OLIGONUCLEOTIDE COMPOUNDS FOR TARGETING HUNTINGTIN MRNA

Abstract

This disclosure relates to novel huntingtin targets. Novel oligonucleotides for the treatment of Huntington's disease are also provided.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/811,580, filed Mar. 6, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/263,200, filed Jan. 31, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,774,327, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/697,120, filed Sep. 6, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,435,688, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/089,319, filed Apr. 1, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,809,817, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/289,274, filed Jan. 31, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/142,731, filed Apr. 3, 2015. The entire contents of these applications are herein incorporated by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

[0003] The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Nov. 29, 2021, is named 724653_UM9-203CON4_ST25.txt and is 311,021 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0004] This disclosure relates to novel huntingtin targets and novel oligonucleotides for the treatment of Huntington's disease.

BACKGROUND

[0005] Neurological disorders including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease represent a major unmet medical need. In some cases, these diseases are monogenic, making them ideal targets for oligonucleotide therapeutic intervention, e.g., RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is a fundamental mechanism involving short double stranded RNA fragments that can be used to reprogram cellular machinery and silence and degrade targeted mRNA on demand. This technology is clinically advanced and has revolutionized the field of human functional genetics.

[0006] Many different technologies have been explored for mRNA knockdown both as therapeutics and as tools for functional study, including viral based delivery of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and naked or slightly modified siRNAs (Sah, D. W. Y. & Aronin, N. Oligonucleotide therapeutic approaches for Huntington disease. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 500-507 (2011); DiFiglia, M. et al. Therapeutic silencing of mutant huntingtin with siRNA attenuates striatal and cortical neuropathology and behavioral deficits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 17204-17209 (2007)).

[0007] ASOs have also shown to be a promising approach. This technology exhibits efficient delivery to cells without a delivery vehicle and has been administered to brain for the treatment of Huntington's disease for successful knockdown in both rodent and non-human primate brains (Mantha, N., Das, S. K. & Das, N. G. RNAi-based therapies for Huntington's disease: delivery challenges and opportunities. Therapeutic delivery 3, 1061-1076 (2012); Kordasiewicz, H. B. et al. Sustained Therapeutic Reversal of Huntington's Disease by Transient Repression of Huntingtin Synthesis. NEURON 74, 1031-1044 (2012)). Unfortunately, current studies show that a 700 .mu.g cumulative dose administrated over two weeks is required to see just 50% silencing (Kordasiewicz, Supra).

[0008] Unmodified siRNA ("naked siRNA") has been difficult to deliver to more sensitive cell lines and in vivo to tissue in the past. Although transfection reagents such as Lipofectamine can be used, there is a very narrow window within which it is efficacious and non-toxic, and it must be optimized independently for different batches of neurons to determine siRNA to lipid ratios necessary for comparable levels of silencing (Bell, H., Kimber, W. L., Li, M. & Whittle, I. R. Liposomal transfection efficiency and toxicity on glioma cell lines: in vitro and in vivo studies. NeuroReport 9, 793-798 (1998); Dass, C. R. Cytotoxicity issues pertinent to lipoplex-mediated gene therapy in-vivo. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1-9 (2010); Masotti, A. et al. Comparison of different commercially available cationic liposome-DNA lipoplexes: Parameters influencing toxicity and transfection efficiency. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 68, 136-144 (2009); Zou, L. L. et al. Liposome-mediated NGF gene transfection following neuronal injury: potential therapeutic applications. Gene Ther 6, 994-1005 (1999)). Hydrophobically modified siRNAs have also been used as an alternative for cellular and brain delivery (Sah, Supra; Soutschek, J. et al. Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs. Nature 432, 173-178 (2004); Cheng, K., Ye, Z., Guntaka, R. V. & Mahato, R. I. Enhanced hepatic uptake and bioactivity of type alpha1(I) collagen gene promoter-specific triplex-forming oligonucleotides after conjugation with cholesterol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 317, 797-805 (2006); Byrne, M. et al. Novel Hydrophobically Modified Asymmetric RNAi Compounds (sd-rxRNA) Demonstrate Robust Efficacy in the Eye. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 29, 855-864 (2013)), and some of these compounds have even made it to clinic, but ensuring both chemical stability and minimal toxicity while maximizing delivery remains a difficult task. Current hurdles in RNAi technology limit its ability to be used for both functional genomics studies and therapeutics, providing an opportunity for improvement to their design as it applies to the area of neuroscience both in vitro and in vivo.

