METHOD OF EXPRESSING RECOMBINANT PROTEIN IN CHO CELLS

Abstract

transfection rate of a mammalian expression vector in CHO cells.

Description

[0001] The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/962,261 (pending), which was filed on Dec. 21, 2007 (published as US 2008-0138902 A1 on Rine 12, 2008), which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/521,768, filed Jan. 19, 2005 (abandoned), which is a 371 U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/EP2003/007946, filed Jul. 21, 2003, which designated the U.S. and claims benefit of GB 0216648.6, filed Jul. 19, 2002, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates to a method for expressing a recombinant product gene in a CHO cell line as well as to recombinant CHO host cells and to novel expression vector constructs.

[0003] The Chinese Hamster ovary cell (CHO) mammalian expression system is widely used in production of recombinant protein. Apart from lymphoid cell lines such as hybridorna cell lines, it is one of the few cell types allowing for simple and efficient high-density to suspension batch culture of animal cell. Furthermore, they allow for very high product yields and are comparatively robust to metabolic stresses whereas lymphoid cells are more difficult to culture at an industrial scale. Given considerable cost of production, it is of utmost importance to maximize the yield of recombinant protein per bioreactor run. Choice of culture medium composition and bioreactor design and operation are parameters that impact yield and may be quite complex to optimize. More predictably, increases in the strength or transcriptional activity of the promoter controlling expression of product protein enhance yield. Incremental increases at the single cell level will translate into considerable improvements of product yield in high-density batch or fed-batch culture showing stationary phase gene expression at cell densities in the range of 10⁶ to 10⁷ cells/ml.

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,359 describes a method of enhancing expression from an already strong hCMV promoter in CHO and NSE cells by co-expressiong adenoviral E1A protein from a weak promoter. E1A is a multifunctional transcription factor which may act on cell cycle regulation and has both independent transcriptional activating and repressing functional domains. The finetunizig of E1A expression to appropriate low level expression is crucial for success of the co-expression approach in order to achieve the ideal balance in between gene transactivation whilst avoiding any negative impact on cell cycle progression. As a disadvantage, apart from careful choice of the promoter driving E1A expression, this system blocks part of the protein synthesis capacity of the cell with E1A expression rather than expressing the recombinant protein of interest.

[0005] WO 95/17516 describes use of the murine immunoglobulin gamma 2A locus for targeting an expression vector construct to a highly active gene locus in lymphoid cells of the B-cell lineage, e.g. widely used NSO myeloma cells. NSO cells essentially are a tumor cell line of murine plasma or B-cells. Only in B-cells, the chromatin harboring the immunoglobulin loci is in its fully active, open state, allowing for high transcriptional activity of native immunoglobulin promoters or recombinant expression constructs integrated into those gene loci.

[0006] As a disadvantage, due to the principle of homologous recombination, the targetting sequence will target efficiently in murine cell lines only matching the sequence of the gamma 2 A targetting sequence harboring a recombinatorial hot spot; for high level expression, the gamma 2A locus region must be a transcriptionally active genomic region, limiting its effectiveness for homologous recombination to B-cell types.

[0007] It is an object of the present invention to devise another expression system for CHO protein expression in biotechnology which allows for enhanced expression from a standard promoter. According to the present invention, this aim is surprisingly achieved by equipping a gene expression vector for CHO cells with a gene targetting sequence having been originally devised for homologous recombination in murine B-cells.

[0008] Possible embodiments of the invention are shown in the figures. What is shown is:

[0009] FIG. 1 Relative expression levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from hCMV promoter and hCMV promoter in the presence of the IgG 2A hot spot sequence in transient transfection of CHO-K¹ cells

[0010] FIG. 2 Relative GFP expression levels from hCMV promoter and hCMV promoter in the presence of the IgG 2A hot spot sequence in stably transfected CHO-K1 cells.

[0011] FIG. 3 Plasmid map of hCMV-MIE expression vector carrying IgG 2A targetting sequence

[0012] According to the present invention, a DNA sequence for expression of a recombinant gene in a mammalian cell comprises a recombinant product gene and a promoter for expressing the recombinant product gene, preferably a CMV promoter, and further comprises a murine immunoglobulin gamma 2A locus DNA sequence or fragments or sequence variants thereof capable of enhancing expression from the promoter. According to the present invention, such a DNA sequence is useful expression vector construct for expression of recombinant product gene in CHO cells.

[0013] According to the present invention, the method of expressing a recombinant protein comprises the steps of [0014] a. culturing a CHO cell transfected with an expression vector comprising a promoter active in CHO cells driving expression of a recombinant product protein and further comprising the murine IgG 2 A gene locus DNA or a DNA sequence variant or DNA fragment thereof which is enhancing activity of said promoter, and [0015] b. harvesting the product protein

[0016] A recombinant product gene according, to the present invention is the product protein that is sought to be expressed and harvested in high amount. It may be any protein of interest, e.g. therapeutic proteins such as interleukins or enzymes or subunits of multimeric proteins such as antibodies or fragments thereof. The recombinant product gene may include a signal sequence coding sequence portion allowing secretion of the once expressed polypeptide from the host producer cell. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the product protein is a secreted protein. More preferably, the first or product protein is an antibody or engineered antibody or a fragment thereof, most preferably it is an Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody.

[0017] The DNA sequence of the murine immunoglobulin gamma 2A gene locus (IgG 2A) has originally been devised in WO 95/17516 for use as a genomic targetting sequence for generating stably recombinant lymphoid B-cell lines that show high expression of the recombinant gene product. B lymphocytes or plasma cells normally express extremely high levels of immunoglobulin RNA from the Ig heavy chain locus, probably due to cell-type specific enhancer/transcription factor activity and open chromatin structure. The preferred murine immunoglobuline gamma 2A gene sequence of the present invention is the same as the targetting sequence used in WO 95/17516. It is a 5.1 kb BamHI genomic fragment which includes all of the coding region of murine Ig gamma 2A except the most 5' part of the CH1 exon (Yamawaki-Kataoka, Y. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1982) 79: 2623-2627; Hall, B. et al., Molecular Immunology (1989) 26:819-826; Yamawaki-Kataoka, Y. et al., Nucleic Acid Research (1981) 9: 1365-1381). According to the present invention, promotion of site-directed, homologous recombination is not the relevant property of the immunoglobulin gamma 2A gene sequence (IgG 2A).

[0018] Accordingly, any sequence variant of said IgG 2A gene sequence or sequence fragment or variant sequence fragment that is functional in or capable of enhancing recombinant product gene expression from the promoter, preferably from a hCMV promoter as set forth below, both under condition of transient or stable expression in CHO cells is also encompassed by the present invention.

[0019] Such `functional` variants encompass e.g. base insertions, deletions or point mutations and be generated by methods well-known in the art, e.g. by primer-directed PCR, `error-prone` PCR, `gene-shuffling` termed PCR-reassembly of overlapping DNA fragments or by in-vivo random mutagenesis of bacterial clones followed by library transfection and functional selection in CHO cells. For instance, random mutagenesis can be achieved by alkylating chemicals or UV-irradiations as described in Miller, J., Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1972). Optionally, a natural mutator-strain of a host bacterium may be used.

[0020] Preferably, such variant sequence or sequence fragment is at least 65%, more preferably 75%, most preferably 90% homologous in DNA sequence to the corresponding part of the natural murine immunoglobulin gamma 2A gene locus. For instance, it is possible to insert a Sal I restriction site at the naturally occurring Stu I site present 39 by upstream of membrane exon 2 (M2) to provide a unique site for linearization within the murine immunoglobulin gamma 2A sequence; such sequence variant was originally devised for site-specific recombination targetting, but can as well be employed in the context of the present invention.

[0021] A `promoter` is defined as a DNA sequence that directs RNA polymerase to bind to DNA and inflates RNA synthesis. According to the present invention, it is a promoter that is active in CHO cells. Such a promoter preferably is a strong promoter. A strong promoter is one which causes mRNAs to be initated at high frequency equal to or higher than that of hCMV core promoter/enhancer fragment (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,062) in CHO-KI cells. Such promoter may be a cell-type dependent strong promoter, as are cited in U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,392, or preferably is a ubiquitously active strong promoter, more preferably a constitutively active viral promoter such as e.g. early and late promoters of the SV40 virus, the immediate early promoter of the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) or of murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV), the thymidine kinase promoter (TK) of Herpes Simplex virus or the Rous Sarcoma Virus long terminal repeat promoter (RS-LTR), more preferably it is the hCMV-MIE promoter as defined by the 2.1 kb Pst I fragment described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,839 and/or EP-323 997-A1 or a functional part thereof having promoter activity. The hCMV promoter construct harboring the complete first functional intron of the major immediate early (MIE) gene of hCMV, as set forth in EP-323 997-A1, is a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] Preferably a hCMV promoter employed in the present invention lacks the `modulator` sequence part in the upstream/enhancer portion of the promoter. The ` modulator` sequence has been found to be detrimental to hCMV promoter activity in CHO cells and stretches from position -750 to position -1150 relative to the MIE transcription start site (Meier et al., 1996, Intervirology 39: 331-342, Regulation of hCMV immediate-early gene expression), in particular in transient transfection. Without the modulator sequence, the enhancing effect of the presence of the IgG 2A host spot sequence on (modulator negative or mod- for short) hCMV promoter is even more pronounced.

[0023] A transient transfection is characterised by non-appliance of any selection pressure for a vector borne selection marker. A pool or batch of cells originating from a transient transfection is a pooled cell population that comprises cells which have taken up and do express and cells that have not taken up the foreign DNA. Cells that express the foreign expression cassette do usually not have integrated the transfected DNA into their genome yet and tend to lose the foreign DNA and to overgrow transfected cells in the population upon culture of the transiently transfected cell pool. Therefore expression is strongest in the period immediately following transfection and decreases with time. Preferably, a transient transfectant according to the present invention is understood as a cell that is maintained in cell culture in the absence of selection pressure up to a time of 90 hours post transfection.

[0024] Preferably, a transfected CHO host cell according to the present invention is a stably transfected host cell, in particular in combination with a hCMV promoter as set forth above. Stable transfection means that newly introduced foreign DNA is becoming incorporated into genomic DNA, usually by random, non-homologous recombination events; in case of a vector sequence, stable transfection according to the present invention may result in loss of vector sequence parts not directly related to expression of the recombinant product gene, such as e.g. bacterial copy number control regions rendered superfluous upon genomic integration. A transfected host cell has integrated at least part or different parts of the expression vector into the genome. Likewise, transfection of CHO cells with two or several DNA fragments giving rise at least in vivo to functional equivalents of the essential elements of the expression vector of the invention, namely the product gene under control of a suitable promoter and the hot spot IgG 2A sequence, is contained in the definition of such transfected host cells. In vivo assembly of functional DNA sequences after transfection of fragmented DNA is described e.g. in WO 99/53046. It is possible that such stable integration gives rise, upon exposure to further selection pressure for gene amplification, to double minute chromosomes in CHO cells. This is comprised in the present meaning of `stable`. Upon random genomic integration of the expression vector of the present invention in CHO, the presence of the targetting sequence enhances promoter activity for expression of the recombinant product protein. Such effect has not been observed nor could it have been anticipated upon homologous gene targetting in mature murine B-cell lines including plasmacytoma/myeloma cell lines; there, the IgG 2A targetting sequence served solely to increase the frequency of high-yielding homologous integrants since the IgG 2 A locus proved to be a recombinatorial `hot spot`. As said before, the chromatin of the immunglobuline genomic region is in an open, highly active state in suitably targetted B-cell lines.

[0025] `Expression vectors` are defined herein as DNA sequences that are required for transcription and the translation of their mRNAs in an appropriate mammalian host cell line after transfection with vector. An appropriately constructed expression vector should usually contain: at least one expressable marker selectable in animal cells, a limited number of useful restriction sites for insertion of the expression cassette for the recombinant product gene under control of an upstream promoter region. Where used in particular for transient/episomal expression only, it may further comprise an origin of replication such as origin of Eppstein Barr Virus (EBV) or SV40 virus for autonomous replication/episomal maintenance in eukaryotic host cells but may be devoid of a selectable marker. Expression vectors are e.g., but are not limited to, linear DNA fragments, DNA fragments encompassing nuclear targetting sequences or are specially optimized for interaction with transfection reagents, animal viruses or suitable plasmids that can be shuttled and produced in bacteria. Any selection marker commonly employed such as thymidine kinase (tk), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or glutamine synthetase (GS) may be used. In a preferred embodiment, an expressable GS selection marker is employed (Bebbington et al., 1992, High-level expression of a recombinant antibody from myeloma cells using a glutamine synthetase gene as an amplifiable selectable marker, Bio/Technology 10:169-175; Cockett et al., 1990, High level expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using Glutamine synthetase gene amplification, Bio/Technology 8: 662-667). --The GS-system is one of only two systems that are of particular importance for the production of therapeutic proteins. In comparison to the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) system, the GS system offers a large time advantage during development because highly productive cell lines can often be created from the initial tranfectant thus avoiding the need for multiple rounds of selection in the presence of increasing concentrations of selective agent in order to achieve gene amplification (Brown et al., 1992, Process development for the production of recombinant antibodies using the glutamine synthetase (GS) system, Cytotechnology 9:231-236). It goes without saying that equivalent to a second transcription unit for expression of the marker gene, an expression unit could use a monocistronic expression cassette both for the product gene and the marker gene by employing e.g. internal ribosome entry sites as is routinely employed in the art. Vice versa, it goes without saying that the hot spot IgG 2 A sequence of the present invention and the expression cassette for the product protein comprising a promoter and/or marker cassette are not required to work in cis on a single expression vector; the elements can be well carried on separate co-transfected vectors or DNA fragments which may then be chromosomally integrated at a single, concatemeric integration site.

