Class / Patent application number | Description | Number of patent applications / Date published |
204403010 |
Biological material (e.g., microbe, enzyme, antigen, etc.) analyzed, tested, or included in apparatus
| 489 |
204421000 |
Solid electrolyte
| 148 |
204406000 |
With significant electrical circuitry or nominal computer device
| 117 |
204412000 |
Three or more electrodes
| 71 |
204415000 |
Selectively permeable membrane
| 59 |
204431000 |
Gas sensing electrode
| 57 |
204416000 |
Ion-sensitive electrode
| 37 |
204408000 |
With means for temperature or pressure compensation
| 27 |
204409000 |
With means providing specified-flow condition or flow-path
| 21 |
204407000 |
With significant display or analytical device
| 20 |
204401000 |
Fault testing of sensor or component
| 19 |
204404000 |
Corrosion
| 15 |
204435000 |
Standard reference electrode
| 14 |
204433000 |
Measuring carbon or pH
| 13 |
204414000 |
Gel electrolyte
| 6 |
204402000 |
Regeneration or activation | 5 |
20090084677 | GAS SENSOR CONTROL APPARATUS - The gas sensor control apparatus is for controlling a gas sensor including a sensor element having a solid electrolyte layer, and first and second electrodes located on opposite sides of the solid electrolyte layer, the first electrode serving as a gas detecting electrode, the second electrode serving as a reference electrode, the sensor element generating, as a sensor output, a current flowing between the first and second electrodes having a value depending on concentration of a specific gas component contained in a gas under measurement. The gas sensor control apparatus includes a determination function of determining whether or not it is time for the gas sensor to start operation, and a control function of forcibly supplying oxygen from a side of the second electrode to a side of the first electrode on a temporary basis when a determination result of the first function becomes affirmative. | 04-02-2009 |
20100108507 | LIQUID PROPERTY DETECTING DEVICE - A liquid property detecting device includes a switch portion switching an electrode to charge with a standard voltage generated by a generator, or discharge through a grounding. An operation signal output portion outputs an operation signal to the switch portion so as to switch in a predetermined switch period. A voltage of the electrode is output as a detection signal, when the standard voltage is applied to the electrode. A signal process portion calculates liquid property based on the detection signals. A gain of the signal process portion relative to the detection signal is increased, as the detection signal is decreased. | 05-06-2010 |
20100307916 | TEMPERATURE ESTIMATIONS IN A BLOOD GLUCOSE MEASURING DEVICE - Methods of estimating the temperature of a reaction site on a measurement strip in a blood glucose measuring devices are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes determining an activation initiation time, an activation duration time, a thermal magnitude and a temperature elevation for heat generating components within a device. The temperature elevation for each of the heat generating components is determined at least in part by an impulse response matrix [X | 12-09-2010 |
20140216930 | Underfill Recognition Biosensor - A biosensor with an underfill recognition system assesses whether to analyze a sample for one or more analytes in response to the volume of the sample. The underfill recognition system applies polling and test excitation signals to the sample. The polling signals generate one or more polling output signals, which maybe used to detect when a sample is present and to determine whether the sample has sufficient volume for analysis. The test excitation signal generates one or more test output signals, which may be used to determine one or more analyte concentrations in the sample. | 08-07-2014 |
20160138947 | SENSOR HOUSING CONTAINER AND SENSOR ATTACHMENT METHOD USING SAME - A sensor housing container comprises a container having an opening, a lid that covers the opening, and a sensor housing body that can be pulled out of the opening of the container. The sensor housing body includes a sensor case, a plurality of sensors, and a spring that biases these sensors. The sensor case is provided with a sensor discharge port at the portion where the sensors are biased by the spring. Also, this sensor discharge port is provided with a guide protrusion for aligning the sensor discharge port with a sensor insertion port of a measurement device. Furthermore, the inner face of the container is provided with a push-out protrusion that contacts with the end of the sensors on the opposite side from electrodes, at the portion corresponding to the end of the sensors on the opposite side from the electrodes inside the sensor case. | 05-19-2016 |
204434000 |
Involving plating, coating or stripping | 5 |
20090194418 | NANOMATERIAL OBSERVATION SAMPLE PREPARATION APPARATUS AND PREPARATION METHOD - An observation sample is prepared by immobilizing a nanomaterial on a substrate | 08-06-2009 |
20110024291 | SUPPORT FOR A THIN ELEMENT, QUARTZ MICROBALANCE INCLUDING SUCH A SUPPORT AND A SAMPLE HOLDER INCLUDING SUCH A SUPPORT - A support for a thin element in an electrically conducting or semi-conducting material, one face of which is intended to be put into contact with a liquid or gas medium, the support has a first part provided with a central through-passage with a longitudinal axis, said passage including at least one first and one second portion with a different diameter connected to each other through a shoulder, said shoulder being intended for supporting said thin element; a second part penetrating into the passage with the end opposite to the one intended to be exposed to the liquid solution, capable of maintaining the thin element on the shoulder; and a seal between the thin element and the shoulder. | 02-03-2011 |
20110174618 | SAMPLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM - The present invention relates to a sample measurement system. In particular the invention relates to a sample measurement system for measuring certain selected properties of a liquid substrate, such as the glucose levels in a blood sample. More particularly the invention relates to a sample measurement system for performing electrochemical measurements on a sample, the system comprising a sampling plate with a loading port for receiving a liquid substrate; and a measurement device; wherein the sampling plate comprises a sample zone with at least two discrete testing zones, which sample zone is arranged, in use, to separate the liquid substrate into at least two discrete samples, such that each sample occupies a respective testing zone; and the measurement device is operable to communicate with the sampling plate to measure one or more selected properties of any of the at least two samples. | 07-21-2011 |
20110290646 | WAFER DEFECT ANALYZING APPARATUS, ION ABSTRACTION APPARATUS FOR SAME, AND WAFER DEFECT ANALYZING METHOD USING SAME - Disclosed herein are a wafer defect analysis apparatus, an ion extraction device used therein and a wafer defect analysis method using the same, which separate a decoration process and an ion extraction process from each other during decoration of defective regions of a wafer and circulate an electrolyte in the ion extraction device, in which ion extraction has been completed, thus minimizing time consumed for the decoration process, thereby greatly reducing an overall time taken to perform decoration and thus shortening a wafer defect analysis time and improving efficiency of defect analysis. The wafer defect analysis apparatus, the ion extraction device used therein and the wafer defect analysis method using the same improve activity of ions during extraction of the ions for the decoration process, thereby considerably shortening an ion extraction time. | 12-01-2011 |
