36 2.82 ± 1.04 hIgG4/κ 12.0 10.0Q 0.27 1.83 ± 0.27

Example 5

[0261] The effect of anti-α2 on neutrophil extravasation was studied in a murine and rat peritonitis model of inflammation, Intraperitoneal administration of certain antigens such as casein, carrageenan or thioglycollate induces a rapid mast-cell response that initiates an acute peritonitis response (Edelson et al., Blood 103(6):2214-2220 (2004)). This peritonitis is characterized by a rapid infiltration of neutrophils (within hours) followed by a slower infiltration and proliferation of macrophages (3-5 days). Thus, this model was employed to evaluate for the first time the use of anti-α2 integrin antibodies in functionally preventing or lessening neutrophil response.

[0262] The acute peritonitis model was performed in rats and in mice. The TMC-2206 antibody recognizes rat α2β1-integrin, but not its murine counterpart. However, many in vivo models of inflammatory models are performed in mice and a surrogate anti-α2 antibody, Ha1/29 (Pharmingen, Becton Dickenson, CA, catalog no. 559987), was used in the murine acute peritonitis model.

[0263] Animals were injected either IV or IP with an anti-r2 integrin or isotype control antibody at doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg 15 minutes prior to challenge. A 1 mL injection of either 9% casein (mice) or carrageenan (rats) was given IP and the animals returned to their cage for specific time periods: 3 hours (mice) or 5 hours (rats) (n=4 per group). The animals were then euthanized with halothane and the peritoneal cavity was lavaged with 5 mL (mice) or 10 mL (rats) of PBS containing 5 mM EDTA. Cells were collected by low speed centrifugation, resuspended in 5 mL of PBS/EDTA and a 100 μL aliquot was viewed by microscopy, where the majority of cells were observed to have a polymorphonuclear morphology consistent with neutrophils. The cells in the remaining suspension were subjected to low speed centrifugation to obtain a washed cell pellet.

[0264] Neutrophil content was quantitated by assaying the level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (e.g., Speyer et al., Am J Pathol. 163(6):2319-28 (2003)). The cell pellet recovered from the lavage fluid was re-suspended in 500 μL of 50 mM KH₂PO₄ buffer (pH 6.0) containing 0.5% hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (HTAB; Sigma-Aldrich, MI). The samples were sonicated for 60-90 seconds and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4° C. A 2:1 serial dilution of the cleared supernatant was made by transferring 50 μL of sample to 50 μL of HTAB buffer in the well of a microtiter plate. Next, 50 μL of this solution in the well was transferred into anther 50 μL buffer, and so forth down the dilution series. 200 μL of substrate buffer (50 mM KH₂PO₄ buffer (pH 6.0) containing 0.168 mg/mL o-dianisidine and 0.0005% H₂O₂) was added to each sample to initiate the colorimetric reaction, which was monitored with a Molecular Devices plate-reader set at a wavelength of 460 nm. The number of Units of enzymatic activity in the original cell suspension (500 μl of washed cell suspension for each individual animal) were then calculated. A calibration curve, set up to titrate neutrophils/mL (assessed by direct neutrophil count) against MPO activity indicated a strong linear correlation between U/mL and number of neutrophils/mL within the range measured.

[0265] As shown in Table 20, both the anti-murine α2β1-integrin antibody Ha1/29 and TMC-2206 had a marked effect on neutrophil infiltration into the peritoneal cavity following challenge with 9% casein in mice or 1% carrageenan in rats as measured by the total MPO activity recovered in the peritoneal lavage fluid. The ED₅₀ value obtained in mouse with Ha1/29 was ˜0.07 mg/kg while the ED₅₀ for TMC-2206 in rat was ˜5 mg/kg. This difference correlates in part with the relative affinity of the anti-human α2β1-integrin for rat α2β1-integrin as compared to the affinity of the Ha1/29 antibody for mouse α2β1-integrin, and in part with differences in antigen used in the rat and mouse models (carrageenan and casein respectively).

TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 20 Dose MPO content (U) (mg/kg) Mean ± SEM (n) Ha 1/29 0.0 44.6 ± 10.1 (4) Mouse 0.05 28.1 ± 3.4 (3) (9% casein) 0.1 13.6 ± 0.8 (4) P < 0.01 0.5 7.3 ± 2.7 (3) P < 0.01 1.0 7.5 ± 1.6 (4) P < 0.01 TMC-2206 0.0 362 ± 49 (5) Rat 5.0 172 ± 41 (6) P < 0.01 (1% carrageenan) 10.0 136 ± 24 (5) P < 0.01 15.0 82 ± 18 (6) P < 0.01

Example 6

[0266] The effect of anti-α2 integrin antibodies in mouse model (dextran sulphate-induced colitis) of inflammatory bowel disease was studied. In this model, colitis is induced in mice by administering a 5% dextran sodium sulphate solution (DSS) in the drinking water (Elson et al., Gastroenterology 109(4):1344-67 (1995); Egger B., et al., Digestion 62(4):240-8 (2000)) The effect of treatment with an anti-murine 2β1-integrin antibody on the development of the clinical signs and symptoms of colitis as well as the effect on infiltration of pro-inflammatory leukocytes into the colon was assessed.

[0267] Balb/C mice (Harlan, Ind.) weighing 16-21 grams were housed in pairs. Animals were given either distilled water or water containing 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS); (ICN, Irvine, Calif.) ad libitum for 7 days. At this stage the mice exhibit diarrhea and noticeable weight loss. The study design was four groups of six mice each; one to serve as naive control, one to serve as the DSS control and two assigned to receive intraperitoneal injections of either 2 or 5 mg/kg doses of anti-α2 integrin antibody PS/2 on Days 0, 2, 4, and 6. Mice were euthanized on Day 7 (168 hours after start of DSS feeding). They were weighed to observe any changes from study initiation, colon length measured and then scored on a scale of 0 to 2, with 2 being most severe, for diarrhea, colon bleeding and rectal bleeding as follows:

TABLE-US-00024 rectal score of 0 = 2 = visible bleeding: no visible blood; blood stool score of 0 = 1 = loose; 2 = watery consistency: normal; colon score of 0 = 2 = visible bleeding: no visible blood; blood.

[0268] Colons were then processed for immunohistochemistry. The colons, from ceacum to rectum, were carefully removed and fixed for 2 hours at 4° C. in 4% paraformadehyde (PFA), left overnight in 20% sucrose and then rapidly frozen in OCT freezing compound (Tissue Tek). Thin (10 μM thickness) serial sections were cut using a Leica cryostat, air-dried, blocked for 2 hours in 3% goat serum in PBS and incubated overnight at room temperature in primary antibody. The primary antibodies used included rat anti-murine CD11b/mac-1 (a marker for macrophage and activated neutrophils, Clone M1/70, BD-Pharmingen), hamster anti-murine CD3 (a T cell marker, BD-Pharmingen), and clone F4/80 (a marker of macrophages, Research Diagnostics, Inc). The slides were then washed, incubated 2 hours in the corresponding Alexa 488- or TRITC-labeled secondary antibody (Molecular Probes, OR) and washed three times for 5 minutes in PBS and mounted in Vectashield medium containing DAPI (Vector Labs, CA). Sections were viewed with a Leica epifluorescence microscope connected to a Spot RT camera (Research Diagnostics). The fluorescence intensity and number of fluorescent cells within a selected region of interest (ROI) that delineated the region between the lamina propria and tips of the villi but eliminated the serosal surface (high autofluorescence) and enteric lumen, from a total of 5 fields of view on five separate sections, were quantified for each animal using ImagePro software (Media Cybemectics, MD).

[0269] As shown in Table 21, treatment with the anti-murine α2 integrin had a statistically significant dose effect on reversing weight loss and stool consistency associated with DSS feeding. Both treatment groups (2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) had significant effects on rectal bleeding and colon bleeding, but no significant effect on the colon shortening associated with the development of colitis. Treatment also correlated with a marked decrease in the number of infiltrating leukocytes (data not shown).

TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 21 DSS Water Saline 2 mg/kg anti-α2 5 mg/kg anti-α2 Weight gain (gm) 3.02 ± 1.19 -9.16 ± 0.63 -0.44 ± 0.81*** -2.30 ± 0.64** Colon Length (cm) 7.43 ± 0.26 5.22 ± 0.17 5.35 ± 0.17 5.32 ± 0.43 Rectal Bleed 0 1.67 ± 0.21 0.83 ± 0.31 0.83 ± 0.31 Colon Bleed 0 1.0 ± 0.45 0* 0* Stool Consistency 0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.50 ± 0.22* 0.17 ± 0.17** *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01

[0270] In another study, the effect of anti-α4 integrin (clone PS/2; Southern Biotech, AL), anti-α2 integrin (clone Ha1/29, BD Pharmingen, CA) and anti-al integrin (clone Ha8/31; Invitrogen, CA) were examined in comparison with DSS-only treated mice (n=8 per group). Antibody treatment doses were 5 mg/kg. These anti-integrin function-blocking antibodies have been reported to modulate experimental colitis (Kriegelstein et al., J Clin Invest. 110(12):1773-82 (2002); Watanabe et al., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 283(6):G1379-87 (2002)). As shown in Table 22, the three anti-integrin antibodies were associated with a reversal in colon shortening, but only the anti-α2 treatment was associated with a significant improvement in stool consistency (diarrhea). Both the anti-α2 and anti-α4 treatment resulted in a significant improvement in colon bleeding. In this study, none of the antibody treatments induced a significant effect on weight loss. When numbers of resident T-cells, macrophages and neutrophils were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-CD3, F4/80 and anti-Mac1 (as described previously), the three anti-integrin treated groups showed significant decrease compared to the Saline control as shown in Table 23. These data support the conclusion that antagonizing α2-function has a profound effect on the steady state levels of these immune effector cells accumulating in the inflamed colon in response to DSS and that these changes correlate concurrently with an improvement in clinical measures associated with colitis.

TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 22 Clinical DSS signs Water Saline Anti-α2 Anti-α1 Anti-α4 Weight gain 7.10 ± 0.70 -1.67 ± 0.76 -1.10 ± 1.69 -0.43 ± 1.17 1.62 ± 0.69 (gm) Colon length 7.43 ± 0.26 4.73 ± 0.16 6.08 ± 0.25** 5.85 ± 0.22** 5.92 ± 0.09** (cm) Rectal bleed 0.0 2.00 ± 0.21 0.50 ± 0.33* 0.50 ± 0.33* 0.83 ± 0.31 Colon bleed 0.0 1.5 ± 0.33 0.25 ± 0.25** 0.75 ± 0.37 0.00** Stool 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.38 ± 0.182* 0.63 ± 0.18 0.67 ± 0.21 Consistency *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01

TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 23 DSS Cell counts Water Saline Anti-α2 Anti-α1 Anti-α4 T cells (CD3 6.1 ± 1.5 618 ± 160 211 ± 78* 174 ± 48** 112 ± 36** positive cells) Macrophages 21 ± 3 778 ± 94 298 ± 45** 510 ± 132 328 ± 53** (F4/80 positive cells) Neutrophils + 19 ± 5 1937 ± 239 499 ± 144** 524 ± 141** 574 ± 192** Macrophages (CD11b/Mac-1 positive cells) *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01

Example 7

[0271] The effects of anti-α2 integrin antibody were studied on clinical signs and symptoms in an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. The EAE model of multiple sclerosis, induced by injection of the synthetic encephalogenic peptide PLP_139-151 together with Freund's adjuvant in SJL mice, is considered to be a predictive model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (Encinas et al., J Neurosci Res. 45(6):655-69 (1996)).

[0272] In a study of 4 groups of mice (8/group: see FIG. 1), two groups were dosed with 5 mg/kg on Days 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18 and 20 with either isotype control or the anti-murine α2 integrin antibody, Ha1/29, from the onset of disease symptoms through Day 20, which is through the first acute flare. This was an acute dose regimen. Day 0 was defined as the onset of priming with the synthetic peptide PLP139-151 plus Freund's adjuvant. Onset of disease was defined as the second day of consecutive weight loss. The two other groups were assigned to a delayed dose regimen where they received either 5 mg/kg anti-murine α2 integrin antibody or saline three times a week from Day 18 through Day 36, which was to coincide with the second flare/first relapse. The mice were scored for clinical signs and symptoms as follows:

TABLE-US-00028 score of 0.5 = 2 consecutive days of weight loss score of 1 = limp tail score of 2 = ataxia score of 3 = hind limb paralysis score of 4 = moribund score of 5 = death

[0273] As shown in Table 24, treatment with 5 mg/kg of the anti-α2 antibody from the onset of the first flare (e.g., acute treatment) dampened the extent of the first flare and also limited the extent of the second flare. When dosing was initiated after the end of the first flare on Day 18 (e.g., delayed treatment; see FIG. 1), mice treated with 5 mg/kg anti-murine α2 integrin antibody also showed lower clinical scores during the first relapse through Day 32, at which point the two groups showed similar disease scores as shown in Table 24. When mice were dosed only during the induction phase as shown in FIG. 2, the anti-α2 integrin mAb had little or no effect on the first attack or subsequent phases of the EAE model and the mice essentially developed the disease equivalent to that of animals treated with the isotype control. These results contrast with those previously obtained using the anti-α4 antibody, PS/2, in the EAE model (Yednock et al., Nature 356(6364):63-6 (1992); Theien et al., J. Clin. Invest. 107(8):995-1006 (2001)), used to support treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis with the anti-α4 antibody natalizumab (Miller et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 348(1):15-23 (2003)). These results indicate that in contrast to the role α4 integrin plays in neuro-inflammatory disorders, where antagonism of this receptor may delay onset of the flaring relapses associated with multiple sclerosis, antagonizing α2 integrin is a useful treatment modality for the dampening and treatment of flares when they occur.

TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 24 Clinical Scores Study 1 Study 2 Mean ± SEM Mean ± SEM (n = 6-8) (n = 17-20) Day 15 Control IgG 1.56 ± 0.42 2.22 ± 0.29 anti-α2 1.00 ± 0.37 .sup. 0.88 ± 0.21 (p < 0.01) anti-α4 -- 1.64 ± 0.25 Day 20 Control IgG 1.13 ± 0.48 1.25 ± 0.28 anti-α2 0.58 ± 0.41 0.61 ± 0.20 anti-α4 -- 1.11 ± 0.22 Day 35 Control IgG 1.13 ± 0.48 1.49 ± 0.29 anti-α2 0.33 ± 0.33 1.08 ± 0.29 anti-α4 -- 1.47 ± 0.27 Day 55 Control IgG 1.63 ± 0.63 2.00 ± 0.28 anti-α2 1.00 ± 0.59 .sup. 0.75 ± 0.31 (p < 0.001) anti-α4 -- 1.33 ± 0.35

[0274] Histological analysis was performed on brains and spinal cords obtained from the mice either when moribund (stage 4) or at the end of the study. Mice were euthanized with halothane when moribund (clinical score 4), or after the 55-60 day observation period. Animals were perfused with PBS, followed with a 4% paraformaldehyde solution. The brains were divided into five coronal slabs, the spinal cords into ten to twelve transverse slabs and the tissues were paraffin embedded and 4μ thick sections stained with Luxol Blue to visualize myelination. Tissues were scored in a blinded fashion for degree of myelination, infiltration (meningitis) and perivascular cuffing. For scoring spinal cord sections, each spinal cord section was divided into quadrants: the anterior funiculus, the posterior funiculus and each lateral funiculus. Any quadrant containing meningitis, perivascular cuffing or demyelination was given a score of 1 in that pathologic class. The total number of positive quadrants for each pathologic class was determined, then divided by the total number of quadrants present on the slide and multiplied by 100 to give the percent involvement for each pathologic class. An overall pathologic score was also determined by giving a positive score if any lesions were present in the quadrant.

[0275] Noticeable demyelinating inflammatory lesions were observed in the spinal cord, most frequently in the graciles fasciculus of the posterior funiculus and ventral root exit zone in the anterolateral funiculus. Only mild perivascular cuffing was observed. Meningitis and demyelination showed a strong correlation with clinical signs (r=0.84 and 0.79, respectively) and showed significantly lower scores in the anti-α2-treated group (P<0.01 between anti-α2 and control IgG-treated groups for both parameters). These data indicate that treatment with anti-α2 integrin antibody inhibits the meningitis and demyelination associated with a flare and/or facilitates remyelination and repair. The overall result is an improved clinical outcome.

[0276] Another study was performed (n=17 to 20 per group) to compare anti-α2 integrin with anti-α4 integrin antibody, PS/2 (obtained from Southern Biotech), treatment during the first acute flare through to the onset of remission (Days 10 through 20). Two additional groups were treated with either control IgG or anti-α2 integrin from the start of remission (Day 18) through the first relapse (Day 36) and at the start of the chronic phase of disease. Again the anti-α2 integrin treatment had a marked effect on the incidence of neurological sequelae (paralysis) and a statistically significant reduction in the maximum mean clinical score during the first EAE flare as well as in the subsequent relapse phase (chronic phase of EAE; Table 24). There was a slight ameliorating effect of delayed anti-α2 treatment on clinical scores during the chronic phase of disease. Disease incidence during the first attack (anti-α2, 61%; control IgG 85%) and during the chronic phase (anti-α2, 77%; control IgG 100%) was lower for the group of anti-α2 treated mice compared to control. In the case of the group treated with anti-α4, disease incidence during the first attack (anti-α4 treatment, 94%; control 82%) and relapse (anti-α4 treatment, 89%; control, 92%) were similar between the anti-α4 antibody treated versus control group. However, the extent of subsequent relapses was markedly reduced. These data with respect to an anti-α4 antibody are comparable with previous reports on the effect of anti-α4 antibody treatment on clinical outcome in EAE (Theien et al., J. Clin. Invest. 107(8):995-1006 (2001)).

Example 8

[0277] The effects of binding to platelet α2β1 integrin (α2β1 is expressed on the surface of platelets) were studied, including effects on platelet function. Different sets of assays were performed to study these effects.

[0278] The first studies assessed whether binding of TMC-2206 leads to platelet activation as measured by up-regulation of P-selectin or activation of platelet aIIbβ3 integrin which was measured using an αIIbβ3 activation-specific antibody such as PAC-1. Human venous blood was collected using a 21-gauge needle from the cubital vein of healthy donors who had abstained from medications for at least 10 days into 1/10 volume of acidified citrate-dextrose buffer (ACD: 85 mM sodium citrate, 111 mM dextrose, and 71 mM citric acid, with no adjustment in pH) which contained 500 ng/mL prostaglandin I₂ (PGI₂, Sigma-Aldrich) if being used for making washed platelets. Whole blood was centrifuged at 160×g for 20 minutes at ambient temperature and platelet rich plasma (PRP) was removed without disrupting the buffy coat. Washed platelets were prepared by diluting the PRP 2.5-fold with citrate glucose saline buffer (CGS; 13 mM trisodium citrate, 120 mM sodium chloride and 30 mM dextrose, pH 7.0) buffer and PGI₂ (500 ng/ml) and centrifuging at 160×g for 20 minutes at ambient temperature to remove any contaminating leukocytes. The supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 1100×g for 10 minutes and the resulting platelet pellet was gently resuspended in CGS buffer, washed and resuspended in normal Tyrodes-Hepes buffer (12 mM NaHCO₃, 138 mM NaCl, 5.5 mM glucose, 2.9 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, pH 7.4). The platelets were allowed to recover for up to 30 minutes at 37° C. Washed platelets were then counted before adding CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ to 1 mM. Washed platelets from rat were prepared in a similar manner, although blood was drawn from the vena cava to minimize platelet activation during the blood draw.

[0279] 50 μL of freshly prepared PRP were incubated with 5 μg/mL of TMC-2206 or mouse IgG control antibody for 30 minutes, washed and then incubated with Alexa-594 labeled goat anti-mouse in the presence or absence of Alexa 488-labelled P-selectin antibody (BD Pharmingen, catalog no. 555523), Alexa-488 labelled-PAC-1 antibody (BD Pharmingen, catalog no. 340507) or 150 ng Alexa-488 labeled fibrinogen (Molecular Probes) for 40 minutes at room temperature. P-selectin and PAC-1 are markers of platelet activation, and activated platelets are able to bind to fibrinogen. At the end of the incubation period, platelets were fixed with 1/10 volume of 4% parafomaldehyde and analyzed using a FACScalibur® flow cytometer. The results from these experiments unexpectedly demonstrated that although platelets clearly bound TMC-2206, as indicated by a log shift in increased fluorescence intensity observed in the TMC-2206 treated but not the control IgG treated platelets; there was no concomitant increase in P-selectin or PAC1 staining, indicating that TMC-2206 binding did not activate platelets.

[0280] The next studies assessed whether binding of TMC-2206 leads to platelet activation, as measured by effects on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Soluble collagen is a potent agonist of platelet aggregation and is used as a routine measure of platelet responsiveness (see e.g., Hemostasis and Thrombosis; (2001), ed. Colman et al). Studies with α2-knock out mice have suggested that platelets from these mice exhibit a mild impaired response to collagen (Holtkotter et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277(13):10789-94 (2002) E. pub Jan. 11, 2002; Chen et al., Am. J. Pathol. 161(1):337-344 (2002)). To test whether TMC-2206 would have any adverse effects on platelet responses to collagen, human and rat platelet aggregation assays were performed by classical light transmission aggregometry using a Bio-data PAR4 aggregometer. PRP was prepared as described above and platelet count was adjusted to 3×10⁸/mL. 450 μL of PRP or washed platelets were stirred with a magnetic bead for 1 minute at 37° C. in the presence of 5 μg/mL TMC-2206 before adding calf-skin Type I collagen (Biodata Corp) to initiate aggregation. Final volume to 500 μL was made up with Tyrodes buffer for washed platelet aggregation and with platelet-poor plasma (PPP) for platelet-rich plasma (PRP) assays. 500 μL of Tyrodes buffer or PPP were used as blanks for the assays. PPP was prepared by pelleting platelets in PRP by centrifuging at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes in a microfuge. The rate and extent of platelet aggregation following addition of soluble collagen was comparable in the presence or absence of TMC-2206. The results of these experiments demonstrated that binding of TMC-2206 to platelets unexpectedly had no effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation when tested in vitro at the concentrations tested.

[0281] The next studies assessed whether binding of TMC-2206 leads to thrombocytopenia, a potential consequence of antibodies binding to platelets in vivo. (Hansen and Balthasar, J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 298(1):165-71 (2001)). To test if thrombocytopenia would occur upon TMC-2206 administration, rats were given a dose of 10 mg/kg TMC-2206 or control murine IgG by IP injection. Prior to injection, a tail bleed was used to measure baseline blood cell counts. Blood samples were taken at specific time points after IP drug administration (e.g., 10, 30, 60 minutes and 4, 24 and 72 hours) from non-anesthetized rats by retro-orbital draw using a capillary Unopipet. Approximately 40 μL of blood was then transferred to a tube containing 5 μL of ACD and immediately sampled in a Hemavet blood cell counter (Drew Scientific). The results of this study unexpectedly showed no significant change from baseline platelet counts at doses of 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg of TMC-2206. In contrast, injection of 0.1 mg/kg of an antibody to another platelet receptor (αIIb, anti-CD41 antibody (BD Pharmingen, CA)) induced thrombocytopenia, with platelet count declining by almost 80% within 15 minutes of administering the antibody.

Example 9

[0282] The effects of anti-α2 integrin antibodies were studied on platelet adhesion to collagen including adhesion to various subtypes of collagen. α2β1-integrin is the only collagen-binding integrin, albeit not the only collagen receptor, to be expressed by platelets. However, as discussed above, other mechanisms exist, especially upon platelet activation, to facilitate firm adhesion to a collagen matrix. In this example, the ability of the TMC-2206 antibody to block platelet adhesion to Type I, II, III, IV and VI collagens was evaluated, both for resting platelets and platelets activated with the moderate platelet agonist, ADP.

[0283] Immulon II platelets were coated with collagen types I, II, III, VI (Rockland Immunochemical) and IV (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) which had been solubilized without frothing in 5 mM acetic acid, to final concentration of 1 mg/mL. Wells were washed twice using modified Tyrode's-HEPES buffer without Ca⁺+ or BSA, but with 2 mM/Mg⁺+ and blocked with 100 μL/well Tyrode's-HEPES buffer containing 2 mM/Mg⁺+ and 0.35% BSA, but without Ca⁺+.

[0284] Human venous blood was used for the preparation of platelets, including PRP, as described above in Example 8. Platelet poor plasma (PPP) was made by centrifuging the PRP at 1100×g for 10 minutes at room temperature. The resulting platelet pellet was resuspended gently for labeling in 1.0 mL CGS (13 mM trisodium citrate, 120 mM sodium chloride and 30 mM dextrose pH 7.0), transferred to a 5 mL round-bottomed tube and 3 μL CFSE stock (53.7 μM final concentration) was added with gentle rocking for exactly 20 minutes. The labeled platelets were diluted in CGS buffer and washed. The platelet pellet was re-suspended in 1 mL CMFTH buffer (5 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 12 mM sodium bicarbonate, 137 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 0.3 mM NaH₂PO₄, 5 mM dextrose and 0.35% BSA) and kept in the dark as much as possible. Washed platelets from rat were prepared in a similar manner, although blood was drawn from the vena cava into a syringe containing 500 ng/mL PGE₁ in ACD to minimize platelet activation during the blood draw.