SUMMARY

[0009] Accordingly, provided herein are novel huntingtin target sequences. Also provided herein are novel RNA molecules (e.g., siRNAs) that target the novel huntingtin target sequences. Said novel RNA molecules (e.g., siRNAs) demonstrate efficacy and potency in both primary neurons in vitro, and in vivo in mouse brain subsequent to a single, low dose injection.

[0010] In one aspect, an RNA molecule is provided that is between 15 and 30 bases in length or between 15 and 35 bases in length, comprising a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0011] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule is single stranded (ss) RNA or double stranded (ds) RNA. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand comprises the region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0012] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is between 30 and 35 base pairs in length. In certain embodiments the region of complementarity is complementary to at least 10, 11, 12 or 13 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the region of complementarity contains no more than 3 mismatches with SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the region of complementarity is fully complementary to SEQ ID NO:1.

[0013] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is blunt-ended. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least one single stranded nucleotide overhang. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises naturally occurring nucleotides.

[0014] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least one modified nucleotide. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotide is chosen from the group of: a 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a nucleotide comprising a 5'phosphorothioate group, and a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative or dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotide is chosen from the group of: a 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2'-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, 2'-amino-modified nucleotide, 2'-alkyl-modified nucleotide, morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least one 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide and at least one nucleotide comprising a 5'phosphorothioate group.

[0015] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises a 5' end, a 3' end and has complementarity to a target, wherein: (1) the RNA molecule comprises alternating 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides and 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotides; (2) the nucleotides at positions 2 and 14 from the 5' end are not 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides; (3) the nucleotides are connected via phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkages; and (4) the nucleotides at positions 1-6 from the 3' end, or positions 1-7 from the 3' end, are connected to adjacent nucleotides via phosphorothioate linkages.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA has a 5' end, a 3' end and complementarity to a target, and comprises a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein: (1) the first oligonucleotide comprises a sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:1; (2) a portion of the first oligonucleotide is complementary to a portion of the second oligonucleotide; (3) the second oligonucleotide comprises alternating 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides and 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotides; (4) the nucleotides at positions 2 and 14 from the 3' end of the second oligonucleotide are 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides; and (5) the nucleotides of the second oligonucleotide are connected via phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkages.

[0017] In certain embodiments, the second oligonucleotide is linked to a hydrophobic molecule at the 3' end of the second oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the linkage between the second oligonucleotide and the hydrophobic molecule comprises polyethylene glycol or triethylene glycol. In certain embodiments, the nucleotides at positions 1 and 2 from the 3' end of second oligonucleotide are connected to adjacent nucleotides via phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the nucleotides at positions 1 and 2 from the 3' end of second oligonucleotide, and the nucleotides at positions 1 and 2 from the 5' end of second oligonucleotide, are connected to adjacent ribonucleotides via phosphorothioate linkages.

[0018] In certain aspects, a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the expression of the HTT gene in an organism, comprising a dsRNA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided. The dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand. The dsRNA is between 15 and 35 base pairs in length and the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0019] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a cholesterol moiety.

[0020] In certain aspects, a method for inhibiting expression of HTT gene in a cell is provided. The method includes the steps of introducing into the cell a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, the dsRNA is between 15 and 35 base pairs in length and the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1), and maintaining the cell produced in step (a) for a time sufficient to obtain degradation of the mRNA transcript of the HTT gene, thereby inhibiting expression of the HTT gene in the cell.