20160186356 | MONITORING LEVELER CONCENTRATIONS IN ELECTROPLATING SOLUTIONS - Provided herein are methods and apparatus for determining leveler concentration in an electroplating solution. The approach allows the concentration of leveler to be detected and measured, even at very low leveler concentrations. According to the various embodiments, the methods involve providing an electrode with a metal surface, exposing the electrode to a pre-acceleration solution with at least one accelerator, allowing the surface of the electrode to become saturated with accelerator, measuring an electrochemical response while plating the electrode in a solution, and determining the concentration of leveler in the solution by comparing the measured electrochemical response to a model relating leveler concentration to known electrochemical responses. According to other embodiments, the apparatus includes an electrode, a measuring apparatus or an electrochemical cell configured to measure an electrochemical response, and a controller designed to carry out the method outlined above. | 06-30-2016 |
204405000 |
Titration | 1 |
20090308745 | PROCESS FOR ENHANCED TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL WHILE MAINTAINING OPTIMUM MEMBRANE FILTER PERFORMANCE - A system and process for enhancing total organic carbon (“TOC”) removal from raw, untreated water while maintaining optimum membrane filter performance. The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages of prior art water filtration systems by controlling the pH level of the water, prior to the water being directed through said membrane filter, so that the particulate charge of the water aligns with the electromagnetic surface charge of membrane filter. Maintaining the particulate charge of the water within an optimum charge window for the particular membrane filter enhances the membrane filter's performance by decreasing the fouling rate of the membrane filter. | 12-17-2009 |
Entries |
Document | Title | Date |
20080202926 | Detector for Chemical Sensor Device and Use Thereof - Disclosed is a detector for chemical sensor devices, the detector being improved in detection sensitivity. Also disclosed is use of such a detector for chemical sensor devices. Specifically, disclosed is a detector for chemical sensor devices by which a substance to be measured is detected by adsorbing the substance contained in a medium on the surface thereof. The detector includes an adsorption layer containing hydroxyapatite or a substituted apatite obtained by substituting a part of elements in hydroxyapatite on a surface which is used for detecting the substance to be measured. Such a detector is greatly improved in detection sensitivity, and thus able to detect a very small amount of a chemical substance. | 08-28-2008 |
20080283395 | WATER POLLUTION SENSOR FOR DETECTING HEAVY METAL AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME - A water pollution sensor for detecting a heavy metal, the water pollution sensor including: a base member; a conductive layer formed at a portion of one of surfaces of the base member and consisting of a conductive material; an insulating layer formed on the conductive layer to enable a portion of the conductive layer to be exposed; and a bismuth layer formed on a portion of the exposed conductive layer and including bismuth powders. | 11-20-2008 |
20080302658 | OXIDE BODY, PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE, AND LIQUID DISCHARGE DEVICE - An oxide body formed of one or more of ferroelectric materials and antiferroelectric materials which exhibit asymmetric double hysteresis in a bipolar polarization-electric field characteristic obtained under a condition that the maximum value of an electric field applied to the oxide body and the magnitude of the minimum value of the electric field are equal (i.e., Emax=|Emin|), where the curve indicating the bipolar polarization-electric field characteristic has at least five points of inflection, and the maximum value of polarization of the oxide body and the magnitude of the minimum value of the polarization are different (i.e., Pmax≠|Pmin|). | 12-11-2008 |
20080314744 | Interdigitated Microelectrode and a Process For Producing the Interdigitated Microelectrode - An interdigitated microelectrode ( | 12-25-2008 |
20090008246 | Cartridge for Containing and Dispensing Test Sensors - A cartridge comprises a plurality of test sensors, a housing and a window. The plurality of test sensors is adapted to be used in determining the concentration of an analyte of a fluid sample. The plurality of test sensors is in a stacked position. The housing includes an interior, at one least wall and a sensor-discharge opening. The housing is adapted to contain the plurality of test sensors within the interior of the housing. The window is disposed within the at least one wall of the housing. The window permits a user of the cartridge to visually determine the number of test sensors remaining within the interior of the housing. The cartridge is adapted to dispense the plurality of test sensors one at a time from the sensor-dispensing opening. | 01-08-2009 |
20090014325 | ELECTRO-CHEMICAL SENSOR - An electro-chemical sensor for methane is described having a catalyst to react methane or other low molecular weight hydrocarbons and a detector to detect the turnover or reaction rate and using such information to determine the concentration of the methane or other low molecular weight species. The sensor is preferably used for measurements in a wellbore. | 01-15-2009 |
20090020419 | Physical Sensor And Method Of Process - There is provided a physical sensor which ensures long-term reliability and can be miniaturized and increased in density, and a method of producing the same. A physical sensor includes a supporting substrate, an element substrate that includes a sensor element and is joined to the supporting substrate through an insulating layer, a glass cap that covers an area of the sensor element and is joined to the element substrate, and a built-in electrode that is electrically connected to the sensor element. The built-in electrode is formed in a through hole passing through the element substrate, the insulating layer and the supporting substrate. A portion of the glass cap that covers an area of the built-in electrode is anodically bonded to the element substrate. | 01-22-2009 |
20090026074 | ELECTROCHEMICAL TEST STRIPS - An easily manufactured electrochemical test strip is made with facing electrode but side by side connectors for insertion into an electrochemical test meter. Current is conducted from the electrode on one layer to a connector on the other by a conductive layer disposed adjacent the end of a spacer layer, or by displacing the layer to bring a conductive surface on it into contact with the connector. | 01-29-2009 |
20090032394 | IONIC POLYMER DEVICES AND METHODS OF FABRICATING THE SAME - An embodiment provides an ionic polymer device comprising two extended electrode layers comprising a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the plurality of conductive particles form a concentration gradient in each of the two extended electrode layers, an ionic polymer dielectric layer between two extended electrode layers, and at least one conductive layer on outer surfaces of two extended electrode layers. Another embodiment provides an ionic polymer device comprising a polymer composite with a plurality of surface features on two opposite surfaces, and at least one conductive layer on each of said two opposite surfaces. One embodiment provides a method of making an ionic polymer device, comprising forming a partially cured polymer-metallic salt layer, reducing the metallic salt to form a plurality of metal particles, thereby forming a first extended electrode layer and a second extended electrode layer at and near opposite surfaces of the ionic polymer device. | 02-05-2009 |