[0285] CFSE-labeled platelets were diluted to 2.0×10⁵/μL using Tyrode's-HEPES Buffer containing 0.35% BSA. Labeled platelets (1.0×10⁷ well) were applied to wells containing 20 μM ADP in Tyrode's-HEPES buffer with 0.35% BSA and variable concentrations of test inhibitor. Microtiter plates containing platelet mixtures were centrifuged at 550×g for 10 minutes at room temperature followed by incubation in the dark for an additional 10 minutes. Wells were washed with Tyrode's-HEPES buffer. Fluorescence was read using a Victor2 fluorescence plate reader. To determine the relationship of fluorescence intensity versus platelet number, labeled platelets were diluted to various levels in Tyrode's-HEPES buffer containing 0.35% BSA (without Ca⁺+ or ADP), applied to wells coated with collagen Type I or Type IV, centrifuged, and CFSE fluorescence measurements taken. As shown in Table 25, TMC-2206 blocked binding to collagen under these static conditions, with an EC50 of 1.7 nM. Similar studies were performed with rat platelets using TMC-2206. The EC50 values for inhibiting binding of rat platelets to rat collagen Type I was 6.3 nM indicating an approximately 5-fold shift in affinity for the rat compared to human α2β1 on platelets.

TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 25 Collagen Human ADP stim. type Collagen source (μM) EC₅₀ (nM) Type I placenta 0 1.7 20 9.5 Type II knee cartilage 0 1.9 20 27 Type III placenta 0 1.6 20 11 Type IV placenta 0 10 20 >1000 Type VI placenta 0 2.3 20 23

[0286] As shown in Table 25, TMC-2206 was a potent inhibitor of platelet adhesion to the fibrillar collagens, but was less potent for the non-fibrillar Type IV collagen (10 nM compared to 1-2 nM). Unexpectedly in the presence of ADP, there was an approximately 10- to 20-fold decrease in potency for inhibiting the binding to the fibrillar collagens and the antibody no longer was effective at preventing adhesion to Type IV collagen. These unexpected observations suggest that the TMC-2206 and antibodies with the epitope binding specificity of TMC-2206 are less active at inhibiting the interactions of activated platelets to fibrillar collagen, and would have little or no effect [in the therapeutic dosing range] on binding to Type IV collagen, the predominant collagen subtype of the endothelial vessel wall.

Example 10

[0287] The effects of anti-α2 integrin antibodies were studied on bleeding time. There is an expectation of those skilled in the art that administration of an antibody against a platelet integrin would cause bleeding disorders and lead to an increased time to clot in a subject receiving such an antibody following acute injury. To assess whether antibodies directed against α2 integrin would increase the propensity for bleeding in vivo, the effect of TMC-2206 on bleeding time in the rat was determined.

[0288] Rats were given either an IP or IV injection of TMC-2206 15 minutes prior to testing for bleeding time. Non-anesthetized rats were immobilized in a restraining device and 0.8 cm of the tip of the tail cut rapidly to initiate bleeding. The tail was promptly inserted into a beaker containing 30 mL of PBS maintained at 37° C. The time required for the tail to stop bleeding was recorded as bleeding time. As shown in Table 26, the data demonstrated that administration of doses of TMC-2206 up to 10 mg/kg had no significant effect on bleeding time.

TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 26 TMC-2206 Dose Bleeding Time (n) mg/kg minutes 0.0 3.86 ± 0.32 (5) 5.0 4.51 ± 0.32 (4) 10.0 4.62 ± 0.67 (7)

Example 11

[0289] The effects of anti-α2 integrin antibodies were studied in a model of arterial thrombosis. Another potential manifestation of a bleeding disorder from administration of antibodies reactive with α2β1 on platelets could be an increased time for thrombotic occlusion to occur following acute arterial injury due to undesired affects of platelet function. Thus, anti-α2 integrin antibodies such as TMC-2206, were tested in a rat ferric chloride-induced model of arterial thrombosis. This is a standard model that has been used for development of anti-thrombotic agents and activity is manifest as a delay in time to occlusion following exposure of the endothelial lining of the blood vessel to a FeCl₃ solution (Kurz et al., Thromb Res. 60(4):269-80. (1990); Hoekstra et al., J Med Chem. 42(25):5254-65 (1999)).

[0290] TMC-2206 antibody was administered to rats via tail vein injection approximately 30 minutes before induction of arterial injury at the doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg. For IV injections, most antibodies were concentrated to 4-5 mg/mL to reduce the injection volumes required for the higher doses. The treatment groups were 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15 mg/kg TMC-2206, 5.0 mg/kg control murine IgGI(κ) (clone MOPC21) 5.0 mg/kg rabbit polyclonal anti-vWF (DAKO) or saline; there were 3-4 animals in each treatment group.

[0291] Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan) weighing 220-270 grams were anesthetized with 60 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. Once they reached a sufficient plane of anesthesia the carotid artery was exposed and placed on a piece of filter paper (4 mm×5 mm) which was folded along the 4 mm side to cradle the carotid artery and provide a surface for the ferric chloride (35%) to bathe the carotid. Twelve μL of 35% FeCl₃ was applied for 5 minutes, then the filter paper removed and the flow probe of a Transonic Systems Inc. flow system (Ithaca, N.Y.) placed around the carotid artery. Flow was measured for up to 45 minutes.

[0292] The mean values and SEM for flow rates of several animals per group at specific time points after ferric chloride was administered were recorded. There were no significant differences in time-to-occlusion observed with any of the doses of TMC-2206 tested, even as high as 15 mg/kg, compared to the saline control indicating that there appears to be no adverse effects on thrombosis due to TMC-2206 administration. Although the starting flow values can vary substantially between animals, the time-to-occlusion occurred consistently between 10 and 16 minutes after ferric chloride administration in the TMC-2206 treated groups, which was very similar to the saline and control IgG treated groups, which had mean times to occlusion of 12 and 14 minutes, respectively. The only treatment tested that was associated with the prevention of occlusion was the positive control, a polyclonal anti-vWf antibody, which resulted in no reduction in flow parameters for periods as long as 45 minutes after the addition of FeCl₃.

Example 12

[0293] The binding properties of anti-α2 integrin antibodies were studied, including epitope mapping studies, to characterize the nature of the TMC-2206 binding site on the α2 integrin subunit. An anti-α2 integrin antibody that binds directly to the target's binding site and serves as a direct competitor for ligand binding may be expected to cause platelet activation upon binding the α2β1 integrin. Alternately, an anti-α2 integrin antibody that binds to the α2β1 integrin in an inactive state and does not cause the integrin to become activated might have a similar platelet non-activating profile to that which was unexpectedly found for TMC-2206. Antibodies with the same or similar binding epitope as TMC-2206 would inhibit cell adhesion of leukocytes to collagen, and thus have significant therapeutic utility, but would not be associated with the bleeding complications that an antibody that bound to, and activated, α2β1 integrin might have.

[0294] Studies were conducted to investigate whether the epitope recognized by TMC-2206 lay within the ligand-binding I domain of the α2 integrin subunit, or whether it was simply dependent on the presence of an intact I domain (Hangan et al., Cancer Res. 56:3142-3149 (1996)). For these studies, a GST-α2 I domain fusion protein was made using a modified version of the protocol described by Tuckwell et al., J. Cell Sci. 108 (Pt 4):1629-37 (1995). The human α2 I domain was cloned from mRNA isolated from approximately 10⁶ CHO cells expressing human α2 integrin (Symington et al., J Cell Biol. 120(2):523-35. (1993). Cells were lysed in Trizol reagent (Gibco) and chloroform was added to extract the aqueous phase before adding 0.2 volumes of isopropanol to precipitate the RNA which was collected by centrifugation and resuspended in RNAse free water.

[0295] Primers flanking the I-domain of human α2 were synthesized by Sigma-Genosys. The primers were engineered with BamHI and EcoRI sites at the 5' and 3' ends respectively for cloning into the pGEX-2TK vector (GE Biosciences). The primers haIphaI F (5'GGGGATCCAGTCCTGATTTTCAGCTCTCAG; SEQ ID NO:117) and haIphaI R (5'GGGAATTCAACAGTACCTTCAATGCTG; SEQ ID NO:118) (see Table 27) were used for a single-step RT-PCR reaction using a standard Qiagen kit to amplify amino acids 123 through 346 of the mature 2 integrin subunit and to incorporate a BamHI site at the amino terminus (which adds a GS upstream of residue 124 of the I domain) and an additional EFIVTD hexapeptide as part of the EcoRI cloning site through to the stop codon. A single band was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR reaction was cleaned using a Qiagen PCR Quick Kit, the product digested with restriction enzymes and cloned into the pGEX-2TK vector (Amersham, GE) using standard molecular biology techniques. Transformed bacteria were screened for inserts and several clones sequenced using a CEQ system from Beckman-Coulter. The deduced amino acid sequence as cloned was identical to the available sequence of a human α2 I domain (SEQ ID NO:11, shown in Table 28). A single clone containing the correct DNA insert was amplified in DH5α cells (Invitrogen) and re-transformed into BL21 electro-competent bacteria (Invitrogen).

TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 27 Primer name Nucleotide sequences (5'-3') halphal F GGGGATCCAGTCCTGATTTTCAGCTCTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 117) halphal R GGGAATTCAACAGTACCTTCAATGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 118) malphal F GGGGATCCAGTCCAGACTTTCAGTTCTTG (SEQ ID NO: 121) malphal R TGGGAATTCAACAGTGCCTTCAATGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 122) ralphal F GGGGATCCAGTCCAGACTTTCAGTCGTTGA (SEQ ID NO: 123) C ralphal R TGGGAATTCTGCCATTTCCATCTGGAAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 124) G halphal I21V F CAGCCCTGCCCTTCCCTCGTAGATGTTGTG (SEQ ID NO: 125) GTTG halphal I21V R CAACCACAACATCTACGAGGGAAGGGCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 126) GCTG halphal E44V CAGTAAAGAATTTTTTGGTAAAATTTGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 127) AGG halphal E44V R CCTTGACAAATTTTACCAAAAAATTCTTTA (SEQ ID NO: 128) CTG halphal Q48T F TTTTGGAWATTTGTAACAGGCCTGGATATA (SEQ ID NO: 129) GGC halphal Q48T R GCCTATATCCAGGCCTGTTACAAATTTTTC (SEQ ID NO: 130) CGGGG halphal N67E F CAGTATGCCAATGAGCCAAGAGTTGTGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 131) AAC halphal N67E R GTTAAACACAACTCTTGGCTCATTGGCATA (SEQ ID NO: 132) CTG halphal V70I F TGCCAATAATCCAAGAATTGTGTTTAACTT (SEQ ID NO: 133) GAAC halphal V70I R GTTCAAGTTAACACAATTCTTGGATTATTG (SEQ ID NO: 134) GCA halphal V71I F CCAATAATCCAAGAGTTATCTTTAACTTGA (SEQ ID NO: 135) ACAC halphal V71I R GTGTTCAAGTTAAAGATAACTCTTGGATTA (SEQ ID NO: 136) TTGG halphal T76D F GTGTTTAACTTGAACGACTATAAAACCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 137) GAA halphal T76D R TTCTTTGGTTTTATAGTCGTTCAAGTTAAA (SEQ ID NO: 138) CAC halphal Y77F F TTTAACTTGAACACATTTAAAACCAAAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 139) GAA halphal Y77F R TTCTTCTTTGGTTTTMATGTGTTCAAGTTA (SEQ ID NO: 140) AA halphal K78E F AACTTGAACACATATGAAACCAAAGAAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 141) ATG halphal K78E R CATTTCTTCTTTGGTTTCATATGTGTTCAA (SEQ ID NO: 142) GTT halphal Y93H F TCCCAGACATCCCAACATGGTGGGGACCTC (SEQ ID NO: 143) ACA halphal Y93H R TGTGAGGTCCCCACCATGTTGGGATGTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 144) GGA halphal Y93F F ACATGGGAGACATCCCAATTTGGTGGGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 145) CTCACAAAC halphal Y93F R GTTTGTGAGGTCCCCACCAAATTGGGATGT (SEQ ID NO: 146) CTCCCATGT halphal Q105E F TTCGGAGCAATTGAATATGCAAGAAAATAT (SEQ ID NO: 147) GCC halphal Q105E R GGCATATTTICTTGCATATTCAATTGCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 148) GAA halphal A114Q F AAATATGCCTATTCACAAGCTTCTGGTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 149) CGACGAAGT halphal A114Q R ACTTCGTCGCCCACCAGAAGCTTGTGAATA (SEQ ID NO: 150) GGCATATTT halphal A115T F AAATATGCCTATTCAGCAACTTCTGGTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 151) CGACGAAGT halphal A115T R ACTTCGTCGCCCACCAGA AGTTGCTGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 152) AGGCATATTT halphal A115Q F AAATATGCCTATTCAGCACAGTCTGGTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 153) CGACGAAGT halphal A11SQ R ACTTCGTCGCCCACCAGACTGTGCTGAATA (SEQ ID NO: 154) GGCATATTT halphal R165D F GTTCTTGGGTACTTAAACGACAACGCCCTT (SEQ ID NO: 155) GATACTAAA halphal R165D R TTTAGTATCAAGGGCGTTGTCGTTTAAGTA (SEQ ID NO: 156) CCCAAGAAC halphal N166D F CTTGGGTACTTAAACAGGGACGCCCTTGAT (SEQ ID NO: 157) ACTAAAAAT halphal N166D R ATTTTTAGTATCAAGGGCGTCCCTGTTTAA (SEQ ID NO: 158) GTACCCAAG halphal E195W F TTCAATGTGTCTGATTGGGCAGCTCTACTA (SEQ ID NO: 159) GAAAAGGCTG halphal E195W R CAGCCTTTTCTAGTAGAGCTGCCCAATCAG (SEQ ID NO: 160) ACACATTGAA halphal K40D F ATCCTTGGGATGCAGTAGACAATTTTTTGG (SEQ ID NO: 161) AAAAATTT halphal K40D R AAATTTTTCCAAWATTGTCTACTGCATCCC (SEQ ID NO: 162) AAGGAT halphal R69D F CAGTATGCCAATAATCCAGACGTTGTGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 163) AACTTGAAC halphal R69D R GTTCAAGTTAAACACAACGTCTGGATTATT (SEQ ID NO: 164) GGCATACTG halphal N73D F AATCCAAGAGTTGTGTTTGACTTGAACACA (SEQ ID NO: 165) TATAAA halphal N73D R ITTATATGTGTTCAAGTCAAACACAACTCT (SEQ ID NO: 166) TGGATT halphal Q89H F ATGATTGTAGCAACATCCCACACATCCCAA (SEQ ID NO: 167) TATGGTGGG halphal Q89H R ATGATTGTAGCAACATCCCACACATCCCAA (SEQ 10 NO: 168) TATGGTGGG malphalH93Y F CACATCTGAGACGCGCCAATATGGTGGGGA (SEQ ID NO: 169) CCTCACAAAC malphalH93Y R GTTTGTGAGGTCCCCACCATATTGGCGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 170) CTCAGATGTG

[0296] The GST-fusion protein with the human α2I domain was expressed in logarithmically growing BL21 bacteria using IPTG as an inducing agent. Approximately 4 hours after induction, the bacteria were harvested and pelleted at 3000 RPM in 50 mL conical tubes. The pellet was resuspended in PBS containing 1% Triton X.-100 and protease inhibitors. The homogenate was sonicated for 1 minute and centrifuged at 3000 RPM to clear the lysate of cellular debris. The GST-fusion protein was purified from bacterial lysates using glutathione-Sepharose beads (GE-Amersham) according to the manufacturer's instructions and eluted in TBS (pH 8.0) containing 20 mM free glutathione. The purified GST-α2 I domain bound collagen with same specificity as has been previously reported (Tuckwell et al., J Cell Sci. 108 (Pt 4):1629-37 (1995)), namely a greater affinity for Type I compared to Type IV collagen. It bound to immobilized TMC-2206 with an apparent K_d by ELISA of 0.31 nM, which was comparable to the observed affinity of TMC-2206 binding to intact α2β1 integrin of 0.37 nM derived from the direct binding studies described in Example 2. The soluble GST-α2 I domain fusion protein was then evaluated for its ability to compete Eu-labeled TMC-2206 for binding to α2β1-coated plates as described in Example 2. The K_i value for soluble GST-α2 I domain was found to be similar (0.18 nM compared to 0.28 nM to that obtained for unlabelled TMC-2206, indicating that the binding site for TMC-2206 lay within the α2 I domain and did not require the presence of the β1 subunit.

[0297] Studies were conducted to investigate the cation dependency of binding by TMC-2206. Cation dependency indicates that a binding moiety is targeting the divalent cation-binding site (MIDAS) of an integrin, and thus acting as a ligand mimetic. Collagen-binding to α2 is Mg⁺+-dependent under normal physiological conditions, whereas no binding occurs when Mg⁺+ is replaced by Ca⁺+ (Staatz et al., Cell Biol. 108(5):1917-24 (1989); Emsley et al., Cell 101(1):47-56 (2000)). For these studies, the GST-α2 I domain fusion protein was immobilized on Reacti-Bind glutathione-coated microtiter plates (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Rockford, Ill.) and the ability of Eu-labeled TMC-2206 to bind under different cation conditions (Ca- and Mg-free, Ca⁺+ or Mg⁺+ in concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 3 mM) was determined. Plates were coated by incubating 100 μL/well GST-α2I fusion protein (2.0 μg/mL in Divalent Cation-Free Binding Buffer: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl and 0.5% Tween-20) for 1 hour at room temperature, and wells were washed four times in divalent cation-free Wash Buffer. Wells were blocked using 100 μL/well Blocking Buffer (Wash Buffer containing 3.0 mg/mL IgG-free BSA [Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, Pa.]) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed four times in divalent cation-free Wash Buffer, and soaked in divalent cation-free Wash Buffer (300 μL/well) for 45 minutes at room temperature. Wells were further equilibrated in Wash Buffer (300 μL/well) containing the desired level of divalent cations for 30 minutes and then incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in the presence of 41 pM, 199 pM 345 μM or 1 nM Eu-labeled TMC-2206 or control antibody. The murine TMC-2206 antibody bound in a concentration-dependent manner, with similar potency under all conditions, indicating that its binding to the α2 I domain was cation-independent, and therefore did not involve the MIDAS site. Eu-labeled control IgG did not bind to the α2β1 integrin-coated wells confirming that the binding was specific.

[0298] Additional studies were conducted to investigate the binding site of TMC-2206. Integrin ligands typically have a key acid which forms the final chelating bond for the divalent metal ion (Haas and Plow, Curr. Opin. Cell. Bio. 1994; Lee et al., Structure 1955) a feature shared by many integrin antagonists, including the anti-al integrin mAb, AQC2 (Karpusas et al., J. Mol. Biol. 2003) where the acid is provided by residue D101 within CDR-H3. By analogy, the D100 of the TMC-2206 CDR-H3 might provide such an interaction with the α2 MIDAS. Therefore, two variant murine VH-containing antibodies were generated, one carrying a D100A and one a D100R mutation. Their ability to compete for Eu-TMC-2206 binding was then evaluated in the K assay in comparison with the TMC-2206 mouse-human chimeric antibody. The D100A mutant was completely inactive at concentrations up to 0.9 μM which represented a greater than 1600-fold shift in potency relative to that of the mouse-human chimeric TMC-2206 antibody. In contrast, the reverse charge mutant D100R was almost as potent as the mouse-human TMC-2206 chimeric antibody as evidenced by the similar K_i values (0.41 nM compared to 0.52 nM). This provides evidence against any role for D100 residue of TMC-2206 in docking into the metal chelation complex that forms the MIDAS ligand site.

[0299] Additional studies were conducted to investigate the binding specificity of TMC-2206, including epitope mapping studies, with this murine monoclonal antibody that is directed against the human α2β1 integrin I domain. TMC-2206 cross-reacts with rat α2β1 integrin but does not cross react with mouse α2β1 integrin. Since α2β1 integrin proteins share high homology across species, residues within the α2β1 that are important for antibody binding were identified by methods that would identify the differences that exist between those species that cross react with the antibody compared with those that do not (e.g., Champe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270(3):1388-94 (1995); Karpusas et al., J. Mol. Biol. 327(5):1031-41 (2003); Bonnefoy et al., Blood 101(4):1375-83). The I crystal structure of the domain of α2 integrin alone and when complexed with its target ligand, collagen, has been analyzed (Emsley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272(45):28512-7 (1997); Emsley et al., Cell 101(1):47-56 (2000)). A sequence comparison of human α2 I (SEQ ID NO:11), rat α2 I (SEQ ID NO:93), and mouse α2 I (SEQ ID NO:94), domains obtained from Genbank submissions is shown in Table 28. This analysis reveals that mouse I domain contains 14 residues that differ from both the rat and human α2 I domains (shown in bold and underlined in Table 28). These residues were used to study further the TMC-2206 binding epitope.

TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 28 Human α2I 1 SPDFQLSASF SPATQPCPSL IDVVVVCDES NSIYPWDAVK NFLEKFVQGL DIGPTKTQVG Rat α2I 1 SPDFQSLTSF SPAV------- QDVVVVCDES NSIYPWEAVK NFLEKFVQGL DIGPKKTQVA Mouse α2I 1 SPDFQFLTSF SPAVQACPSL VDVVVVCDES NSIYPWEAVK NFLVKPVTGL DIGPKKTQVA Human α2I 61 LIQYANNPRV VFNLNTYKTK EEMIVATSQT SQYGGDLTNT FGAIQYARKY AYSAASGGRR Rat α2I 61 LIQYANDPRV VFNLTTYKNK EDMVQATSET RQYGGDLTNT FKAIQFARDI AYLPESGGRP Mouse α2I 61 LIQYANEPRI IFNLNDFETK EDMVQATSET RQHGGDLTNT FRAIEFARDY AYSQTSGGRP Human α2I 121 SATKVMVVVT DGESHDGSML KAVIDQCNHD NILRFGIAVL GYLNRNALDT KNLIKEIKAI Rat α2I 121 GATKVMVVVT DGESHDGSML QTVIQQCNDD EILRFGIAVL GYLNRNALDT KNLIKEIKAI Mouse α2I 121 GATKVMVVVT DGESHDGSML KTVIQQCNDD EILRFGIAVL GYLNRNALDT KNLIKEIKAI Human α2I 181 ASIPTERYFP NVSDEAALLE KAGTLGEQIF SIEGTVQGGD NFQMEM Rat α2I 181 ASTPTERYFP NVADEAALLE KACTLCEHIF SIEGTVQGGD NFQMEMAQ Mouse α2I 181 ASTPTERYFP NVSDKAALLE KAGTLCEQIF SIEGTVQGGD NFQMEMSQ

[0300] Both mouse and rat GST-α2 I domain were cloned as GST-fusion proteins to confirm the appropriate cross-reactivity was retained by the respective I domains by PCR methodology such as that described in Example 3. The murine α2 I domain was cloned from mRNA isolated from a Balb/C mouse kidney by RT-PCR using the primers malphal F (SEQ ID NO:121) and malphal R (SEQ ID NO:122) and the rat α2 I domain from a Sprague Dawley rat kidney by RT-PCR using the primers ralphal F (SEQ ID NO:123) and ralphal R (SEQ ID NO:124). In addition two non-human primate α2 I domains were cloned from white blood cell pellets obtained by low speed centrifugation of fresh blood drawn from individual rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. The white cells were then snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. A total of 5×10⁶ (rhesus) and 2×10⁶ (cynomolgus) cells were lysed in 1 mL of Trizol (Invitrogen, Cat#15596-026) and total RNA was prepared as described above. The final RNA pellet was resuspended in 50 μl of DEPC-treated H₂O. This served as the template for the first reverse transcriptase (RT) step. The RT reaction consisted of 8 μl (2.24 μg for Rhesus mRNA, 1.44 μg for cynomolgus mRNA) cellular RNA, 1 μl (10 mM) of DNTPs and 1 μl (2 μM) of the human I domain forward primer (GGGGATCCAGTCCTGATTT; SEQ ID NO:119). This mixture was incubated at 65° C. for 5 min, chilled on ice. Five μl of this cDNA was then used as the template for the PCR amplification reaction, using the human forward and reverse primers (Forward: GGGGATCCAGTCCTGATTT, SEQ ID NO:119; Reverse: GGAATTCAACAGTACCTT, SEQ ID NO:120). The cycle times were 1 cycle at 94° C. for 30 sec, 94° C. for 30 sec., 55° C. for 30 sec., 40 cycles at 68° C. for 1 min. and 1 cycle at 68° C. for 5 min. The PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and the band (of expected size) was purified directly from the agarose gel, digested with BamHI and EcoRI and cloned into the same sites in the pGEX-2TK vector and transformed into BL21 bacteria.

[0301] Single colonies were isolated and the inserts sequenced using a Beckman CEO 8000 DNA analyzer to verify the identity of the murine and rat α2 I domain and determine the sequence homology of the two monkey species with human. The cloned murine sequence showed exact identity with I domain region of the deposited sequence, NM_--008396.1. Similarly, the cloned rat sequence was identical to the Genbank entry fior the rat integrin, XM_--34156.1, with the exception that the cloned sequence contained 6 additional residues to the deposited sequence, which allowed the region between residue 16 and 21 (residues 139 through 144 of the intact α2 integrin) of the rat domain to be accurately translated. This amino acid sequence, ACPSLV, was identical to the mouse residues at these positions.