[0026] A further object of the present invention are CHO host cells transfected with the DNA sequences of the present invention. Further objects are a method for transfection of such host cells and a method for expression of the recombinant product gene in such host cells. The explanations and references made to preferred embodiments in the present specification of the invention relate likewise to all these further objects of the present invention. It is to be noted that a host cell transfected with the DNA sequence or vector of the present invention is to be construed as being a transiently or stably transfected cell line. Any transfection technique such as those well-known in the art, e.g. electoporation, Ca-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextrane transfection, lipofection, can be employed according to the present invention if appropriate for a given host cell type.

[0027] A suitable host cell line can be any chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line (Puck et al., 1958, J. Exp. Med. 108: 945-955). The term `host cell` refers to cells capable of growth in culture and expressing a desired protein recombinant product protein. Suitable cell lines can be e.g. CHO K1 (ATCC CCL-61), CHO pro3-, CHO DG44, CHO P12 or the dhfr-CHO cell line DUK-BII (Chassin et al., PNAS 77, 1980, 4216-4220) or DUXB11 (Simonsen et al., PNAS 80, 1983, 2495-2499). In CHO cells, the immunoglobuline gene loci are inactive and the chromatin is therefore in a densely packaged or closed state. Thus, any gene construct integrated in the immunoglobuline loci could not give rise to high-level expression of recombinant protein due to the specific state of chromatin, unless it would itself comprise flanking locus control regions promoting opening of the chromatin on both sides of the expression cassette. Further, immunoglobulin gene sequence, and in particular the intron portions of it, show considerably divergence amongst species, e.g. from mouse to hamster. The promoter or enhancer elements of immunoglobline loci are both species and tissue specific and should be active in B-cells only. The murine IgG 2A sequence of the present invention enhances gene expression in CHO cells also in the absence of any natural immunoglobuline promoter that is giving rise to full-length transcripts coding for complete IgG heavy chain. Preferably, the IgG 2A sequence of the present invention is devoid of such promoter. Surprisingly, the murine IgG 2 A targetting sequence even improved gene expression in CHO cells upon transient transfection of CHO cells with expression vectors according to the present invention (FIG. 1); such transient expression is a further preferred embodiment of a method according to the present invention. In transient expression assays which are commonly taking place about 20-50 hours post transfection, the transfected vectors are maintained as episomal elements and are not yet integrated into the genome.

[0028] Suitable media and culture methods for mammalian cell lines are well-known in the art, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,162 for instance. Examples of standard cell culture media for laboratory flask or low density cell culture and being adapted to the needs of particular cell types are for instance: Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium (Morre, G., The Journal of the American Medical Association, 199, p. 519 f. 1967), L-15 medium (Leibovitz, A. et al., Amer. J. of Hygiene, 78, 1p. 173 ff, 1963), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM), Ham's F12 medium (Ham, R. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc.53, p288 ff. 1965) or Iscoves' modified DMEM lacking albumin, transferrin and lecithin (Iscoves et al., J. Exp. med. 1, p. 923 ff., 1978). For instance, Ham's F10 or F12 media were specially designed for CHO cell culture. Other media specially adapted to CHO cell culture are described in EP-481 791. It is known that such culture media can be supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS, also called fetal calf serum FCS), the latter providing a natural source of a plethora of hormones and growth factors. The cell culture of mammalian cells is nowadays a routine operation well-described in scientific textbooks and manuals, it is covered in detail e.g. in R. Ian Fresney, Culture of Animal cells, a manual, 4^th edition, Wiley-Liss/N.Y., 2000.

[0029] Preferably, the cell culture medium according to the present invention is devoid of fetal calf serum (FCS or FBS), which then is being termed `serum-free`. Cells in serum-free medium generally require insulin and transferrin in a serum-free medium for optimal growth. Transferrin may at least partially be substituted by non-peptide chelating agents or siderophores such as tropolone as described in WO 94/02592 or increased levels of a source of anorganic iron favorably in conjunction with antioxidants such as vitamin C. Most cell lines require one or more of synthetic growth factors (comprising recombinant polypeptides), including e.g. epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin like growth factors I and II (IGFI, IGFII), etc. Other classes of factors which may be necessary include: prostaglandins, transport and binding proteins (e.g. ceruloplasmin, high and low density lipoproteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA)), hormones, including steroid-hormones, and fatty acids. Polypeptide factor testing is best done in a stepwise fashion testing new polypeptide factors in the presence of those found to be growth stimulatory. Those growth factors are synthetic or recombinant. There a several methodological approaches well-known in animal cell culture, an exemplary being described in the following. The initial step is to obtain conditions where the cells will survive and/or grow slowly for 3-6 days after transfer from serum-supplemented culture medium. In most cell types, this is at least in part a function of inoculum density. Once the optimal hormone/growth factor/polypeptide supplement is found, the inoculum density required for survival will decrease. In a more preferred embodiment, the cell culture medium is protein-free, that is free both of fetal serum and individual protein growth factor supplements or other protein such as recombinant transferrin.

[0030] A possible embodiment of one method of the present invention, namely expression and harvest of the recombinant product protein, is high-density growth of the animal host cells e.g. in an industrial fed-batch bioreactor. Conventional downstream processing may then be applied. Consequently, a high-density growth culture medium has to be employed. Such high-density growth media can usually be supplemented with nutrients such as all amino acids, energy sources such as glucose in the range given above, inorganic salts, vitamins, trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), buffers, the four nucleosides or their corresponding nucleotides, antioxidants such as Glutathione (reduced), Vitamin C and other components such as important membrane lipids, e.g. cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine or lipid precursors, e.g. choline or inositol. A high-density medium will be enriched in most or all of these compounds, and will, except for the inorganic salts based on which the osmolarity of the essentially isotonic medium is regulated, comprise them in higher amounts (fortified) than the afore mentioned standard media as can be incurred from GB2251 249 in comparison with RPMI 1640. Preferably, a high-density culture medium according to the present invention is balancedly fortified in that all amino acids except for Tryptophane are in excess of 75 mg/l culture medium. Preferably, in conjunction with the general amino acid requirement, Glutamine and/or Asparagine are in excess of 1 g/l, more preferably of 2 g/l of high-density culture medium. In the context of the present invention, high-density cell culture is defined as a population of animal cells having temporarily a density of viable cells of at least or in excess of 10⁵ cells/ml, preferably of at least or in excess of 10⁶ cells/ml, and which population has been continously grown from a single cell or inoculum of lower viable cell density in a cell culture medium in a constant or increasing culture volume.

[0031] In a further preferred embodiment, the fed-batch culture is a culture system wherein at least Glutamine, optionally with one or several other amino acids, preferably glycine, is fed to the cell culture as described in GB2251249 for maintaing their concentration in the medium, apart from controlling glucose concentration by spearate feed. More preferably, the feed of glutamine and optionally one or several other amino acids is combined with feeding one or more energy sources such as glucose to the cell culture as described in EP-229 809-A. Feed is usually initiated at 25-60 hours after start of the culture; for instance, it is useful to start feed when cells have reached a density of about 10⁶ cells/ml. It is well known in the art that in cultured animal cells, `glutaminolysis` (McKeehan et al., 1984, Glutaminolysis in animal cells, in: Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cultured Cells, ed. M. J. Morgan, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 11-150) may become an important source of energy during growth phase. The total glutamine and/or asparagine feed (for substitution of glutamine by asparagine, see Kurano, N. et al., 1990, J. Biotechnology 15, 113-128) is usually in the range from 0.5 to 10 g per 1, preferably from 1 to 2 g per 1 culture volume; other amino acids that can be present in the feed are from 10 to 300 mg total feed per litre of culture, in particular glycine, lysine, arginine, valine, isoleucine and leucine are usually fed at higher amounts of at least 150 to 200 mg as compared to the other amino acids. The feed can be added as shot-addition or as contionusly pumped feed, preferably the feed is almost continously pumped into the bioreactor. It goes without saying that the pH is carefully controlled during fed-batch cultivation in a bioreactor at an approximately physiological pH optimal for a given cell line by addition of base or buffer. When glucose is used as an energy source the total glucose feed is usually from 1 to 10, preferably from 3 to 6 grams per litre of the culture. Apart from inclusion of amino acids, the feed preferably comprises a low amount of choline in the range of 5 to 20 mg per litre of culture. More preferably, such feed of choline is combined with supplementation of ethanolamine essentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,728, in particular in combination with feeding glutamine. It goes without saying that upon use of the GS-marker system, lower amounts of glutamine will be required as compared to a non-GS expression system since accumulation of excessive glutamine in addition to the endogenously produced would give rise to ammonia production and concomittant toxicity. For GS, glutamine in the medium or feed is mostly substituted by its equivalents and/or precursors, that is asparagine and/or glutamate.

[0032] It is a further, independent object of the present invention to devise an expression vector comprising at least a (first) transcription unit for a product gene, giving rise to product protein upon expression in a host cell, and which transcription unit is under the control of the mouse Cytomegalovirus promoter (mCMV promoter), and further comprising a second transcription unit comprising a glutamine synthetase (GS) marker gene. Such a product gene, or gene of interest (GOD as it may be termed, can be e.g. an immunoglobulin coding sequence. A glutamine synthetase marker gene is any enzymatically active GS coding sequence, be it a natural gene sequence or a variant thereof. The above definitions of `functional variant` as set forth above apply here as well including the preferred ranges of sequence homology. Preferably, the GS marker gene is a mammalian GS marker gene or derived thereof. Surprisingly, such expression vector allows for much higher transfection rates upon transfection in CHO cells than does e.g. an expression vector in which the first transcription unit harboring the gene of interest is under control of the hCMV promoter. This despite the fact that in CHO cells, transcriptional activity of the mCMV promoter is much higher than that of hCMV promoter; usually it is believed that upon transfection, higher metabolic load reduces clonal survival upon transfection, resulting in lower numbers of transfectants. Thus the effect can not be correlated in an obvious manner with the amount or unexpected toxicity of product protein expressed, the latter possibly adversely affecting growth of transfectants. Indeed, the finding is the very opposite of any expectation of a skilled person.

[0033] Further objects according to the present invention are animal host cells, in particular CHO cells, transfected with such an expression vector which vector can be maintained episomally or can be stably integrated in the genome and a respective transfection method. Likewise, transfection of animal cells, in particular CHO cells, with two or more gene fragments giving rise in-vivo to functional equivalents of the transcription units of the present object of the invention, is within the definition of such transfected host cells. Preferably, said host cells are stably transfected cells, meaning that the first and second transcription unit are chromosomally integrated.

[0034] A further object is the use of mCMV promoter to enhance transfection rate in CHO cells, preferably when using an expression vector comprising at least a first transcription unit for a product gene which first unit is giving rise to product protein upon expression in a host cell and which first transcription unit is further under the control of the mouse Cytomegalovirus promoter (mCMV promoter), and further comprising a second transcription unit comprising a glutamine synthetase (GS) marker gene. It may also be possible to transfect the first and second expression borne on different vectors, or as isolated gene fragments harboring individual expression units. Further, it may be possible to transfect a CHO cell that is already recombinant for and expresses GS with a first transcription unit harboring mCMV. According to the present invention, `enhancing transfection rate` is defining by comparing transfection rate in the presence of the mCMV promoter and expression vector according to the present invention with the transfection rate of the same expression vector and host cell under identical transfection and cell culture conditions except that in the expression vector, the mCMV promoter is substituted to the hCMV-first intron enhancer/promoter construct as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,759 and as set forth e.g. in sequence ID. No. 3 of the present invention. This hCMV-intron MIE-promoter construct, for a given identical product gene, serves as a standard for determining the claimed effect of enhanced transfection rates. Preferably, use of mCMV promoter results in at least 10-times enhanced transfection rate.

[0035] All relevant definitions given further above apply likewise to the present, independent objects of the invention. It must be stressed that the present object of the invention does not require the presence of the murine IgG 2 A targetting sequence as a prerequisite.

[0036] Murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) is a member of the highly diverse group of herpesviridae. Even amongst cytomegaloviruses of different host species there can be wide variation. For example, mCMV differs considerably from the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) with respect to biological properties, immediate early (IE) gene organization, and overall nucleotide sequence. The 235-kbp genome of mCMV also lacks large internal and terminal repeat characteristics of hCMV. Accordingly, no isomeric forms of the MCMV genome exist (Ebeling, A. et al., (1983), J. Virol. 47, 421-433; Mercer, J. A. et al., (1983), Virology 129, 94-106). According to the present invention, it is possible to employ the promoter region essentially corresponding to a large approx. 2.1 kb PstI fragment described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,615 or any functional fragment thereof. In a more preferred embodiment, the mCMV promoter fragment employed comprises the transcription start site (+0) and extends upstream to about position -500. Surprisingly, such fragment has been found to promote stronger expression than a promoter cassette extending 800 by further upstream beyond position -500. In a most preferred embodiment, a core promoter region is employed that extends from the transcription start site upstream but to the Xho I restriction site at about position -150 from the natural transcription start site or even extending but to position -100 upstream from the natural transcriptions start site. It goes without saying that the transcription start site might be engineered in order to comprise a suitable restriction site for insertion of the recombinant product gene.

[0037] According to the present invention, it is also possible that the first transcription unit that is under control of the mCMV promoter harbors at least one intron sequence. Such measure is well-known in the art for stabilising RNA transcripts and for promoting efficient protein synthesis from the corresponding mRNA. For efficient protein synthesis without having regard to the claimed effect on transfection rate, it is however not advisable to include the first, natural intron of mCMV in the mCMV promoter construct. In contrast to the situation with hCMV promoter (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,639), such natural first intron of mCMV was found to decrease expression of a recombinant gene from the mCMV promoter and is therefore excluded in a further preferred embodiment.