20090038938 | MICROFLUIDIC CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT AND MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE - A software-driven device named the Microfluidic Central Processing Unit (μfCPU). The device is a chamber encompassing a contiguous physical volume equipped with actuators (electrodes, pressure membranes or other) capable of inducing physical forces on liquids, gases and particles contained in it, for the purpose of performing at least the 5 basic microfluidics operations: mixing, concentration, separation, transport and reaction within one integrated chamber. The device can have one volume where all of the operations are performed or can be spatially divided into several “processing areas” between which there are transport routes enabled by the software-regulated actuation. A device that contains more than one μfCPU employed in parallel or in series or both. A device that is composed of one or more than one μfCPU's and where fluids and particles are transported using a central pump together with integrated micropumps. | 02-12-2009 |
20090127111 | Water-Proof Electrochemical Sensor - A water-proof electrochemical sensor for in situ analysis and real-time monitoring of chemical and biological compounds in a liquid analyte, such as a water column, or a water column/sediment interface, or sediment. The water-proof electrochemical sensor assembly comprises an electrode body that is resistant to high temperatures and pressure and includes a semi-hard o-ring or collar. A resilient elastomeric boot, that has an internal groove which is adapted to form a tight pressure-fit with the collar is installable on the electrode body. One end of the boot has an opening adapted to form an interference fit with a pin contact for electrical connections with external equipment and the other end of the boot has an opening adapted to form an interference fit with the electrode body whereby a water-proof seal is formed. | 05-21-2009 |
20090152109 | MICROELECTRODE ARRAY - Microelectrode comprising a body formed from electrically non-conducting material and including at least one region of electrically conducting material and at least one passage extending through the body of non-conducting material and the region of conducting material, the electrically conducting region presenting an area of electrically conducting material to a fluid flowing through the passage in use. An electrochemical cell which includes such a microelectrode is also disclosed. | 06-18-2009 |
20090173628 | Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use - An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. | 07-09-2009 |
20090260984 | Ultra-Sensitive Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Arsenic, Mercury and Copper - A sensor for the simultaneous detection of inorganic contaminants, As (III), Hg (II) and Cu (II) in water and having a limit of detection of 0.02 ppb, comprising a conducting support having a layer comprised of a three dimensional silicate network comprised of thiol tail groups immobilized with citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles, wherein the gold nanoparticles have a size in the range of 70 to 100 nm. | 10-22-2009 |
20090301873 | REDOX MEDIATORS - The present application is directed to complexes according to Formulae (I) or (II) as described herein, and their use as redox mediators in electrochemical biosensors. | 12-10-2009 |
20090301874 | Electrochemical Sensor - A combination electrode, including: A first tube; a measuring membrane, which sealedly closes the first tube to form a measuring chamber; a second tube, which surrounds the first tube and is connected borderingly with the first tube to form an annular reference chamber; a buffer solution located in the measuring chamber; an electrolyte solution located in the reference chamber; a first tapping electrode in contact with the buffer solution; and a second tapping electrode in contact with the electrolyte; wherein, additionally, arranged in the reference chamber is an axially shiftable, annular, sealing element, which bounds the volume occupied by the electrolyte solution, the sealing element is biased by means of an electrically conductive, elastic, deformation element, which surrounds the first tube, and the second tapping electrode is electrically connected with the deformation element, in order to tap the potential of the second electrode via the deformation element. | 12-10-2009 |
20090301875 | IONIC POLYMER DEVICES AND METHODS OF FABRICATING THE SAME - An ionic polymer composite device and methods for fabricating the ionic polymer composite device are provided. The ionic polymer composite device includes two extended electrode layers, each extended electrode layer including at least one ionic polymer with a plurality of electrically conductive particles, and a dielectric layer including at least one sulfonated poly ether sulfone polymer or a derivative between the two extended electrode layers. | 12-10-2009 |
20100006431 | Self-Powered Sensing Devices - A self powered sensing device ( | 01-14-2010 |
20100012490 | TEST STRIP WITH OPTICAL IDENTIFICATION PATTERNS AND TEST INSTRUMENT USING THE SAME - The present invention discloses a test strip with optical identification patterns and a test instrument using the same characterized in that the test strip incorporates an identification area. Different combinations of optical identification patterns on the identification area create different digital identification signals. After the test strip is inserted into the test instrument, the test instrument will obtain the digital identification signal and learn the test code, analysis parameters, expiry date and batch number of the test strip. Thereby, the test instrument can verify the batch number and expiry date of the test strip, perform calibration according to the analysis parameters, and provide a correct test result. The present invention can provide many sets of digital identification signals to differentiate test strips. Therefore, the present invention can be operated fast, conveniently and correctly and can prevent a user from forgetting to calibrate the test instrument. | 01-21-2010 |
20100012491 | HIGH UNIFORMITY BORON DOPED DIAMOND MATERIAL - The present invention relates to diamond material comprising a boron doped single crystal diamond substrate layer having a first surface and a boron doped single crystal diamond conductive layer on said first surface, wherein the distribution of boron in the conductive layer is more uniform than the distribution of boron in the substrate layer. | 01-21-2010 |
20100089749 | OZONESONDE HAVING A HYDROTHERMAL BUFFER - An ozonesonde for in-situ measurement of stratospheric ozone concentration profiles by balloon launches includes a hydrothermal buffer having a vessel surrounding a measurement cell having an aqueous reaction solution. The aqueous reaction solution has melting and boiling points dependent on a salt content. A pump is configured to pass ambient air through the aqueous reaction solution. The vessel of the hydrothermal buffer is fillable with water to a level that is at least as high as a level of the aqueous reaction solution in the measurement cell. A melting point of the water is higher than the melting point of the aqueous reaction solution and a boiling point of the water is lower than the boiling point of the aqueous reaction solution so that a temperature in the measurement cell is stabilized between the melting point and the boiling point of the aqueous reaction solution, upon the ozonesonde reaching the stratosphere, by a transfer of energy to or from the aqueous reaction solution in a thermodynamically passive process in an earlier phase transition of the water before a reaching of a triple point of the water. | 04-15-2010 |