[0302] At the nucleotide level the two primate sequences showed a very high homology with human α2 I domain sequences. The rhesus α2 I domain in nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:104) showed only one nucleotide difference to the human nucleotide sequence, within codon 50, a change from CTT to CTG, but since both encode a leucine, the deduced protein sequences were identical to human. The cynomolgus α2 I domain nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:103) was identical to human except for codon 40, where there was a change from the human AAG to GAC. This results in a change from a lysine to an aspartic acid residue at this position. However, further studies revealed that this nucleotide change is due to a polymorphism that is not conserved across animals, as other cynomolgus exhibited a 100% homology to the human α2 I domain (see Example 18).

[0303] The fusion proteins were then expressed and purified as described above for the human GST-α2 I domain fusion protein. Analysis of the material eluted off the glutathione-Sepharose column indicated that the rodent fusion proteins contained aggregated forms. Therefore, these and the primate fusion proteins were further purified by size exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex 75 10/30 (GE-Amersham) column (primate) by FPLC on an Akta-Basic FPLC system (GE-Amersham) to yield a monomeric fraction. The GST-fusion proteins were then tested for their ability to bind immobilized TMC-2206 as well as their ability to compete Eu-labeled TMC-2206 from binding to immobilized human α2β1 integrin. The K_i assays were performed as described above in Example 2. To assess direct binding to TMC-2206, Immulon 4 plates were coated using 50 μL of a bicarbonate solution (pH 9.0) containing 5 μg/ml of TMC-2206. Plates were sealed and coating occurred overnight at 4° C. The next morning, the plates were washed twice with TBS solution and then blocked using 200 μL of the blocking solution described above for 1 hour at room temperature with shaking. After blocking, the blocking solution was removed but the wells were not washed. Instead, a serial dilution of GST fusion protein was made, added to the wells and then incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with shaking. The wells were then aspirated and a TBS washing buffer applied for 5 minutes at room temperature. The washing step was repeated twice more before the secondary antibody was applied. The secondary antibody step consisted of Amersham's HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-GST antibody diluted 1:2000 in blocking buffer. One hundred μL of secondary antibody was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours with shaking. The wells were again aspirated and washed three times with wash buffer before adding the substrate reaction mixture. One hundred μL of substrate reaction mixture (1:1 dilution of TMB kit) was then added to each well for 6 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 100 μL of 0.1M H₂SO₄. The reaction within the wells was then read and quantified by spectrophotometric absorption using the Molecular Dynamics plate reader and associated Softmax software, respectively. K_d values were then estimated from the EC₅₀ values using Prism software (Graphpad, CA).

[0304] There was a 3-fold shift in K_d for rat α2 I binding to TMC-2206 compared to human α2, while the murine α2 I-GST fusion protein showed only slight specific binding at the highest concentration, representing a greater than 1500-fold shift in affinity (see Table 29). The rhesus GST-α2 I showed comparable affinity to human whereas unexpectedly the cynomolgus monkey GST-α2 I showed no detectable affinity for TMC-2206 up to concentrations of 1 μMa. These relative rankings were also observed in the K_i assay. The lack of cross-reactivity of the cynomolgus I domain-GST fusion protein for TMC-2206 indicates that the K40 residue may be a determinant of the epitope. The difference in affinity of the cloned rat GST-α2 I (K_d of 0.54 nM and K_i value of 3.8 nM) as compared with the GST-human α2 I fusion protein (K_d of 0.18 and K_i value of 0.33 nM) is consistent with the shift in EC₅₀ values found in assays of TMC-2206 for its ability to antagonize the adhesion of fresh rat platelets compared to human platelets to Type I collagen, as described above in Example 9. Similarly the lack of cross reactivity of the GST-mouse α2 I fusion protein for TMC-2206 is consistent with the lack of cross reactivity of the antibody with intact mouse α2β1 integrin.

TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 29 Fusion Protein K_d (nM) K_i (nM) hα2I 0.18 0.33 Rat-α2 0.54 3.8 Mouse-α2 ND* ND* Cynomolgus α2 ND@40 nM ND* Rhesus α2 0.04 4.4 GST ND* ND* *ND indicates not detectable up to concentrations of ~1 μM

[0305] In additional studies, the 14 residues corresponding to the unique differences in the murine α2 I domain as compared to the human and rat α2 I domains were individually mutated in the cloned human α2 I domain-fusion protein by PCR using standard molecular biology methods (primer sequences are shown in Table 30). Individual bacterial clones were sequenced to verify the correct mutation had been incorporated into the I domain. One intended variant, the G101R mutant, did not yield a correct clone and was not studied further. The primers designed to create the Y93H mutation resulted in one set of clones that carried instead a Y93D mutation. Both Y93 variants were evaluated. The remainders were all correct in sequence. The resulting protein variants were expressed and purified as described above for the wt human α2 I domain-GST fusion proteins. These were then tested for activity in three ways: first for their relative ability to bind the different collagens to ensure that the mutations did not introduce gross conformational perturbations that would interfere with ligand binding; second, for their apparent affinity for TMC-2206 (direct binding to immobilized TMC-2206 measured by ELISA) and third, for their ability to act as competitive ligands in the K_i assay. The K_i and apparent K_d data are also summarized in Table 30.

TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 30 Fusion Protein K_d apparent K_i Mutations (nM) (nM) hα2 I domain 0.31 0.18 hα2 I domain I21V 0.28 0.24 hα2 I domain E44V 0.23 0.35 hα2 I domain Q48T 0.19 0.73 hα2 I domain N67E 0.28 0.40 hα2 I domain V70I 0.44 0.86 hα2 I domain V71I 0.19 0.83 hα2 I domain T76D 0.17 0.15 hα2 I domain Y77F 0.22 0.39 hα2 I domain K78E 0.16 0.51 hα2 I domain Y93D ND@440 nM ND* hα2 I domain Y93H 6.1 ND* hα2 I domain Q105E 0.15 0.38 hα2 I domain A114Q 0.19 0.64 hα2 I domain A115T 0.19 0.76 *ND = not detectable up to concentrations of ~1 μM.

[0306] Of the 13 residues evaluated, 12 were changed to the murine counterpart with minor effects on affinity, but the changes in Y93 caused a marked loss in affinity as shown in Table 31. The Y93D mutation abolished the ability to bind to antigen even at concentrations 3-logs above the κ_d value for the wt I domain GST fusion protein. The change to the murine histidine (Y93H) caused a 23-fold decrease in apparent affinity for the TMC-2206 antigen. Both mutations abolished the ability of the GST-I domain to antagonize binding of Eu-labeled antibody to its antigen. Changing the murine H93 to a Y conferred the ability of the murine α2 I domain to bind TMC-2206, albeit with a 200-fold decrease in potency relative to the wt human α2 I domain, as shown in Table 31.

TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 31 Primers used K_i(NM) Fusion Protein Mutations hα2 I domain 0.28 hα2 I domain E195W halphaIE195W F (SEQ ID NO: 159) 12.8 halphaIE195W R (SEQ ID NO: 160) hα2 I domain R165D halphaIR165D F (SEQ ID NO: 155) 1987 halphaIR165D R (SEQ ID NO: 156) hα2 I domain N166D halphaIN166G F (SEQ ID NO: 157) ND halphaIN166G R (SEQ ID NO: 158) hα2 I domain Y93F HalphaIY93F F (SEQ ID NO: 145) ND halphaIY93F R (SEQ ID NO: 146) hα2 I domain K40D halphaIK40D F (SEQ ID NO: 161) ND halphaIK40D R (SEQ ID NO: 162) hα2 I domain N73D halphaIN73D F (SEQ ID NO: 165) 2.17 halphaIN73D R (SEQ ID NO: 166) hα2 I domain Q89H halphaIQ89H F (SEQ ID NO: 167) 4.46 halphaIQ89H R (SEQ ID NO: 168) Murine α2I mutations mα2 I domain H93Y malphaIH93Y F (SEQ ID NO: 169) 20.2 malphaIH93Y R (SEQ ID NO: 170)

[0307] Comparison of the crystal structures for the human α2 I domain in the closed (NCBI PDB entry 1AOX) and open, ligand-bound (PDB entry 1DZI) conformation reveals that Y93 is located on a face of the I domain that is behind the α7 helix, which was shown to undergo a large downward movement upon ligand binding (Emsley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:28512 (1997) and Cell 100:47 (2000). Although not previously identified as a conformational change associated with ligand binding, examination of the crystal structures indicates that in the closed conformation, the aromatic ring of Y93 extends out from the protein surface, but flips sideways and downwards to align along the face of the I domain in the open, ligand-bound conformation. To investigate whether the binding of to TMC-2206 to α2β1 integrin depends on a given conformational state, mutations were introduced in the I domain to favor an open conformation of the I domain. The E195W mutation (E318 in the intact α2 integrin) has been reported to lock the human α2βI domain in the open conformation (Aquilina et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 269(4):1136-44 (2002)) so its use enables a distinction to be made as to whether an antibody recognizes an activation-dependent conformation or not. In addition, the crystallographic studies have shown that E195 forms a buried salt bridge with residue R165 located in the αC loop, serving to hold the αC loop in a conformation that shields the ligand binding site (Emsley et al., Cell 100:47 (2000)). The αC loop assumes an extended conformation in the open position and both the R165 and the adjacent R166 residue have been postulated to contribute to collagen binding (Emsley et al., J Biol Chem 272:28512 (1997) and Cell 100:47 (2000); Kapyla et al., J Biol Chem 275:3348 (2000)). Therefore, four mutations were constructed, the E195W; an R165D mutation to reverse the charge and hence disrupt the salt bridge that forms with E195W in the closed conformation, and an N166D mutation, again to reverse the charge within the αC helix. The E195W change caused a 45-fold decrease in K_i values as shown in Table 31 indicating that the TMC-2206 antibody exhibits a higher affinity for the closed conformation. Both the R165D and N166D change abolished the ability of the I domain to bind the TMC-2206 epitope even at concentrations as high as 1 μM, again suggesting that the TMC-2206 antibody recognizes a closed conformation.

[0308] From the mutagenesis and conformation studies, it appears that the Y93 in the closed conformation may play a role in TMC-2206 binding, and may provide one determinant for the species specificity of the binding. The unexpected results obtained with the polymorphic cynomolgus I domain indicated that the K40 residue may also play a role in the antigen-TMC-2206 interaction. Computer modeling of the TMC-2206 antibody indicated that the CDRs form a relatively flat binding site, which suggests that the antibody makes multiple antigen contacts. Since several residues within the CDRs are charged, the charged residues surrounding the Y93 in the closed position that also show marked positional changes in the open conformation were identified from the PDB structures of the two open and closed conformers as K40, R69, N73 and Q89. The charges of three of these residues were reversed by generating the following mutants, K40D, R69D, and N73D and modified in the fourth by generating a Q89H variant, as shown in Table 31. In addition, a third variant of residue 93 was made, a change from tyrosine to phenylalanine, to determine whether the aromatic character of the tyrosine was the important structural characteristic, or whether activity was dependent on the aromatic-hydroxyl character that is characteristic of tyrosine. In the case of this set of mutations, all were subjected to HPLC purification to enrich for the monomeric fraction of the protein preparations obtained off the glutathione-Sepharose affinity column. Each variant was first tested for functionality by assessing collagen binding. All except the R69D variant bound collagen with a similar EC₅₀ value to the wt human α2 I domain. Consequently, the R69D was not studied further. Of the remaining mutants, introducing the K40D variant abolished the ability to compete for binding to the TMC-2206 epitope. This was consistent with the results obtained with the cloned cynomolgus I domain which shows polymorphism at this residue (lysine to aspartic acid change). Likewise, the Y93F mutation also abolished the ability to compete for EU-TMC-2206 binding. The N73D and the Q89H showed a 7.8 and 15.9-fold decrease in Ki values respectively (Table 30). Taken together the mutation data indicate that the K40, Y93, R165 and N166 residues may be determinants for TMC-2206 binding to its epitope, and that the N73 and 089 also contribute towards energy of binding.

[0309] These data indicate that the TMC-2206 antibody, its derivatives and antibodies like TMC-2206 (e.g., AK7) that recognize the same or similar epitope as TMC-2206, (see e.g., Example 13) are atypical, non-ligand mimetic antagonists of α2β1-collagen interactions. This conclusion is supported by i) their ability to block α2β1 integrin-mediated adhesion to collagen in a divalent cation-independent manner, ii) this inhibition does not involve the interaction of a critical acidic group, such as D100 within H-CDR3, with the MIDAS, iii) the antibody binds to a surface of the I domain that is distal from the direct ligand binding site, iv) the TMC-2206 binding site favors the closed conformation of the receptor and encompasses amino acid residues K40, N73, Q89, Y93, R165 and N166. Consequently, TMC-2206 and antibodies like TMC-2206 (e.g., that recognize the same or similar epitope as TMC-2206) binding will not support the integrin-mediated outside-in signaling that would normally occur upon engagement of the cognate collagen ligand, and it is this mode of binding that may contribute to the non-bleeding profile of this antibody and antibodies like TMC-2206.

Example 13

[0310] Studies were carried out to compare the binding of other function blocking anti-α2 integrin antibodies with TMC-2206. Results from mapping studies as described in Example 12 indicated that the TMC-2206 antibody appeared to bind to a closed conformation of the α2 integrin I domain and/or did not act as a ligand mimetic. These unexpected results, along with the unexpected results from the platelet-related studies described in Examples 8, 9, 10 and 11, demonstrated that the TMC-2206 epitope is particularly advantageous and that antibodies similar in their functional properties to TMC-2206 are particularly useful. Screening methods for identifying such similar antibodies were developed as described herein, and antibodies were identified by such methods.

[0311] To determine which function blocking anti-α2 integrin antibodies bound in a similar manner to TMC-2206, a series of cross competition studies were performed. For studies of commercially available anti-human α2 integrin antibodies, human GST-α2 I fusion protein was immobilized on microtiter plates as above. The antibodies tested were AK7 (Mazurov et al., Thromb. Haemost. 66(4):494-9 (1991)), P1E6 (Wayner et al., J. Cell Biol. 107(5):1881-91 (1988)), 10011 (Giltay et al., Blood 73(5):1235-41 (1989)) and A2-11E10 (Bergelson et al., Cell Adhes. Commun. 2(5):455-64 (1994)) commercially available from Chemicon, (Temecula, Calif.; catalogue numbers, CBL477 (AK7); MAB1950 (P1E6); MAB1988 (10G11) and Upstate, (Waltham, Mass.; A2-IIE10, catalogue number 05-227), respectively. The antibodies were tested together with the same lot of platelet α2β1-coated microtiter plates used in the epitope mapping studies for their ability to antagonize the binding of Eu-labelled TMC-2206. In another set of studies, the ability of the antibodies to antagonize binding of freshly isolated, resting platelets to Type I collagen was determined. Thus, the ability of different antibodies directed against human α2 integrin to antagonize binding of Eu-labelled TMC-2206 antibody to platelet α2β1-coated microtiter plates were measured as K_i values, and to antagonize adhesion of resting platelets to Type I collagen under static conditions were measured as EC₅₀ values. The results, presented in Table 32, demonstrate that the AK7 antibody is an effective competitor of TMC-2206. Clone 10G11 showed a clear biphasic competition of TMC-2206, suggesting that it did not act as a simple competitive antagonist. A2-IIE10 showed a 10-fold shift compared to TMC-2206 at blocking platelet adhesion, but an approximately 350-fold shift in its ability to compete Eu-labeled TMC-2206, again indicating that there was not a direct concordance between the two antibodies. P1E6 failed to show any effect in either assay, which indicated that it recognizes an activated conformation.

TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 32 Competing antibody K_i (nM) EC₅₀ TMC-2206 0.11 6 AK7 0.07 10G11 High affinity: 0.05 >200 Low affinity: 7.7 A2-IIE10 29.6 68 P1E6 *[No competition] *[No effect] Control IgG *[No competition] *[No effect] *Not detected under assay conditions described.

[0312] These data demonstrate for the first time that not all function blocking antibodies bind to α2 integrin in the same manner, and further demonstrate methods for the identification of a novel subgroup of antibodies similar in epitope specificity to TMC-2206 with similar function blocking activities. These data also demonstrate that this novel subgroup of anti-α2 antibodies, that includes TMC-2206 and antibodies similar in epitope specificity to TMC-2206, are characterized by an unexpected lack of in vivo bleeding complications and/or by a lack of platelet α2β1 integrin activation. The epitope specificity, function blocking activities, and advantages (e.g., not activating platelets) are not characteristics of all anti human α2β1 function blocking antibodies, but rather the novel characteristic of a novel subgroup of antibodies that include TMC-2206 and similar antibodies, including derivatives and/or variants of TMC-2206 that can be identified and/or selected as described herein.

[0313] Having shown that not all function-blocking antibodies that bind to the α2 I domain bind to the same or similar (e.g., overlapping) TMC-2206 epitope, studies were performed to determine whether the surrogate antibody used for murine efficacy studies had similar properties to TMC-2206. Since the Ha1/29 antibody cross-reacts with rat and mouse α2 integrin, and the TMC-2206 antibody binds to both human and rat α2 integrin, the rat GST-fusion protein was used to determine whether the two antibodies bound to overlapping sites (e.g., shared epitope specificity). For this, rat GST-α2 I domain fusion protein was immobilized on Reacti-Bind glutathione-coated microtiter plates (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Rockford, Ill.). First the K_d of Eu-TMC-2206 binding to immobilized GST-α2I domain from human and rat at 37° C. was determined as described in Example 2. Scatchard analysis of bound versus free Eu-TMC-2206 indicated the K_d values to be 0.2 nM for human α2 I domain and 1.3 nM (a 6-fold decrease) for rat α2 I domain. Next, the ability of Eu-labeled TMC-2206 to bind to the rat α2 I domain in the presence of different concentrations of competing antibody was assessed as described in Example 2 using the K_d value of 1.3 nM to derive the Ki value from the observed EC₅₀ values. The Ha1/29 (Mendrick and Kelly, Lab Invest. 69(6):690-702 (1993)) but not the HMα2 antibody (Miyake et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 24:2000-2005 (1994)) was an effective antagonist of Eu-TMC-2206 binding, indicating that the Ha129 antibody bound to similar (e.g., overlapping) sites to the TMC-2206 binding site.

Example 14

[0314] Another study was conducted on exemplary IgG4 antibodies having a hVH14.0 γ4 heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:174) or a hVH12.0 γ4 heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:176) and a hVL 10.0Q light chain (SEQ ID NO:178). This study assessed whether binding of these IgG4 antibodies leads to platelet activation, as measured by effects on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture from the antecubital vein into vacuum filled tubes contain 3.8% sodium citrate after discarding the first 3.0 ml of free running blood. All antibodies were diluted in saline to final concentrations of 140 μg/ml. Each disposable cuvette (containing a disposable electrode assembly) was aliquoted with 0.5 ml citrated whole blood and with 0.5 ml of saline or an antibody solution. Each cuvette was pre-warmed to 37° C. for 5 minutes in the warming well of the aggregometer (Model 591A, Chrono-Log, Havertown, Pa.), then placed into the reaction well, the baseline set, and then either 20 μl of saline or collagen (1 mg/ml; equine type I, Chrono-Log)) was added to initiate the aggregation reaction. During aggregation an accumulation of platelets formed on the exposed surfaces of the electrodes, resulting in an increase in impedance. Data acquisition proceeded for 6 minutes with the change in impedance (ΔΩ, ohms) recorded by a chart recorder (Model 707, Chrono-Log).

[0315] The data (Table 33) were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, which tested the hypothesis that the population medians of each (saline or collagen) of the four groups were equivalent, and would reject this hypothesis (95% confidence) if the P-values were less than or equal to 0.05. For the saline group (P-value=0.148) neither the isotype-control nor the two humanized antibodies induced human platelet aggregation compared to the saline negative control. For the collagen group (P-value=0.201), neither the isotype-control nor the two humanized antibodies inhibited collagen-induced aggregation compared to the saline negative control. The results of this study and those from Example 8 show that the binding of TMC-2206 and both humanized IgG4 variant antibodies has no effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation when tested in vitro at all the concentrations tested.

TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 33 Test Article hIgG4/κ hIgG4/κ VH14.0/ VH12.0/ Agonist Saline hIgG4/κ VL10.0Q VL10.0Q P-value Saline 1.0, 2.4, 2.4, 5.2, 2.2, 3.0, 2.8, 3.6, 0.148 2.8, 2.8, 5.6, 5.6 3.4, 4.2 3.8, 5.2 2.8, 3.8 Collagen 17.8, 18.2, 15.3, 17.2, 15.0, 15.2, 13.2, 14.8, 0.201 19.4, 20.4, 18.4 16.0, 21.8 18.1, 20.0 21.1, 21.6

Example 15

[0316] Humanized TMC-2206 (hIgG4/κVH12.0/VL10.0Q) was tested in its ability to block the binding α2β1-integrin mediated cell adhesion to type-I collagen using CHO-α2 cells, HT1080 (human fibrosarcoma) cells, and human platelets following the procedures outlined in Example 2. Humanized TMC-2206 was a potent inhibitor of cell binding to collagen with EC₅₀ values comparable to TMC-2206 (Table 34).

TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 34 Type I TMC-2206 Humanized TMC-2206 Collagen EC₅₀(nm) EC₅₀(nm) Source Cells (mean ± SEM) (mean ± SEM) Rat Tail Human Platelets 3.1 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 0.3 HT1080 0.90 ± 0.02 0.90 ± 0.27 CHO-α2 0.58 ± 0.51 1.9 ± 1.5 Human Human Platelets 8.44 13.1 Placenta (n = 1)

Example 16

[0317] Humanized TMC-2206 was evaluated for its ability to bind to immobilized human α1β1 in an ELISA format. Human β1β1 integrin (Chemicon International) was diluted in Coating Buffer (25 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl₂) to a final concentration of 0.5 μg/ml. 96-well immunoplates were coated with α1β1 at 50 ng/well and incubated overnight at 4° C. The plates were washed three times with Wash Buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.5% Tween-20) and blocked with 5% w/v/skim milk in Wash Buffer for one hour at room temperature. Humanized TMC-2206, human IgG4/κ (isotype control), mouse anti-human α1 (FB-12, Chemicon International) antibodies were serially diluted in Binding Buffer (0.1 mg/ml BSA, IgG free, in Wash Buffer). Fifty microliters/well of the diluted antibody solutions were added to the α1β1-coated plates, incubated for one hour at room temperature, and then washed three times. Goat anti-human IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate (secondary antibody; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa.) was added to the wells containing the isotype control and humanized TMC-2206; goat anti-mouse IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Sigma) was added to wells containing FB-12. After a one-hour incubation at room temperature, the plates were washed three times, incubated in substrate solution (1 mg/ml 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, 0.1 M diethanolamine, 5 mM MgCl₂, pH 9.8) for 20 minutes, and terminated with NaOH. The absorbance (405 nm) was read using a Spectramax Plus plate reader using Softmax Pro software. Similar to TMC-2206, humanized TMC-2206 and the IgG4/κ antibodies did not bind to α1β1. The control anti-α1β1 antibody (FB-12) bound to α1β1 with an EC₅₀ of 0.79±0.15 nM.

Example 17

[0318] The K_D and K_i values for both the TMC-2206 and humanized TMC-2206 MAbs binding to immobilized α2β1 were determined using the competitive binding assay. Wells in a 96-well microtiter plate were coated with platelet α2β1-integrin (custom-coated with human platelet α2β1 by GTI Inc., WI) and then blocked with nonfat milk. Humanized TMC-2206 antibody was labeled with Eu-N1-ITC reagent, approximately 2 mg was suspended into and dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 1.47 mM KH₂PO₄, 8.1 mM Na₂HPO₄; pH 7.4, 138 mM NaCl and 2.67 mM KCl). After concentration in prewashed MicroSep concentrators [30-kDa cutoff; Pall Life Sciences at 9500 rpm (7000×g) in a JA-20 rotor (Beckman Instruments, Inc.] for 20 minutes at 4° C.), the antibody was adjusted to 4.0 mg/mL with PBS, 100 mM NaHCO₃, pH 9.3. The MAb/bicarbonate mixture (0.250 mL) was gently mixed into a vial containing 0.2 mg N¹-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-diethylenetriamine-N¹,N²,N.sup- .3,N³-tetraacetic acid chelated with Eu³+ (Eu-N1-ITC; Perkin Elmer Life Sciences) and incubated overnight at 4° C. without stirring. The labeled antibody mixture was applied to a PD-10 column (GE Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) pre-equilibrated with Running Buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4 and 138 mM NaCl). Fractions (0.5 mL) were collected and assayed for total protein (Bradford reagent; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) using a SpectraMax 384 absorbance plate reader and for europium after 1:10.000 dilution in DELFIA Enhancement Solution (Perkin-Elmer) by time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) using a Victor2 multi-label plate reader (Perkin Elmer). The fractions that were positive for both protein and europium label were pooled, applied to a new PD-10 column, and samples collected and assayed for total protein and for europium content by TRF calibrated against a europium standard solution (Perkin-Elmer) to calculate the fluor:protein ratio. The Eu-humanized-TMC-2206 was then applied to the blocked α2β1-integrin microtiter plates in a volume of 10 μL/well. After incubating the sealed plates for 1 hr at 37° C. to allow binding to reach equilibrium, 2 μL samples were transferred from each well into a fresh well containing DELFIA Enhancement Solution (100 μL/well) for the measurement of free (unbound) label. Enhancement Solution (100 μL/well) was added to the emptied wells for the measurement of bound label. The plate was shaken (Titer Plate Shaker, speed setting of 5, 5 minutes at room temperature) and TRF intensities were read using the Victor2 multi-label plate reader. The K_D values were calculated by Scatchard analyses.