[0038] Examples of preferred, possible embodiments of GS marker gene cassettes are given in the sequence listings. Seq IDs No. 1 (pEE 15.1 hCMV/GFP+hot spot)+2 (pEE 14.4 hCMV/GFP) give examples of suitable GS-gene cassettes that are expressed from the SV40 (early and late, respectively) promoter, a weak to medium level promoter, further comprising an expression cassette for GFP (Green fluorescent protein) that is under control of the hCMV promoter. Seq. ID No. 1 describes a GS cDNA sequence described in more detail in the figure legend of FIG. 3, under control of the SV40 early promoter. Seq. ID No. 2 specifies an artifical GS-minigene cassette comprising an intron that is under control of the SV40 late promoter. CHO cells are not naturally glutamine auxothropic, therefore selection schemes as e.g. described in Cockett et al., 1990, High level expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using Glutamine synthetase gene amplification, Bio/Technology 8: 662-667, can be applied. Examples of suitable transfection methods for CHO cells are equally given therein; it is possible to employ e.g. classic calcium phosphate precipitation or more modern lipofection techniques. Transfection rate is routinely defined as the number of positively transfected cells (transient transfection) or clones (stable transfection after selection period) obtained from a pool of cells subjected to transfection. The purported effect of the present object of invention can be seen e.g. by transfecting CHO-K1 cells by lipofection (any commercial reagent and manufacturers protocol) with the plasmids of either Seq. ID No. 3 (pEE 12.4 hCMV-GFP+SV40 early promoter/GS cDNA) or Seq. ID No. 4 (pEE 12.4 mCMV-GFP+SV40 early promoter/GS cDNA). Transfected cells may be grown in any conventional culture medium. The culture medium may be a fetal serum-supplemented or serum-free medium as has been defined above. Preferably, the cell culture medium is a serum-supplemented medium, more preferably a cell culture medium that has been supplemented with at least 1% (v/v) fetal serum, most preferably with at least 5% (v/v) fetal serum such as fetal calf serum or fetal bovine serum. In another preferred embodiment, the transfection method carried out is electroporation.

Experiments

Experiment 1

Transient and Stable Expression of GFP Vector Comprising Hot Spot Sequence in CHO-K1 Cells

[0039] CHO-K1 cells (ATCC CCL-61) were adapted and cultured in normal cell culture medium GMEM-S (Gibco, UK) with 10% FCS. --For GS selection, the medium must be completely free of glutamine as set forth in table 1 below; this necessitates use of dialysed to FCS. --All culturing was carried out in shake flask at 36.5° C. with orbital shaking at 125 rpm. Lipofectin (Superfectin®, Gibco, UK) was used for transfection and green fluorescence of transfectant pool was measured in a FACS with excitation at 488 nm. For every GS/GFP vector construct, transfection was carried out independently five times, all data being the average from five independently analyzed pools. Starting with transient transfectants 48 h post-transfection, the top scoring 10% highly expressing cells of the viable cell pool in the cell count vs. fluorescence diagram were selected to determine mean fluorescence (FIG. 1). Viable cell population has been preselected by gating in the Forward vs. sideward scatter diagram.

[0040] For generating stable transfectants, GS marker was selected 24 hours post-transfection by supplementing the glutamine-free medium with 25 μM MSX (methionine sulphoximine, Crockett et al., ibd.) and continuing cell culture with regular splitting of cultures for 26 days. Note the impact of medium levels of other amino acids on the potency of MSX for selection, see Bebbington et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,739. Fluororescence analysis was then performed again as outlined above (FIG. 2).

[0041] Untransfected cells served as negative control. The hot spot vector (pEE 15.1 `hCMV+hot spot`) driving expression of GFP under control of the hCMV promoter comprising the first complete intron of CMV is given in Seq. ID No. 1 and essentially is the pEE 15.1 vector shown in FIG. 3 into which the GFP sequence was inserted into the Eco RI restriction site in the polylinker. pEE 12.4 `hCMV` corresponding to Seq. ID No. 3 is identical to pEE 15.1 `hCMV+hot spot` except that it does not comprise the 5.1 kb Barn H1 fragment harboring the IgG 2A sequence. pEE 12.4 served as a vector control. A further vector control pEE 12.4 `hCMV(Kozak-)` was generated by mutating the Kozak sequence of the cloning site coninciding with the translation start site (GCCGCCACCATGG) to a frameshifted functional Kozak sequence that (ACCATGGTCCATGG) by primer directed mutagensis (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning, Cold Spring Harbor 1983), attentuating the original Kozak and translation start site. The vector of Seq. ID No. 1 was further engineered to delete the 400 by modulator region of hCMV enhancer portion, deleting the enhancer elements upstream of -750 from the transcription start site, giving rise to pEE 15.1 `hCMV(mod-)/GcDNA`. By exchange of the GScDNA cassette of pEE 15.1 (s. FIG. 3) with the GS minigene of pEE 14.4 `hCMV(mod-)`/GFP, corresponding to Seq. ID No. 2, the vector pEE 15.1 `hCMV(mod-)/Gminigene` was created. Thus all transfected cells harbored a plasmid vector comprising the GFP coding sequence. The GS minigene contains a single, first intron of the GS gene and about 1 kb of 3' flanking DNA under the control of the SV40 late promoter; the 3' part of the genomic GS DNA is believed to cause a higher copy-number of vector DNA and thus of GS in transfected cells (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,359, Bebbington et al.). Whereas all hCMV vectors employed in the present study express the GS maker gene from its cDNA sequence, use of the GS minigene was included as a further control in order to exclude potential effects of GS copy number and expression level.

[0042] For generation and expression analysis of stably transfected CHO cells, transfections were performed with linearized hot spot vector pEE 15.1 `hCMV+hot spot` vector. Sal I linearized plasmid was cut in the IgG 2A comprising sequence portion, free DNA ends potentially stimulating recombination with genomic regions sharing a certain degree of homology with the flanking DNA portions, testing for potential targetting effects of murine IgG 2A in hamster CHO cells. Pvu I cut in the bacterial lactamase marker gene and therefore could promote but heterologous random recombination. Indeed, the mean fluorescence was higher in the Pvu I linearized transfectants showing both some influence of vector linearization as well as that targetting to immunoglobulin loci in CHO cells may not account for the effect of the present invention. In addition, the effect of enhanced promoter activity was consistingly observed in transiently transfected cell populations, nicely correlating with relative strength of individual vector constructs. Clearly, genomic integration is not involved at this early stage of transfection.

[0043] FIG. 3 shows vector pEE 15.1 of approximately 12 830 bp. A detailed description of the GS marker and the hCMV-p/intron expression cassette can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,739 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,639. pEE 15.1. is a possible embodiment of an expression vector according to the present invention, except that the DNA sequence coding for the recombinant product protein has not yet been inserted in the polylinker site. The complete 13535 by sequence of the pEE15.1 construct harboring GFP is given in Seq. ID No. 1: Therein, the GFP coding sequence was inserted in-frame in the Eco R I restriction site centered at base position 12 814; the introduction of the unique restriction site harboring the ATG start codon and optimizing the Kozak sequence environment of the start codon is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,639. Thus, the expression of GFP protein is under control of the hCMV-major immediate early gene promoter (hCMV-MIE or hCMV for short) immediately followed by the first intron of hCMV-MIE gene followed by the Nco I site (s. U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,639). Polyadenlyation is ensured by the SV40 poly A site further downstream of the polylinker insertion site. pEE 15.1 further harbors a cDNA sequence coding for glutamine synthetase (GS) from hamster that is under control of the SV 40 early promoter and is followed by an SV40 intron+poly A sequence. The IgG 2A gene locus or `hot spot` sequence (hatched boxes CH1, H1, CH2, CH3, M1, M2 standing for Heavy chain constant region, hinge, membrane anchor) is the 5.1 kb BamH I fragment of the murine IgG 2 A locus already described in WO 9517516 and the references cited therein. Unique restriction sites Pvu I and Sal I are shown.

Experiment 2

[0044] Electroporation of CHO Cells with mCMV p12.4-GFP Construct (Seq. ID No.4)

[0045] Attached CHO-K¹ cells (ATCC CCL-61) were cultured in Iscoves' DMEM medium essentially as described in EP-481 791 comprising 2 mM Glutamine which was further supplemented with 10% FCS. Optionally, the G-MEM medium stated in table 1 and further comprising 2 mM Glutamine could be used prior to GS marker selection as in experiment 1. The cells were detached, pelleted and resuspended twice in serum-free medium, finally at a density of 5.3×10⁶ cells/ml. Per 750 μl electroporation batch, a total of 4×10⁶ cells was electroporated. Electroporation was carried out as described in Methods in Molecular Biology, ed. J A Nickoloff ed, Humana Press 1995, Vol. 48/Chap. 8: Animal cell electroporation and electrofusion protocols. p12.4 mCMV-GFP vector DNA (sequence ID No. 4) was linearized. 50 μl (20 μg) DNA were added to 750 μl cells in electroporation cuvette and electroporate--300 Volts/750 gd--expecting an electorporation time of around 12-14 msec. Following electroporation 8000 volume of cells was transferred into 25 ml of modified Glasgow-MEM (GMEM, Gibco) culture medium for GS selection (comprising 10% fetal serum but no glutamine, for details see table 1) in a T75 flask. Divide into 2×T75 flasks by moving 12.9 mls into a second flask and incubate overnight at 37° C. in 10% CO₂

[0046] On the next day 37.5 ml of GS-selection GMEM culture medium supplemented with 10% FBS+33.3 μM MSX (methionine sulphoximine) were added. Thus MSX was finally ˜25 μM. Transfectants were counted after further incubation for 26 days by colony count per flask. Upon microscopic inspection in a standard inverted microscope for inspection of culture flasks, positive colonies brightly lit up in light green and could be easily counted.

[0047] The mCMV construct of Seq. ID No. 4 yielded up to 20 times more foci than did cells that were transfected in parallel with the hCMV construct of Seq. ID No. 3. The vector constructs only differed in the CMV promoter elements driving GFP expression, the remaining vector parts of the vectors were identical (including GS-marker; cDNA GS-marker cassette of p12.4). If cells were diluted out into 96 well plates immediately following transfection, many more colonies come up from mCMV transfected cells (>400 colonies) than from hCMV transfected cells (about 45 colonies).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Medium for GS selection A. Stock Solutions 1. Double distilled water autoclaved in 400 ml aliquots 2. 10 x Glasgow MEM (GMEM) without glutamine (GIBCO: 042-2541 in UK). Store at 4° C. 3. 7.5% sodium bicarbonate (GIBCO: 043-05080 in UK; 670-5080 in US). Store at 4° C. 4. 100 x non-essential amino acids (NEAA) (GIBCO: 043-01140 in UK; 320-1140 in US). Store at 4° C. 5. 100 x Glutamate + Asparagine (G + A): add 600 mg glutamic acid and 600 mg asparagines (Sigma). Make up to 100 ml in distilled water and sterilize by passing through a sterile 2 μm filter (Nalgene). Store at 4° C. 6. 100 mM sodium pyruvate (GIBCO: 043-01360 in UK; 320-1360 in US) 7. 50 x nucleosides: 35 mg adenosine 35 mg guanosine 35 mg cytidine 35 mg uridine 12 mg thymidine (each from Sigma). Make up to 100 ml with water, filter sterilise and store at -20° C. in 10 ml aliquots. 8. Dialysed FCS (GIBCO: 014-06300). Heat inactivate at 56° C. for 30 min and store at -20° C. It is essential to use dialysed FCS when using GS selection. 9. Penicilin-streptomycin at 5000 units/ml (P/S: GIBCO: 043-05070 in UK; 600-5070 in US). 10. 100 mM L.MSX (Sigma): prepare 18 mg/ml solution in PBS. Filter sterilise and store at -20° C. B. Medium Preparation Add the following in the order given using aseptic technique to make GMEM-S medium 1. Water 400 ml 2. 10 x GMEM 50 ml 3. Sodium bicarbonate 18.1 ml 4. NEAA 5 ml 5. G + A 5 ml 6. Sodium pyruvate 5 ml 7. Nucleosides 10 ml 8. Dialysed FCS 50 ml 9. Penicillin-streptomycin 5 ml GMEM-S contains the non-essential amino acids, alanine, aspartate, glycine, proline and serine (100 μM), glutamate and asparagines (500 μM), and adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine (30 μM), and thymidine (10 μM).