20100140086 | Methods and apparatus for improved luminescence assays using microparticles - A method and apparatus for performing electrochemiluminescence assays are presented. In exemplary embodiments of the present invention an apparatus comprises an ECL-inactive electrode surface having a first assay-ligand immobilized thereon and an ECL-active microparticle having a second assay ligand immobilized thereon. In exemplary embodiments of the present invention a method comprises (a) forming a mixture comprising an electrochemiluminescent label and a microparticle having a first assay-ligand immobilized thereon, (b) applying electrochemical energy to an electrode surface in the presence of said mixture, and (c) measuring emitted electrochemiluminescence, where the microparticle is ECL-active and where the electrode surface is ECL-inactive when electrochemical energy is applied to it in the presence of said mixture. | 06-10-2010 |
20100147682 | PROBE FOR MEASURING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF CELL - A probe for measuring an electric potential of a cell includes a plate having a surface having a first cavity provided therein, and a sensor element provided in the first cavity. A second cavity is provided in the bottom surface of the first cavity. The first flow passage having first and second openings is provided in the plate. The first and second openings of the first flow passage open to the second cavity and outside the plate, respectively. The sensor element includes a thin plate, and a supporting substrate provided around the thin plate and in the first cavity of the plate. The thin plate has a through-hole therein having a first opening and a second opening communicating with the second cavity of the plate. The first flow passage allows fluid to flow therein. A sucking device is coupled with the second opening of the first flow passage as to suck the fluid flowing in the first flow passage. This probe can measure an electric potential of a cell floating in solution as it is in this environment. | 06-17-2010 |
20100163410 | ELECTRONIC DETECTION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS - A hybridization detecting device, wherein a probe cell has a body of semiconductor material forming a diaphragm, a first electrode on the diaphragm, a piezoelectric region on the first electrode, a second electrode on the piezoelectric region and a detection layer on the second electrode. The body accommodates a buried cavity downwardly delimiting the diaphragm. | 07-01-2010 |
20100187105 | Microfabricated Elastomeric Valve And Pump Systems - A method of fabricating an elastomeric structure, comprising: forming a first elastomeric layer on top of a first micromachined mold, the first micromachined mold having a first raised protrusion which forms a first recess extending along a bottom surface of the first elastomeric layer; forming a second elastomeric layer on top of a second micromachined mold, the second micromachined mold having a second raised protrusion which forms a second recess extending along a bottom surface of the second elastomeric layer; bonding the bottom surface of the second elastomeric layer onto a top surface of the first elastomeric layer such that a control channel forms in the second recess between the first and second elastomeric layers; and positioning the first elastomeric layer on top of a planar substrate such that a flow channel forms in the first recess between the first elastomeric layer and the planar substrate. | 07-29-2010 |
20100206727 | TEST STRIP COMPRISING PATTERNED ELECTRODES - Described herein is an analyte test strip and method for making the test strip. The test strip utilizes isolated conductive areas to define electrode whiskers. The method utilizes laser ablation to define electrode patterns. | 08-19-2010 |
20100230283 | ASSEMBLY AND ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR, ESPECIALLY CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR, WITH SUCH AN ASSEMBLY - An assembly, especially an assembly for an electrochemical sensor, includes a functional body of a first material, wherein the surface of the functional body is covered, at least sectionally, with a plastic, protective body. At least one free section of the surface of the functional body is not covered with a plastic, protective body, and wherein the free section is bordered by at least one surrounding, self-closing, boundary line, at which the plastic, protective body lies against the functional body. In the plastic, protective body, spaced from the boundary line, an elastic sealing ring lies sealingly against the surface of the functional body, in order to seal the functional body against a gap arising, in given cases, from the boundary line between the plastic, protective body and the functional body. | 09-16-2010 |
20100252428 | HETEROGENEOUS MEMBRANE ELECTRODES - The present invention relates to planar electrochemical sensors with membrane coatings used to perform chemical analyses. The object of this invention is to provide unit-use disposable sensors of very simple and inexpensive construction, preferably with only a single membrane coating on an electrode. The invented devices are potentiometric salt-bridge reference electrodes and dissolved gas sensors constructed with a heterogeneous membrane coating of a conductor. The heterogeneous membrane, which is an intimate admixture of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic compartment, concurrently supports constrained transport of non-volatile species through its hydrophilic compartment and rapid gas and water vapor transport through its hydrophobic compartment. | 10-07-2010 |
20100270148 | CELL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL SENSOR - A cell electrophysiological sensor is provided with: a well having a wall formed by at least one curved face, with opening sections being formed on the two ends thereof; a frame substrate having a through hole and an electrode; a cell electrophysiological sensor chip that is provided with a thin plate having a second through hole; and a void substrate, and in this structure, the frame substrate has a thickness greater than the thickness of the cell electrophysiological sensor chip and the opening diameter of the third opening section is made larger than the opening diameter of the fourth opening section. | 10-28-2010 |
20100276284 | SENSOR FOR DETECTING NITROSOTHIOLS - A device for detecting nitrosothiol content in a solution includes at least two electrodes disposed in a housing, wherein one of the at least two electrodes is a working electrode having a platinized tip and the other of the at least two electrodes is a counter electrode. A filter membrane is disposed at an end of the housing and is configured to come in contact with the solution. The filter membrane and at least a portion of the working electrode have a material coated thereon. The material includes a polymer and a source of copper dispersed within the material. The material and the platinized tip are configured to come into contact with the solution containing nitrosothiols to convert the nitrosothiols to nitric oxide in order to detect the nitrosothiol content. | 11-04-2010 |