[0319] Relative binding potencies to immobilized αα2β1 integrin were analyzed by measuring K_i values in a competition assay using 100 μM Eu-humanized-TMC-2206 in the presence of varying concentrations of unlabeled TMC-2206 antibody or humanized TMC-2206 as competitors, using an assay system similar to that described above in this example. Test antibody combinations were then applied to the α2β1 integrin coated wells, tested over a concentration range of from 10^-11 to 10^-7 M, and following the specified time, the amount of bound Eu-humnanized-TMC-2206 was determined. The inhibition curves were fitted with the "one site competition" model using Prism software (GraphPad, Inc.) to obtain IC₅₀ values and to calculate the K_i using the equation of Cheng and Prusoff (1973) and the respective values for K_D from above.

[0320] The K_D and K_i values for TMC-2206 and humanized TMC-2206 were within 2-fold of each other (Table 35). Therefore the binding affinities of TMC-2206 and humanized TMC-2206 to immobilized α2β1 were similar.

TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 35 Affinity Parameter TMC-2206 Humanized TMC-2206 K_D 0.72 ± 0.18 nm 1.29 ± 0.17 nm K_i 0.21 ± 0.08 nm 0.41 ± 0.06 nm

[0321] TMC-2206 and humanized TMC-2206 were subjected to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis to determine the kinetic dissociation and associate constants, k_d and k_a (also known as k_off and k_on), respectively to the α2 I domain. SPR, a method for characterizing macromolecular interactions, is an optical technique that uses the transient wave phenomenon to exquisitely measure minute changes in refractive index very close to a sensor surface. The binding between an antigen in solution (e.g., fusion protein) and its MAb receptor (immobilized on the surface of a sensor chip) results in a change in refractive index. The interaction is monitored in real time and the amount of bound antigen and the association and dissociation rate constants can be measured with high precision. The equilibrium dissociation constant can be easily calculated from: K_D=k_d/k_a=k_off/k_on. The cloning of the human α2 I domain and the purification of the expressed GST-human α2 I domain fusion protein was described in Example 12. Analyses were performed at 20° C. using a Biacore 2000 optical sensor with a research-grade CM5 sensor chip (Biacore Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden) and equilibrated with running buffer (50 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 0.25 mM MgCl₂, 0.25 mM CaCl₂, 0.5% Tween-20, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, pH 7.4). For the capture of TMC-2206 on the sensor chip, two of the chip's flow cell surfaces were coated with anti-mouse IgGs: the other two flow cells were coated with Protein A for the capture of humanized TMC-2206. Each cycle of antigen (GST-human-α2 I domain fusion protein) binding to surface-tethered anti-mouse IgGs involved three steps. In the first step, TMC-2206 was captured on one anti-mouse surface and then humanized TMC-2206 was captured on one Protein A surface. [The other two surfaces (one anti-mouse and one Protein A) served as analytic references.] In the second step, GST-human-α2 I domain fusion protein was injected across the four surfaces. Responses obtained from the reference surfaces (due to refractive index mismatches between the antigen and running buffer) were subtracted from the responses obtained from the reaction surfaces. In the third step, the antigen/antibody complexes were stripped from the surfaces such that the surfaces could be used for another binding cycle. The highest GST-human-α2 I domain fusion protein concentration was 41 nM. The antigen solution was flowed over the surfaces for 2 minutes at 50 μl/min and the antigen dissociation from the surface was monitored for six minutes. The rate constants for the binding of GST-human-α2 I domain fusion protein to TMC-2206 and humanized TMC-2206 were determined and found to be similar (Table 37)

[0322] The competitive binding assays and the SPR analyses both confirm that the humanization process did not effect the binding affinity of humanized TMC-2206 to the human α2 I domain.

Example 18

[0323] Species cross-reactivity to humanized TMC-2206 was evaluated by biochemical analytical techniques. In the first study, the binding affinities (K_i values) of TMC-2206, humanized TMC-2206, and the GST-α2-I-domain fusion proteins derived from different species were determined (Ki values) by competitive binding with europium-labelled humanized TMC-2206 to α2β1-coated plates (Example 17). The cloning of the human, rhesus macaque, rat, and mouse α2 I domains were described in Example 12. Cynomolgus and additional rhesus monkey α2 I domains were cloned from cDNA derived from total RNA extracted from skin tissue (MediCorp, Inc., Montreal, QC). There was a 9-fold decrease in K_i for rat α2 I binding to humanized TMC-2206 compared to the human α2 I domain, while the murine α2 I-GST fusion protein showed only slight specific binding at the highest concentration (4 μM; Table 36). [Both the GST-fusion protein negative control and the IgG4/k isotype negative control did not show any competitive binding effects at 0.4 μM concentrations.] The rhesus, cynomolgus, and human α2 I-GST fusion proteins showed comparable binding. Therefore, all four species demonstrated cross-reactivity to humanized TMC-2206.

TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 36 Competitor K_i (nM) TMC-2206 0.14 ± 0.01 Humanized TMC-2206 0.34 ± 0.00 GST-human-α2 I domain fusion protein 0.57 ± 0.06 GST-cynomolgous-α2 I domain fusion protein 0.47 ± 0.00 GST-rhesus-α2 I domain fusion protein 0.40 ± 0.02 GST-rat-α2 I domain fusion protein 5.23 ± 0.14 GST-mouse-α2 I domain fusion protein Not Detected at 4.0 μM GST fusion protein (negative control) Not Detected at 0.4 μM Human IgG4/κ (negative isotype control) Not Detected at 0.4 μM

[0324] In a second study, the rate and equilibrium binding constants of both TMC-2206 and humanized TMC-2206, and selected α2 I-GST fusion proteins were evaluated by SPR analyses (Table 37). All of the kinetic and equilibrium constants derived for parental and humanized TMC-2206 for the human and rat α2 I domains were similar. In addition, the rate constants of humanized TMC-2206 for the human and cynomolgus α2 I domains were similar. Humanized TMC-2206 did not bind to the mouse α2 I domain at concentrations of 4.0 μM of the mouse α2 I-GST fusion protein. The comparable binding of the GST-cynomolgus-α2-1 domain fusion protein to humanized TMC-2206 was not consistent with the result in Example 12--where no competitive binding was seen at concentrations up 1 μM (Table 29). However, DNA sequence analyses performed on the cDNAs populations derived from mRNA extracted from monkeys (Medicorp Inc.) revealed a polymorphism at a single amino acid (position 40) compared to the human α2 I domain. This polymorphism was not conserved across animals, in that one cynomolgus and one rhesus monkey exhibited heteromorphism while the other animals exhibited a 100% homology to the human α2 I domain. The GST-cynomolgus-α2-I-domain studied in this example by the competitive binding and SPR analyses encoded the identical sequence to the human α2 I domain. These biochemical studies demonstrated that humanized TMC-2206 cross-reacted with the human, rhesus, cynomolgus, and rat derived α2 I domains but not with the mouse α2 I domain. In vitro cellular cross-reactivity studies (Example 20) were performed to verify that humanized TMC-2206 cross-reacted to different species blood cells.

TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 37 GST-α2 I MAb domain k_d (s^-1) k_a (M^-1s^-1) K_D (=k_d/k_a; nM) TMC-2206 Human (11.0 ± 0.5) × 10^-4 (3.8 ± 0.1) × 10⁵ 2.9 ± 0.1 Rat (8.2 ± 0.1) × 10^-4 (4.2 ± 0.1) × 10⁵ 2.0 ± 0.1 Humanized Human (8.2 ± 0.3) × 10^-4 (3.5 ± 0.0) × 10⁵ 2.3 ± 0.1 TMC-2206 Rat (5.7 ± 0.4) × 10^-4 (3.3 ± 0.3) × 10⁵ 1.7 ± 0.1 Human (2.4 ± 0.9) × 10^-4 (5.8 ± 0.6) × 10⁵ 4.0 ± 0.1 Cynomolgus (3.0 ± 0.1) × 10^-4 (5.0 ± 0.1) × 10⁵ 5.0 ± 0.1 Mouse Not Detected at Not Detected at Not Detected at 4.0 μM 4.0 μM 4.0 μM

Example 19

[0325] Species cross-reactivity was further evaluated by binding humanized TMC-2206 to blood cells from different species by flow cytometry. In the first study, humanized TMC-2206 cross-reactivity to different species platelets was evaluated. Blood was obtained via veni-puncture from human donors, rats, and rhesus/cynomolgus monkeys. Human blood was collected in 3.8% sodium citrate; rhesus and cynomolgus blood were collected in 10 mM EDTA; and rat blood was collected in heparin. Primate whole blood (human, rhesus, cynomolgus) was incubated with humanized TMC-2206 at a final concentration of 140 μg/ml for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by a 10-minute incubation with mouse anti-human IgG4-FITC conjugated MAb (Clone HP6023; Southern Biotech), followed by a incubation with species-specific platelet marker antibodies conjugated with fluorescent molecules. Human platelets were identified with PE-conjugated-mouse-anti-human CD42b (BD Biosciences) and rhesus/cynomolgus platelets were identified with PE-conjugated-mouse-anti-human-CD41a (BD Biosciences). Rat whole blood was incubated with 500 μg/ml of humanized TMC-2206 conjugated to Alexa-488 (Alexa Fluor 488 Protein Labeling kit, A10235, Molecular Probes) for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by incubation with the PE-conjugated-hamster-anti-mouse-CD61 (rat platelet marker; BD Biosciences). All samples were washed once, suspended in phosphate buffered saline, and then subjected to flow cytometry analyses. [Both of the forward scatter and side scatter gates were set to logarithmic scales to further discriminate platelets from the larger red blood cells and leukocytes.] Humanized TMC-2206 bound to the platelets from all four species (Table 38).

[0326] In the second study, humanized TMC-2206 cross-reactivity to different species leukocytes was evaluated. Blood was obtained from the same four species, except that the human blood was collected in 10 mM EDTA. Humanized TMC-2206 conjugated to Alexa 488 was added to whole blood (final concentrations 225-400 μg/mL) for 10 minutes, followed by a 30-minute incubation at room temperature with marker antibodies. Anti-CD45 antibodies were used to stain all leukocytes [for human leukocytes PE-Cy5-conjugated-mouse-anti-human (clone H130, BD Biosciences); for rhesus and cynomolgus leukocytes PE-Cy5-conjugated mouse anti-human (clone Tu116, BD Biosciences); and for rat leukocytes PE-Cy5-conjugated-mouse-anti-rat (BD Biosciences). Marker antibodies were used to stain platelets: for human platelets PE-Cy5-conjugated-mouse-anti-human-CD42b (BD Biosciences); for rhesus and cynomolgus platelets R-PE-conjugated-mouse-anti-human-CD41a (BD Biosciences); and for rat platelets R-PE-conjugated-hamster-anti-mouse-CD61 (BD Biosciences]. One milliliter of water was added to the reaction mixture (approximately 250 μl), incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature to lyse red blood cells, followed by the addition of 2 ml of PBS (to bring tonicity to levels that would prevent leukocyte lysis), and centrifuged. The cell pellet was resuspended in 0.5 mls of PBS and subjected to flow cytometry analyses. [The side scatter channel was set to linear scale and the CD45 channel was set to log scale to discriminate granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes.] As varying levels of endogenous platelet activation will lead to platelet-leukocyte micro-aggregate formation, it was critical to identify leukocytes that were not bound to platelets (which constitutively express α2β1 integrin). Therefore only those cells that were CD45⁺/CD41a.sup.-, CD45⁺/CD42b.sup.-, or CD45⁺/CD61.sup.- were evaluated for humanized TMC-2206 binding. Humanized TMC-2206 bound to the lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes from all four species (Table 38).

[0327] These results are consistent with the results from Example 19 that humanized TMC-2206 cross-reacts with the human, rhesus, cynomolgus, and rat GST-α2-I domain fusion proteins (by K_i and SPR analyses). There were relatively lower percentages of rat blood cells binding to humanized TMC-2206 compared to primate blood cells. In three earlier studies (Examples 9, 19, and 12), the binding affinities of the parental and humanized TMC-2206 antibodies to the rat α2 integrin subunit were shown to be an order of magnitude less than the binding affinities to the human α2 subunit. In the first study, Example 9, the EC₅₀ values for TMC-2206 inhibiting binding of rat platelets and human platelets to rat collagen type I was 6.3 nM and 1.7 nM, respectively. In the second study, Example 19 (Table 38), the K_i values for the inhibition of humanized TMC-2206 binding to immobilized α2β1 by competitors GST-human-α2-I domain and GST-rat-α2-I domain fusion proteins were 0.57 nM and 5.23 nM, respectively. Similarly, in the third study, Example 12 (Table 29), the K_i values for the inhibition of TMC-2206 binding to α2β1 by GST-human-α2-1 domain and GST-rat-α2-I domain fusion proteins were 0.33 nM and 3.8 nM, respectively. In addition, in both platelet and leukocyte studies, all cell samples were washed before being subjected to flow cytometry analyses, with more humanized TMC-2206 being washed away from the lower affinity rat α2 subunit compared to the primate α2 subunits. Combined with the previous results, this led to a relatively lower percentage of rat blood cells being scored as "positive" compared to primate blood cells (assuming similar α2β1 receptor densities). In summary, the platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes for all four species tested (human, rhesus monkey, cynomolgus monkey, and rat) all bound humanized TMC-2206.

TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 38 Percentage Cell Binding (Mean ± SEM) Granulo- Species N Platelets Lymphocytes Monocytes cytes Human 3 94.5 ± 0.9 63.7 ± 8.9 78.6 ± 9.1 75.5 ± 9.3 Rhesus 4 97.2 ± 0.0 72.3 ± 9.7 90.4 ± 4.9 95.3 ± 2.2 Cynomolgus 4 96.5 ± 0.3 73.5 ± 12.1 87.4 ± 7.0 95.2 ± 3.0 Rat 3 21.5 ± 2.3 38.2 ± 1.7 37.4 ± 1.6 43.2 ± 2.1

[0328] Another study assessed whether binding of humanized TMC-2206 to α2β1 led to platelet activation, as measured by flow cytometry. Platelet activation was measured as either the up-regulation of P-selectin or activation of GPIIbIIIa (aIIbβ3) integrin. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture from the antecubital vein into vacuum filled tubes contain 3.8% sodium citrate after discarding the first 3.0 ml of free running blood. The whole blood was diluted 1:10 in TBS (pH 7.4) and was followed by a 10-minute incubation at room temperature with either saline, IgG4/κ isotype control (132 μg/ml final concentration), or humanized TMC-2206 (144 μg/ml final concentration). For platelet activation, either thrombin-receptor-activating-peptide-6 (TRAP-6, 10 μM final concentration; AnaSpec Inc., San Jose, Calif.) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 20 μM final concentration; Sigma) was added to the samples, followed by a 5-minute incubation at room temperature. Cells were processed for flow cytometry by the incubation with marker antibodies: PE-Cy5-conjugated-mouse-anti-human-CD42b (BD Biosciences) to stain platelets; PE-conjugated-mouse-anti-human-CD62P (BD Biosciences) to stain P-selectin; and FITC-conjugated-PAC-1 (BD Biosciences) to stain activated GPIIbIIIa (PAC-1 binds to active conformation of the GPIIbIIIa integrin). The sampling error for each sample was less than 5% (95% confidence level).

[0329] The first experiments assessed whether binding of humanized TMC-2206 leads to platelet activation as measured by P-selectin upregulation. Activation was scored as the percentage of platelets (CD42b+) that were stained by the P-selectin-marker (CD62P) (Table 39). By ANOVA analyses (one-way, 95% confidence interval), the P-selectin expression of platelets incubated with either saline, IgG4/κ, and humanized TMC-2206 was not statistically different (P=0.96). Therefore, the binding of humanized TMC-2206 to platelets did not induce platelet activation. In side-by-side experiments, TRAP-6 induced significant increases in P-selectin expression. The addition of humanized TMC-2206 did not statistically affect TRAP-6 induced P-selectin expression compared to saline or the isotype control (P--0.96; one-way ANOVA, 95% confidence interval). Therefore the binding of humanized TMC-2206 did not inhibit TRAP-6 induced platelet activation.

TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 39 Test Articles Incubated with Whole Blood TRAP-6 + huTMC- TRAP-6 + huTMC- Expt. Saline IgG4/κ 2206 TRAP-6 IgG4/κ 2206 1 2.44 1.21 0.85 76.60 80.35 79.50 2 8.40 9.10 5.29 97.01 86.73 83.32 3 29.54 30.08 25.70 92.71 95.63 96.88 Mean ± 13.5 ± 13.5 ± 10.6 ± 7.7 88.8 ± 87.6 ± 4.4 86.6 ± 5.3 SEM 8.2 8.6 6.2

[0330] The next study assessed P-selectin up-regulation after incubation with/without the agonist ADP (percentage of platelets expressing P-selectin, Table 40). As before, P-selectin expression on platelets incubated with humanized TMC-2206, IgG4/k, and saline were comparable--therefore humanized TMC-2206 did not induce platelet activation. ADP induced P-selectin expression comparable to TRAP-6 induction. There appeared to be an additionally increase in P-selectin expression with platelets incubated with ADP and then either IgG4/κ or humanized TMC-2206. However, the increase in P-selectin upregulation was similar for both the isotype control and humanized TMC-2206; indicating again that the binding of humanized TMC-2206 to platelets does not induce platelet activation. Concomitantly, P-selectin expression from ADP-induced platelets incubated with IgG4/κ or humanized TMC-2206 did not decrease. Therefore the binding of humanized TMC-2206 did not inhibit ADP-induced platelet activation.

TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 40 Test Articles Incubated with Whole Blood Agonist Saline IgG4/κ huTMC-2206 Saline 29.54 30.08 25.70 ADP 79.90 96.24 96.87

[0331] The next study assessed GPIIbIIIa activation after incubation with/without agonists TRAP-6 or ADP by scoring the percentage of platelets binding to the PAC-1 marker antibody (which binds to the active conformation of GPIIbIIIa; Table 41). The level of activated GPIIbIIIa expression on platelets incubated with humanized TMC-2206, IgG4/k, and saline were comparable--humanized TMC-2206 did not induce platelet activation. Both IgG4/k and humanized TMC-2206 did not inhibit TRAP-6 nor ADP induced activation.

TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 41 Test Articles Incubated with Whole Blood Agonist Saline IgG4/κ huTMC-2206 Saline 26.5 24.3 18.6 TRAP-6 79.9 93.8 88.9 ADP 69.1 93.1 86.0

[0332] In summary, humanized TMC-2206 did not induce platelet activation (no increase in P-selectin up-regulation or GPIIbIIIa activation), nor inhibit agonist (TRAP-6, ADP) induced platelet activation. This data complements the platelet aggregation study (Example 15, Table 34) that showed that humanized TMC-2206 did not induced platelet aggregation nor inhibited collagen-induced aggregation.

Example 21

[0333] Humanized TMC-2206 was evaluated for its effect on both the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways by measuring prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). A qualified lyophilized preparation of human plasma (Citrex I, Bio/Data Corporation, Horsham, Pa.) was used for the measurement of both PT and aPTT. Humanized TMC-2206 was added to the plasma to attain final concentrations of 179, 214, and 286 μg/mL (corresponding to the C_max of a single dose of antibody at 12.5, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/kg, respectively) before subjecting the samples to the coagulation tests. Standard procedures were followed for both PT and aPTT with the coagulation times measured by a BBL fibrometer (BD, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). Table 42 summarizes the data for a series of six experiments (3 PT and 3 aPTT). A saline control was run for each experiment. Student-t statistical analyses of each matched pair (humanized TMC-2206 and saline) demonstrated that for each experiment that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean coagulation times for humanized TMC-2206 compared to saline. (The hypotheses that coagulation times were different would be rejected at 95% confidence levels if the individual calculated P values were less than 0.05) Therefore humanized TMC-2206 did not effect coagulation as measured by PT and aPTT.

TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 42 Humanized TMC-2206 Saline Coagulation Time Coagulation Time Coagulation (seconds, (seconds, Parameter Concentration mean ± SEM) mean ± SEM) P-value Prothrombin 179 μg/mL 10.8 ± 0.1 10.8 ± 0.1 1.00 Time 214 μg/mL 11.3 ± 0.1 11.1 ± 0.1 0.67 286 μg/mL 11.5 ± 0.2 11.6 ± 0.1 0.62 Activated Partial 179 μg/mL 25.6 ± 0.7 24.8 ± 0.6 0.43 Thromboplastin 214 μg/mL 24.1 ± 0.3 23.5 ± 0.5 0.30 Time 286 μg/mL 27.9 ± 0.2 27.9 ± 0.4 1.00

Example 22

[0334] The effects of humanized TMC-2206 on rat bleeding times were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats (190-200 g) were injected intravenously (tail vein) with either saline, heparin (0.6 mg/kg, positive control), or humanized TMC-2206 at doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg one hour before standardized transection of the tip (0.5 mm) of each tail. The rats were non-anesthetized and were conscious during the bleeding time observation. The tip of the cut tail of each rat was immediately immersed 2-cm deep into a test tube containing saline at 37° C. The time required for the beginning of a 15-second period of bleeding cessation was scored as the bleeding time. A maximum cut-off time of 20 minutes was used. Blood loss was scored by the amount of hemoglobin released after hemolysis (spectrophotometrically) from the blood collected in the test tube. Humanized TMC-2206 displayed no statistically significant effect on bleeding time at both doses tested compared to naive and saline controls (Table 43; P=0.08, one-way ANOVA analyses). Humanized TMC-2206 displayed no statistically significant effect on blood loss at both doses tested compared to naive and saline controls (P=0.22, one-way ANOVA analyses. Therefore humanized TMC-2206 does not effect in vivo bleeding time or blood loss.

TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 43 Test Articles injected intravenously into rats Humanized TMC-2206 Naive Saline 5 mg/kg 15 mg/kg Heparin n 10 10 10 10 10 Bleeding 3.5 ± 0.4 4.5 ± 0.4 5.2 ± 0.6 4.3 ± 0.3 17.8 ± 1.1 Time (minutes, mean ± SEM) Blood Loss 10.3 ± 3.0 17.6 ± 2.0 20.5 ± 4.1 21.2 ± 5.9 115 ± 31 (mg hemoglobin, mean ± SEM)

Example 23

[0335] A study was conducted to determine the effect of a single dose of humanized TMC-2206 on circulating cytokine levels in rats as a means to determine whether humanized TMC-2206 causes detectable in vivo activation of leukocytes. Saline (negative control), human IgG4/κ isotype control (15 mg/kg), humanized TMC-2206 (15 mg/kg) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, positive inflammation control; 0.75 mg/kg) was administered to rats intravenously. Non-injected rats were used as naive controls. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours post-injection, blood samples were collected via saphenous vein and processed for plasma. Plasma samples were subjected to bead-based multiplex immunoassay (MIA; Linco Diagnostics, St. Charles, Mo.) to determine the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α (Table 44; pg/mL, mean±SEM). MIA involves the simultaneous detection of analytes (up to 100) in the same sample volume (25 μl) by combining several individual antigen/antibody binding reactions on spectrally distinct sets of microspheres. Depending on the antigen, the sensitivity of MIA is between 1.5-50 pg/ml. Each cytokine data set was subjected to two-way ANOVA analyses, 95% confidence interval, testing the hypotheses that the individual cytokine levels for all four time points and for all four conditions (naive, vehicle, IgG4/k, and humanized TMC-2206) were equivalent. The hypotheses would be rejected if the P-values were less than 0.05. There were no statistically significant differences in each of the ten sets (all P-values ranged from 0.18 to 1.0, Table 44) of cytokine levels observed in rats injected with vehicle, IgG4/κ, humanized TMC-2206, or non-injected (naive). Therefore, the intravenous injection of a single dose (15 mg/kg) of humanized TMC-2206 did not induce an increase in the expression of cytokines involved in inflammation.

TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 44 huTMC- IgG4 2206 LPS P-values, Naive Vehicle (15 mg/kg) (15 mg/kg) (.75 mg/kg) 2way Cyt. Time (n = 3) (n = 3) (n = 6) (n = 6) (n = 4) ANOVA IL-1α 2-hr 61 ± 30 84 ± 37 75 ± 29 133 ± 66 788 ± 550 1.00 4-hr 69 ± 38 75 ± 22 101 ± 46 150 ± 63 806 ± 641 6-hr 58 ± 16 90 ± 54 57 ± 26 80 ± 53 640 ± 524 8-hr 36 ± 5 85 ± 11 57 ± 17 101 ± 48 591 ± 372 IL-1β 2-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 733 ± 277 0.17 4-hr 45 ± 15 107 ± 70 44 ± 17 30 ± 4 527 ± 109 6-hr 153 ± 78 76 ± 27 61 ± 27 44 ± 14 282 ± 70 8-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 53 ± 29 24 ± 0 525 ± 324 IL-6 2-hr 118 ± 35 291 ± 136 300 ± 174 309 ± 155 31386 ± 7981 1.00 4-hr 137 ± 58 271 ± 123 329 ± 207 362 ± 163 15971 ± 4334 6-hr 265 ± 125 359 ± 130 416 ± 209 364 ± 174 8966 ± 4379 8-hr 117 ± 40 341 ± 67 219 ± 133 335 ± 163 3682 ± 2431 IL-12 2-hr 54 ± 30 237 ± 62 159 ± 67 199 ± 106 950 ± 823 1.00 4-hr 43 ± 19 201 ± 44 173 ± 79 219 ± 119 991 ± 876 6-hr 43 ± 17 205 ± 93 184 ± 108 169 ± 124 941 ± 812 8-hr 43 ± 19 212 ± 31 132 ± 55 214 ± 102 794 ± 685 IFN-γ 2-hr 31 ± 7 82 ± 58 121 ± 72 156 ± 94 959 ± 453 1.00 4-hr 24 ± 0 67 ± 43 127 ± 77 153 ± 94 7740 ± 629 6-hr 24 ± 0 57 ± 33 127 ± 103 115 ± 91 3288 ± 756 8-hr 24 ± 0 76 ± 52 99 ± 59 156 ± 102 1773 ± 757 TNF-α 2-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 1571 ± 633 1.00 4-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 85 ± 38 6-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 48 ± 15 8-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 27 ± 3 IL-2 2-hr 49 ± 25 31 ± 7 47 ± 17 73 ± 49 93 ± 24 0.96 4-hr 24 ± 0 33 ± 9 52 ± 23 90 ± 62 79 ± 14 6-hr 24 ± 0 47 ± 23 69 ± 36 33 ± 9 52 ± 16 8-hr 24 ± 0 92 ± 31 47 ± 23 86 ± 39 39 ± 15 IL-4 2-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 46 ± 22 0.85 4-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 25 ± 1 49 ± 25 6-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 46 ± 22 8-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 41 ± 17 IL-5 2-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 1.00 4-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 6-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 8-hr 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 24 ± 0 GM- 2-hr 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 1.00 CSF 4-hr 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 6-hr 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 8-hr 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0 66 ± 0

[0336] Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of various aspects of the invention. Thus, it is to be understood that numerous modifications may be made in the illustrative embodiments and other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Sequence CWU 1

1

186110PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhCDR1 [CDR1 of heavy chain variable region] 1Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His 1 5 10 216PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhCDR2 [CDR2 of heavy chain variable region] 2Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met Ser 1 5 10 15 311PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhCDR3 [CDR3 of heavy chain variable region] 3Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr 1 5 10 410PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATURElCDR1 [CDR1 of light chain variable region] 4Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile His 1 5 10 57PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATURElCDR2 [CDR2 of light chain variable region] 5Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser 1 5 69PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATURElCDR3 [CDR3 of light chain variable region] 6Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 1 5 75361DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureHuman alpha2 integrin DNA 7ctgcaaaccc agcgcaacta cggtcccccg gtcagaccca ggatggggcc agaacggaca 60ggggccgcgc cgctgccgct gctgctggtg ttagcgctca gtcaaggcat tttaaattgt 120tgtttggcct acaatgttgg tctcccagaa gcaaaaatat tttccggtcc ttcaagtgaa 180cagtttgggt atgcagtgca gcagtttata aatccaaaag gcaactggtt actggttggt 240tcaccctgga gtggctttcc tgagaaccga atgggagatg tgtataaatg tcctgttgac 300ctatccactg ccacatgtga aaaactaaat ttgcaaactt caacaagcat tccaaatgtt 360actgagatga aaaccaacat gagcctcggc ttgatcctca ccaggaacat gggaactgga 420ggttttctca catgtggtcc tctgtgggca cagcaatgtg ggaatcagta ttacacaacg 480ggtgtgtgtt ctgacatcag tcctgatttt cagctctcag ccagcttctc acctgcaact 540cagccctgcc cttccctcat agatgttgtg gttgtgtgtg atgaatcaaa tagtatttat 600ccttgggatg cagtaaagaa ttttttggaa aaatttgtac aaggccttga tataggcccc 660acaaagacac aggtggggtt aattcagtat gccaataatc caagagttgt gtttaacttg 720aacacatata aaaccaaaga agaaatgatt gtagcaacat cccagacatc ccaatatggt 780ggggacctca caaacacatt cggagcaatt caatatgcaa gaaaatatgc ctattcagca 840gcttctggtg ggcgacgaag tgctacgaaa gtaatggtag ttgtaactga cggtgaatca 900catgatggtt caatgttgaa agctgtgatt gatcaatgca accatgacaa tatactgagg 960tttggcatag cagttcttgg gtacttaaac agaaacgccc ttgatactaa aaatttaata 1020aaagaaataa aagcgatcgc tagtattcca acagaaagat actttttcaa tgtgtctgat 1080gaagcagctc tactagaaaa ggctgggaca ttaggagaac aaattttcag cattgaaggt 1140actgttcaag gaggagacaa ctttcagatg gaaatgtcac aagtgggatt cagtgcagat 1200tactcttctc aaaatgatat tctgatgctg ggtgcagtgg gagcttttgg ctggagtggg 1260accattgtcc agaagacatc tcatggccat ttgatctttc ctaaacaagc ctttgaccaa 1320attctgcagg acagaaatca cagttcatat ttaggttact ctgtggctgc aatttctact 1380ggagaaagca ctcactttgt tgctggtgct cctcgggcaa attataccgg ccagatagtg 1440ctatatagtg tgaatgagaa tggcaatatc acggttattc aggctcaccg aggtgaccag 1500attggctcct attttggtag tgtgctgtgt tcagttgatg tggataaaga caccattaca 1560gacgtgctct tggtaggtgc accaatgtac atgagtgacc taaagaaaga ggaaggaaga 1620gtctacctgt ttactatcaa aaagggcatt ttgggtcagc accaatttct tgaaggcccc 1680gagggcattg aaaacactcg atttggttca gcaattgcag ctctttcaga catcaacatg 1740gatggcttta atgatgtgat tgttggttca ccactagaaa atcagaattc tggagctgta 1800tacatttaca atggtcatca gggcactatc cgcacaaagt attcccagaa aatcttggga 1860tccgatggag cctttaggag ccatctccag tactttggga ggtccttgga tggctatgga 1920gatttaaatg gggattccat caccgatgtg tctattggtg cctttggaca agtggttcaa 1980ctctggtcac aaagtattgc tgatgtagct atagaagctt cattcacacc agaaaaaatc 2040actttggtca acaagaatgc tcagataatt ctcaaactct gcttcagtgc aaagttcaga 2100cctactaagc aaaacaatca agtggccatt gtatataaca tcacacttga tgcagatgga 2160ttttcatcca gagtaacctc cagggggtta tttaaagaaa acaatgaaag gtgcctgcag 2220aagaatatgg tagtaaatca agcacagagt tgccccgagc acatcattta tatacaggag 2280ccctctgatg ttgtcaactc tttggatttg cgtgtggaca tcagtctgga aaaccctggc 2340actagccctg cccttgaagc ctattctgag actgccaagg tcttcagtat tcctttccac 2400aaagactgtg gtgaggatgg actttgcatt tctgatctag tcctagatgt ccgacaaata 2460ccagctgctc aagaacaacc ctttattgtc agcaaccaaa acaaaaggtt aacattttca 2520gtaacactga aaaataaaag ggaaagtgca tacaacactg gaattgttgt tgatttttca 2580gaaaacttgt tttttgcatc attctcccta ccggttgatg ggacagaagt aacatgccag 2640gtggctgcat ctcagaagtc tgttgcctgc gatgtaggct accctgcttt aaagagagaa 2700caacaggtga cttttactat taactttgac ttcaatcttc aaaaccttca gaatcaggcg 2760tctctcagtt tccaagcctt aagtgaaagc caagaagaaa acaaggctga taatttggtc 2820aacctcaaaa ttcctctcct gtatgatgct gaaattcact taacaagatc taccaacata 2880aatttttatg aaatctcttc ggatgggaat gttccttcaa tcgtgcacag ttttgaagat 2940gttggtccaa aattcatctt ctccctgaag gtaacaacag gaagtgttcc agtaagcatg 3000gcaactgtaa tcatccacat ccctcagtat accaaagaaa agaacccact gatgtaccta 3060actggggtgc aaacagacaa ggctggtgac atcagttgta atgcagatat caatccactg 3120aaaataggac aaacatcttc ttctgtatct ttcaaaagtg aaaatttcag gcacaccaaa 3180gaattgaact gcagaactgc ttcctgtagt aatgttacct gctggttgaa agacgttcac 3240atgaaaggag aatactttgt taatgtgact accagaattt ggaacgggac tttcgcatca 3300tcaacgttcc agacagtaca gctaacggca gctgcagaaa tcaacaccta taaccctgag 3360atatatgtga ttgaagataa cactgttacg attcccctga tgataatgaa acctgatgag 3420aaagccgaag taccaacagg agttataata ggaagtataa ttgctggaat ccttttgctg 3480ttagctctgg ttgcaatttt atggaagctc ggcttcttca aaagaaaata tgaaaagatg 3540accaaaaatc cagatgagat tgatgagacc acagagctca gtagctgaac cagcagacct 3600acctgcagtg ggaaccggca gcatcccagc cagggtttgc tgtttgcgtg catggatttc 3660tttttaaatc ccatattttt tttatcatgt cgtaggtaaa ctaacctggt attttaagag 3720aaaactgcag gtcagtttgg atgaagaaat tgtggggggt gggggaggtg cggggggcag 3780gtagggaaat aatagggaaa atacctattt tatatgatgg gggaaaaaaa gtaatcttta 3840aactggctgg cccagagttt acattctaat ttgcattgtg tcagaaacat gaaatgcttc 3900caagcatgac aacttttaaa gaaaaatatg atactctcag attttaaggg ggaaaactgt 3960tctctttaaa atatttgtct ttaaacagca actacagaag tggaagtgct tgatatgtaa 4020gtacttccac ttgtgtatat tttaatgaat attgatgtta acaagagggg aaaacaaaac 4080acaggttttt tcaatttatg ctgctcatcc aaagttgcca cagatgatac ttccaagtga 4140taattttatt tataaactag gtaaaatttg ttgttggttc cttttatacc acggctgccc 4200cttccacacc ccatcttgct ctaatgatca aaacatgctt gaataactga gcttagagta 4260tacctcctat atgtccattt aagttaggag agggggcgat atagagacta aggcacaaaa 4320ttttgtttaa aactcagaat ataacattta tgtaaaatcc catctgctag aagcccatcc 4380tgtgccagag gaaggaaaag gaggaaattt cctttctctt ttaggaggca caacagttct 4440cttctaggat ttgtttggct gactggcagt aacctagtga atttttgaaa gatgagtaat 4500ttctttggca accttcctcc tcccttactg aaccactctc ccacctcctg gtggtaccat 4560tattatagaa gccctctaca gcctgacttt ctctccagcg gtccaaagtt atcccctcct 4620ttacccctca tccaaagttc ccactccttc aggacagctg ctgtgcatta gatattaggg 4680gggaaagtca tctgtttaat ttacacactt gcatgaatta ctgtatataa actccttaac 4740ttcagggagc tattttcatt tagtgctaaa caagtaagaa aaataagcta gagtgaattt 4800ctaaatgttg gaatgttatg ggatgtaaac aatgtaaagt aaaacactct caggatttca 4860ccagaagtta cagatgaggc actggaaacc accaccaaat tagcaggtgc accttctgtg 4920gctgtcttgt ttctgaagta ctttttcttc cacaagagtg aatttgacct aggcaagttt 4980gttcaaaagg tagatcctga gatgatttgg tcagattggg ataaggccca gcaatctgca 5040ttttaacaag caccccagtc actaggatgc agatggacca cactttgaga aacaccaccc 5100atttctactt tttgcacctt attttctctg ttcctgagcc cccacattct ctaggagaaa 5160cttagattaa aattcacaga cactacatat ctaaagcttt gacaagtcct tgacctctat 5220aaacttcaga gtcctcatta taaaatggga agactgagct ggagttcagc agtgatgctt 5280tttagtttta aaagtctatg atctgatctg gacttcctat aatacaaata cacaatcctc 5340caagaatttg acttggaaaa g 536181181PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREHuman alpha2 integrin 8Met Gly Pro Glu Arg Thr Gly Ala Ala Pro Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Leu Ala Leu Ser Gln Gly Ile Leu Asn Cys Cys Leu Ala Tyr Asn Val 20 25 30 Gly Leu Pro Glu Ala Lys Ile Phe Ser Gly Pro Ser Ser Glu Gln Phe 35 40 45 Gly Tyr Ala Val Gln Gln Phe Ile Asn Pro Lys Gly Asn Trp Leu Leu 50 55 60 Val Gly Ser Pro Trp Ser Gly Phe Pro Glu Asn Arg Met Gly Asp Val 65 70 75 80 Tyr Lys Cys Pro Val Asp Leu Ser Thr Ala Thr Cys Glu Lys Leu Asn 85 90 95 Leu Gln Thr Ser Thr Ser Ile Pro Asn Val Thr Glu Met Lys Thr Asn 100 105 110 Met Ser Leu Gly Leu Ile Leu Thr Arg Asn Met Gly Thr Gly Gly Phe 115 120 125 Leu Thr Cys Gly Pro Leu Trp Ala Gln Gln Cys Gly Asn Gln Tyr Tyr 130 135 140 Thr Thr Gly Val Cys Ser Asp Ile Ser Pro Asp Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala 145 150 155 160 Ser Phe Ser Pro Ala Thr Gln Pro Cys Pro Ser Leu Ile Asp Val Val 165 170 175 Val Val Cys Asp Glu Ser Asn Ser Ile Tyr Pro Trp Asp Ala Val Lys 180 185 190 Asn Phe Leu Glu Lys Phe Val Gln Gly Leu Asp Ile Gly Pro Thr Lys 195 200 205 Thr Gln Val Gly Leu Ile Gln Tyr Ala Asn Asn Pro Arg Val Val Phe 210 215 220 Asn Leu Asn Thr Tyr Lys Thr Lys Glu Glu Met Ile Val Ala Thr Ser 225 230 235 240 Gln Thr Ser Gln Tyr Gly Gly Asp Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Gly Ala Ile 245 250 255 Gln Tyr Ala Arg Lys Tyr Ala Tyr Ser Ala Ala Ser Gly Gly Arg Arg 260 265 270 Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Met Val Val Val Thr Asp Gly Glu Ser His Asp 275 280 285 Gly Ser Met Leu Lys Ala Val Ile Asp Gln Cys Asn His Asp Asn Ile 290 295 300 Leu Arg Phe Gly Ile Ala Val Leu Gly Tyr Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Leu 305 310 315 320 Asp Thr Lys Asn Leu Ile Lys Glu Ile Lys Ala Ile Ala Ser Ile Pro 325 330 335 Thr Glu Arg Tyr Phe Phe Asn Val Ser Asp Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Glu 340 345 350 Lys Ala Gly Thr Leu Gly Glu Gln Ile Phe Ser Ile Glu Gly Thr Val 355 360 365 Gln Gly Gly Asp Asn Phe Gln Met Glu Met Ser Gln Val Gly Phe Ser 370 375 380 Ala Asp Tyr Ser Ser Gln Asn Asp Ile Leu Met Leu Gly Ala Val Gly 385 390 395 400 Ala Phe Gly Trp Ser Gly Thr Ile Val Gln Lys Thr Ser His Gly His 405 410 415 Leu Ile Phe Pro Lys Gln Ala Phe Asp Gln Ile Leu Gln Asp Arg Asn 420 425 430 His Ser Ser Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Ser Val Ala Ala Ile Ser Thr Gly Glu 435 440 445 Ser Thr His Phe Val Ala Gly Ala Pro Arg Ala Asn Tyr Thr Gly Gln 450 455 460 Ile Val Leu Tyr Ser Val Asn Glu Asn Gly Asn Ile Thr Val Ile Gln 465 470 475 480 Ala His Arg Gly Asp Gln Ile Gly Ser Tyr Phe Gly Ser Val Leu Cys 485 490 495 Ser Val Asp Val Asp Lys Asp Thr Ile Thr Asp Val Leu Leu Val Gly 500 505 510 Ala Pro Met Tyr Met Ser Asp Leu Lys Lys Glu Glu Gly Arg Val Tyr 515 520 525 Leu Phe Thr Ile Lys Lys Gly Ile Leu Gly Gln His Gln Phe Leu Glu 530 535 540 Gly Pro Glu Gly Ile Glu Asn Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala Ala 545 550 555 560 Leu Ser Asp Ile Asn Met Asp Gly Phe Asn Asp Val Ile Val Gly Ser 565 570 575 Pro Leu Glu Asn Gln Asn Ser Gly Ala Val Tyr Ile Tyr Asn Gly His 580 585 590 Gln Gly Thr Ile Arg Thr Lys Tyr Ser Gln Lys Ile Leu Gly Ser Asp 595 600 605 Gly Ala Phe Arg Ser His Leu Gln Tyr Phe Gly Arg Ser Leu Asp Gly 610 615 620 Tyr Gly Asp Leu Asn Gly Asp Ser Ile Thr Asp Val Ser Ile Gly Ala 625 630 635 640 Phe Gly Gln Val Val Gln Leu Trp Ser Gln Ser Ile Ala Asp Val Ala 645 650 655 Ile Glu Ala Ser Phe Thr Pro Glu Lys Ile Thr Leu Val Asn Lys Asn 660 665 670 Ala Gln Ile Ile Leu Lys Leu Cys Phe Ser Ala Lys Phe Arg Pro Thr 675 680 685 Lys Gln Asn Asn Gln Val Ala Ile Val Tyr Asn Ile Thr Leu Asp Ala 690 695 700 Asp Gly Phe Ser Ser Arg Val Thr Ser Arg Gly Leu Phe Lys Glu Asn 705 710 715 720 Asn Glu Arg Cys Leu Gln Lys Asn Met Val Val Asn Gln Ala Gln Ser 725 730 735 Cys Pro Glu His Ile Ile Tyr Ile Gln Glu Pro Ser Asp Val Val Asn 740 745 750 Ser Leu Asp Leu Arg Val Asp Ile Ser Leu Glu Asn Pro Gly Thr Ser 755 760 765 Pro Ala Leu Glu Ala Tyr Ser Glu Thr Ala Lys Val Phe Ser Ile Pro 770 775 780 Phe His Lys Asp Cys Gly Glu Asp Gly Leu Cys Ile Ser Asp Leu Val 785 790 795 800 Leu Asp Val Arg Gln Ile Pro Ala Ala Gln Glu Gln Pro Phe Ile Val 805 810 815 Ser Asn Gln Asn Lys Arg Leu Thr Phe Ser Val Thr Leu Lys Asn Lys 820 825 830 Arg Glu Ser Ala Tyr Asn Thr Gly Ile Val Val Asp Phe Ser Glu Asn 835 840 845 Leu Phe Phe Ala Ser Phe Ser Leu Pro Val Asp Gly Thr Glu Val Thr 850 855 860 Cys Gln Val Ala Ala Ser Gln Lys Ser Val Ala Cys Asp Val Gly Tyr 865 870 875 880 Pro Ala Leu Lys Arg Glu Gln Gln Val Thr Phe Thr Ile Asn Phe Asp 885 890 895 Phe Asn Leu Gln Asn Leu Gln Asn Gln Ala Ser Leu Ser Phe Gln Ala 900 905 910 Leu Ser Glu Ser Gln Glu Glu Asn Lys Ala Asp Asn Leu Val Asn Leu 915 920 925 Lys Ile Pro Leu Leu Tyr Asp Ala Glu Ile His Leu Thr Arg Ser Thr 930 935 940 Asn Ile Asn Phe Tyr Glu Ile Ser Ser Asp Gly Asn Val Pro Ser Ile 945 950 955 960 Val His Ser Phe Glu Asp Val Gly Pro Lys Phe Ile Phe Ser Leu Lys 965 970 975 Val Thr Thr Gly Ser Val Pro Val Ser Met Ala Thr Val Ile Ile His 980 985 990 Ile Pro Gln Tyr Thr Lys Glu Lys Asn Pro Leu Met Tyr Leu Thr Gly 995 1000 1005 Val Gln Thr Asp Lys Ala Gly Asp Ile Ser Cys Asn Ala Asp Ile 1010 1015 1020 Asn Pro Leu Lys Ile Gly Gln Thr Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Phe Lys 1025 1030 1035 Ser Glu Asn Phe Arg His Thr Lys Glu Leu Asn Cys Arg Thr Ala 1040 1045 1050 Ser Cys Ser Asn Val Thr Cys Trp Leu Lys Asp Val His Met Lys 1055 1060 1065 Gly Glu Tyr Phe Val Asn Val Thr Thr Arg Ile Trp Asn Gly Thr 1070 1075 1080 Phe Ala Ser Ser Thr Phe Gln Thr Val Gln Leu Thr Ala Ala Ala 1085 1090 1095 Glu Ile Asn Thr Tyr Asn Pro Glu Ile Tyr Val Ile Glu Asp Asn 1100 1105 1110 Thr Val Thr Ile Pro Leu Met Ile Met Lys Pro Asp Glu Lys Ala 1115 1120 1125 Glu Val Pro Thr Gly Val Ile Ile Gly Ser Ile Ile Ala Gly Ile 1130 1135 1140 Leu Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu Val Ala Ile Leu Trp Lys Leu Gly Phe 1145 1150 1155 Phe Lys Arg Lys Tyr Glu Lys Met Thr Lys Asn Pro Asp Glu Ile 1160 1165 1170 Asp Glu Thr Thr Glu Leu Ser Ser 1175 1180 93700DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureHuman beta1 integrin DNA 9agccgccgcc acccgccgcg cccgacaccc gggaggcccc gccagcccgc gggagaggcc 60cagcgggagt cgcggaacag caggcccgag cccaccgcgc cgggccccgg acgccgcgcg 120gaaaagatga atttacaacc aattttctgg attggactga tcagttcagt ttgctgtgtg 180tttgctcaaa cagatgaaaa tagatgttta aaagcaaatg ccaaatcatg tggagaatgt 240atacaagcag ggccaaattg tgggtggtgc acaaattcaa catttttaca ggaaggaatg 300cctacttctg cacgatgtga tgatttagaa gccttaaaaa agaagggttg ccctccagat 360gacatagaaa atcccagagg ctccaaagat ataaagaaaa ataaaaatgt aaccaaccgt 420agcaaaggaa cagcagagaa gctcaagcca gaggatatta ctcagatcca accacagcag 480ttggttttgc gattaagatc aggggagcca cagacattta cattaaaatt caagagagct 540gaagactatc ccattgacct ctactacctt atggacctgt cttactcaat gaaagacgat 600ttggagaatg taaaaagtct tggaacagat ctgatgaatg aaatgaggag gattacttcg 660gacttcagaa ttggatttgg ctcatttgtg gaaaagactg tgatgcctta cattagcaca 720acaccagcta agctcaggaa cccttgcaca agtgaacaga actgcaccag cccatttagc 780tacaaaaatg tgctcagtct tactaataaa ggagaagtat ttaatgaact tgttggaaaa 840cagcgcatat ctggaaattt ggattctcca gaaggtggtt tcgatgccat catgcaagtt 900gcagtttgtg gatcactgat