Sequence CWU 1

416679DNAHamster sp.misc_featureSeq. ID. No. 4 circular plasmid GS vector p12.4 short mCMV-GFP / clone 3 1gaattcattg atcataatca gccataccac atttgtagag gttttacttg ctttaaaaaa 60cctcccacac ctccccctga acctgaaaca taaaatgaat gcaattgttg ttgttaactt 120gtttattgca gcttataatg gttacaaata aagcaatagc atcacaaatt tcacaaataa 180agcatttttt tcactgcatt ctagttgtgg tttgtccaaa ctcatcaatg tatcttatca 240tgtctggcgg ccgcgacctg caggcgcaga actggtaggt atggaagatc cctcgagatc 300cattgtgctg gcggtaggcg agcagcgcct gcctgaagct gcgggcattc ccagtcagaa 360atgagcgcca gtcgtcgtcg gctctcggca ccgaagtgct atgattctcc gccagcatgg 420cttcggccag tgcgtcgagc agcgcccgct tgttcctgaa gtgccagtaa agcgccggct 480gctgaacccc caaccgttcc gccagtttgc gtgtcgtcag accgtctacg ccgacctcgt 540tcaacaggtc cagggcggca cggatcactg tattcggctg caactttgtc atgcttgaca 600ctttatcact gataaacata atatgtccac caacttatca gtgataaaga atccgcgcca 660gcacaatgga tctcgaggtc gagggatctc tagaggatcc atattcgcgg gcatcaccgg 720cgccacaggt gcggttgctg gcgcctatat cgccgacatc accgatgggg aagatcgggc 780tcgccacttc gggctcatga gcgcttgttt cggcgtgggt atggtggcag gccccgtggc 840cgggggactg ttgggcgcca tctccttgca tgcaccattc cttgcggcgg cggtgctcaa 900cggcctcaac ctactactgg gctgcttcct aatgcaggag tcgcataagg gagagcgtcg 960acctcgggcc gcgttgctgg cgtttttcca taggctccgc ccccctgacg agcatcacaa 1020aaatcgacgc tcaagtcaga ggtggcgaaa cccgacagga ctataaagat accaggcgtt 1080tccccctgga agctccctcg tgcgctctcc tgttccgacc ctgccgctta ccggatacct 1140gtccgccttt ctcccttcgg gaagcgtggc gctttctcat agctcacgct gtaggtatct 1200cagttcggtg taggtcgttc gctccaagct gggctgtgtg cacgaacccc ccgttcagcc 1260cgaccgctgc gccttatccg gtaactatcg tcttgagtcc aacccggtaa gacacgactt 1320atcgccactg gcagcagcca ctggtaacag gattagcaga gcgaggtatg taggcggtgc 1380tacagagttc ttgaagtggt ggcctaacta cggctacact agaagaacag tatttggtat 1440ctgcgctctg ctgaagccag ttaccttcgg aaaaagagtt ggtagctctt gatccggcaa 1500acaaaccacc gctggtagcg gtggtttttt tgtttgcaag cagcagatta cgcgcagaaa 1560aaaaggatct caagaagatc ctttgatctt ttctacgggg tctgacgctc agtggaacga 1620aaactcacgt taagggattt tggtcatgag attatcaaaa aggatcttca cctagatcct 1680tttaaattaa aaatgaagtt ttaaatcaat ctaaagtata tatgagtaaa cttggtctga 1740cagttaccaa tgcttaatca gtgaggcacc tatctcagcg atctgtctat ttcgttcatc 1800catagttgcc tgactccccg tcgtgtagat aactacgata cgggagggct taccatctgg 1860ccccagtgct gcaatgatac cgcgagaccc acgctcaccg gctccagatt tatcagcaat 1920aaaccagcca gccggaaggg ccgagcgcag aagtggtcct gcaactttat ccgcctccat 1980ccagtctatt aattgttgcc gggaagctag agtaagtagt tcgccagtta atagtttgcg 2040caacgttgtt gccattgcta caggcatcgt ggtgtcacgc tcgtcgtttg gtatggcttc 2100attcagctcc ggttcccaac gatcaaggcg agttacatga tcccccatgt tgtgcaaaaa 2160agcggttagc tccttcggtc ctccgatcgt tgtcagaagt aagttggccg cagtgttatc 2220actcatggtt atggcagcac tgcataattc tcttactgtc atgccatccg taagatgctt 2280ttctgtgact ggtgagtact caaccaagtc attctgagaa tagtgtatgc ggcgaccgag 2340ttgctcttgc ccggcgtcaa tacgggataa taccgcgcca catagcagaa ctttaaaagt 2400gctcatcatt ggaaaacgtt cttcggggcg aaaactctca aggatcttac cgctgttgag 2460atccagttcg atgtaaccca ctcgtgcacc caactgatct tcagcatctt ttactttcac 2520cagcgtttct gggtgagcaa aaacaggaag gcaaaatgcc gcaaaaaagg gaataagggc 2580gacacggaaa tgttgaatac tcatactctt cctttttcaa tattattgaa gcatttatca 2640gggttattgt ctcatgagcg gatacatatt tgaatgtatt tagaaaaata aacaaatagg 2700ggttccgcgc acatttcccc gaaaagtgcc acctgacgtc taagaaacca ttattatcat 2760gacattaacc tataaaaata ggcgtatcac gaggccctga tggctctttg cggcacccat 2820cgttcgtaat gttccgtggc accgaggaca accctcaaga gaaaatgtaa tcacactggc 2880tcaccttcgg gtgggccttt ctgcgtttat aaggagacac tttatgttta agaaggttgg 2940taaattcctt gcggctttgg cagccaagct agatccggct gtggaatgtg tgtcagttag 3000ggtgtggaaa gtccccaggc tccccagcag gcagaagtat gcaaagcatg catctcaatt 3060agtcagcaac caggtgtgga aagtccccag gctccccagc aggcagaagt atgcaaagca 3120tgcatctcaa ttagtcagca accatagtcc cgcccctaac tccgcccatc ccgcccctaa 3180ctccgcccag ttccgcccat tctccgcccc atggctgact aatttttttt atttatgcag 3240aggccgaggc cgcctcggcc tctgagctat tccagaagta gtgaggaggc ttttttggag 3300gcctaggctt ttgcaaaaag ctagcttggg gccaccgctc agagcacctt ccaccatggc 3360cacctcagca agttcccact tgaacaaaaa catcaagcaa atgtacttgt gcctgcccca 3420gggtgagaaa gtccaagcca tgtatatctg ggttgatggt actggagaag gactgcgctg 3480caaaacccgc accctggact gtgagcccaa gtgtgtagaa gagttacctg agtggaattt 3540tgatggctct agtacctttc agtctgaggg ctccaacagt gacatgtatc tcagccctgt 3600tgccatgttt cgggacccct tccgcagaga tcccaacaag ctggtgttct gtgaagtttt 3660caagtacaac cggaagcctg cagagaccaa tttaaggcac tcgtgtaaac ggataatgga 3720catggtgagc aaccagcacc cctggtttgg aatggaacag gagtatactc tgatgggaac 3780agatgggcac ccttttggtt ggccttccaa tggctttcct gggccccaag gtccgtatta 3840ctgtggtgtg ggcgcagaca aagcctatgg cagggatatc gtggaggctc actaccgcgc 3900ctgcttgtat gctggggtca agattacagg aacaaatgct gaggtcatgc ctgcccagtg 3960ggaactccaa ataggaccct gtgaaggaat ccgcatggga gatcatctct gggtggcccg 4020tttcatcttg catcgagtat gtgaagactt tggggtaata gcaacctttg accccaagcc 4080cattcctggg aactggaatg gtgcaggctg ccataccaac tttagcacca aggccatgcg 4140ggaggagaat ggtctgaagc acatcgagga ggccatcgag aaactaagca agcggcaccg 4200gtaccacatt cgagcctacg atcccaaggg gggcctggac aatgcccgtg gtctgactgg 4260gttccacgaa acgtccaaca tcaacgactt ttctgctggt gtcgccaatc gcagtgccag 4320catccgcatt ccccggactg tcggccagga gaagaaaggt tactttgaag accgcggccc 4380ctctgccaat tgtgacccct ttgcagtgac agaagccatc gtccgcacat gccttctcaa 4440tgagactggc gacgagccct tccaatacaa aaactaatta gactttgagt gatcttgagc 4500ctttcctagt tcatcccacc ccgccccaga gagatctttg tgaaggaacc ttacttctgt 4560ggtgtgacat aattggacaa actacctaca gagatttaaa gctctaaggt aaatataaaa 4620tttttaagtg tataatgtgt taaactactg attctaattg tttgtgtatt ttagattcca 4680acctatggaa ctgatgaatg ggagcagtgg tggaatgcct ttaatgagga aaacctgttt 4740tgctcagaag aaatgccatc tagtgatgat gaggctactg ctgactctca acattctact 4800cctccaaaaa agaagagaaa ggtagaagac cccaaggact ttccttcaga attgctaagt 4860tttttgagtc atgctgtgtt tagtaataga actcttgctt gctttgctat ttacaccaca 4920aaggaaaaag ctgcactgct atacaagaaa attatggaaa aatattctgt aacctttata 4980agtaggcata acagttataa tcataacata ctgttttttc ttactccaca caggcataga 5040gtgtctgcta ttaataacta tgctcaaaaa ttgtgtacct ttagcttttt aatttgtaaa 5100ggggttaata aggaatattt gatgtatagt gccttgacta gagatcataa tcagccatac 5160cacatttgta gaggttttac ttgctttaaa aaacctccca cacctccccc tgaacctgaa 5220acataaaatg aatgcaattg ttgttgttaa cttgtttatt gcagcttata atggttacaa 5280ataaagcaat agcatcacaa atttcacaaa taaagcattt ttttcactgc attctagttg 5340tggtttgtcc aaactcatca atgtatctta tcatgtctgg atctctagct tcgtgtcaag 5400gacggtgagg cgcgcctact gagtcattag ggactttcca atgggttttg cccagtacat 5460aaggtcaata ggggtgaatc aacaggaaag tcccattgga gccaagtaca ctgagtcaat 5520agggactttc cattgggttt tgcccagtac aaaaggtcaa tagggggtga gtcaatgggt 5580ttttcccatt attggcacgt acataaggtc aataggggtg agtcattggg tttttccagc 5640caatttaatt aaaacgccat gtactttccc accattgacg tcaatgggct attgaaacta 5700atgcaacgtg acctttaaac ggtactttcc catagctgat taatgggaaa gtaccgttct 5760cgagccaata cacgtcaatg ggaagtgaaa gggcagccaa aacgtaacac cgccccggtt 5820ttcccctgga aattccatat tggcacgcat tctattggct gagctgcgtt ctacgtgggt 5880ataagaggcg cgaccagcgt cggtaccgtc gcagtcttcg gtctgaccac cgtagaacgc 5940agaagcttgc cgccaccatg gtgagcaagc agatcctgaa gaacaccggc ctgcaggaga 6000tcatgagctt caaggtgaac ctggagggcg tggtgaacaa ccacgtgttc accatggagg 6060gctgcggcaa gggcaacatc ctgttcggca accagctggt gcagatccgc gtgaccaagg 6120gcgcccccct gcccttcgcc ttcgacatcc tgagccccgc cttccagtac ggcaaccgca 6180ccttcaccaa gtaccccgag gacatcagcg acttcttcat ccagagcttc cccgccggct 6240tcgtgtacga gcgcaccctg cgctacgagg acggcggcct ggtggagatc cgcagcgaca 6300tcaacctgat cgaggagatg ttcgtgtacc gcgtggagta caagggccgc aacttcccca 6360acgacggccc cgtgatgaag aagaccatca ccggcctgca gcccagcttc gaggtggtgt 6420acatgaacga cggcgtgctg gtgggccagg tgatcctggt gtaccgcctg aacagcggca 6480agttctacag ctgccacatg cgcaccctga tgaagagcaa gggcgtggtg aaggacttcc 6540ccgagtacca cttcatccag caccgcctgg agaagaccta cgtggaggac ggcggcttcg 6600tggagcagca cgagaccgcc atcgcccagc tgaccagcct gggcaagccc ctgggcagcc 6660tgcacgagtg ggtgtaata 667928251DNAHamster sp.misc_featureSeq. ID. No. 3 circular plasmid GS vector p12.4 hCMVp-GFP /clone 13 2gaattcattg atcataatca gccataccac atttgtagag gttttacttg ctttaaaaaa 60cctcccacac ctccccctga acctgaaaca taaaatgaat gcaattgttg ttgttaactt 120gtttattgca gcttataatg gttacaaata aagcaatagc atcacaaatt tcacaaataa 180agcatttttt tcactgcatt ctagttgtgg tttgtccaaa ctcatcaatg tatcttatca 240tgtctggcgg ccgcgacctg caggcgcaga actggtaggt atggaagatc cctcgagatc 300cattgtgctg gcggtaggcg agcagcgcct gcctgaagct gcgggcattc ccagtcagaa 360atgagcgcca gtcgtcgtcg gctctcggca ccgaagtgct atgattctcc gccagcatgg 420cttcggccag tgcgtcgagc agcgcccgct tgttcctgaa gtgccagtaa agcgccggct 480gctgaacccc caaccgttcc gccagtttgc gtgtcgtcag accgtctacg ccgacctcgt 540tcaacaggtc cagggcggca cggatcactg tattcggctg caactttgtc atgcttgaca 600ctttatcact gataaacata atatgtccac caacttatca gtgataaaga atccgcgcca 