20100276285 | Analysis Tool and Manufacturing Method Thereof - This aims to provide an analyzing tool including a substrate, a first electrode formed on the substrate and having an action pole, a second electrode formed on the substrate and having an opposed pole, and a first regulating element for regulating such a contact area in the action pole as to contact a specimen. The analyzing tool further comprises second regulating elements for regulating the effective area for electron transfers in at least one of the action pole and the opposed pole. | 11-04-2010 |
20100282605 | Apparatus for Detecting Nano Particle Having Nano-Gap Electrode - The present invention relates to a nanoparticle sensor which is capable to identify an existence/nonexistence, a concentration, a size distribution and a component of the nanoparticles using an electrode pair having a separated distance of a nano-gap, in which the nanoparticle sensor includes a unit element configured with a plurality of unit electrodes electrically operated independently from each other and detects the nanoparticles based on the number of the unit electrodes electrically changed due to the nanoparticles captured into the nano-gap. The nanoparticle sensor of the present invention can detect the component, the size, the size distribution and the concentration of the nanoparticles by single measurement, have high reliability and regeneration while reducing a detection time by statistical method via a plurality of electrode pairs having the nano-gap, and detect even very low concentration of nanoparticles. | 11-11-2010 |
20100294659 | LABEL-FREE MOLECULE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT - A system and method for electrically detecting a target material in a sample without the need for labeling is described. A probe supporting member ( | 11-25-2010 |
20110005927 | Electro-chemical Cell and Method of Providing Multiple Electrical Connections to a Lead Anode of an Electro-chemical Gas Sensing Cell - A lead wool electrode for an electro-chemical cell can be fused to a metallic collector to provide an electrical connection therebetween. Various methods of fusion such as thermal, electrical or chemical can be used. | 01-13-2011 |
20110011738 | TEST STRIP WITH SLOT VENT OPENING - A test strip with a covering layer having a novel slot. The slot divides the inventive covering layer into two parts and provides a vent opening that allows air to escape as fluid enters a cavity or sample receiving chamber formed in the test strip. In preferred embodiments, the covering layer is clear such that the user can see through it and the slot doubles as a “fill line.” The user can thus watch the fluid sample enter the test strip, progress through the capillary cavity, and then stop at the slot or fill-line. This provides positive assurance to the user that the sample size is sufficient and the test strip has been filled properly. The present invention also provides an advantageous method of mass-producing the inventive test strips without having to align the slot or vent opening laterally with respect to the test strips and without having to punch a vent opening. The method is also well suited to mass production by roll processing techniques. | 01-20-2011 |
20110073473 | THREE-DIMENSIONALLY ORDERED MACROPOROUS SENSOR APPARATUS AND METHOD - A three-dimensionally ordered macroporous sensor apparatus and method of forming the same. A direct opal film associated with a number of pores can be formed by vertical deposition of one or more nanospheres on a glass substrate. The thickness of the direct opal film can be controlled by concentration of the nanospheres. A mixture of a precursor/monomer of a sensing material and a complexing agent can be filled into the pores associated with the direct opal film, such that the mixture permeates the interstitial spaces between the pores. The nanospheres may then be removed in order to form a three dimensionally-ordered macroporous electrode with an inverse opal structure. Optionally, the sensing material can be coated on an inverse opal backbone structure formed from an external inactive material and utilizing a coating operation. | 03-31-2011 |
20110094880 | : EXPLOSION-PROOF SENSOR - An explosion-proof sensor for detecting combustible gases is provided with a glass seal ( | 04-28-2011 |
20110120863 | PALLADIUM INK EXHAUST SENSOR - An exhaust sensor includes a first sheet of ceramic that is perforated with a vent orifice and, a second sheet of ceramic that is laminated to the first sheet. A palladium circuit trace is positioned between the first sheet and the second sheet of ceramic and a fugitive ink is printed on one of the sheets that is in communication with the vent orifice and the palladium. The fugitive ink volatilizes during a firing process and created a void space that is occupied by a palladium oxide that forms at temperatures around | 05-26-2011 |
20110155571 | NANO-MATERIAL CATALYST DEVICE - A catalyst member comprising a blended mixture of nano-scale metal particles compressed with larger metal particles and sintered to form a structurally stable member of any desired shape. The catalyst member can be used in one of many different applications; for example, as an electrode in a fuel cell or in an electrolysis device to generate hydrogen and oxygen. | 06-30-2011 |
20110198220 | Electrolyte sensor using conductive elastomer - An electrolyte sensor that uses conductive elastomer electrodes. Examples of the intended analytes for sensor use include those found in urine, saliva, blood, feces and spinal fluid, although other analytes exist for electrolyte detection. Conductive elastomer trace electrodes are separated by a gap or channel which can be bridged by an electrolyte and thereby complete an electrical circuit to an alarm or other circuitry. Gap or channel distances vary the level of electrical resistance associated with detecting certain electrolytes. | 08-18-2011 |
20110198221 | Passive Micro-vessel and Sensor - An electrically passive device and method for in-situ acoustic emission, and/or releasing, sampling and/or measuring of a fluid or various material(s) is provided. The device may provide a robust timing mechanism to release, sample and/or perform measurements on a predefined schedule, and, in various embodiments, emits an acoustic signal sequence(s) that may be used for triangulation of the device position within, for example, a hydrocarbon reservoir or a living body. | 08-18-2011 |
20110233059 | MICROFLUID SENSOR - The invention relates to a microfluidic sensor which comprises a planar base sensor and a structured polymer film. The underside of the film, which faces the base sensor, comprises varyingly recessed geometric shapings and compartments which are produced, for example photolithographically, in micro injection molding, thermoforming or hot stamping processes. The microfluidic sensor according to the invention is particularly suitable for the production of biosensors in the form of single-use enzyme and affinity sensors, wherein the recessed geometries form sample collection, sample processing, incubation, buffer, mixing, reaction, reagent deposit, measurement, waste and aeration chambers, and distributing and/or connecting ducts, of which the outer peripheral contours are configured as narrow peripheral wall webs at the zero plane of the film and with a width between 50 μm and 500 μm; to which a recessed face or subsequent peripheral joining assembly with a spacing from 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm is outwardly attached. | 09-29-2011 |
20110297539 | WATER QUALITY ANALYZER - A water quality analyzer comprises: sensor electrodes | 12-08-2011 |