tggctggagg aatgttacac ggctgctggt gttttccaca 960gatgccgggt ttcactttgc tggagatggg aaacttggtg gcattgtttt accaaatgat 1020ggacaatgtc acctggaaaa taatatgtac acaatgagcc attattatga ttatccttct 1080attgctcacc ttgtccagaa actgagtgaa aataatattc agacaatttt tgcagttact 1140gaagaatttc agcctgttta caaggagctg aaaaacttga tccctaagtc agcagtagga 1200acattatctg caaattctag caatgtaatt cagttgatca ttgatgcata caattccctt 1260tcctcagaag tcattttgga aaacggcaaa ttgtcagaag gagtaacaat aagttacaaa 1320tcttactgca agaacggggt gaatggaaca ggggaaaatg gaagaaaatg ttccaatatt 1380tccattggag atgaggttca atttgaaatt agcataactt caaataagtg tccaaaaaag 1440gattctgaca gctttaaaat taggcctctg ggctttacgg aggaagtaga ggttattctt 1500cagtacatct gtgaatgtga atgccaaagc gaaggcatcc ctgaaagtcc caagtgtcat 1560gaaggaaatg ggacatttga gtgtggcgcg tgcaggtgca atgaagggcg tgttggtaga 1620cattgtgaat gcagcacaga tgaagttaac agtgaagaca tggatgctta ctgcaggaaa 1680gaaaacagtt cagaaatctg cagtaacaat ggagagtgcg tctgcggaca gtgtgtttgt 1740aggaagaggg ataatacaaa tgaaatttat tctggcaaat tctgcgagtg tgataatttc 1800aactgtgata gatccaatgg cttaatttgt ggaggaaatg gtgtttgcaa gtgtcgtgtg 1860tgtgagtgca accccaacta cactggcagt gcatgtgact gttctttgga tactagtact 1920tgtgaagcca gcaacggaca gatctgcaat ggccggggca tctgcgagtg tggtgtctgt 1980aagtgtacag atccgaagtt tcaagggcaa acgtgtgaga tgtgtcagac ctgccttggt 2040gtctgtgctg agcataaaga atgtgttcag tgcagagcct tcaataaagg agaaaagaaa 2100gacacatgca cacaggaatg ttcctatttt aacattacca aggtagaaag tcgggacaaa 2160ttaccccagc cggtccaacc tgatcctgtg tcccattgta aggagaagga tgttgacgac 2220tgttggttct attttacgta ttcagtgaat gggaacaacg aggtcatggt tcatgttgtg 2280gagaatccag agtgtcccac tggtccagac atcattccaa ttgtagctgg tgtggttgct 2340ggaattgttc ttattggcct tgcattactg ctgatatgga agcttttaat gataattcat 2400gacagaaggg agtttgctaa atttgaaaag gagaaaatga atgccaaatg ggacacgggt 2460gaaaatccta tttataagag tgccgtaaca actgtggtca atccgaagta tgagggaaaa 2520tgagtactgc ccgtgcaaat cccacaacac tgaatgcaaa gtagcaattt ccatagtcac 2580agttaggtag ctttagggca atattgccat ggttttactc atgtgcaggt tttgaaaatg 2640tacaatatgt ataattttta aaatgtttta ttattttgaa aataatgttg taattcatgc 2700cagggactga caaaagactt gagacaggat ggttattctt gtcagctaag gtcacattgt 2760gcctttttga ccttttcttc ctggactatt gaaatcaagc ttattggatt aagtgatatt 2820tctatagcga ttgaaagggc aatagttaaa gtaatgagca tgatgagagt ttctgttaat 2880catgtattaa aactgatttt tagctttaca aatatgtcag tttgcagtta tgcagaatcc 2940aaagtaaatg tcctgctagc tagttaagga ttgttttaaa tctgttattt tgctatttgc 3000ctgttagaca tgactgatga catatctgaa agacaagtat gttgagagtt gctggtgtaa 3060aatacgtttg aaatagttga tctacaaagg ccatgggaaa aattcagaga gttaggaagg 3120aaaaaccaat agctttaaaa cctgtgtgcc attttaagag ttacttaatg tttggtaact 3180tttatgcctt cactttacaa attcaagcct tagataaaag aaccgagcaa ttttctgcta 3240aaaagtcctt gatttagcac tatttacata caggccatac tttacaaagt atttgctgaa 3300tggggacctt ttgagttgaa tttattttat tatttttatt ttgtttaatg tctggtgctt 3360tctatcacct cttctaatct tttaatgtat ttgtttgcaa ttttggggta agactttttt 3420atgagtactt tttctttgaa gttttagcgg tcaatttgcc tttttaatga acatgtgaag 3480ttatactgtg gctatgcaac agctctcacc tacgcgagtc ttactttgag ttagtgccat 3540aacagaccac tgtatgttta cttctcacca tttgagttgc ccatcttgtt tcacactagt 3600cacattcttg ttttaagtgc ctttagtttt aacagttcac tttttacagt gctatttact 3660gaagttattt attaaatatg cctaaaatac ttaaatcgga 370010798PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREHuman beta1 integrin 10Met Asn Leu Gln Pro Ile Phe Trp Ile Gly Leu Ile Ser Ser Val Cys 1 5 10 15 Cys Val Phe Ala Gln Thr Asp Glu Asn Arg Cys Leu Lys Ala Asn Ala 20 25 30 Lys Ser Cys Gly Glu Cys Ile Gln Ala Gly Pro Asn Cys Gly Trp Cys 35 40 45 Thr Asn Ser Thr Phe Leu Gln Glu Gly Met Pro Thr Ser Ala Arg Cys 50 55 60 Asp Asp Leu Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Lys Gly Cys Pro Pro Asp Asp Ile 65 70 75 80 Glu Asn Pro Arg Gly Ser Lys Asp Ile Lys Lys Asn Lys Asn Val Thr 85 90 95 Asn Arg Ser Lys Gly Thr Ala Glu Lys Leu Lys Pro Glu Asp Ile Thr 100 105 110 Gln Ile Gln Pro Gln Gln Leu Val Leu Arg Leu Arg Ser Gly Glu Pro 115 120 125 Gln Thr Phe Thr Leu Lys Phe Lys Arg Ala Glu Asp Tyr Pro Ile Asp 130 135 140 Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Met Asp Leu Ser Tyr Ser Met Lys Asp Asp Leu Glu 145 150 155 160 Asn Val Lys Ser Leu Gly Thr Asp Leu Met Asn Glu Met Arg Arg Ile 165 170 175 Thr Ser Asp Phe Arg Ile Gly Phe Gly Ser Phe Val Glu Lys Thr Val 180 185 190 Met Pro Tyr Ile Ser Thr Thr Pro Ala Lys Leu Arg Asn Pro Cys Thr 195 200 205 Ser Glu Gln Asn Cys Thr Ser Pro Phe Ser Tyr Lys Asn Val Leu Ser 210 215 220 Leu Thr Asn Lys Gly Glu Val Phe Asn Glu Leu Val Gly Lys Gln Arg 225 230 235 240 Ile Ser Gly Asn Leu Asp Ser Pro Glu Gly Gly Phe Asp Ala Ile Met 245 250 255 Gln Val Ala Val Cys Gly Ser Leu Ile Gly Trp Arg Asn Val Thr Arg 260 265 270 Leu Leu Val Phe Ser Thr Asp Ala Gly Phe His Phe Ala Gly Asp Gly 275 280 285 Lys Leu Gly Gly Ile Val Leu Pro Asn Asp Gly Gln Cys His Leu Glu 290 295 300 Asn Asn Met Tyr Thr Met Ser His Tyr Tyr Asp Tyr Pro Ser Ile Ala 305 310 315 320 His Leu Val Gln Lys Leu Ser Glu Asn Asn Ile Gln Thr Ile Phe Ala 325 330 335 Val Thr Glu Glu Phe Gln Pro Val Tyr Lys Glu Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile 340 345 350 Pro Lys Ser Ala Val Gly Thr Leu Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Asn Val Ile 355 360 365 Gln Leu Ile Ile Asp Ala Tyr Asn Ser Leu Ser Ser Glu Val Ile Leu 370 375 380 Glu Asn Gly Lys Leu Ser Glu Gly Val Thr Ile Ser Tyr Lys Ser Tyr 385 390 395 400 Cys Lys Asn Gly Val Asn Gly Thr Gly Glu Asn Gly Arg Lys Cys Ser 405 410 415 Asn Ile Ser Ile Gly Asp Glu Val Gln Phe Glu Ile Ser Ile Thr Ser 420 425 430 Asn Lys Cys Pro Lys Lys Asp Ser Asp Ser Phe Lys Ile Arg Pro Leu 435 440 445 Gly Phe Thr Glu Glu Val Glu Val Ile Leu Gln Tyr Ile Cys Glu Cys 450 455 460 Glu Cys Gln Ser Glu Gly Ile Pro Glu Ser Pro Lys Cys His Glu Gly 465 470 475 480 Asn Gly Thr Phe Glu Cys Gly Ala Cys Arg Cys Asn Glu Gly Arg Val 485 490 495 Gly Arg His Cys Glu Cys Ser Thr Asp Glu Val Asn Ser Glu Asp Met 500 505 510 Asp Ala Tyr Cys Arg Lys Glu Asn Ser Ser Glu Ile Cys Ser Asn Asn 515 520 525 Gly Glu Cys Val Cys Gly Gln Cys Val Cys Arg Lys Arg Asp Asn Thr 530 535 540 Asn Glu Ile Tyr Ser Gly Lys Phe Cys Glu Cys Asp Asn Phe Asn Cys 545 550 555 560 Asp Arg Ser Asn Gly Leu Ile Cys Gly Gly Asn Gly Val Cys Lys Cys 565 570 575 Arg Val Cys Glu Cys Asn Pro Asn Tyr Thr Gly Ser Ala Cys Asp Cys 580 585 590 Ser Leu Asp Thr Ser Thr Cys Glu Ala Ser Asn Gly Gln Ile Cys Asn 595 600 605 Gly Arg Gly Ile Cys Glu Cys Gly Val Cys Lys Cys Thr Asp Pro Lys 610 615 620 Phe Gln Gly Gln Thr Cys Glu Met Cys Gln Thr Cys Leu Gly Val Cys 625 630 635 640 Ala Glu His Lys Glu Cys Val Gln Cys Arg Ala Phe Asn Lys Gly Glu 645 650 655 Lys Lys Asp Thr Cys Thr Gln Glu Cys Ser Tyr Phe Asn Ile Thr Lys 660 665 670 Val Glu Ser Arg Asp Lys Leu Pro Gln Pro Val Gln Pro Asp Pro Val 675 680 685 Ser His Cys Lys Glu Lys Asp Val Asp Asp Cys Trp Phe Tyr Phe Thr 690 695 700 Tyr Ser Val Asn Gly Asn Asn Glu Val Met Val His Val Val Glu Asn 705 710 715 720 Pro Glu Cys Pro Thr Gly Pro Asp Ile Ile Pro Ile Val Ala Gly Val 725 730 735 Val Ala Gly Ile Val Leu Ile Gly Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Ile Trp Lys 740 745 750 Leu Leu Met Ile Ile His Asp Arg Arg Glu Phe Ala Lys Phe Glu Lys 755 760 765 Glu Lys Met Asn Ala Lys Trp Asp Thr Gly Glu Asn Pro Ile Tyr Lys 770 775 780 Ser Ala Val Thr Thr Val Val Asn Pro Lys Tyr Glu Gly Lys 785 790 795 11226PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREHuman alpha2 I domain 11Ser Pro Asp Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala Ser Phe Ser Pro Ala Thr Gln Pro 1 5 10 15 Cys Pro Ser Leu Ile Asp Val Val Val Val Cys Asp Glu Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 Ile Tyr Pro Trp Asp Ala Val Lys Asn Phe Leu Glu Lys Phe Val Gln 35 40 45 Gly Leu Asp Ile Gly Pro Thr Lys Thr Gln Val Gly Leu Ile Gln Tyr 50 55 60 Ala Asn Asn Pro Arg Val Val Phe Asn Leu Asn Thr Tyr Lys Thr Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu Glu Met Ile Val Ala Thr Ser Gln Thr Ser Gln Tyr Gly Gly Asp 85 90 95 Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Gly Ala Ile Gln Tyr Ala Arg Lys Tyr Ala Tyr 100 105 110 Ser Ala Ala Ser Gly Gly Arg Arg Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Met Val Val 115 120 125 Val Thr Asp Gly Glu Ser His Asp Gly Ser Met Leu Lys Ala Val Ile 130 135 140 Asp Gln Cys Asn His Asp Asn Ile Leu Arg Phe Gly Ile Ala Val Leu 145 150 155 160 Gly Tyr Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Leu Asp Thr Lys Asn Leu Ile Lys Glu 165 170 175 Ile Lys Ala Ile Ala Ser Ile Pro Thr Glu Arg Tyr Phe Phe Asn Val 180 185 190 Ser Asp Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Glu Lys Ala Gly Thr Leu Gly Glu Gln 195 200 205 Ile Phe Ser Ile Glu Gly Thr Val Gln Gly Gly Asp Asn Phe Gln Met 210 215 220 Glu Met 225 1271PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREFW1-3 4-59 [FW=1-25; FW2=26-39; FW3=40-71] 12Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly 20 25 30 Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile Gly Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Val Asp Thr Ser 35 40 45 Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr 50 55 60 Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg 65 70 1311PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREFW4 4-59 [NCBI entry gi/33583] 13Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 1 5 10 1427DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVHL-for [forward primer] 14ccatggctgt cttggggctg ctcttct 271517DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureHC-rev [reverse primer] 15ggggccagtg gatagac 171628DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVLL-for [forward primer] 16ccatggattt tcaagtgcag attttcag 281717DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureLCkappa-rev [reverse primer] 17gttggtgcag catcagc 1718318DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC-2206 VL 18caa ttt gtt ctc acc cag tct cca gca ttc ttg tct gct tct cca ggg 48Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Ala Ser Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 gag aag gtc acc atg acc tgc agt gcc aac tca agt gtg aat tac att 96Glu Lys Val Thr Met Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 cac tgg tac cag cag aag tca ggc acc tcc ccc aaa aaa tgg att tat 144His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 gac act tcc aaa ctg gct tct gga gtc cct gtt cgc ttc agt ggc agt 192Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Val Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 gga tct ggg acc tct tac tct ctc aca atc agc agc atg gag act gag 240Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser Tyr Ser Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Met Glu Thr Glu 65 70 75 80 gat gct gcc act tat tac tgc cag cag tgg act act aac cca ctc acg 288Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 ttc ggt gct ggg acc agg gtg gag ctg aaa 318Phe Gly Ala Gly Thr Arg Val Glu Leu Lys 100 105 19106PRTHomo Sapiens 19Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Ala Ser Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Met Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Ser Gly Thr Ser Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Val Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser Tyr Ser Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Met Glu Thr Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Ala Gly Thr Arg Val Glu Leu Lys 100 105 20357DNAHomo sapiensCDS(1)..(357)misc_feature(1)..(357)TMC-2206 VH 20cag gtg cag ttg aag gag tca gga cct ggc ctg gtg gcg ccc tca cag 48Gln Val Gln Leu Lys Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Ala Pro Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 agc ctg tcc atc act tgt act gtc tct gga ttt tca tta acc aac tat 96Ser Leu Ser Ile Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 ggt att cac tgg gtt cgc cag cct cca gga aag ggt ctg gag tgg ctg 144Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 gga gtg ata tgg gct cgt gga ttc aca aat tat aat tcg gct ctc atg 192Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 tcc aga ctg atc atc aca aaa gac aat tcc cag agt caa gtc ttc tta 240Ser Arg Leu Ile Ile Thr Lys Asp Asn Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 aaa atg aac agt cta caa cct gat gac tca gcc act tac ttc tgt gcc 288Lys Met Asn Ser Leu Gln Pro Asp Asp Ser Ala Thr Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 aga gcg aac gac ggg gtc tat tat gct atg gac tac tgg ggt cag gga 336Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 acc tca gtc acc gtc tcc tca 357Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 21119PRTHomo sapiens 21Gln Val Gln Leu Lys Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Ala Pro Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Ser Ile Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Ile Ile Thr Lys Asp Asn Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Met Asn Ser Leu Gln Pro Asp Asp Ser Ala Thr Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 2231DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC-2206-r5' [forward primer] 22cccgaattca caggtgcagt tgaaggagtc a

312335DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC-2206-r3' [reverse primer] 23cgggatcctt aggatcattt accaggagag tggga 352431DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC-2206-k5' [forward primer] 24cccgaattca caatttgttc tcacccagtc t 312535DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC-2206-k3' [reverse primer] 25cgggatcctt atctctaaca ctcattcctg ttgaa 352622PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREIgkappa (Igk) leader sequence 26Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Gly Ser Thr Gly Asp 20 2776DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureIgkappa-S Oligonucleotides [Primer] 27tcgagccacc atggagacag acacactcct gctatgggta ctgctgctct gggttccagg 60ttccactgga gacgcg 762876DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureIgkappa-AS oligonucleotides [Primer] 28aattcgcgtc tccagtggaa cctggaaccc agagcagcag tacccatagc aggagtgtgt 60ctgtctccat ggtggc 762933DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC2206VH-hIgG1/4Fc-SalI 29cttggtcgac gctgaggaga cggtgactga ggt 333030DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehIgG1/4Fc-SalI-F [forward primer] 30tcagcgtcga ccaagggccc atcsgtcttc 303148DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehIgG1/4Fc-NotI-R [reverse primer] 31aagggaagcg gccgcttatc atttacccyg agacagggag aggctctt 483239DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC2206VL-hKc-SalI [reverse primer] 32tcgtttgatg tcgaccttgg tcccagcacc gaacgtgag 393335DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehKc-SalI-F [forward primer] 33accaaggtcg acatcaaacg aactgtggct gcacc 353445DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehKc-NotI-R [reverse primer] 34aagggaagcg gccgcttatc arcactctcc cctgttgaag ctctt 453529DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC-2206VLwt-hKc-F [forward primer] 35agggtggagc tgaaacgaac tgtggctgc 293624DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureTMC-2206VLwt-hKc-R [reverse primer] 36tcgtttcagc tccaccctgg tccc 2437107PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREA14 VL germline protein 37Asp Val Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Gln Ala Ser Glu Gly Ile Gly Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Tyr Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Lys Tyr Ala Ser Gln Ser Ile Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 3810PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREFW 4 of mature kappa light chain 38Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 1 5 10 39121PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATURE4-59 VH germline protein 39Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Gly Ser Ile Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Tyr Trp Ser Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Tyr Ile Tyr Tyr Ser Gly Ser Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu Lys 50 55 60 Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Val Asp Thr Ser Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg His Asn Ser Ser Ser Trp Tyr Gly Arg Tyr Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 40119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH1.0 40Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 41106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL1.0 41Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 4248DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH3.0-F [forward primer] 42agcgtggaca ccagcaagaa ccagttcagc ctgaagctga gcagcgtg 484351DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH3.0-R [reverse primer] 43gttcttgctg gtgtccacgc tgatggtcac gcgggacatg agagcgctgt t 514448DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH4.0-F [forward primer] 44cctccaggca agggcctgga gtggatcggc gtgatatggg ctcgcggc 484551DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH4.0-R [reverse primer] 45ctccaggccc ttgcctggag gctggcgtat ccagtggatg ccatagttgg t 514633DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL3.0-F [forward primer] 46cccaagctcc tgatctatga cacttccaag ctg 334742DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL3.0-R [reverse primer] 47agtgtcatag atcaggagct tgggggcctg gtcgggcttc tg 424845DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL4.0-F [forward primer] 48gacgcgaatt cagacgtggt gatgacccag tctccagcat tcctg 454924DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH2.0-F [forward primer] 49gtgaccatca gcaaggacaa cagc 245045DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH2.0-R [reverse primer] 50gctgttgtcc ttgctgatgg tcacgcggga catgagagcg ctgtt 455127DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH5.0-F [forward primer] 51atcggcgtga tatgggctcg cggcttc 275245DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH5.0-R [reverse primer] 52gccgcgagcc catatcacgc cgatccactc caggcccttg cctgg 455324DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH6.0-F [forward primer] 53atatgggctc gcggcttcac aaac 245424DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH6.0-R [reverse primer] 54gtttgtgaag ccgcgagccc atat 245545DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH7.0-F [forward primer] 55gccgcggaca ccgccgtgta ctactgcgcc agagccaacg acggg 455627DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH7.0-R [reverse primer] 56gtagtacacg gcggtgtccg cggcggt 275727DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH8.0-F [forward primer] 57atatccaact atggcatcca ctgggtt 275848DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVH8.0-R [reverse primer] 58ccagtggatg ccatagttgg atatgctaaa tccagagacg gtacaggt 485945DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL2.0-R [reverse primer] 59cagcttggaa gtgtcataga tcaatttctt gggggcctgg tcggg 456045DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL5.0-F [forward primer] 60gacgcgaatt cagacttcgt gctgacccag tctccagcat tcctg 456145DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL6.0-F [forward primer] 61gacgcgaatt cacagttcgt gatgacccag tctccagcat tcctg 456245DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL7.0-F [forward primer] 62gacgcgaatt cagacttcgt gatgacccag tctccagcat tcctg 456327DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL8.0-F [forward primer] 63ttcaccttca ccatcagcag cctggag 276448DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehVL8.0-R [reverse primer] 64ctccaggctg ctgatggtga aggtgaagtc ggtgccgctg ccgctgcc 486528DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehLCQ3-F [forward primer] 65ccaatcaagc gtgaactaca ttcactgg 286648DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehLCQ3-R [reverse primer] 66ccagtgaatg tagttcacgc ttgattgggc gctgcaggtg atggtcac 486723DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureIgk-For [forward primer] 67actcctgcta tgggtactgc tgc 236822DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehIgG1Fc-CH1-R [reverse primer] 68gaagtagtcc ttgaccaggc ag 226922DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureCI-neo-msc3' [Primer] 69tttcactgca ttctagttgt gg 2270119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH2.0 70Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 71119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH3.0 71Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Val Asp Thr Ser Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 72119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH4.0 72Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 73119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH5.0 73Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 74119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH6.0 74Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 75119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH7.0 75Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 76119PRTHomo sapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH8.0 76Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Ile Ser Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 77119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH9.0 77Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Xaa 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Val Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115

78119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH10.0 78Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Thr Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 79119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH11.0 79Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Xaa 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 80106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL2.0 80Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 81106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL3.0 81Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 82106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL4.0 82Asp Val Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 83106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL5.0 83Asp Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 84106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL6.0 84Gln Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 85106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL7.0 85Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 86106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL8.0 86Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 87106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL9.0 87Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Lys 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 88106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL10.0 88Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 89106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL11.0 89Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 90106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL1.0Q 90Gln Phe Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Gln Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Trp Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 91106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL10.0Q 91Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Gln Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 92106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL12.0Q 92Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Gln Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 93222PRTRattus rattusMISC_FEATURERat alpha2 integrin I domain protein 93Ser Pro Asp Phe Gln Ser Leu Thr Ser Phe Ser Pro Ala Val Gln Asp 1 5 10 15 Val Val Val Val Cys Asp Glu Ser Asn Ser Ile Tyr Pro Trp Glu Ala 20 25 30 Val Lys Asn Phe Leu Glu Lys Phe Val Gln Gly Leu Asp Ile Gly Pro 35 40 45 Lys Lys Thr Gln Val Ala Leu Ile Gln Tyr Ala Asn Asp Pro Arg Val 50 55 60 Val Phe Asn Leu Thr Thr Tyr Lys Asn Lys Glu Asp Met Val Gln Ala 65 70 75 80 Thr Ser Glu Thr Arg Gln Tyr Gly Gly Asp Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Lys 85 90 95 Ala Ile Gln Phe Ala Arg Asp Ile Ala Tyr Leu Pro Glu Ser Gly Gly 100 105 110 Arg Pro Gly Ala Thr Lys Val Met Val Val Val Thr Asp Gly Glu Ser 115 120 125 His Asp Gly Ser Lys Leu Gln Thr Val Ile Gln Gln Cys Asn Asp Asp 130 135 140 Glu Ile Leu Arg Phe Gly Ile Ala Val Leu Gly Tyr Leu Asn Arg Asn 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Asp Thr Lys Asn Leu Ile Lys Glu Ile Lys Ala Ile Ala Ser 165 170 175 Thr Pro Thr Glu Arg Tyr Phe Phe Asn Val Ala Asp Glu Ala Ala Leu 180 185 190 Leu Glu Lys Ala Gly Thr Leu Gly Glu His Ile Phe Ser Ile Glu Gly 195 200 205 Thr Val Gln Gly Gly Asp Asn Phe Gln Met Glu Met Ala Gln 210 215 220 94228PRTMus musculusMISC_FEATUREMouse alpha2 integrin I domain protein 94Ser Pro Asp Phe Gln Phe Leu Thr Ser Phe Ser Pro Ala Val Gln Ala 1 5 10 15 Cys Pro Ser Leu Val Asp Val Val Val Val Cys Asp Glu Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 Ile Tyr Pro Trp Glu Ala Val Lys Asn Phe Leu Val Lys Phe Val Thr 35 40 45 Gly Leu Asp Ile Gly Pro Lys Lys Thr Gln Val Ala Leu Ile Gln Tyr 50 55 60 Ala Asn Glu Pro Arg Ile Ile Phe Asn Leu Asn Asp Phe Glu Thr Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Met Val Gln Ala Thr Ser Glu Thr Arg Gln His Gly Gly Asp 85 90 95 Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Arg Ala Ile Glu Phe Ala Arg Asp Tyr Ala Tyr 100 105 110 Ser Gln Thr Ser Gly Gly Arg Pro Gly Ala Thr Lys Val Met Val Val 115 120 125 Val Thr Asp Gly Glu Ser His Asp Gly Ser Lys Leu Lys Thr Val Ile 130 135 140 Gln Gln Cys Asn Asp Asp Glu Ile Leu Arg Phe Gly Ile Ala Val Leu 145 150 155 160 Gly Tyr Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Leu Asp Thr Lys Asn Leu Ile Lys Glu 165 170 175 Ile Lys Ala Ile Ala Ser Thr Pro Thr Glu Arg Tyr Phe Phe Asn Val 180 185 190 Ser Asp Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Glu Lys Ala Gly Thr Leu Gly Glu Gln 195 200 205 Ile Phe Ser Ile Glu Gly Thr Val Gln Gly Gly Asp Asn Phe Gln Met 210 215 220 Glu Met Ser Gln 225 9526DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureKappa-F 95cgaactgtgg ctgcaccatc tgtctt 269641DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureKappa-BamHI-R 96aattcggatc cttactaaca ctctcccctg ttgaagctct t 419740DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVH12.0-(K71V)-F 97gcctgaccat cagcgtggac aacagcaaga accaggtgag 409840DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVH12.0(K71V)-R 98ctcacctggt tcttgctgtt gtccacgctg atggtcaggc 409940DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVH13.0-(N73T)-F 99ctgaccatca gcaaggacac cagcaagaac caggtgagcc 4010040DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVH13.0-(N73T)R 100ggctcacctg gttcttgctg gtgtccttgc tgatggtcag 4010141DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVH14.0-(V78F)-F 101gcaaggacaa cagcaagaac cagtttagcc tgaagctgag c 4110241DNAHomo