660gcacaatgga tctcgaggtc gagggatctc tagaggatcc atattcgcgg gcatcaccgg 720cgccacaggt gcggttgctg gcgcctatat cgccgacatc accgatgggg aagatcgggc 780tcgccacttc gggctcatga gcgcttgttt cggcgtgggt atggtggcag gccccgtggc 840cgggggactg ttgggcgcca tctccttgca tgcaccattc cttgcggcgg cggtgctcaa 900cggcctcaac ctactactgg gctgcttcct aatgcaggag tcgcataagg gagagcgtcg 960acctcgggcc gcgttgctgg cgtttttcca taggctccgc ccccctgacg agcatcacaa 1020aaatcgacgc tcaagtcaga ggtggcgaaa cccgacagga ctataaagat accaggcgtt 1080tccccctgga agctccctcg tgcgctctcc tgttccgacc ctgccgctta ccggatacct 1140gtccgccttt ctcccttcgg gaagcgtggc gctttctcat agctcacgct gtaggtatct 1200cagttcggtg taggtcgttc gctccaagct gggctgtgtg cacgaacccc ccgttcagcc 1260cgaccgctgc gccttatccg gtaactatcg tcttgagtcc aacccggtaa gacacgactt 1320atcgccactg gcagcagcca ctggtaacag gattagcaga gcgaggtatg taggcggtgc 1380tacagagttc ttgaagtggt ggcctaacta cggctacact agaagaacag tatttggtat 1440ctgcgctctg ctgaagccag ttaccttcgg aaaaagagtt ggtagctctt gatccggcaa 1500acaaaccacc gctggtagcg gtggtttttt tgtttgcaag cagcagatta cgcgcagaaa 1560aaaaggatct caagaagatc ctttgatctt ttctacgggg tctgacgctc agtggaacga 1620aaactcacgt taagggattt tggtcatgag attatcaaaa aggatcttca cctagatcct 1680tttaaattaa aaatgaagtt ttaaatcaat ctaaagtata tatgagtaaa cttggtctga 1740cagttaccaa tgcttaatca gtgaggcacc tatctcagcg atctgtctat ttcgttcatc 1800catagttgcc tgactccccg tcgtgtagat aactacgata cgggagggct taccatctgg 1860ccccagtgct gcaatgatac cgcgagaccc acgctcaccg gctccagatt tatcagcaat 1920aaaccagcca gccggaaggg ccgagcgcag aagtggtcct gcaactttat ccgcctccat 1980ccagtctatt aattgttgcc gggaagctag agtaagtagt tcgccagtta atagtttgcg 2040caacgttgtt gccattgcta caggcatcgt ggtgtcacgc tcgtcgtttg gtatggcttc 2100attcagctcc ggttcccaac gatcaaggcg agttacatga tcccccatgt tgtgcaaaaa 2160agcggttagc tccttcggtc ctccgatcgt tgtcagaagt aagttggccg cagtgttatc 2220actcatggtt atggcagcac tgcataattc tcttactgtc atgccatccg taagatgctt 2280ttctgtgact ggtgagtact caaccaagtc attctgagaa tagtgtatgc ggcgaccgag 2340ttgctcttgc ccggcgtcaa tacgggataa taccgcgcca catagcagaa ctttaaaagt 2400gctcatcatt ggaaaacgtt cttcggggcg aaaactctca aggatcttac cgctgttgag 2460atccagttcg atgtaaccca ctcgtgcacc caactgatct tcagcatctt ttactttcac 2520cagcgtttct gggtgagcaa aaacaggaag gcaaaatgcc gcaaaaaagg gaataagggc 2580gacacggaaa tgttgaatac tcatactctt cctttttcaa tattattgaa gcatttatca 2640gggttattgt ctcatgagcg gatacatatt tgaatgtatt tagaaaaata aacaaatagg 2700ggttccgcgc acatttcccc gaaaagtgcc acctgacgtc taagaaacca ttattatcat 2760gacattaacc tataaaaata ggcgtatcac gaggccctga tggctctttg cggcacccat 2820cgttcgtaat gttccgtggc accgaggaca accctcaaga gaaaatgtaa tcacactggc 2880tcaccttcgg gtgggccttt ctgcgtttat aaggagacac tttatgttta agaaggttgg 2940taaattcctt gcggctttgg cagccaagct agatccggct gtggaatgtg tgtcagttag 3000ggtgtggaaa gtccccaggc tccccagcag gcagaagtat gcaaagcatg catctcaatt 3060agtcagcaac caggtgtgga aagtccccag gctccccagc aggcagaagt atgcaaagca 3120tgcatctcaa ttagtcagca accatagtcc cgcccctaac tccgcccatc ccgcccctaa 3180ctccgcccag ttccgcccat tctccgcccc atggctgact aatttttttt atttatgcag 3240aggccgaggc cgcctcggcc tctgagctat tccagaagta gtgaggaggc ttttttggag 3300gcctaggctt ttgcaaaaag ctagcttggg gccaccgctc agagcacctt ccaccatggc 3360cacctcagca agttcccact tgaacaaaaa catcaagcaa atgtacttgt gcctgcccca 3420gggtgagaaa gtccaagcca tgtatatctg ggttgatggt actggagaag gactgcgctg 3480caaaacccgc accctggact gtgagcccaa gtgtgtagaa gagttacctg agtggaattt 3540tgatggctct agtacctttc agtctgaggg ctccaacagt gacatgtatc tcagccctgt 3600tgccatgttt cgggacccct tccgcagaga tcccaacaag ctggtgttct gtgaagtttt 3660caagtacaac cggaagcctg cagagaccaa tttaaggcac tcgtgtaaac ggataatgga 3720catggtgagc aaccagcacc cctggtttgg aatggaacag gagtatactc tgatgggaac 3780agatgggcac ccttttggtt ggccttccaa tggctttcct gggccccaag gtccgtatta 3840ctgtggtgtg ggcgcagaca aagcctatgg cagggatatc gtggaggctc actaccgcgc 3900ctgcttgtat gctggggtca agattacagg aacaaatgct gaggtcatgc ctgcccagtg 3960ggaactccaa ataggaccct gtgaaggaat ccgcatggga gatcatctct gggtggcccg 4020tttcatcttg catcgagtat gtgaagactt tggggtaata gcaacctttg accccaagcc 4080cattcctggg aactggaatg gtgcaggctg ccataccaac tttagcacca aggccatgcg 4140ggaggagaat ggtctgaagc acatcgagga ggccatcgag aaactaagca agcggcaccg 4200gtaccacatt cgagcctacg atcccaaggg gggcctggac aatgcccgtg gtctgactgg 4260gttccacgaa acgtccaaca tcaacgactt ttctgctggt gtcgccaatc gcagtgccag 4320catccgcatt ccccggactg tcggccagga gaagaaaggt tactttgaag accgcggccc 4380ctctgccaat tgtgacccct ttgcagtgac agaagccatc gtccgcacat gccttctcaa 4440tgagactggc gacgagccct tccaatacaa aaactaatta gactttgagt gatcttgagc 4500ctttcctagt tcatcccacc ccgccccaga gagatctttg tgaaggaacc ttacttctgt 4560ggtgtgacat aattggacaa actacctaca gagatttaaa gctctaaggt aaatataaaa 4620tttttaagtg tataatgtgt taaactactg attctaattg tttgtgtatt ttagattcca 4680acctatggaa ctgatgaatg ggagcagtgg tggaatgcct ttaatgagga aaacctgttt 4740tgctcagaag aaatgccatc tagtgatgat gaggctactg ctgactctca acattctact 4800cctccaaaaa agaagagaaa ggtagaagac cccaaggact ttccttcaga attgctaagt 4860tttttgagtc atgctgtgtt tagtaataga actcttgctt gctttgctat ttacaccaca 4920aaggaaaaag ctgcactgct atacaagaaa attatggaaa aatattctgt aacctttata 4980agtaggcata acagttataa tcataacata ctgttttttc ttactccaca caggcataga 5040gtgtctgcta ttaataacta tgctcaaaaa ttgtgtacct ttagcttttt aatttgtaaa 5100ggggttaata aggaatattt gatgtatagt gccttgacta gagatcataa tcagccatac 5160cacatttgta gaggttttac ttgctttaaa aaacctccca cacctccccc tgaacctgaa 5220acataaaatg aatgcaattg ttgttgttaa cttgtttatt gcagcttata atggttacaa 5280ataaagcaat agcatcacaa atttcacaaa taaagcattt ttttcactgc attctagttg 5340tggtttgtcc aaactcatca atgtatctta tcatgtctgg atctagcttc gtgtcaagga 5400cggtgactgc agtgaataat aaaatgtgtg tttgtccgaa atacgcgttt tgagatttct 5460gtcgccgact aaattcatgt cgcgcgatag tggtgtttat cgccgataga gatggcgata 5520ttggaaaaat cgatatttga aaatatggca tattgaaaat gtcgccgatg tgagtttctg 5580tgtaactgat atcgccattt ttccaaaagt gatttttggg catacgcgat atctggcgat 5640agcgcttata tcgtttacgg gggatggcga tagacgactt tggtgacttg ggcgattctg 5700tgtgtcgcaa atatcgcagt ttcgatatag gtgacagacg atatgaggct atatcgccga 5760tagaggcgac atcaagctgg cacatggcca atgcatatcg atctatacat tgaatcaata 5820ttggccatta gccatattat tcattggtta tatagcataa atcaatattg gctattggcc 5880attgcatacg ttgtatccat atcataatat gtacatttat attggctcat gtccaacatt 5940accgccatgt tgacattgat tattgactag ttattaatag taatcaatta cggggtcatt 6000agttcatagc ccatatatgg agttccgcgt tacataactt acggtaaatg gcccgcctgg 6060ctgaccgccc aacgaccccc gcccattgac gtcaataatg acgtatgttc ccatagtaac 6120gccaataggg actttccatt gacgtcaatg ggtggagtat ttacggtaaa ctgcccactt 6180ggcagtacat caagtgtatc atatgccaag tacgccccct attgacgtca atgacggtaa 6240atggcccgcc tggcattatg cccagtacat gaccttatgg gactttccta cttggcagta 6300catctacgta ttagtcatcg ctattaccat ggtgatgcgg ttttggcagt acatcaatgg 6360gcgtggatag cggtttgact cacggggatt tccaagtctc caccccattg acgtcaatgg 6420gagtttgttt tggcaccaaa atcaacggga ctttccaaaa tgtcgtaaca actccgcccc 6480attgacgcaa atgggcggta ggcgtgtacg gtgggaggtc tatataagca gagctcgttt 6540agtgaaccgt cagatcgcct ggagacgcca tccacgctgt tttgacctcc atagaagaca 6600ccgggaccga tccagcctcc gcggccggga acggtgcatt ggaacgcgga ttccccgtgc 6660caagagtgac gtaagtaccg cctatagagt ctataggccc acccccttgg cttcttatgc 6720atgctatact gtttttggct tggggtctat acacccccgc ttcctcatgt tataggtgat 6780ggtatagctt agcctatagg tgtgggttat tgaccattat tgaccactcc cctattggtg 6840acgatacttt ccattactaa tccataacat ggctctttgc cacaactctc tttattggct 6900atatgccaat acactgtcct tcagagactg acacggactc tgtattttta caggatgggg 6960tctcatttat tatttacaaa ttcacatata caacaccacc gtccccagtg cccgcagttt 7020ttattaaaca taacgtggga tctccacgcg aatctcgggt acgtgttccg gacatgggct 7080cttctccggt agcggcggag cttctacatc cgagccctgc tcccatgcct ccagcgactc 7140atggtcgctc ggcagctcct tgctcctaac agtggaggcc agacttaggc acagcacgat 7200gcccaccacc accagtgtgc cgcacaaggc cgtggcggta gggtatgtgt ctgaaaatga 7260gctcggggag cgggcttgca ccgctgacgc atttggaaga cttaaggcag cggcagaaga 7320agatgcaggc agctgagttg ttgtgttctg ataagagtca gaggtaactc ccgttgcggt 7380gctgttaacg gtggagggca gtgtagtctg agcagtactc gttgctgccg cgcgcgccac 7440cagacataat agctgacaga ctaacagact gttcctttcc atgggtcttt tctgcagtca 7500ccgtccttga cacgaagctt gccgccacca tggtgagcaa gcagatcctg aagaacaccg 7560gcctgcagga gatcatgagc ttcaaggtga acctggaggg cgtggtgaac aaccacgtgt 7620tcaccatgga gggctgcggc aagggcaaca tcctgttcgg caaccagctg gtgcagatcc 7680gcgtgaccaa gggcgccccc ctgcccttcg ccttcgacat cctgagcccc gccttccagt 7740acggcaaccg caccttcacc aagtaccccg aggacatcag cgacttcttc atccagagct 7800tccccgccgg cttcgtgtac gagcgcaccc tgcgctacga ggacggcggc ctggtggaga 7860tccgcagcga catcaacctg atcgaggaga tgttcgtgta ccgcgtggag tacaagggcc 7920gcaacttccc caacgacggc cccgtgatga agaagaccat caccggcctg cagcccagct 7980tcgaggtggt gtacatgaac gacggcgtgc tggtgggcca ggtgatcctg gtgtaccgcc 8040tgaacagcgg caagttctac agctgccaca tgcgcaccct gatgaagagc aagggcgtgg 8100tgaaggactt ccccgagtac cacttcatcc agcaccgcct ggagaagacc tacgtggagg