20110308942 | MICROELECTRODE ARRAY SENSOR FOR DETECTION OF HEAVY METALS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS - In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to a microelectrode array for detecting heavy metals in an aqueous solution. The microelectrode array can comprise a layer of a doped carbon film and a patterning layer arranged on the doped carbon film for defining multiple microelectrodes in the doped carbon film to form the microelectrode array. The size, and shape, and arrangement of each of the multiple microelectrodes can be defined by the size, and shape, and arrangement of each of the openings in the patterning layer which expose the underlying doped carbon film. Furthermore, the ratio of the maximal width of a microelectrode relative to the shortest distance between the neighboring microelectrodes (center to center) in the microelectrode array is between about 1:1.2 and about 1:6. The present invention is also directed to an apparatus using the microelectrode array and methods of manufacturing the same. | 12-22-2011 |
20110308943 | Tool for sensor arrangement with snap-off segments - A tool for a sensor includes a first portion having an elongated channel that extends therealong for accommodating the sensor, and a second portion with an end slot that accommodates an end portion of the sensor, the sensor having one or more wire electrodes embedded between two substrates. One or both of the substrates has transaxial scoring for facilitating the snapping off of segments to expose a clean portions of the wire electrodes. One or both of the tool portions has a rounded end portion. The end slot of the second portion is dimensioned to correspond to an axial dimension of a segment that is to be snapped off from the sensor. The first tool portion has a shoulder and handle portions, the shoulder portion having a greater thickness than the handle portion, and the handle portion having a thickness that is less than the width of the sensor. | 12-22-2011 |
20120037505 | DIAMOND MICROELECTRODES - A microlectrode comprising a diamond layer formed from electrically non-conducting diamond and containing one or more pins or projections of electrically conducting diamond extending at least partially through the layer of non-conducting diamond presenting areas of electrically conducting diamond. | 02-16-2012 |
20120073966 | ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR STRIP - An electrochemical sensor strip includes an electrode support and a cover plate, which cooperatively defines a sample receiving space, an opening, and a sample passage. The electrode support has a downstream recessed region defining the sample receiving space and formed with a plurality of through holes. Electrodes are disposed respectively in the through holes. At least one of the electrodes has a lowered top surface that is lowered relative to a surface of the downstream recessed region to define a shallow space. A filter extends into the sample receiving space from the opening and through the sample passage and covers a portion of a reaction reagent layer. The reaction reagent layer extends into the shallow space. The filter extends above the shallow space and the electrode. | 03-29-2012 |
20120103805 | DIAGNOSIS OF A CRACKED MULTI-CHAMBER SOLID-ELECTROLYTE GAS SENSOR - A diagnosis method and a gas sensor that is adapted to perform the diagnosis method are described for detecting a damage of a gas sensor causing a malfunction, particularly a crack, wherein the gas sensor has at least two chambers with one chamber comprising a reference gas. The method includes pumping out gas of one of the chambers, measuring a value of a variable being proportional to the concentration of the gas as a function of time, comparing the measured variable value and/or the measured time to a predetermined threshold, detecting a damage of the sensor if the measured variable value and/or the measured time is outside the interval of normal mode of operation defined by the corresponding predetermined threshold. | 05-03-2012 |
20120111725 | TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONTROL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SURFACE POTENTIALS - A method for providing a two dimensional spatially varying surface potential on a surface of a conductive substrate and use thereof. The method comprises providing a conductive substrate having a first conductive surface and comprising an array of “n” electrical potential contact points spatially arranged in two dimensions on the first conductive surface, wherein “n” is at least 3. An electrical potential is then applied to each of the “n” electrical contact points, wherein the electrical potentials applied to at least two of the “n” electrical potential contact points are different. Also disclosed are methods and applications for use of the methods disclosed herein. | 05-10-2012 |
20120160676 | ELECTRODE DEVICE FOR AN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR CHIP - An electrode device for an electrochemical sensor chip includes an insulation sheet having an insulating property and including a top surface and a bottom surface opposite to each other in a thickness direction, and electrode members having a conductivity and held by the insulation sheet with the electrode members piercing the insulation sheet in a thickness direction, one ends of the electrode members located on the top surface side of the insulation sheet being connected to an analyte, the other ends located on the bottom surface side of the insulation sheet being connected to an electrodes of a transducer. | 06-28-2012 |
20120168305 | Reader Devices for Manipulating Multi-Fluidic Cartridges for Sample Analysis - A reader for mechanical actuation of fluids within a test cartridge. The instrument interface including multiple independently-controlled plungers aligned to respective fluidic pouches on a test cartridge that is inserted into a testing apparatus embodying the instrument interface. The plungers include tips for applying mechanical force to the respective fluidic pouches. | 07-05-2012 |
20120211360 | Analyte Monitoring Devices - Covers for covering an opening in an analyte meter, and meters that include the same are provided. | 08-23-2012 |
20120247955 | ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY - The electrode assembly is provided with: a rod-like body 1 that extends along a predetermined axis ; a substrate that is formed with a through-hole penetrating between a front surface and a back surface and attached to a fore end part of the body; and a sensor chip for electrochemical measurement, which is attached on the back surface of the substrate such that a sensing part is exposed outside from the through-hole, wherein: on the back surface of the substrate, a wiring for obtaining an output signal from the ISFET chip is formed, and the sensor chip is attached to the wiring directly or closely; and the substrate is attached with being inclined with respect to the predetermined axis of the body, and thereby the front surface of the substrate forms at least a part of a fore end surface that is inclined with respect to the predetermined axis. | 10-04-2012 |
20120261256 | SAMPLE HOLDERS AND ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT FOR POINT-OF-CARE QUALIFICATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLES - This invention has two synergistic elements for simultaneous use in point-of-care or field analyses of diverse substances important to clinical medicine and other applications. The first element is a sample holder in which are stored the several reagents need for quantification of target molecules. The onboard storage of reagents in a water soluble plastic obviates the need for purchase, storage, measuring and mixing of the required reagents prior to analyses. The second part of the invention is a compact hand-held analyzer made of modern miniature optical components, into which the holder is inserted right after it is loaded with a sample by capillary action. The combination of the holder and analyzer permits analyses that are ten times faster than those done with current analyzers, and equally accurate. Analyses can be performed by diverse people, who require only a few minutes of training in the use of the entire invention. | 10-18-2012 |