Sapiensmisc_featureVH14.0 (V78F)-R 102gctcagcttc aggctaaact ggttcttgct gttgtccttg c 41103648DNAMacaca fascicularismisc_featureCynomolgus alpha2 I domain 103agtcctgatt ttcagctctc agccagcttc tcacctgcaa ctcagccctg cccttccctc 60atagatgttg tggttgtgtg tgatgaatca aatagtattt atccttggga tgcagtagac 120aattttttgg aaaaatttgt acaaggcctg gatataggcc ccacaaagac acaggtgggg 180ttaattcagt atgccaataa tccaagagtt gtgtttaact tgaacacata taaaaccaaa 240gaagaaatga ttgtagcaac atcccagaca tcccaatatg gtggggacct cacaaacaca 300ttcggagcaa ttcaatatgc aagaaaatat gcctattcag cagcttctgg tgggcgacga 360agtgctacga aagtaatggt agttgtaact gacggtgaat cacatgatgg ttcaatgttg 420aaagctgtga ttgatcaatg caaccatgac aatatactga ggtttggcat agcagttctt 480gggtacttaa acagaaacgc ccttgatact aaaaatttaa taaaagaaat aaaagcgatc 540gctagtattc caacagaaag atactttttc aatgtgtctg atgaagcagc tctactagaa 600aaggctggga cattaggaga acaaattttc agcattgaag gtactgtt 648104648DNAMacaca mulattamisc_featureRhesus alpha2 I domain 104agtcctgatt ttcagctctc agccagcttc tcacctgcaa ctcagccctg cccttccctc 60atagatgttg tggttgtgtg tgatgaatca aatagtattt atccttggga tgcagtaaag 120aattttttgg aaaaatttgt acaaggcctg gatataggcc ccacaaagac acaggtgggg 180ttaattcagt atgccaataa tccaagagtt gtgtttaact tgaacacata taaaaccaaa 240gaagaaatga ttgtagcaac atcccagaca tcccaatatg gtggggacct cacaaacaca 300ttcggagcaa ttcaatatgc aagaaaatat gcctattcag cagcttctgg tgggcgacga 360agtgctacga aagtaatggt agttgtaact gacggtgaat cacatgatgg ttcaatgttg 420aaagctgtga ttgatcaatg caaccatgac aatatactga ggtttggcat agcagttctt 480gggtacttaa acagaaacgc ccttgatact aaaaatttaa taaaagaaat aaaagcgatc 540gctagtattc caacagaaag atactttttc aatgtgtctg atgaagcagc tctactagaa 600aaggctggga cattaggaga acaaattttc agcattgaag gtactgtt 648105997DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureIgG4 constant region 105tcc acc aag ggc cca tcc gtc ttc ccc ctg gcg ccc tgc tcc agg agc 48Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Cys Ser Arg Ser 1 5 10 15 acc tcc gag agc aca gcc gcc ctg ggc tgc ctg gtc aag gac tac ttc 96Thr Ser Glu Ser Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe 20 25 30 ccc gaa ccg gtg acg gtg tcg tgg aac tca ggc gcc ctg acc agc ggc 144Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly 35 40 45 gtg cac acc ttc ccg gct gtc cta cag tcc tca gga ctc tac tcc ctc 192Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu 50 55 60 agc agc gtg gtg acc gtg ccc tcc agc agc ttg ggc acg aag acc tac 240Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Lys Thr Tyr 65 70 75 80 acc tgc aac gta gat cac aag ccc agc aac acc aag gtg gac aag aga 288Thr Cys Asn Val Asp His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Arg 85 90 95 gtt gag tcc aaa tat ggt ccc cca tgc cca tca tgc cca gca cct gag 336Val Glu Ser Lys Tyr Gly Pro Pro Cys Pro Ser Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu 100 105 110 106326PRTHomo Sapiens 106Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Cys Ser Arg Ser 1 5 10 15 Thr Ser Glu Ser Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe 20 25 30 Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly 35 40 45 Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu 50 55 60 Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Lys Thr Tyr 65 70 75 80 Thr Cys Asn Val Asp His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Arg 85 90 95 Val Glu Ser Lys Tyr Gly Pro Pro Cys Pro Ser Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu 100 105 110 Phe Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp 115 120 125 Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp 130 135 140 Val Ser Gln Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn 165 170 175 Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp 180 185 190 Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Gly Leu Pro 195 200 205 Ser Ser Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu 210 215 220 Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn 225 230 235 240 Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile 245 250 255 Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr 260 265 270 Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Arg 275 280 285 Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Glu Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys 290 295 300 Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu 305 310 315 320 Ser Leu Ser Leu Gly Lys 325 107648DNAHOMO SAPIENSmisc_featureHuman alpha2 I Domain 107agtcctgatt ttcagctctc agccagcttc tcacctgcaa ctcagccctg cccttccctc 60atagatgttg tggtggtgtg tgatgaatca aatagtattt atccttggga tgcagtaaag 120aattttttgg aaaaatttgt acaaggcctg gatataggcc ccacaaagac acaggtgggg 180ttaattcagt atgccaataa tccaagagtt gtgtttaact tgaacacata taaaaccaaa 240gaagaaatga ttgtagcaac atcccagaca tcccaatatg gtggggacct cacaaacaca 300ttcggagcaa ttcaatatgc aagaaaatat gcctattcag cagcttctgg tgggcgacga 360agtgctacga aagtaatggt agttgtaact gacggtgaat cacatgatgg ttcaatgttg 420aaagctgtga ttgatcaatg caaccatgac aatatactga ggtttggcat agcagttctt 480gggtacttaa acagaaacgc ccttgatact aaaaatttaa taaaagaaat aaaagcgatc 540gctagtattc caacagaaag atactttttc aatgtgtctg atgaagcagc tctactagaa 600aaggctggga cattaggaga acaaattttc agcattgaag gtactgtt 648108106PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVL12.0 108Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105 109119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH12.0 109Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Xaa 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 110119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH13.0 110Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Val Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 111119PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH14.0 111Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Xaa 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 11210PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATURELCDR1 [N26Q] 112Ser Ala Gln Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile His 1 5 10 113681DNARattus rattusmisc_featureRat alpha 2 I domain 113agtccagact ttcagtcgtt gacaagcttc tcacctgcag ttcaagcttg cccttccctc 60gtagatgtcg tagttgtctg tgatgaatca aacagtattt atccctggga agcagtaaag 120aattttttgg aaaagtttgt gcaaggcctg gatataggac ctaaaaagac acaggtggcg 180ttaattcaat atgccaacga cccaagagtt gtctttaact tgaccactta caaaaacaaa 240gaagatatgg ttcaggccac atccgagacg cgccagtatg gtggggacct cacaaacacc 300ttcaaggcta tccaatttgc aagagacatt gcttatttac cggagtctgg cgggcgccca 360ggtgctacaa aagtcatggt agttgtgact gatggggaat cccatgatgg gtcgaagctg 420caaactgtga tccagcaatg caatgatgac gagatactga ggtttggcat agcggttctt 480ggatatttaa acagaaatgc tcttgatact aaaaatctaa tcaaagaaat taaagcaatc 540gctagcactc caacggagag gtactttttc aatgtggccg atgaggcggc tcttctggag 600aaagctggca ctctagggga gcacatattc agcattgaag gcactgttca aggaggagac 660aacttccaga tggaaatggc a 681114648DNAMus musculusmisc_featureMouse alpha 2 I domain clone 114agtccagact ttcagttctt gaccagcttt tcacctgcag ttcaggcttg cccttccctc 60gtggatgttg tagttgtatg tgatgaatca aacagtattt atccttggga agcagtaaag 120aactttttgg taaagtttgt gacaggcctg gatataggac ctaaaaagac acaggtggcg 180ttaattcaat atgccaatga gccgagaatt atatttaact tgaacgattt cgaaaccaaa 240gaggatatgg tccaggccac atctgagacg cgccaacatg gtggggacct cacaaacacc 300ttcagagcta tcgaattcgc aagagactac gcttattcac agacttctgg cgggcgcccg 360ggtgctacaa aagtcatggt agttgtgacc gatggcgagt cccatgatgg gtcgaagctg 420aaaactgtga tccagcaatg caatgatgac gagatactga ggttcggcat agcagttctt 480gggtatttaa acagaaatgc tcttgatact aaaaatttaa tcaaagaaat aaaagcaatt 540gctagtactc caaccgagag atactttttc aatgtggccg acgaagcggc tcttctggag 600aaggctggaa ctctagggga gcaaatattc agcattgaag gcactgtt 6481156DNAHomo sapiensmisc_featureExemplary upstream sequence from the start of gene transcription 115cncaat 61166DNAHomo sapiensmisc_featureExemplary sequence at 3' end of gene 116aataaa 611731DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI F 117ggggatccag tcctgaattt tcagctctca g 3111827DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI R 118gggaattcaa cagtaccttc aatgctg 2711919DNAHomo sapiensmisc_featureHuman I domain forward primer 119ggggatccag tcctgattt 1912018DNAHomo sapiensmisc_featureHuman I domain reverse primer 120ggaattcaac agtacctt 1812129DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featuremalphaI F 121ggggatccag tccagacttt cagttcttg 2912228DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featuremalphaI R 122tgggaattca acagtgcctt caatgctg 2812331DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureralphaI F 123ggggatccag tccagacttt cagtcgttga c 3112431DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureralphaI R 124tgggaattct gccatttcca tctggaagtt g 3112534DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI I21V F 125cagccctgcc cttccctcgt agatgttgtg gttg 3412634DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI I21V R 126caaccacaac atctacgagg gaagggcagg gctg 3412733DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI E44V F 127cagtaaagaa ttttttggta aaatttgtca agg 3312833DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI E44V R 128ccttgacaaa ttttaccaaa aaattcttta ctg 3312935DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Q48T F 129ttttggaaaa atttgtaaca ggcctggata taggc 3513035DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Q48T R 130gcctatatcc aggcctgtta caaatttttc cgggg 3513133DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI N67E F 131cagtatgcca atgagccaag agttgtgttt aac 3313233DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI N67E R 132gttaaacaca actcttggct cattggcata ctg 3313334DNAhomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI V70I F 133tgccaataat ccaagaattg tgtttaactt gaac 3413433DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI V70I R 134gttcaagtta acacaattct tggattattg gca 3313534DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI V71I F 135ccaataatcc aagagttatc tttaacttga acac 3413634DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI V71I R 136gtgttcaagt taaagataac tcttggatta ttgg 3413733DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI T76D F 137gtgtttaact tgaacgacta taaaaccaaa gaa 3313833DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehaplhaI T76D R 138ttctttggtt ttatagtcgt tcaagttaaa cac 3313933DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Y77F F 139tttaacttga acacatttaa aaccaaagaa gaa 3314033DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Y77F R 140ttcttctttg gttttaaatg tgttcaagtt aaa 3314133DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI K78E F 141aacttgaaca catatgaaac caaagaagaa atg 3314233DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI K78E R 142catttcttct ttggtttcat atgtgttcaa gtt 3314333DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Y93H F 143tcccagacat cccaacatgg tggggacctc aca 3314433DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Y93H R 144tgtgaggtcc ccaccatgtt gggatgtctg gga 3314539DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Y93F F 145acatgggaga catcccaatt tggtggggac ctcacaaac 3914639DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Y93F R 146gtttgtgagg tccccaccaa attgggatgt ctcccatgt 3914733DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Q105E F 147ttcggagcaa ttgaatatgc aagaaaatat gcc 3314833DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Q105E R 148ggcatatttt cttgcatatt caattgctcc gaa 3314939DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI A114Q F 149aaatatgcct attcacaagc ttctggtggg cgacgaagt 3915039DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI A114Q R 150acttcgtcgc ccaccagaag cttgtgaata ggcatattt 3915139DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI A115T F 151aaatatgcct attcagcaac ttctggtggg cgacgaagt 3915239DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI A115T R 152acttcgtcgc ccaccagaag ttgctgaata ggcatattt 3915339DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI A115Q F 153aaatatgcct attcagcaca gtctggtggg cgacgaagt 3915439DNAHomo

Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI A115Q R 154acttcgtcgc ccaccagact gtgctgaata ggcatattt 3915539DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI R165D F 155gttcttgggt acttaaacga caacgccctt gatactaaa 3915639DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI R165D R 156tttagtatca agggcgttgt cgtttaagta cccaagaac 3915739DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI N166D F 157cttgggtact taaacaggga cgcccttgat actaaaaat 3915839DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI N166D R 158atttttagta tcaagggcgt ccctgtttaa gtacccaag 3915940DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI E195W F 159ttcaatgtgt ctgattgggc agctctacta gaaaaggctg 4016040DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI E195W R 160cagccttttc tagtagagct gcccaatcag acacattgaa 4016138DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI K40D F 161atccttggga tgcagtagac aattttttgg aaaaattt 3816238DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI K40D R 162aaatttttcc aaaaaattgt ctactgcatc ccaaggat 3816339DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI R69D F 163cagtatgcca ataatccaga cgttgtgttt aacttgaac 3916439DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI R69D R 164gttcaagtta aacacaacgt ctggattatt ggcatactg 3916536DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI N73D F 165aatccaagag ttgtgtttga cttgaacaca tataaa 3616636DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI N73D R 166tttatatgtg ttcaagtcaa acacaactct tggatt 3616739DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Q89H F 167atgattgtag caacatccca cacatcccaa tatggtggg 3916839DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehalphaI Q89H R 168atgattgtag caacatccca cacatcccaa tatggtggg 3916940DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featuremalphaI H93Y F 169cacatctgag acgcgccaat atggtgggga cctcacaaac 4017040DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featuremalphaI H93Y R 170gtttgtgagg tccccaccat attggcgcgt ctcagatgtg 40171216PRTMacaca fascicularisMISC_FEATURECynomologus 171Ser Pro Asp Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala Ser Phe Ser Pro Ala Thr Gln Pro 1 5 10 15 Cys Pro Ser Leu Ile Asp Val Val Val Val Cys Asp Glu Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 Ile Tyr Pro Trp Asp Ala Val Asp Asn Phe Leu Glu Lys Phe Val Gln 35 40 45 Gly Leu Asp Ile Gly Pro Thr Lys Thr Gln Val Gly Leu Ile Gln Tyr 50 55 60 Ala Asn Asn Pro Arg Val Val Phe Asn Leu Asn Thr Tyr Lys Thr Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu Glu Met Ile Val Ala Thr Ser Gln Thr Ser Gln Tyr Gly Gly Asp 85 90 95 Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Gly Ala Ile Gln Tyr Ala Arg Lys Tyr Ala Tyr 100 105 110 Ser Ala Ala Ser Gly Gly Arg Arg Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Met Val Val 115 120 125 Val Thr Asp Gly Glu Ser His Asp Gly Ser Met Leu Lys Ala Val Ile 130 135 140 Asp Gln Cys Asn His Asp Asn Ile Leu Arg Phe Gly Ile Ala Val Leu 145 150 155 160 Gly Tyr Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Leu Asp Thr Lys Asn Leu Ile Lys Glu 165 170 175 Ile Lys Ala Ile Ala Ser Ile Pro Thr Glu Arg Tyr Phe Phe Asn Val 180 185 190 Ser Asp Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Glu Lys Ala Gly Thr Leu Gly Glu Gln 195 200 205 Ile Phe Ser Ile Glu Gly Thr Val 210 215 172216PRTMacaca mulattaMISC_FEATURERhesus 172Ser Pro Asp Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala Ser Phe Ser Pro Ala Thr Gln Pro 1 5 10 15 Cys Pro Ser Leu Ile Asp Val Val Val Val Cys Asp Glu Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 Ile Tyr Pro Trp Asp Ala Val Lys Asn Phe Leu Glu Lys Phe Val Gln 35 40 45 Gly Leu Asp Ile Gly Pro Thr Lys Thr Gln Val Gly Leu Ile Gln Tyr 50 55 60 Ala Asn Asn Pro Arg Val Val Phe Asn Leu Asn Thr Tyr Lys Thr Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu Glu Met Ile Val Ala Thr Ser Gln Thr Ser Gln Tyr Gly Gly Asp 85 90 95 Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Gly Ala Ile Gln Tyr Ala Arg Lys Tyr Ala Tyr 100 105 110 Ser Ala Ala Ser Gly Gly Arg Arg Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Met Val Val 115 120 125 Val Thr Asp Gly Glu Ser His Asp Gly Ser Met Leu Lys Ala Val Ile 130 135 140 Asp Gln Cys Asn His Asp Asn Ile Leu Arg Phe Gly Ile Ala Val Leu 145 150 155 160 Gly Tyr Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Leu Asp Thr Lys Asn Leu Ile Lys Glu 165 170 175 Ile Lys Ala Ile Ala Ser Ile Pro Thr Glu Arg Tyr Phe Phe Asn Val 180 185 190 Ser Asp Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Glu Lys Ala Gly Thr Leu Gly Glu Gln 195 200 205 Ile Phe Ser Ile Glu Gly Thr Val 210 215 1731435DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehvH14.0 IgG4 Heavy Chain 173tctcgagaag cttccaccat g gag aca gac aca ctc ctg cta tgg gta ctg 51 Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu 1 5 10 ctg ctc tgg gtt cca ggt tcc act gga cag gtg cag ttg cag gag tca 99Leu Leu Trp Val Pro Gly Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser 15 20 25 ggc cct ggc ctg gtg aag ccc agc gag acc ctg agc ctg acc tgt acc 147Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr 30 35 40 gtc tct gga ttt agc tta acc aac tat ggc atc cac tgg ata cgc cag 195Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln 45 50 55 cct cca ggc aag ggc ctg gag tgg ctg ggc gtg ata tgg gct cgc ggc 243Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly 60 65 70 ttc aca aac tat aac agc gct ctc atg tcc cgc gtg acc atc agc aag 291Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys 75 80 85 90 gac aac agc aag aac cag gtg agc ctg aag ctg agc agc gtg acc gcc 339Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala 95 100 105 gcg gac acc gcc gtg tac tac tgc gcc aga gcc aac gac ggg gtc tac 387Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr 110 115 120 tat gcc atg gac tac tgg ggc cag gga acc ctg gtc acc gtc agc tca 435Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 125 130 135 gcg tcc acc aag ggc cca tcc gtc ttc ccc ctg gcg ccc tgc tcc agg 483Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Cys Ser Arg 140 145 150 agc acc tcc gag agc aca gcc gcc ctg ggc tgc ctg gtc aag gac tac 531Ser Thr Ser Glu Ser Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr 155 160 165 170 ttc ccc gaa ccg gtg acg gtg tcg tgg aac tca ggc gcc ctg acc agc 579Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser 175 180 185 ggc gtg cac acc ttc ccg gct gtc cta cag tcc tca gga ctc tac tcc 627Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser 190 195 200 ctc agc agc gtg gtg acc gtg ccc tcc agc agc ttg ggc acg aag acc 675Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Lys Thr 205 210 215 tac acc tgc aac gta gat cac aag ccc agc aac acc aag gtg gac aag 723Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val Asp His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys 220 225 230 aga gtt gag tcc aaa tat ggt ccc cca tgc cca tca tgc cca gca cct 771Arg Val Glu Ser Lys Tyr Gly Pro Pro Cys Pro Ser Cys Pro Ala Pro 235 240 245 250 gag ttc ctg ggg gga cca tca gtc ttc ctg ttc ccc cca aaa ccc aag 819Glu Phe Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys 255 260 265 gac act ctc atg atc tcc cgg acc cct gag gtc acg tgc gtg gtg gtg 867Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val 270 275 280 gac gtg agc cag gaa gac ccc gag gtc cag ttc aac tgg tac gtg gat 915Asp Val Ser Gln Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp 285 290 295 ggc gtg gag gtg cat aat gcc aag aca aag ccg cgg gag gag cag ttc 963Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe 300 305 310 aac agc acg tac cgt gtg gtc agc gtc ctc acc gtc ctg cac cag gac 1011Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp 315 320 325 330 tgg ctg aac ggc aag gag tac aag tgc aag gtc tcc aac aaa ggc ctc 1059Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Gly Leu 335 340 345 ccg tcc tcc atc gag aaa acc atc tcc aaa gcc aaa ggg cag ccc cga 1107Pro Ser Ser Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg 350 355 360 gag cca cag gtg tac acc ctg ccc cca tcc cag gag gag atg acc aag 1155Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Glu Met Thr Lys 365 370 375 aac cag gtc agc ctg acc tgc ctg gtc aaa ggc ttc tac ccc agc gac 1203Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp 380 385 390 atc gcc gtg gag tgg gag agc aat ggg cag ccg gag aac aac tac aag 1251Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys 395 400 405 410 acc acg cct ccc gtg ctg gac tcc gac ggc tcc ttc ttc ctc tac agc 1299Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser 415 420 425 agg cta acc gtg gac aag agc agg tgg cag gag ggg aat gtc ttc tca 1347Arg Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Glu Gly Asn Val Phe Ser 430 435 440 tgc tcc gtg atg cat gag gct ctg cac aac cac tac aca cag aag agc 1395Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser 445 450 455 ctc tcc ctg tct ctg ggt aaa tgataggatc cgcggccgc 1435Leu Ser Leu Ser Leu Gly Lys 460 465 174465PRTHomo Sapiens 174Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys 20 25 30 Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu 35 40 45 Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 50 55 60 Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser 65 70 75 80 Ala Leu Met Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln 85 90 95 Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr 100 105 110 Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp 115 120 125 Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro 130 135 140 Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Cys Ser Arg Ser Thr Ser Glu Ser Thr 145 150 155 160 Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr 165 170 175 Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro 180 185 190 Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr 195 200 205 Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Lys Thr Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val Asp 210 215 220 His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Arg Val Glu Ser Lys Tyr 225 230 235 240 Gly Pro Pro Cys Pro Ser Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Phe Leu Gly Gly Pro 245 250 255 Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser 260 265 270 Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser Gln Glu Asp 275 280 285 Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn 290 295 300 Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val 305 310 315 320 Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu 325 330 335 Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Ile Glu Lys 340 345 350 Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr 355 360 365 Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr 370 375 380 Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu 385 390 395 400 Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu 405 410 415 Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Arg Leu Thr Val Asp Lys 420 425 430 Ser Arg Trp Gln Glu Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu 435 440 445 Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Leu Gly 450 455 460 Lys 465 1751435DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featurehvH12.0 IgG4 Heavy Chain 175tctcgagaag cttccaccat g gag aca gac aca ctc ctg cta tgg gta ctg 51 Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu 1 5 10 ctg ctc tgg gtt cca ggt tcc act gga cag gtg cag ttg cag gag tca 99Leu Leu Trp Val Pro Gly Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser 15 20 25 ggc cct ggc ctg gtg aag ccc agc gag acc ctg agc ctg acc tgt acc 147Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr 30 35 40 gtc tct gga ttt agc tta acc aac tat ggc atc cac tgg ata cgc cag 195Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln 45 50 55 cct cca ggc aag ggc ctg gag tgg ctg ggc gtg ata tgg gct cgc ggc 243Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly 60 65 70 ttc aca aac tat aac agc gct ctc atg tcc cgc ctg acc atc agc aag 291Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys 75 80 85 90 gac aac agc aag aac cag gtg agc ctg aag ctg agc agc gtg acc gcc 339Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala 95 100 105 gcg gac acc gcc gtg tac tac tgc gcc aga gcc aac gac ggg gtc tac 387Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr 110 115 120 tat gcc atg gac tac tgg ggc cag gga acc ctg gtc acc gtc agc tca 435Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 125 130 135 gcg tcc acc aag ggc cca tcc gtc ttc ccc ctg gcg ccc tgc tcc agg 483Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Cys Ser Arg 140 145 150 agc acc tcc gag agc aca gcc gcc