8160acggcggctt cgtggagcag cacgagaccg ccatcgccca gctgaccagc ctgggcaagc 8220ccctgggcag cctgcacgag tgggtgtaat a 8251310369DNAHamster sp.misc_featureSeq. ID. No. 2 circular plasmid GS-minigene vector p 14.4 DeltaM odulator (mod-) hCMVp-GFP /clone 6 3gaattcattg atcataatca gccataccac atttgtagag gttttacttg ctttaaaaaa 60cctcccacac ctccccctga acctgaaaca taaaatgaat gcaattgttg ttgttaactt 120gtttattgca gcttataatg gttacaaata aagcaatagc atcacaaatt tcacaaataa 180agcatttttt tcactgcatt ctagttgtgg tttgtccaaa ctcatcaatg tatcttatca 240tgtctggcgg ccgcgacctg caggcgcaga actggtaggt atggaagatc cctcgagatc 300cattgtgctg gcggtaggcg agcagcgcct gcctgaagct gcgggcattc ccagtcagaa 360atgagcgcca gtcgtcgtcg gctctcggca ccgaagtgct atgattctcc gccagcatgg 420cttcggccag tgcgtcgagc agcgcccgct tgttcctgaa gtgccagtaa agcgccggct 480gctgaacccc caaccgttcc gccagtttgc gtgtcgtcag accgtctacg ccgacctcgt 540tcaacaggtc cagggcggca cggatcactg tattcggctg caactttgtc atgcttgaca 600ctttatcact gataaacata atatgtccac caacttatca gtgataaaga atccgcgcca 660gcacaatgga tctcgaggtc gagggatctc tagaggatcc atattcgcgg gcatcaccgg 720cgccacaggt gcggttgctg gcgcctatat cgccgacatc accgatgggg aagatcgggc 780tcgccacttc gggctcatga gcgcttgttt cggcgtgggt atggtggcag gccccgtggc 840cgggggactg ttgggcgcca tctccttgca tgcaccattc cttgcggcgg cggtgctcaa 900cggcctcaac ctactactgg gctgcttcct aatgcaggag tcgcataagg gagagcgtcg 960acctcgggcc gcgttgctgg cgtttttcca taggctccgc ccccctgacg agcatcacaa 1020aaatcgacgc tcaagtcaga ggtggcgaaa cccgacagga ctataaagat accaggcgtt 1080tccccctgga agctccctcg tgcgctctcc tgttccgacc ctgccgctta ccggatacct 1140gtccgccttt ctcccttcgg gaagcgtggc gctttctcat agctcacgct gtaggtatct 1200cagttcggtg taggtcgttc gctccaagct gggctgtgtg cacgaacccc ccgttcagcc 1260cgaccgctgc gccttatccg gtaactatcg tcttgagtcc aacccggtaa gacacgactt 1320atcgccactg gcagcagcca ctggtaacag gattagcaga gcgaggtatg taggcggtgc 1380tacagagttc ttgaagtggt ggcctaacta cggctacact agaagaacag tatttggtat 1440ctgcgctctg ctgaagccag ttaccttcgg aaaaagagtt ggtagctctt gatccggcaa 1500acaaaccacc gctggtagcg gtggtttttt tgtttgcaag cagcagatta cgcgcagaaa 1560aaaaggatct caagaagatc ctttgatctt ttctacgggg tctgacgctc agtggaacga 1620aaactcacgt taagggattt tggtcatgag attatcaaaa aggatcttca cctagatcct 1680tttaaattaa aaatgaagtt ttaaatcaat ctaaagtata tatgagtaaa cttggtctga 1740cagttaccaa tgcttaatca gtgaggcacc tatctcagcg atctgtctat ttcgttcatc 1800catagttgcc tgactccccg tcgtgtagat aactacgata cgggagggct taccatctgg 1860ccccagtgct gcaatgatac cgcgagaccc acgctcaccg gctccagatt tatcagcaat 1920aaaccagcca gccggaaggg ccgagcgcag aagtggtcct gcaactttat ccgcctccat 1980ccagtctatt aattgttgcc gggaagctag agtaagtagt tcgccagtta atagtttgcg 2040caacgttgtt gccattgcta caggcatcgt ggtgtcacgc tcgtcgtttg gtatggcttc 2100attcagctcc ggttcccaac gatcaaggcg agttacatga tcccccatgt tgtgcaaaaa 2160agcggttagc tccttcggtc ctccgatcgt tgtcagaagt aagttggccg cagtgttatc 2220actcatggtt atggcagcac tgcataattc tcttactgtc atgccatccg taagatgctt 2280ttctgtgact ggtgagtact caaccaagtc attctgagaa tagtgtatgc ggcgaccgag 2340ttgctcttgc ccggcgtcaa tacgggataa taccgcgcca catagcagaa ctttaaaagt 2400gctcatcatt ggaaaacgtt cttcggggcg aaaactctca aggatcttac cgctgttgag 2460atccagttcg atgtaaccca ctcgtgcacc caactgatct tcagcatctt ttactttcac 2520cagcgtttct gggtgagcaa aaacaggaag gcaaaatgcc gcaaaaaagg gaataagggc 2580gacacggaaa tgttgaatac tcatactctt cctttttcaa tattattgaa gcatttatca 2640gggttattgt ctcatgagcg gatacatatt tgaatgtatt tagaaaaata aacaaatagg 2700ggttccgcgc acatttcccc gaaaagtgcc acctgacgtc taagaaacca ttattatcat 2760gacattaacc tataaaaata ggcgtatcac gaggccctga tggctctttg cggcacccat 2820cgttcgtaat gttccgtggc accgaggaca accctcaaga gaaaatgtaa tcacactggc 2880tcaccttcgg gtgggccttt ctgcgtttat aaggagacac tttatgttta agaaggttgg 2940taaattcctt gcggctttgg cagccaagct agatccagct ttttgcaaaa gcctaggcct 3000ccaaaaaagc ctcctcacta cttctggaat agctcagagg ccgaggcggc ctcggcctct 3060gcataaataa aaaaaattag tcagccatgg ggcggagaat gggcggaact gggcggagtt 3120aggggcggga tgggcggagt taggggcggg actatggttg ctgactaatt gagatgcatg 3180ctttgcatac ttctgcctgc tggggagcct ggggactttc cacacctggt tgctgactaa 3240ttgagatgca tgctttgcat acttctgcct gctggggagc ctggggactt tccacaccct 3300aactgacaca cattccacag ggaagctagc ttggaattaa ttccccgccc ccttccaata 3360caaaaactaa ttagactttg agtgatcttg agcctttcct agtttttgta ttggaagggc 3420tcgtcgccag tctcattgag aaggcatgtg cggacgatgg cttctgtcac tgcaaagggg 3480tcacaattgg cagaggggcg gcggtcttca aagtaacctt tcttctcctg ccgagccgag 3540aatgggagta gagccgactg cttgattccc acaccaatct cctcgccgct ctcacttcgc 3600ctcgttctcg tggctcgtgg ccctgtccac cccgtccatc atcccgccgg ccaccgctca 3660gagcaccttc caccatggcc acctcagcaa gttcccactt gaacaaaaac atcaagcaaa 3720tgtacttgtg cctgccccag ggtgagaaag tccaagccat gtatatctgg gttgatggta 3780ctggagaagg actgcgctgc aaaacccgca ccctggactg tgagcccaag tgtgtagaag 3840agttacctga gtggaatttt gatggctcta gtacctttca gtctgagggc tccaacagtg 3900acatgtatct cagccctgtt gccatgtttc gggacccctt ccgcagagat cccaacaagc 3960tggtgttctg tgaagttttc aagtacaacc ggaagcctgc agagaccaat ttaaggcact 4020cgtgtaaacg gataatggac atggtgagca accagcaccc ctggtttgga atggaacagg 4080agtatactct gatgggaaca gatgggcacc cttttggttg gccttccaat ggctttcctg 4140ggccccaagg tccgtattac tgtggtgtgg gcgcagacaa agcctatggc agggatatcg 4200tggaggctca ctaccgcgcc tgcttgtatg ctggggtcaa gattacagga acaaatgctg 4260aggtcatgcc tgcccagtgg gaactccaaa taggaccctg tgaaggaatc cgcatgggag 4320atcatctctg ggtggcccgt ttcatcttgc atcgagtatg tgaagacttt ggggtaatag 4380caacctttga ccccaagccc attcctggga actggaatgg tgcaggctgc cataccaact 4440ttagcaccaa ggccatgcgg gaggagaatg gtctgaagta agtagctccc tctggaccat 4500ctttattctc atggggtgga aggcctttgt gttagggttg ggaaaagttg gacttctcac 4560aaactacatg ccatgctctt cgtgtttgtc ataagcctat cgttttgtac ccgttggaga 4620agtgacagta ctctaggaat agaattacag ctgtgatatg ggaaagttgt cacgtaggtt 4680caagcattta aaggtcttta gtaagaacta aatacacata caagcaagtg ggtgacttaa 4740ttcttactga tgggaagagg ccagtgatgg gggtcttccc atccaaaaga taattggtat 4800tacatgttga ggactggtct gaagcacttg agacataggt cacaaggcag acacagcctg 4860catcaagtat ttattggttt cttatggaac tcatgcctgc tcctgccctt gaaggacagg 4920tttctagtga caaggtcaga ccctcacctt tactgcttcc accaggcaca tcgaggaggc 4980catcgagaaa ctaagcaagc ggcaccggta ccacattcga gcctacgatc ccaagggggg 5040gctggacaat gcccgtggtc tgactgggtt ccacgaaacg tccaacatca acgacttttc 5100tgctggtgtc gccaatcgca gtgccagcat ccgcattccc cggactgtcg gccaggagaa 5160gaaaggttac tttgaagacc gccgcccctc tgccaattgt gacccctttg cagtgacaga 5220agccatcgtc cgcacatgcc ttctcaatga gactggcgac gagcccttcc aatacaaaaa 5280ctaattagac tttgagtgat cttgagcctt tcctagttca tgccaccccg ccccagctgt 5340ctcattgtaa ctcaaaggat ggaatatcaa cggtcttttt attcctcgtg cccagttaat 5400ccttgctttt attggtcaga atagaggagt caagttctta atgcctatac accaacctca 5460tttcttttct atttagcttt ctacgtgggg gtgggagggg tagggagggg taggcgaagg 5520gaacgtaacc acatgcttca tctcatcagg aatgccatgt ccagtaggca gagctgccac 5580agagtgggtg tatttgtgga ggaggacttt ttcttcagga cagttaaaag agcaggtcca 5640ctgcttggat tgacaattcc cctataggta gagagcttgc tagttcttca ggtaaaccaa 5700ctttctattc caaatggaag ttaggtgagg agtagtggag gagttaatgc cctccatgaa 5760gacagctcag tgtatcacct gagacagatg ggtagcccta ctgtaaaaga aggaaaagtt 5820atttctgggt cctccattta taacacaaag cagtagtatt tttatattta aatgtaaaaa 5880caaaagttat atatatgata tgtggatata tgtgtatttc taattcagaa accatcctag 5940ttactgggtt tgccaagttt gaagagcttg gttaacaaga aaggatctct tgagtagagg 6000tgggggtgca gtaccaggaa aggtggttat ctggggctca gcgctttatt actatgtggg 6060gtttcccctg cccactctgc aggagcagat gctggacagg tagcagggtg ggacaccagt 6120gcttgccacc acctgtccct gtgcttaggc taagatgcat atgtatccac acagagttag 6180caggatggag ttggctggtc aacttgaaca ttgttactga taggggtggg tggggtttat 6240tttttggtgg gactagcatg tcactaaagc aggccttttg atatattaaa ttttttaaag 6300caaaacaagt tcagctttta atcaactttg tagggtttct aactttacag aattgcctgt 6360ttgtttcagt gtctccatcc actttgctct tggaggaacg gaggacaggc agacctggag 6420ttaaaacatt tgtcattttg tgtcatagtg tctactttct cccagcagaa tattcctttc 6480cttcttagga gtcctatgga gttttgtttt tgtttttttt ctattacgat aaacataccc 6540cacctccatt ctggcttgcc ctgctgttct ctggttgttt gtgtgctgtc cgcagcaggc 6600tgcctgtggt tttctcttgc catgacgact tctaattgcc atgtacagta tgttcagtta 6660gataactcct cattgtaaac agactgtaac tgccagagca gcgcttataa atcaacctaa 6720catttataag atttcctctt gacttgtttc tttgtggttg ggggaggaag aaaaaaaaaa 6780gcgtgcagta tttttttgtt ccttcatttc ctatcaaaag aaaggggagt ggttctgttt 6840tgtttactcg caaaataagc tagcttatct attggctttt cttttttttt ttttttttaa 6900acgggctttt tcttgtacct ataatttggg gtaaggtgtg agagttttta tagttttttg 6960agacagggtc ttggtgtata cccttggctg gcctggagct aactatgtag actgggctag 7020cctttaactt gcagttctgc tttcaattag ggtttataca tttagtcttg gcaattccta 7080gttccacgtt taatctcttt acatttcaaa gcagtgttat ctgaagagtt caggcgcaga 7140gtcaattcaa tagagttaca caaaaaccta aaaaacaagt tttaaatacc aagttatgtt 7200ggcctggcca cttttcacag ctgtccacaa ctcaatgtga caaggctaca aattggatat 7260actagaattt cctggtgatt tggaacccct gcttcatttc