20120267245 | ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS WITH CARRIER - An electrochemical sensing apparatus and methods are provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided having a carrier that supports an electrochemical module and that communicates between electrodes on the electrochemical module and an analyte measurement device. | 10-25-2012 |
20120273350 | Chip Produced at Wafer Level for Liquid Chromatography and Method for the Production Thereof - The present invention relates to a method for producing a miniaturized separation column for chromatographic purposes including a porous stationary phase anchored in the column, including the following steps:
| 11-01-2012 |
20120279858 | Sensor Arrangement With Snap-Off Segments - A sensor arrangement has first and second substrates arranged in juxtaposed relation to each other. A working electrode is interposed between the first and second substrates. At least one of the first and second substrates has transaxial scoring for facilitating the snapping off of segments of the first and second substrates to expose a clean portion of the working electrode. A further electrode, which may be a silver deposition, is disposed on the first substrate. A still further electrode, which may be a gold deposition, is disposed on the second substrate. The working electrode is a wire disposed axially in relation to the first and second substrates. The wire is formed of gold, indium, glassy carbon, copper, silver, or the like, and any of these can be used alone or as an amalgam with mercury. The working electrode may be printed or deposited on at least one of the substrates. | 11-08-2012 |
20130105312 | DIAMOND MICROELECTRODE | 05-02-2013 |
20130180852 | ELECTRODE, SENSOR CHIP USING THE SAME AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME - A working electrode includes a conducting layer, a carbon nanotube layer electrophoretically deposited on the conducting layer; and a gold nanoparticle layer sputter-deposited on the carbon nanotube layer. A sensor chip having the working electrode and a method of fabricating the working electrode are also disclosed. | 07-18-2013 |
20130264202 | Solid Working Electrode With Replaceable Tip - A working electrode for cyclic voltammetry experiments and the like provides an electrode carrier releasably attaching to replaceable tips each holding a solid working electrode material that may be polished for receipt of a reactant material and which electrically connects to an electrode in the electrode carrier when the tip and carrier are connected. | 10-10-2013 |
20130270112 | POLYAMIC ACID AND ELECTRODE FOR DETECTING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE - This invention is directed to a polyamic acid represented by the following formula (I), and an electrode having an active layer made from the polyamic acid of formula (I). | 10-17-2013 |
20140014506 | ANALYTE TRANSPORT - Apparatus for sensing an analyte, the analyte being bound to at least one magnetic particle to form a labelled analyte, and wherein the apparatus includes a cavity having a sensor therein, wherein in use the cavity contains a fluid and at least one labelled analyte and a magnet system for generating a magnetic field having a field direction substantially orthogonal to at least part of the cavity to orientate the at least one labelled analyte in the cavity and a field gradient along at least part of the cavity to thereby urge the at least one labelled analyte along the cavity towards the sensor. | 01-16-2014 |
20140014507 | HYBRID MICROPROBE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SERS MONITORING, SCANNING AND FEEDBACK STIMULATION AND THE PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF - The present disclosure relates to a probe capable of electrochemical and Raman spectroscopic monitoring wherein a Raman-active gold microshell having conductivity is attached to the tip of a glass microcapillary tube in which a conductive material is coated on an inner wall thereof by electroless plating. By coupling the probe with a system capable of moving the probe, the activities of various catalyst materials can be detected quickly and information of intermediate products moving from and adsorbed on the surface can be provided. | 01-16-2014 |
20140083848 | SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING TEMPERATURES IN A FLUID ANALYTE SYSTEM - A test sensor includes a body, a first conductive trace, a second conductive trace, and a third conductive trace. The body includes a first region that has a fluid-receiving area, a second region separate from the first region, and a first temperature sensing interface disposed at or adjacent to the fluid-receiving area. The fluid-receiving area receives a sample. The first trace is disposed on the body, and at least a portion of the first trace is disposed in the first region. The second and third traces are disposed on the body. The third trace extends from the first to the second regions. The third trace is connected to the first trace at the first temperature sensing interface. The third trace includes a different material than the first trace. A first thermocouple is formed at the first temperature sensing interface. The thermocouple provides temperature data to determine an analyte concentration. | 03-27-2014 |
20140151219 | SILVER ELECTRODE COATED WITH CARBON NANOTUBES - The silver electrode coated with carbon nanotubes is an indicator electrode for microtitrimetry by differential electrolytic potentiometry. The electrode is made by first positioning at least one silver wire electrode within a reaction zone of a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition reactor. A ferrocene catalyst is evaporated within the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition reactor, and an inlet gas is fed therein to carry the evaporated ferrocene catalyst into the reaction zone. The inlet gas includes hydrogen and a carbon source, such as acetylene. The reaction zone is then heated for deposition of carbon onto the at least one silver electrode to form at least one silver electrode coated with carbon nanotubes. The electrode is cooled and then removed from the reactor. | 06-05-2014 |
20140151220 | Electrochemical Sensing Strip - The present invention provides an electrochemical sensing strip, comprising an electrochemical sensing strip body and an auxiliary support sheet disposed under the electrochemical sensing strip body. Compared to the prior art, the electrochemical sensing strip provided in the present invention has an auxiliary support sheet, which functions to support the electrochemical sensing strip body, so that the entire electrochemical sensing strip does not deform easily. Consequently, the resistance to bending of the electrochemical sensing strip is enhanced, and the occurrence of bending the electrochemical sensing strip during operation is reduced, and thus the test error of the electrochemical sensing strip is reduced. | 06-05-2014 |