ctg ggc tgc ctg gtc aag gac tac 531Ser Thr Ser Glu Ser Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr 155 160 165 170 ttc ccc gaa ccg gtg acg gtg tcg tgg aac tca ggc gcc ctg acc agc 579Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser 175 180 185 ggc gtg cac acc ttc ccg gct gtc cta cag tcc tca gga ctc tac tcc 627Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser 190 195 200 ctc agc agc gtg gtg acc gtg ccc tcc agc agc ttg ggc acg aag acc 675Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Lys Thr 205 210 215 tac acc tgc aac gta gat cac aag ccc agc aac acc aag gtg gac aag 723Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val Asp His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys 220 225 230 aga gtt gag tcc aaa tat ggt ccc cca tgc cca tca tgc cca gca cct 771Arg Val Glu Ser Lys Tyr Gly Pro Pro Cys Pro Ser Cys Pro Ala Pro 235 240 245 250 gag ttc ctg ggg gga cca tca gtc ttc ctg ttc ccc cca aaa ccc aag 819Glu Phe Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys 255 260 265 gac act ctc atg atc tcc cgg acc cct gag gtc acg tgc gtg gtg gtg 867Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val 270 275 280 gac gtg agc cag gaa gac ccc gag gtc cag ttc aac tgg tac gtg gat 915Asp Val Ser Gln Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp 285 290 295 ggc gtg gag gtg cat aat gcc aag aca aag ccg cgg gag gag cag ttc 963Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe 300 305 310 aac agc acg tac cgt gtg gtc agc gtc ctc acc gtc ctg cac cag gac 1011Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp 315 320 325 330 tgg ctg aac ggc aag gag tac aag tgc aag gtc tcc aac aaa ggc ctc 1059Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Gly Leu 335 340 345 ccg tcc tcc atc gag aaa acc atc tcc aaa gcc aaa ggg cag ccc cga 1107Pro Ser Ser Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg 350 355 360 gag cca cag gtg tac acc ctg ccc cca tcc cag gag gag atg acc aag 1155Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Glu Met Thr Lys 365 370 375 aac cag gtc agc ctg acc tgc ctg gtc aaa ggc ttc tac ccc agc gac 1203Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp 380 385 390 atc gcc gtg gag tgg gag agc aat ggg cag ccg gag aac aac tac aag 1251Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys 395 400 405 410 acc acg cct ccc gtg ctg gac tcc gac ggc tcc ttc ttc ctc tac agc 1299Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser 415 420 425 agg cta acc gtg gac aag agc agg tgg cag gag ggg aat gtc ttc tca 1347Arg Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Glu Gly Asn Val Phe Ser 430 435 440 tgc tcc gtg atg cat gag gct ctg cac aac cac tac aca cag aag agc 1395Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser 445 450 455 ctc tcc ctg tct ctg ggt aaa tgataggatc cgcggccgc 1435Leu Ser Leu Ser Leu Gly Lys 460 465 176465PRTHomo Sapiens 176Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys 20 25 30 Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu 35 40 45 Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 50 55 60 Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser 65 70 75 80 Ala Leu Met Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln 85 90 95 Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr 100 105 110 Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp 115 120 125 Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro 130 135 140 Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Cys Ser Arg Ser Thr Ser Glu Ser Thr 145 150 155 160 Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr 165 170 175 Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro 180 185 190 Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr 195 200 205 Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Lys Thr Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val Asp 210 215 220 His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Arg Val Glu Ser Lys Tyr 225 230 235 240 Gly Pro Pro Cys Pro Ser Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Phe Leu Gly Gly Pro 245 250 255 Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser 260 265 270 Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser Gln Glu Asp 275 280 285 Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn 290 295 300 Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val 305 310 315 320 Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu 325 330 335 Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Ile Glu Lys 340 345 350 Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr 355 360 365 Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr 370 375 380 Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu 385 390 395 400 Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu 405 410 415 Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Arg Leu Thr Val Asp Lys 420 425 430 Ser Arg Trp Gln Glu Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu 435 440 445 Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Leu Gly 450 455 460 Lys 465 177744DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureVL10.0Q light chain 177ctatctcgag aagcttccac c atg gag aca gac aca ctc ctg cta tgg gta 51 Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val 1 5 10 ctg ctg ctc tgg gtt cca ggt tcc act gga gac ttc gtg atg acc cag 99Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro Gly Ser Thr Gly Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln 15 20 25 tct cca gca ttc ctg agc gtg acc ccc ggc gag aag gtg acc atc acc 147Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr 30 35 40 tgc agc gcc caa tca agc gtg aac tac att cac tgg tac cag cag aag 195Cys Ser Ala Gln Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys 45 50 55 ccc gac cag gcc ccc aag aaa ttg atc tat gac act tcc aag ctg gcc 243Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Tyr Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala 60 65 70 agc ggc gtg ccc agc cgc ttc agc ggc agc ggc agc ggc acc gac tac 291Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr 75 80 85 90 acc ttc acc atc agc agc ctg gag gcc gag gac gct gcc acc tat tac 339Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr 95 100 105 tgc cag cag tgg acc act aac cca ctg acc ttc ggc cag ggc acc aag 387Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys 110 115 120 gtc gaa atc aaa cga act gtg gct gca cca tct gtc ttc atc ttc ccg 435Val Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro 125 130 135 cca tct gat gag cag ttg aaa tct gga act gcc tct gtt gtg tgc ctg 483Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu 140 145 150 ctg aat aac ttc tat ccc aga gag gcc aaa gta cag tgg aag gtg gat 531Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp 155 160 165 170 aac gcc ctc caa tcg ggt aac tcc cag gag agt gtc aca gag cag gac 579Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp 175 180 185 agc aag gac agc acc tac agc ctc agc agc acc ctg acg ctg agc aaa 627Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys 190 195 200 gca gac tac gag aaa cac aaa gtc tac gcc tgc gaa gtc acc cat cag 675Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys Val Tyr Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln 205 210 215 ggc ctg agc tcg ccc gtc aca aag agc ttc aac agg gga gag tgt 720Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val Thr Lys Ser Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 220 225 230 tgataggatc cgcggccgca tagg 744178233PRTHomo Sapiens 178Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Thr Gly Asp Phe Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser 20 25 30 Val Thr Pro Gly Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Gln Ser Ser 35 40 45 Val Asn Tyr Ile His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys 50 55 60 Lys Leu Ile Tyr Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg 65 70 75 80 Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser 85 90 95 Leu Glu Ala Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr 100 105 110 Asn Pro Leu Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr 115 120 125 Val Ala Ala Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu 130 135 140 Lys Ser Gly Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro 145 150 155 160 Arg Glu Ala Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly 165 170 175 Asn Ser Gln Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr 180 185 190 Ser Leu Ser Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His 195 200 205 Lys Val Tyr Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val 210 215 220 Thr Lys Ser Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 225 230 1791460DNAHomo Sapiensmisc_featureh2206-VH14 IgG1 Heavy Chain (DANS); Positions -24 to -5 is the leader sequence; Position -4 to -1 are extra amino acids; DANS at positions -4 to -1 is preferably deleted 179ataggctagc ctcgagccac c atg gag aca gac aca ctc ctg cta tgg gta 51 Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val -20 -15 ctg ctg ctc tgg gtt cca ggt tcc act gga gac gcg aat tca cag gtg 99Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro Gly Ser Thr Gly Asp Ala Asn Ser Gln Val -10 -5 -1 1 cag ttg cag gag tca ggc cct ggc ctg gtg aag ccc agc gag acc ctg 147Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu 5 10 15 agc ctg acc tgt acc gtc tct gga ttt agc tta acc aac tat ggc atc 195Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile 20 25 30 cac tgg ata cgc cag cct cca ggc aag ggc ctg gag tgg ctg ggc gtg 243His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly Val 35 40 45 50 ata tgg gct cgc ggc ttc aca aac tat aac agc gct ctc atg tcc cgc 291Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Arg 55 60 65 gtg acc atc agc aag gac aac agc aag aac cag gtg agc ctg aag ctg 339Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Lys Leu 70 75 80 agc agc gtg acc gcc gcg gac acc gcc gtg tac tac tgc gcc aga gcc 387Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala 85 90 95 aac gac ggg gtc tac tat gcc atg gac tac tgg ggc cag gga acc ctg 435Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu 100 105 110 gtc acc gtc agc tca gcg tcg acc aag ggc cca tcg gtc ttc ccc ctg 483Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu 115 120 125 130 gca ccc tcc tcc aag agc acc tct ggg ggc aca gcg gcc ctg ggc tgc 531Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys 135 140 145 ctg gtc aag gac tac ttc ccc gaa ccg gtg acg gtg tca tgg aac tca 579Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser 150 155 160 ggc gcc ctg acc agc ggc gtg cac acc ttc ccg gct gtc cta cag tcc 627Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser 165 170 175 tca gga ctc tac tcc ctc agc agc gtg gtg acc gtg ccc tcc agc agc 675Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser 180 185 190 ttg ggc acc cag acc tac atc tgc aac gtg aat cac aag ccc agc aac 723Leu Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn 195 200 205 210 acc aag gtg gac aag aaa gtt gag ccc aaa tct tgt gac aaa act cac 771Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His 215 220 225 aca tgc cca ccg tgc cca gca cct gaa ctc ctg ggg gga ccg tca gtc 819Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val 230 235 240 ttc ctc ttc ccc cca aaa ccc aag gac acc ctc atg atc tcc cgg acc 867Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr 245 250 255 cct gag gtc aca tgc gtg gtg gtg gac gtg agc cac gaa gac cct gag 915Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu 260 265 270 gtc aag ttc aac tgg tac gtg gac ggc gtg gag gtg cat aat gcc aag 963Val Lys Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys 275 280 285 290 aca aag ccg cgg gag gag cag tac aac agc acg tac cgt gtg gtc agc 1011Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser 295 300 305 gtc ctc acc gtc ctg cac cag gac tgg ctg aat ggc aag gag tac aag 1059Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys 310 315 320 tgc aag gtc tcc aac aaa gcc ctc cca gcc ccc atc gag aaa acc atc 1107Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile 325 330 335 tcc aaa gcc aaa ggg cag ccc cga gaa cca cag gtg tac acc ctg ccc 1155Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro 340 345

350 cca tcc cgg gat gag ctg acc aag aac cag gtc agc ctg acc tgc ctg 1203Pro Ser Arg Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu 355 360 365 370 gtc aaa ggc ttc tat ccc agc gac atc gcc gtg gag tgg gag agc aat 1251Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn 375 380 385 ggg cag ccg gag aac aac tac aag acc acg cct ccc gtg ctg gac tcc 1299Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser 390 395 400 gac ggc tcc ttc ttc ctc tac agc aag ctc acc gtg gac aag agc agg 1347Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg 405 410 415 tgg cag cag ggg aac gtc ttc tca tgc tcc gtg atg cat gag gct ctg 1395Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu 420 425 430 cac aac cac tac acg cag aag agc ctc tcc ctg tct ccg ggt aaa 1440His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 435 440 445 tgataagcgg ccgcttccct 1460180473PRTHomo Sapiens 180Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro -20 -15 -10 Gly Ser Thr Gly Asp Ala Asn Ser Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly -5 -1 1 5 Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val 10 15 20 Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro 25 30 35 40 Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe 45 50 55 Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp 60 65 70 Asn Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala 75 80 85 Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr 90 95 100 Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala 105 110 115 120 Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser 125 130 135 Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe 140 145 150 Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly 155 160 165 Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu 170 175 180 Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr 185 190 195 200 Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Lys 205 210 215 Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro 220 225 230 Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys 235 240 245 Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val 250 255 260 Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Lys Phe Asn Trp Tyr 265 270 275 280 Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu 285 290 295 Gln Tyr Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His 300 305 310 Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys 315 320 325 Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln 330 335 340 Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Asp Glu Leu 345 350 355 360 Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro 365 370 375 Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn 380 385 390 Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu 395 400 405 Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn Val 410 415 420 Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln 425 430 435 440 Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 445 181469PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH14.0 IgG1 Heavy Chain [DANS-Deleted] 181Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val 20 25 30 Lys Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser 35 40 45 Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly 50 55 60 Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn 65 70 75 80 Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn 85 90 95 Gln Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val 100 105 110 Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr 115 120 125 Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly 130 135 140 Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val 165 170 175 Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe 180 185 190 Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val 195 200 205 Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val 210 215 220 Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys 225 230 235 240 Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu 245 250 255 Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr 260 265 270 Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val 275 280 285 Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Lys Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val 290 295 300 Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser 305 310 315 320 Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu 325 330 335 Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala 340 345 350 Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro 355 360 365 Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys Asn Gln 370 375 380 Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala 385 390 395 400 Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr 405 410 415 Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu 420 425 430 Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser 435 440 445 Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser 450 455 460 Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 465 182469PRTHomo SapiensMISC_FEATUREhVH12.0 IgG1 Heavy Chain [DANS-deleted] 182Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Trp Val Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Thr Gly Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val 20 25 30 Lys Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser 35 40 45 Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Ile His Trp Ile Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly 50 55 60 Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn 65 70 75 80 Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn 85 90 95 Gln Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val 100 105 110 Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr 115 120 125 Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly 130 135 140 Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val 165 170 175 Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe 180 185 190 Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val 195 200 205 Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val 210 215 220 Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys 225 230 235 240 Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu 245 250 255 Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr 260 265 270 Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val 275 280 285 Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Lys Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val 290 295 300 Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser 305 310 315 320 Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu 325 330 335 Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala 340 345 350 Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro 355 360 365 Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys Asn Gln 370 375 380 Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala 385 390 395 400 Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr 405 410 415 Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu 420 425 430 Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser 435 440 445 Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser 450 455 460 Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 465 18324PRTHomo sapiens 183His Asn Ser Ser Ser Trp Tyr Gly Arg Tyr Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln 1 5 10 15 Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 20 18419PRTHomo sapiens 184Glu Glu Gly Asn Thr Leu Pro Trp Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val 1 5 10 15 Glu Ile Lys 185119PRTArtificial sequenceSynthesized humanized VH region 185Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Leu Xaa Xaa Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Ile His Trp Xaa Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Xaa 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Trp Ala Arg Gly Phe Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Met 50 55 60 Ser Arg Xaa Thr Ile Ser Xaa Asp Xaa Ser Lys Asn Gln Xaa Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Xaa Cys Ala 85 90 95 Arg Ala Asn Asp Gly Val Tyr Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 100 105 110 Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 186106PRTArtificial sequenceSynthesized humanized VL region 186Xaa Xaa Val Xaa Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Phe Leu Ser Val Thr Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Ser Ala Asn Ser Ser Val Asn Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ala Pro Lys Xaa Xaa Ile Xaa 35 40 45 Asp Thr Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Xaa Thr Phe Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 105

Claims

1. A humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2), (b) HCDR1 (GFSLTNYGIH, SEQ ID NO:1), HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2) and HCDR3 (ANDGVYYAMDY, SEQ ID NO:3), or (c) SEQ ID NO:40.

2. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185.

3. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 2, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185 in which (a) position 71 is Lys, (b) position 73 is Asn, (c) position 78 is Val, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c).

4. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:70-79 and SEQ ID NOs:109-111.

5. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, further comprising a FW4 region comprising the amino acid sequence WGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:13).

6. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 5 comprising the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 (SEQ ID NO:1), HCDR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) and HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO:3).

7. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 1-6, further comprising a light chain.

8. A humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody comprising a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) an LCDR1 selected from SANSSVNYIH (SEQ ID NO:4) or SAQSSWNYIH (SEQ ID NO:112), (b) LCDR2 (DTSKLAS; SEQ ID NO:5) and (c) LCDR3 (QQWTTNPLT, SEQ ID NO:6).

9. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186.

10. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186 in which (a) position 2 is Phe, (b) position 45 is Lys, (c) position 48 is Tyr, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c).

11. The humanized anti-2 integrin antibody of claim 8, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NOs:80-92 and SEQ ID NO:108.

12. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8 further comprising a FW4 region comprising the amino acids sequence FGQGTKVEIK of SEQ ID NO:38.

13. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin of claim 12 comprising the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 (SEQ ID NO:4), LCDR2 (SEQ ID NO:5) and LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO:6)

14. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 8-13, further comprising a heavy chain.

15. A humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody comprising: (i) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2), (b) HCDR1 (GFSLTNYGIH, SEQ ID NO:1), HCDR2 (VIWARGFTNYNSALMS, SEQ ID NO:2) and HCDR3 (ANDGVYYAMDY, SEQ ID NO:3), or (c) SEQ ID NO:40; and (ii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of (a) an LCDR1 selected from SANSSVNYIH (SEQ ID NO:4) or SAQSSWNYIH (SEQ ID NO:4) or SAQSSWNYIH SEQ ID NO:112), (b) LCDR2 (DTSKLAS; SEQ ID NO:5) and (c) LCDR3 (QQWTTNPLT, SEQ ID NO:6).

16. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, wherein (a) the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185, (b) the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186, or (c) both (a) and (b).

17. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, wherein (i) the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:185 in which (a) position 71 is Lys, (b) position 73 is Asn, (c) position 78 is Val, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c); (ii) the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:186 in which (a) position 2 is Phe, (b) position 45 is Lys, (c) position 48 is Tyr, or (d) any combination of (a)-(c); or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

18. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, wherein (a) the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:70-79 and SEQ ID NOs:109-111; (b) the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NOs:80-92 and SEQ ID NO:108: or (c) both (a) and (b).

19. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody recognizes the I domain of human α2 integrin.

20. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, wherein the antibody recognizes the I domain of human α2 integrin.

21. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, wherein the antibody recognizes the I domain of human α2 integrin.

22. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds α2.beta.1 integrin.

23. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, wherein the antibody binds α2.beta.1 integrin.

24. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, wherein the antibody binds α2.beta.1 integrin.

25. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds an epitope of α2 integrin, the epitope comprising: (a) a Lys residue corresponding to position 192 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 40 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (b) an Asn residue corresponding to position 225 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 73 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; (c) a Gln residue corresponding to position 241 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 89 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; (d) a Tyr residue corresponding to position 245 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 93 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (e) an Arg residue corresponding to position 317 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 165 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (f) an Asn residue corresponding to position 318 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 166 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; or (g) any combination of (a) to (f).

26. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, wherein the antibody binds an epitope of α2 integrin, the epitope comprising: (a) a Lys residue corresponding to position 192 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 40 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (b) an Asn residue corresponding to position 225 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 73 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (c) a Gln residue corresponding to position 241 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 89 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (d) a Tyr residue corresponding to position 245 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 93 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (e) an Arg residue corresponding to position 317 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 165 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (f) an Asn residue corresponding to position 318 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 166 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; or (g) any combination of (a) to (f).

27. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, wherein the antibody binds an epitope of α2 integrin, the epitope comprising: (a) a Lys residue corresponding to position 192 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 40 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (b) an Asn residue corresponding to position 225 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 73 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (c) a Gln residue corresponding to position 241 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 89 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (d) a Tyr residue corresponding to position 245 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 93 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (e) an Arg residue corresponding to position 317 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 165 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (f) an Asn residue corresponding to position 318 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 166 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; or (g) any combination of (a) to (f).

28. A humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody, wherein the antibody binds an epitope of α2 integrin, the epitope comprising: (a) a Lys residue corresponding to position 192 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 40 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (b) an Asn residue corresponding to position 225 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 73 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (c) a Gln residue corresponding to position 241 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 89 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (d) a Tyr residue corresponding to position 245 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 93 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (e) an Arg residue corresponding to position 317 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 165 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; (f) an Asn residue corresponding to position 318 of the α2 integrin amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or position 166 of the α2 integrin I domain amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; or (g) any combination of (a) to (f).

29. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, which is a full length antibody.

30. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, which is a full length antibody.

31. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, which is a full length antibody.

32. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28, which is a full length antibody.

33. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, which is an antibody fragment.

34. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, which is an antibody fragment.

35. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, which is an antibody fragment.

36. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28, which is an antibody fragment.

37. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, bound to a detectable label.

38. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, bound to a detectable label.

39. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, bound to a detectable label.

40. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28, bound to a detectable label.

41. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1, immobilized on solid phase.

42. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8, immobilized on solid phase.

43. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15, immobilized on solid phase.

44. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28, immobilized on solid phase.

45. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1 wherein the antibody inhibits binding of α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin to an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand.

46. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8 wherein the antibody inhibits binding of α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin to an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand.

47. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15 wherein the antibody inhibits binding of α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin to an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand.

48. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28 wherein the antibody inhibits binding of α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin to an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand.

49. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 45, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin ligand is selected from collagen, laminin, Echovirus-1, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase I (MMP-I), endorepellin, collectin and C1q complement protein.

50. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 46, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin ligand is selected from collagen, laminin, Echovirus-1, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase I (MMP-I), endorepellin, collectin and C1q complement protein.

51. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 47, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin ligand is selected from collagen, laminin, Echovirus-1, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase I (MMP-I), endorepellin, collectin and C1q complement protein.

52. The humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 48, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin ligand is selected from collagen, laminin, Echovirus-1, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase I (MMP-I), endorepellin, collectin and C1q complement protein.

53. A method for determining whether a sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both, comprising contacting the sample with the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1 and determining whether the antibody binds to the sample, said binding being an indication that the sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both.

54. A method for determining whether a sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both, comprising contacting the sample with the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8 and determining whether the antibody binds to the sample, said binding being an indication that the sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both.

55. A method for determining whether a sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both, comprising contacting the sample with the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15 and determining whether the antibody binds to the sample, said binding being an indication that the sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both.

56. A method for determining whether a sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both, comprising contacting the sample with the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28 and determining whether the antibody binds to the sample, said binding being an indication that the sample contains α2 integrin, α2.beta.1 integrin, or both.

57. A kit comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1 and instructions for its use to detect α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin protein.

58. A kit comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8 and instructions for its use to detect α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin protein.

59. A kit comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15 and instructions for its use to detect α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin protein.

60. A kit comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28 and instructions for its use to detect α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin protein.

61. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a humanized anti-.alpha.2.beta.1 integrin antibody of claim 1.

62. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a humanized anti-.alpha.2.beta.1 integrin antibody of claim 8.

63. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 61.

64. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 62.

65. A host cell comprising: (a) the nucleic acid according to claim 61; (b) the nucleic acid according to claim 62; (c) the vector according to claim 63; (d) the vector according to claim 64; or (e) any combination of (a) to (d).

66. A process of producing a humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody comprising culturing the host cell of claim 65 under conditions permitting expression of the antibody.

67. The process of claim 66 further comprising recovering the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody from the host cell.

68. The process of claim 67 wherein the humanized anti-.alpha.2.beta.1 integrin antibody is recovered from the host cell culture medium.

69. A screening method comprising: (a) detecting binding of α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin to an antibody comprising the VL region of SEQ ID NO:19 and the VH region of SEQ ID NO:21 in the presence versus the absence of a test antibody; and (b) selecting the test antibody if its presence correlates with decreased binding of the α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin to the antibody comprising the VL region of SEQ ID NO:19 and the VH region of SEQ ID NO:21.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the α2 or α2.beta.1 integrin Is immobilized on a solid support.

71. A screening method comprising: (a) detecting binding of α2.beta.1 integrin to collagen in the presence of a test antibody, wherein test antibody refers to an antibody that binds to an α2 I domain; (b) detecting binding of the test antibody to the α2 I domain in the presence of Mg⁺+ ions; (c) detecting binding of the test antibody to the α2 I domain in the presence of Ca⁺+ ions; (d) detecting binding of the test antibody to the α2 I domain in the presence of cation-free media; and (e) selecting the test antibody if inhibits the binding of α2.beta.1 integrin to collagen and binds to the α2 I domain in the presence of Mg⁺+ ions and Ca⁺+ ions and cation-free media.

72. A composition comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

73. A composition comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

74. A composition comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

75. A composition comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

76. A method of treating an α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 1-52 or the composition according to any one of claims 72-75.

77. A method for inhibiting leukocyte binding to collagen comprising administering to a subject an amount of an anti-.alpha.2.beta.1 integrin antibody of claim 28 effective to inhibit the binding of the leukocytes to collagen.

78. The method of claim 76, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease and a disease characterized by abnormal or increase angiogenesis.

79. The method of claim 76, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, reactions to transplant, optical neuritis, spinal cord trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Reynaud's syndrome, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, scleroderma, juvenile onset diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, cancer as well as infections that induce an inflammatory response.

80. The method of claim 76, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, optical neuritis and spinal cord trauma.

81. The method of claim 76, wherein the method is not associated with (a) platelet activation, (b) platelet aggregation, (c) a decrease in circulating platelet count, (d) bleeding complications, or (e) any combination of (a) to (d).

82. The method of claim 76, wherein the anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising SEQ ID NO:174 or SEQ ID NO:176 and a light chain comprising SEQ ID NO:178.

83. The method of claim 76, wherein the anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody competively inhibits the binding of an antibody comprising the VL region of SEQ ID NO:19 and the VH region of SEQ ID NO:21 to human α2.beta.1 integrin or the I domain thereof.

84. The method of claim 80, wherein the multiple sclerosis is characterized by relapse.

85. The method of claim 80, wherein the method is associated with an alleviation of a flare or neuroligical sequelae associated with multiple sclerosis.

86. The method of claim 76, wherein the anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody inhibits the binding of α2.beta.1 integrin to collagen and is not a ligand mimetic.

87. A method of targeting a molecule, composition or a complex to a site characterized by the presence of an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand, the method comprising attaching or binding the molecule, composition or a complex to the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 1.

88. A method of targeting a molecule, composition or a complex to a site characterized by the presence of an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand, the method comprising attaching or binding the molecule, composition or a complex to the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 8.

89. A method of targeting a molecule, composition or a complex to a site characterized by the presence of an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand, the method comprising attaching or binding the molecule, composition or a complex to the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 15.

90. A method of targeting a molecule, composition or a complex to a site characterized by the presence of an α2.beta.1 integrin ligand, the method comprising attaching or binding the molecule, composition or a complex to the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody of claim 28.

91. Use of the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 1-52 as a medicament.

92. Use of the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 1-52 or the composition of claim 44 for the treatment of an α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder.

93. Use of the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 1-52 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder.

94. The use according to any one of claims 91-93, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease and a disease characterized by inappropriate angiogenesis.

95. The use according to any one of claims 91-93, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, reactions to transplant, optical neuritis, spinal cord trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Reynaud's syndrome, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, scleroderma, juvenile onset diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, cancer as well as infections that induce an inflammatory response.

96. The use according to any one of claims 91-93, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, optical neuritis and spinal cord trauma.

97. A composition for the treatment of an α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder, the composition comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 1-52 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

98. The composition of claim 97, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease and a disease characterized by inappropriate angiogenesis.

99. The composition of claim 97, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, reactions to transplant, optical neuritis, spinal cord trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Reynaud's syndrome, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, scleroderma, juvenile onset diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, cancer as well as infections that induce an inflammatory response.

100. The composition of claim 97, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, optical neuritis and spinal cord trauma.

101. A package comprising the humanized anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody according to any one of claims 1-52 or the composition according to any one of claims 72-75 together with instructions for the treatment of an α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder.

102. The package of claim 101, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease and a disease characterized by inappropriate angiogenesis.

103. The package of claim 101, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, reactions to transplant, optical neuritis, spinal cord trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Reynaud's syndrome, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, scleroderma, juvenile onset diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, cancer as well as infections that induce an inflammatory response.

104. The package of claim 101, wherein the α2.beta.1 integrin-associated disorder is selected from multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, optical neuritis and spinal cord trauma.

105. An α2 integrin epitope that binds an anti-.alpha.2 integrin antibody, wherein the epitope does not comprise the ligand-binding site of α2 integrin.

106. The epitope of claim 105, wherein binding to the epitope is not associated with (a) platelet activation, (b) platelet aggregation, (c) a decrease in circulating platelet count, (d) bleeding complications, (e) α2 integrin activation, or (f) any combination of (a) to (e).

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