ccggaaccag ggcttttggt 7320gacagtccta gcttatcaga ttatttaaaa cagttactct tcctgccctt cttcctgaga 7380cctttgtcca gctgccatga gccatctaca cagtacttgc ttccctgttg aagtcactga 7440aggcacatca gcccaagaca taaaggcttg tcccggattc actagcctgg tgaacttgtg 7500gttctctgat gttttgtcct gttttgttgt gatttagtct caaatttccc agcctggttt 7560gaaaatctgg gctcccagcc ttcaataagg aggactacag atatgtacga ctgagccttg 7620attccagcct catgtttata cgtctgtgct cagctccctg aaggttccag tttgaaactc 7680aataatccag gggtcagaaa gtcttgatct tatccccaca gtatggcacc aagcctggct 7740gagccttctg acttagtctg ccctgttgct atttaagcac ttttcttcac taggctaaaa 7800ataaaaggag cttcctcctt tgccatggcg ctgtgcatga taggaaaagg tagctatcta 7860ctagcatatt aactccactg tttttgcttt gtgtgtttgg tttttgagga agggtctcaa 7920ctgtgtatcc ctggctggcc tggccggatc tagcttcgtg tcaaggacgg tgaggcgcgc 7980caatattggc tattggccat tgcatacgtt gtatccatat cataatatgt acatttatat 8040tggctcatgt ccaacattac cgccatgttg acattgatta ttgactagtt attaatagta 8100atcaattacg gggtcattag ttcatagccc atatatggag ttccgcgtta cataacttac 8160ggtaaatggc ccgcctggct gaccgcccaa cgacccccgc ccattgacgt caataatgac 8220gtatgttccc atagtaacgc caatagggac tttccattga cgtcaatggg tggagtattt 8280acggtaaact gcccacttgg cagtacatca agtgtatcat atgccaagta cgccccctat 8340tgacgtcaat gacggtaaat ggcccgcctg gcattatgcc cagtacatga ccttatggga 8400ctttcctact tggcagtaca tctacgtatt agtcatcgct attaccatgg tgatgcggtt 8460ttggcagtac atcaatgggc gtggatagcg gtttgactca cggggatttc caagtctcca 8520ccccattgac gtcaatggga gtttgttttg gcaccaaaat caacgggact ttccaaaatg 8580tcgtaacaac tccgccccat tgacgcaaat gggcggtagg cgtgtacggt gggaggtcta 8640tataagcaga gctcgtttag tgaaccgtca gatcgcctgg agacgccatc cacgctgttt 8700tgacctccat agaagacacc gggaccgatc cagcctccgc ggccgggaac ggtgcattgg 8760aacgcggatt ccccgtgcca agagtgacgt aagtaccgcc tatagagtct ataggcccac 8820ccccttggct tcttatgcat gctatactgt ttttggcttg gggtctatac acccccgctt 8880cctcatgtta taggtgatgg tatagcttag cctataggtg tgggttattg accattattg 8940accactcccc tattggtgac gatactttcc attactaatc cataacatgg ctctttgcca 9000caactctctt tattggctat atgccaatac actgtccttc agagactgac acggactctg 9060tatttttaca ggatggggtc tcatttatta tttacaaatt cacatataca acaccaccgt 9120ccccagtgcc cgcagttttt attaaacata acgtgggatc tccacgcgaa tctcgggtac 9180gtgttccgga catgggctct tctccggtag cggcggagct tctacatccg agccctgctc 9240ccatgcctcc agcgactcat ggtcgctcgg cagctccttg ctcctaacag tggaggccag 9300acttaggcac agcacgatgc ccaccaccac cagtgtgccg cacaaggccg tggcggtagg 9360gtatgtgtct gaaaatgagc tcggggagcg ggcttgcacc gctgacgcat ttggaagact 9420taaggcagcg gcagaagaag atgcaggcag ctgagttgtt gtgttctgat aagagtcaga 9480ggtaactccc gttgcggtgc tgttaacggt ggagggcagt gtagtctgag cagtactcgt 9540tgctgccgcg cgcgccacca gacataatag ctgacagact aacagactgt tcctttccat 9600gggtcttttc tgcagtcacc gtccttgaca cgaagcttgc cgccaccatg gtgagcaagc 9660agatcctgaa gaacaccggc ctgcaggaga tcatgagctt caaggtgaac ctggagggcg 9720tggtgaacaa ccacgtgttc accatggagg gctgcggcaa gggcaacatc ctgttcggca 9780accagctggt gcagatccgc gtgaccaagg gcgcccccct gcccttcgcc ttcgacatcc 9840tgagccccgc cttccagtac ggcaaccgca ccttcaccaa gtaccccgag gacatcagcg 9900acttcttcat ccagagcttc cccgccggct tcgtgtacga gcgcaccctg cgctacgagg 9960acggcggcct ggtggagatc cgcagcgaca tcaacctgat cgaggagatg ttcgtgtacc 10020gcgtggagta caagggccgc aacttcccca acgacggccc cgtgatgaag aagaccatca 10080ccggcctgca gcccagcttc gaggtggtgt acatgaacga cggcgtgctg gtgggccagg 10140tgatcctggt gtaccgcctg aacagcggca agttctacag ctgccacatg cgcaccctga 10200tgaagagcaa gggcgtggtg aaggacttcc ccgagtacca cttcatccag caccgcctgg 10260agaagaccta cgtggaggac ggcggcttcg tggagcagca cgagaccgcc atcgcccagc 10320tgaccagcct gggcaagccc ctgggcagcc tgcacgagtg ggtgtaata 10369413535DNAHamster sp.misc_featureSeq. ID. No. 1 circular plasmid GS + IgG 2A hot spot targetting vector pEE 15.1 hCMVp-GFP /clone 11 4gaattcattg atcataatca gccataccac atttgtagag gttttacttg ctttaaaaaa 60cctcccacac ctccccctga acctgaaaca taaaatgaat gcaattgttg ttgttaactt 120gtttattgca gcttataatg gttacaaata aagcaatagc atcacaaatt tcacaaataa 180agcatttttt tcactgcatt ctagttgtgg tttgtccaaa ctcatcaatg tatcttatca 240tgtctggcgg ccgcgacctg caggcgcaga actggtaggt atggaagatc cctcgagatc 300cattgtgctg gcggtaggcg agcagcgcct gcctgaagct gcgggcattc ccagtcagaa 360atgagcgcca gtcgtcgtcg gctctcggca ccgaagtgct atgattctcc gccagcatgg 420cttcggccag tgcgtcgagc agcgcccgct tgttcctgaa gtgccagtaa agcgccggct 480gctgaacccc caaccgttcc gccagtttgc gtgtcgtcag accgtctacg ccgacctcgt 540tcaacaggtc tagggcggca cggatcactg tattcggctg caactttgtc atgcttgaca 600ctttatcact gataaacata atatgtccac caacttatca gtgataaaga atccgcgcca 660gcacaatgga tctcgaggtc gagggatctc tagaggatcc atattcgcga atatgccggc 720atcaccggcg ccacaggtgc ggttgctggc gcctatatcg ccgacatcac cgatggggaa 780gatcgggctc gccacttcgg gctcatgagc gcttgtttcg gcgtgggtat ggtggcaggc 840ccgtggccgg gggactgttg ggcgccatct ccttgcatgc accattcctt gcggcggcgg 900tgctcaacgg cctcaaccta ctactgggct gcttcctaat gcaggagtcg cataagggag 960agcgtcgagt cctccgtgtt cgaagcgatc cctgtccagt ggtgtgcaca ccttcccagc 1020tgtcctgcag tctgacctct acaccctcag cagctcagtg actgtaacct cgagcacctg 1080gcccagccag tccatcacct gcaatgtggc ccacccggca agcagcacca aggtggacaa 1140gaaaattggt gaggaaaaca aggggagtag aggttcacaa gtgattagtc taaggcctta 1200gcctagctag accagccagg atcagcagcc atcaccaaaa atgggaactt ggcccagaag 1260agaaggagat actgactgtg actccctctt ggaaacttct aactatgacc acctaccttc 1320aaggtcatga tcctctagga tagatgtcct tggtcatttc caggatcatc ctgacctaag 1380gccataccca gggacaaagt ccctggtttg gtgccttttc tccttcaaac ttgagtaacc 1440cccagccttc tctctgcaga gcccagaggg cccacaatca agccctgtcc tccatgcaaa 1500tgcccaggta agtcactaga ccagagctcc acccgggaga atggtaagtg ctgtaaacat 1560ccctgcacta gaggataagc catgtacaga tccatttcca tctctcctca tcagcaccta 1620acctcttggg tggaccatcc gtcttcatct tccctccaaa gatcaaggat gtactcatga 1680tctccctgag ccccatagtc acatgtgtgg tggtggatgt gagcgaggat gacccagatg 1740tccagatcag ctggtttgtg aacaacgtgg aagtacacac agctcagaca caaacccata 1800gagaggatta caacagtact ctccgggtgg tcagtgccct ccccatccag caccaggact 1860ggatgagtgg caaggagttc aaatgcaagg tcaacaacaa agacctccca gcgcccatcg 1920agagaaccat ctcaaaaccc aaaggtgaga gctgcagcct gactgcatgg gggctgggat 1980gggcataagg ataaaggtct gtgtggacag ccttctgctt cagccatgac ctttgtgtat 2040gtttctaccc tcacagggtc agtaagagct ccacaggtat atgtcttgcc tccaccagaa 2100gaagagatga ctaagaaaca ggtcactctg acctgcatgg tcacagactt catgcctgaa 2160gacatttacg tggagtggac caacaacggg aaaacagagc taaactacaa gaacactgaa 2220ccagtcctgg actctgatgg ttcttacttc atgtacagca agctgagagt ggaaaagaag 2280aactgggtgg aaagaaatag ctactcctgt tcagtggtcc acgagggtct gcacaatcac 2340cacacgacta agagcttctc ccggactccg ggtaaatgag ctcagcaccc acaaaactct 2400caggtccaaa gagacaccca cactcatctc catgcttccc ttgtataaat aaagcaccca 2460ccaatgcctg ggaccatgta aaactgtcct ggttctttcc aaggtataga gcatagctca 2520caggctgata tttctggcca gggttggagg acagccttgt ctataggaag agaatgaggt 2580ttttgcactg caggactcag agctcattag ttatcctgcc ttggagtgtt ggggcttggc 2640tttaggcagt gccttttcct tgccttccta cgaaccagca gctgccatac atagagataa 2700tcctaggaag cctcaaatgg agaaggacac aaacccacct ccctcaggct gttcctctat 2760cccggcccca cttctttacc taggggtttc tctgagtcta ttgtggagtt acacatggcc 2820aggggcattc cagagaccct tgtcatccat acactcaact caggcagctt tgcacaaaca 2880aagtctgcac acccatacag atggctcact cttgcctgtg ccatgtaggg ctgaggcaca 2940tggctcttgc tgccccaagg gagggactat tagatagcca cactcatgct gaatcctggc 3000ccattcaaat tagcctgctg aacaccatcc agtccatata gcacatgtat ccacatgcac 3060gtgtgcacaa aacgcattta atacactggg acaacaattc tgtgccctgc acagcaccta 3120tatccagcaa tgtatcacca tacacacgac caaaaaaatt caatgcccac gtttctgcca 3180tcacaaacag acacatcttt cctctctgtg gccactgcat tatatgctca acacaagacc 3240tctgaagcca gatccatctc tggcacctcg gggtcatgct tcaaccccac atgaattatg 3300caaaccatag ccataatggt ctgaatcact tcacactggg atgttcccaa gttcaggcaa 3360gacgagccac aggctctgct gatgactgaa ggacagcaaa gggtcagtcc agctgtatag 3420ccactgttga cctgggtcac aggccctgct gaccctccac cttctcctgt actgaaggaa 3480tgaaagatga gacaagcata gagggcactt gaataatcca ggtcactctg aggtccaccc 3540aaggcattat tggactcagg tgggaagctg agactggtgt cccagaggga aaggaaggaa 3600agcaggcccc ggggagggtc tgctgtccca gtcaggctgg agatctctcc tctgaatcca 3660tgcagacatg tctgcctcac agggaatctc tcccagcacc aaccatgttg ggacaaacac 3720tgactgtcct ctctgttcag ggctagacct ggatgatgtc tgtgctgagg cccaggacgg 3780ggagctggac ggcctctgga cgaccatcac catcttcatc agcctcttcc tgctcagcgt 3840gtgctacagc gcctctgtca cactcttcaa ggttggcact gtctcccacc ctctgctgtg 3900atggctacac tgaccacaaa atgtcctctc actcctcccc agatgtagta ggacgttact 3960ttgctgcccc tactctgtcc cacacaccat ttcctccatt ccctgagcca tcccacattg 4020ttctatgtga ctccacattg tgtcccatac agtctgccct tctgtctctc tggctgtcct 4080gcgtgatcct gatactgtct tatgagacca aacctccttg cattccacac tagccttcat 4140gaggttcaat gctgtcttac acacaatccc ctcagcctca ccatggctca aggtactctg 4200tgagctatcc tcataccatc tccacctcaa ctcccacaat atctccactc tgacccctcc 4260catacccagt ctcctacctg tatgaaggga attgaaggag agacaggtcg acctctgtct