20140262770 | ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL SYSTEM FOR RAPID EVALUATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES AND MATERIALS USED THEREIN - Disclosed is a system for fabricating an electrochemical cell that includes switchable components for combinatorial evaluation of materials, solvents, membranes, separators and the like for electrochemical applications. The system includes at least one cell block and at least one electrode plate. | 09-18-2014 |
20140262771 | TEST CELL - A test cell for analyzing residue on the surface of a microelectronic component includes a cleaning tip with an opening at one end for passing cleaning fluid into the chamber and for passing used cleaning fluid out of the chamber, and an opening at the other end to access a test area in which cleaning fluid may contact the surface of a component to be tested. A third opening for venting the cleaning tip chamber to the atmosphere may also be provided. A common cleaning/aspiration passageway communicates with the cleaning tip chamber through the first opening. A cleaning passageway provides fresh cleaning fluid to the cleaning/aspiration passageway. An aspiration passageway removes used cleaning fluid from the cleaning/aspiration passageway. An analysis chamber in fluid communication with the aspiration passageway has electrodes effective for qualitatively and/or quantitatively measuring residue removed from the microelectronic surface by the cleaning fluid. | 09-18-2014 |
20140311903 | ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS AND A METHOD FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE - The invention provides electrochemical-based modules useful for the determination of an analyte in a bodily fluid sample. The modules of the invention provide opposed electrodes, but the contact areas for making electrical contact between the electrodes and the analyte measurement device are coplanar. | 10-23-2014 |
20140318957 | ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING WELL - A well is formed in a body of dielectric material and has a chamfered edge about a top side of the well. A top electrode layer is on a top face of the body and on the chamfered edge of the well. A bottom electrode is on a floor of the well. | 10-30-2014 |
20150053554 | DISPOSABLE PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLE-MODIFIED GRAPHITE PENCIL ELECTRODE - The disposable palladium nanoparticle-modified graphite pencil electrode (PdNP-GPE) is a graphite pencil electrode having palladium nanoparticles disposed on the surface of the electrode. The electrode is prepared by adding ascorbic acid to an aqueous solution of ammonium tetrachloropalladate(II) [(NH | 02-26-2015 |
20150053555 | PENCIL GRAPHITE ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH GOLD NANOPARTICLES - The pencil graphite electrode modified with gold nanoparticles can be used for the detection of hydrazine. The pencil graphite electrode has an outer surface coated with gold nanoparticles. Prior to modification of the pencil graphite electrode, equal volumes of an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid and an aqueous solution of gold(III) chloride are mixed to form a mixture containing gold nanoparticles. A pencil graphite electrode is then immersed in the mixture and is heated at a temperature of about 75° C. to form the pencil graphite electrode coated with gold nanoparticles. The pencil graphite electrode coated with gold nanoparticles is then removed from the mixture, washed and dried, and may then be used for the to electrochemical detection of hydrazine. | 02-26-2015 |
20150068891 | Electrochemical Sensor - An electrochemical sensor comprising a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second, electrically non-conductive material. The electrodes are at least partially embedded in the probe body and insulated from one another by the probe body, wherein the at least two electrodes are embodied of at least one conductive material and the probe body of at least one electrically insulating ceramic, wherein the electrodes are embodied of thin, measuring active layers of a conductive material and sit in an end face of the probe body of a ceramic material, and wherein the electrodes are electrically contacted via connection elements extending through the probe body. | 03-12-2015 |
20150083587 | Measuring Device and Methods for Use Therewith - The ability to switch at will between amperometric measurements and potentiometric measurements provides great flexibility in performing analyses of unknowns. Apparatus and methods can provide such switching to collect data from an electrochemical cell. The cell may contain a reagent disposed to measure glucose in human blood. | 03-26-2015 |
20150129423 | GAP DETECTION APPARATUS - A gap detection apparatus for determining in real time the gap required for electrochemical machining gap includes a tooling electrode, a plurality of tool adjusting electrodes, a feedback circuit, a processing feed mechanism for controlling the tooling electrode, a three-dimensional driving mechanism, and an automatic control and measurement system. The tooling electrode includes a plurality of through-holes for receiving tool adjusting electrodes. The three-dimensional driving mechanism is mounted upon the processing feed mechanism, which includes a Z-coordinate feeding portion having a thimble for the feeding of the tool adjusting electrodes. The automatic control and measurement system controls the feed of the processing feed mechanism and the three-dimensional driving mechanism, and establishes the required gap for electrochemical machining. | 05-14-2015 |
20150300972 | MEASURING ELECTRODE AND MEASURING SYSTEM FOR CHEMICAL LIQUID - A measuring electrode for chemical liquid in semiconductor process that measures a chemical liquid used for a semiconductor process comprises a first body having a first internal liquid chamber into which a first internal liquid is filled, and a flow tube for a part or all of which a responsive glass is used and that forms a flow channel where a chemical liquid as being a measuring object flows, wherein the flow tube is so arranged to penetrate the first body and the responsive glass makes contact with the first internal liquid in the first internal liquid chamber. | 10-22-2015 |
20160025670 | IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO TEST DEVICES - The invention relates to test devices such as diagnostic test devices. In particular the invention relates to individually packaged test devices. The invention also relates to methods of manufacturing such individually packaged test devices, use of such individually packaged test devices, and test device cards comprising two or more test devices. In particular, the invention relates to a test device comprising: a test strip having first and second major surfaces and comprising: a proximal portion for bearing contacts for a metering device, an intermediate portion for receiving a sample comprising a test area on the first major surface, the test area comprising at least one test component; a separable distal portion; and in which the test device further comprises: a cover leaf (optionally a removable cover leaf) having a portion (optionally a removable portion) extending over at least part of one of the major surfaces of the test strip so as to seal the test area and having a non-removable portion attached to the separable distal portion of the test strip. | 01-28-2016 |
20160161437 | HIGH CAPACITY REDOX ELECTRODES - The present disclosure relates to the manufacture and use of redox electrodes. In certain embodiments, the redox electrodes are manufactured using a hybrid material approach, such as using a redox polymer in combination with a support substrate, such as cellulose fibers or paper. In certain implementations, the redox electrodes are suitable for use at voltages greater than 25 V. | 06-09-2016 |