4320ttcccacaga ttggagggtc tgagcatggg cgtggtctct gactttctct cacttcccca 4380caggtaaagt ggatcttctc ctctgtggtg gagctgaagc agacgatctc ccctgactac 4440agaaacatga ttgggcaggg agcctaggcc acttcctctg ggatcagaag agcttcctag 4500gccctgcaga agcccatcca tcctactgtg cagcctaaca gggaggccac actctagccc 4560tatgactctc tgatcagaac tcccatggtc tcctctttgg aggaccacgt gcagtgcagg 4620ctttgcccag acctaaacac ttccacagca gtcgccagat atctaactac tccggaccag 4680aagaaccatc tccttccaaa ccagcactag ggatctgaga tctcagaatg tttgcctaag 4740aagagctgga aatccaggct tcctgtgttc tgctacaagg acatcagcct ggatttgacc 4800tggaccacac attttcatct aaatgagttt tccacaaagg acacgtttca gatccttgaa 4860tgagacctct acatggaaga ccagagtcac tatacccaaa ggtcactctg tatccttgca 4920ccagctatac tggacagctt ccttcctggt acttcagtga ccctggctga ggaaaggatc 4980tgtgacctca actgtttgga gagcctctgg aagatgtagt cttctcttcc tgctaccacc 5040aacatgctgg atctcagatg cagaatccaa tccacagaca ccactgacca cacaacctga 5100agacaaggcc attgccacct ccacagagat gccatccaca ctctgtggag aaataaggag 5160tgctttgtgc agcctctgca aagctctggc agggattaga gtatacacac tgagtactga 5220ctaggtgacc aggcagaaaa acctccagga gaaggaacaa tgggggagag atgtgaacag 5280atagttagaa aaagcatggt gtcacaggtc tgctctgtgg actgatttcc agattggacc 5340acctacagca gaaaccatcg gttgcagtgg caatctagga ggaccaacct ggaataggag 5400ggctgctgtg gtcaatggag agtagacctg tatctatttc tccactgcct cttatgacca 5460ataagaagcc agagtctcca gacagaaaga aagaaagaaa gaaagaaaga aagaaagaaa 5520gaaagagaga gagagagaga gagagagaga gaggaaggaa ggaaggaagg aaggaaggaa 5580ggaaggaagg aggaggagga ggaggaggag gaggaggaga gagagagaga gagagagaga 5640gagagagaga gagcaccagc ttttctgtga ctggaaggaa atgcttagag agcttggatc 5700tttaaagctt cttttttcta gagaccatga atgtctttgt tctctctctc tctctctctc 5760tctctctctc tctctctctc tctctctgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgcg 5820tgcatgcacg ctattgtttt ggcatttgaa acaataaaac attcttttaa tattctgtat 5880ctcatggttc cccttctgtg tggatcagcc ctaacaccca ggaacagggg acaataaaca 5940gaccacagcc atgtacagcc ttctacctcc cttctggttc tgacctccca gaggtccctc 6000agtgggcccc tcacagctgg gtttcttccc tggcagtgcc accaagagct caggcacctc 6060tgagctggag gctgtcctga tgccataggc aggctatgga gcagagatga tgaccacggt 6120ggactccagg tgagccaggc aaagcctccc atgccagaag agaagcgtgt ggtactcact 6180ggcctcgggc tgctacggat tcagcaaaga gcatggatcg cttcgaagcc tccaagctcg 6240acctcgggcc gcgttgctgg cgtttttcca taggctccgc ccccctgacg agcatcacaa 6300aaatcgacgc tcaagtcaga ggtggcgaaa cccgacagga ctataaagat accaggcgtt 6360tccccctgga agctccctcg tgcgctctcc tgttccgacc ctgccgctta ccggatacct 6420gtccgccttt ctcccttcgg gaagcgtggc gctttctcaa tgctcacgct gtaggtatct 6480cagttcggtg taggtcgttc gctccaagct gggctgtgtg cacgaacccc ccgttcagcc 6540cgaccgctgc gccttatccg gtaactatcg tcttgagtcc aacccggtaa gacacgactt 6600atcgccactg gcagcagcca ctggtaacag gattagcaga gcgaggtatg taggcggtgc 6660tacagagttc ttgaagtggt ggcctaacta cggctacact agaaggacag tatttggtat 6720ctgcgctctg ctgaagccag ttaccttcgg aaaaagagtt ggtagctctt gatccggcaa 6780acaaaccacc gctggtagcg gtggtttttt tgtttgcaag cagcagatta cgcgcagaaa 6840aaaaggatct caagaagatc ctttgatctt ttctacgggg tctgacgctc agtggaacga 6900aaactcacgt taagggattt tggtcatgag attatcaaaa aggatcttca cctagatcct 6960tttaaattaa aaatgaagtt ttaaatcaat ctaaagtata tatgagtaaa cttggtctga 7020cagttaccaa tgcttaatca gtgaggcacc tatctcagcg atctgtctat ttcgttcatc 7080catagttgcc tgactccccg tcgtgtagat aactacgata cgggagggct taccatctgg 7140ccccagtgct gcaatgatac cgcgagaccc acgctcaccg gctccagatt tatcagcaat 7200aaaccagcca gccggaaggg ccgagcgcag aagtggtcct gcaactttat ccgcctccat 7260ccagtctatt aattgttgcc gggaagctag agtaagtagt tcgccagtta atagtttgcg 7320caacgttgtt gccattgcta caggcatcgt ggtgtcacgc tcgtcgtttg gtatggcttc 7380attcagctcc ggttcccaac gatcaaggcg agttacatga tcccccatgt tgtgcaaaaa 7440agcggttagc tccttcggtc ctccgatcgt tgtcagaagt aagttggccg cagtgttatc 7500actcatggtt atggcagcac tgcataattc tcttactgtc atgccatccg taagatgctt 7560ttctgtgact ggtgagtact caaccaagtc attctgagaa tagtgtatgc ggcgaccgag 7620ttgctcttgc ccggcgtcaa cacgggataa taccgcgcca catagcagaa ctttaaaagt 7680gctcatcatt ggaaaacgtt cttcggggcg aaaactctca aggatcttac cgctgttgag 7740atccagttcg atgtaaccca ctcgtgcacc caactgatct tcagcatctt ttactttcac 7800cagcgtttct gggtgagcaa aaacaggaag gcaaaatgcc gcaaaaaagg gaataagggc 7860gacacggaaa tgttgaatac tcatactctt cctttttcaa tattattgaa gcatttatca 7920gggttattgt ctcatgagcg gatacatatt tgaatgtatt tagaaaaata aacaaatagg 7980ggttccgcgc acatttcccc gaaaagtgcc acctgacgtc taagaaacca ttattatcat 8040gacattaacc tataaaaata ggcgtatcac gaggccctga tggctctttg cggcacccat 8100cgttcgtaat gttccgtggc accgaggaca accctcaaga gaaaatgtaa tcacactggc 8160tcaccttcgg gtgggccttt ctgcgtttat aaggagacac tttatgttta agaaggttgg 8220taaattcctt gcggctttgg cagccaagct agagatccgg ctgtggaatg tgtgtcagtt 8280agggtgtgga aagtccccag gctccccagc aggcagaagt atgcaaagca tgcatctcaa 8340ttagtcagca accaggtgtg gaaagtcccc aggctcccca gcaggcagaa gtatgcaaag 8400catgcatctc aattagtcag caaccatagt cccgccccta actccgccca tcccgcccct 8460aactccgccc agttccgccc attctccgcc ccatggctga ctaatttttt ttatttatgc 8520agaggccgag gccgcctcgg cctctgagct attccagaag tagtgaggag gcttttttgg 8580aggcctaggc ttttgcaaaa agctagcttg gggccaccgc tcagagcacc ttccaccatg 8640gccacctcag caagttccca cttgaacaaa aacatcaagc aaatgtactt gtgcctgccc 8700cagggtgaga aagtccaagc catgtatatc tgggttgatg gtactggaga aggactgcgc 8760tgcaaaaccc gcaccctgga ctgtgagccc aagtgtgtag aagagttacc tgagtggaat 8820tttgatggct ctagtacctt tcagtctgag ggctccaaca gtgacatgta tctcagccct 8880gttgccatgt ttcgggaccc cttccgcaga gatcccaaca agctggtgtt ctgtgaagtt 8940ttcaagtaca accggaagcc tgcagagacc aatttaaggc actcgtgtaa acggataatg 9000gacatggtga gcaaccagca cccctggttt ggaatggaac aggagtatac tctgatggga 9060acagatgggc acccttttgg ttggccttcc aatggctttc ctgggcccca aggtccgtat 9120tactgtggtg tgggcgcaga caaagcctat ggcagggata tcgtggaggc tcactaccgc 9180gcctgcttgt atgctggggt caagattaca ggaacaaatg ctgaggtcat gcctgcccag 9240tgggaactcc aaataggacc ctgtgaagga atccgcatgg gagatcatct ctgggtggcc 9300cgtttcatct tgcatcgagt atgtgaagac tttggggtaa tagcaacctt tgaccccaag 9360cccattcctg ggaactggaa tggtgcaggc tgccatacca actttagcac caaggccatg 9420cgggaggaga atggtctgaa gcacatcgag gaggccatcg agaaactaag caagcggcac 9480cggtaccaca ttcgagccta cgatcccaag gggggcctgg acaatgcccg tggtctgact 9540gggttccacg aaacgtccaa catcaacgac ttttctgctg gtgtcgccaa tcgcagtgcc 9600agcatccgca ttccccggac tgtcggccag gagaagaaag gttactttga agaccgcggc 9660ccctctgcca attgtgaccc ctttgcagtg acagaagcca tcgtccgcac atgccttctc 9720aatgagactg gcgacgagcc cttccaatac aaaaactaat tagactttga gtgatcttga 9780gcctttccta gttcatccca ccccgcccca gagagatctt tgtgaaggaa ccttacttct 9840gtggtgtgac ataattggac aaactaccta cagagattta aagctctaag gtaaatataa 9900aatttttaag tgtataatgt gttaaactac tgattctaat tgtttgtgta ttttagattc 9960caacctatgg aactgatgaa tgggagcagt ggtggaatgc ctttaatgag gaaaacctgt 10020tttgctcaga agaaatgcca tctagtgatg atgaggctac tgctgactct caacattcta 10080ctcctccaaa aaagaagaga aaggtagaag accccaagga ctttccttca gaattgctaa 10140gttttttgag tcatgctgtg tttagtaata gaactcttgc ttgctttgct atttacacca 10200caaaggaaaa agctgcactg ctatacaaga aaattatgga aaaatattct gtaaccttta 10260taagtaggca taacagttat aatcataaca tactgttttt tcttactcca cacaggcata 10320gagtgtctgc tattaataac tatgctcaaa aattgtgtac ctttagcttt ttaatttgta 10380aaggggttaa taaggaatat ttgatgtata gtgccttgac tagagatcat aatcagccat 10440accacatttg tagaggtttt acttgcttta aaaaacctcc cacacctccc cctgaacctg 10500aaacataaaa tgaatgcaat tgttgttgtt aacttgttta ttgcagctta taatggttac 10560aaataaagca atagcatcac aaatttcaca aataaagcat ttttttcact gcattctagt 10620tgtggtttgt ccaaactcat caatgtatct tatcatgtct ggatctctag cttcgtgtca 10680aggacggtga ctgcagtgaa taataaaatg tgtgtttgtc cgaaatacgc gttttgagat 10740ttctgtcgcc gactaaattc atgtcgcgcg atagtggtgt ttatcgccga tagagatggc 10800gatattggaa aaatcgatat ttgaaaatat ggcatattga aaatgtcgcc gatgtgagtt 10860tctgtgtaac tgatatcgcc atttttccaa aagtgatttt tgggcatacg cgatatctgg 10920cgatagcgct tatatcgttt acgggggatg gcgatagacg actttggtga cttgggcgat 10980tctgtgtgtc gcaaatatcg cagtttcgat ataggtgaca gacgatatga ggctatatcg 11040ccgatagagg cgacatcaag ctggcacatg gccaatgcat atcgatctat acattgaatc 11100aatattggcc attagccata ttattcattg gttatatagc ataaatcaat attggctatt 11160ggccattgca tacgttgtat ccatatcata atatgtacat ttatattggc tcatgtccaa 11220cattaccgcc atgttgacat tgattattga ctagttatta atagtaatca attacggggt 11280cattagttca tagcccatat atggagttcc gcgttacata acttacggta aatggcccgc 11340ctggctgacc gcccaacgac ccccgcccat tgacgtcaat aatgacgtat gttcccatag 11400taacgccaat agggactttc cattgacgtc aatgggtgga gtatttacgg taaactgccc 11460acttggcagt acatcaagtg tatcatatgc caagtacgcc ccctattgac gtcaatgacg 11520gtaaatggcc cgcctggcat tatgcccagt acatgacctt atgggacttt cctacttggc 11580agtacatcta cgtattagtc atcgctatta ccatggtgat gcggttttgg cagtacatca 11640atgggcgtgg atagcggttt gactcacggg gatttccaag tctccacccc attgacgtca 11700atgggagttt gttttggcac caaaatcaac gggactttcc aaaatgtcgt aacaactccg 11760ccccattgac gcaaatgggc ggtaggcgtg tacggtggga ggtctatata agcagagctc 11820gtttagtgaa ccgtcagatc gcctggagac gccatccacg ctgttttgac ctccatagaa 11880gacaccggga ccgatccagc ctccgcggcc gggaacggtg cattggaacg cggattcccc 11940gtgccaagag tgacgtaagt accgcctata gagtctatag gcccaccccc ttggcttctt 12000atgcatgcta tactgttttt ggcttggggt ctatacaccc ccgcttcctc atgttatagg 12060tgatggtata gcttagccta taggtgtggg ttattgacca ttattgacca ctcccctatt 12120ggtgacgata ctttccatta ctaatccata acatggctct ttgccacaac tctctttatt 12180ggctatatgc caatacactg tccttcagag actgacacgg actctgtatt tttacaggat 12240ggggtctcat ttattattta caaattcaca tatacaacac caccgtcccc agtgcccgca 12300gtttttatta aacataacgt gggatctcca cgcgaatctc gggtacgtgt tccggacatg 12360ggctcttctc cggtagcggc ggagcttcta catccgagcc ctgctcccat gcctccagcg 12420actcatggtc gctcggcagc tccttgctcc taacagtgga ggccagactt aggcacagca 12480cgatgcccac caccaccagt gtgccgcaca aggccgtggc ggtagggtat gtgtctgaaa 12540atgagctcgg ggagcgggct tgcaccgctg acgcatttgg aagacttaag gcagcggcag 12600aagaagatgc aggcagctga gttgttgtgt tctgataaga gtcagaggta actcccgttg 12660cggtgctgtt aacggtggag ggcagtgtag tctgagcagt actcgttgct gccgcgcgcg 12720ccaccagaca taatagctga cagactaaca gactgttcct ttccatgggt cttttctgca 12780gtcaccgtcc ttgacacgaa gcttgccgcc accatggtga gcaagcagat cctgaagaac 12840accggcctgc aggagatcat gagcttcaag gtgaacctgg agggcgtggt gaacaaccac 12900gtgttcacca tggagggctg cggcaagggc aacatcctgt tcggcaacca gctggtgcag 12960atccgcgtga ccaagggcgc ccccctgccc ttcgccttcg acatcctgag ccccgccttc 13020cagtacggca accgcacctt caccaagtac cccgaggaca tcagcgactt cttcatccag 13080agcttccccg ccggcttcgt gtacgagcgc accctgcgct acgaggacgg cggcctggtg 13140gagatccgca gcgacatcaa cctgatcgag gagatgttcg tgtaccgcgt ggagtacaag 13200ggccgcaact tccccaacga cggccccgtg atgaagaaga ccatcaccgg cctgcagccc 13260agcttcgagg tggtgtacat gaacgacggc gtgctggtgg gccaggtgat cctggtgtac 13320cgcctgaaca gcggcaagtt ctacagctgc cacatgcgca ccctgatgaa gagcaagggc 13380gtggtgaagg acttccccga gtaccacttc atccagcacc gcctggagaa gacctacgtg 13440gaggacggcg gcttcgtgga gcagcacgag accgccatcg cccagctgac cagcctgggc 13500aagcccctgg gcagcctgca cgagtgggtg taata 13535

Claims

1. A method for enhancing the transfection rate of a mammalian expression vector in CHO cells by transfecting the cells with an expression vector that comprises a transcription unit for a product gene, which transcription unit is under control of the mCMV promoter, and a second transcription unit comprising a glutamine synthetase (GS) marker gene transferring the cells in a glutamine-free culture medium supplemented with methionine sulfoxime for selection of the GS marker counting of transfectants after incubation in order to determine the transfection rate and comparing the transfection rate with the transfection rate of an identical expression vector having a different promoter in the first transcription unit.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the mCMV promoter comprises the natural transcription start site (+0) and extends upstream to position -500.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the mCMV promoter extends to the natural Xho I restriction site.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the mCMV promoter lacks the first, natural intron of the mCMV promoter.

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