[0021] In certain aspects, a method of treating or managing Huntington's disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment or management a therapeutically effective amount of a dsRNA is provided. The dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, and is between 15 and 35 base pairs in length, and the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0022] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is administered to the brain of the patient. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is administered by any of intrastriatal, intracerebroventricular and/or intrathecal infusion and/or pump. In certain embodiments, administering the dsRNA to the brain causes a decrease in HTT gene mRNA in the striatum. In certain embodiments, administering the dsRNA to the brain causes a decrease in HTT gene mRNA in the cortex.

[0023] In certain aspects, a vector for inhibiting the expression of HTT gene in a cell is provided. The vector comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes an RNA molecule substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein said RNA molecule is between 15 and 35 bases in length, and wherein said RNA molecule, upon contact with a cell expressing said HTT gene, inhibits the expression of said HTT gene by at least 20%.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule is ssRNA or dsRNA. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand comprises the region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0025] In certain aspects, a cell comprising a vector for inhibiting the expression of HTT gene in a cell is provided. The vector comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes an RNA molecule substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein said RNA molecule is between 15 and 35 bases in length, and wherein said RNA molecule, upon contact with a cell expressing said HTT gene, inhibits the expression of said HTT gene by at least 20%.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule is ssRNA or dsRNA. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand comprises the region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0027] In one aspect, an RNA molecule is provided that is between 15 and 35 bases in length, comprising a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0028] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule is single stranded (ss) RNA or double stranded (ds) RNA. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand comprises the region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0029] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is between 30 and 35 base pairs in length. In certain embodiments the region of complementarity is complementary to at least 10, 11, 12 or 13 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:2 or 3. In certain embodiments, the region of complementarity contains no more than 3 mismatches with SEQ ID NO: 1 . In certain embodiments, the region of complementarity is fully complementary to SEQ ID NO:2 or 3.

[0030] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is blunt-ended. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least one single stranded nucleotide overhang. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises naturally occurring nucleotides.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least one modified nucleotide. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotide is chosen from the group of: a 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a nucleotide comprising a 5'phosphorothioate group, and a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative or dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotide is chosen from the group of: a 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2'-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, 2'-amino-modified nucleotide, 2'-alkyl-modified nucleotide, morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least one 2'-0-methyl modified nucleotide and at least one nucleotide comprising a 5'phosphorothioate group.

[0032] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises a 5' end, a 3' end and has complementarity to a target, wherein: (1) the RNA molecule comprises alternating 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides and 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotides; (2) the nucleotides at positions 2 and 14 from the 5' end are not 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides; (3) the nucleotides are connected via phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkages; and (4) the nucleotides at positions 1-6 from the 3' end, or positions 1-7 from the 3' end, are connected to adjacent nucleotides via phosphorothioate linkages.

[0033] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA has a 5' end, a 3' end and complementarity to a target, and comprises a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein: (1) the first oligonucleotide comprises a sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:1; (2) a portion of the first oligonucleotide is complementary to a portion of the second oligonucleotide; (3) the second oligonucleotide comprises alternating 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides and 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotides; (4) the nucleotides at positions 2 and 14 from the 3' end of the second oligonucleotide are 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides; and (5) the nucleotides of the second oligonucleotide are connected via phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkages.

[0034] In certain embodiments, the second oligonucleotide is linked to a hydrophobic molecule at the 3' end of the second oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the linkage between the second oligonucleotide and the hydrophobic molecule comprises polyethylene glycol or triethylene glycol. In certain embodiments, the nucleotides at positions 1 and 2 from the 3' end of second oligonucleotide are connected to adjacent nucleotides via phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the nucleotides at positions 1 and 2 from the 3' end of second oligonucleotide, and the nucleotides at positions 1 and 2 from the 5' end of second oligonucleotide, are connected to adjacent ribonucleotides via phosphorothioate linkages.

[0035] In certain aspects, a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the expression of the HTT gene in an organism, comprising a dsRNA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided. The dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand. The dsRNA is between 15 and 35 base pairs in length and the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0036] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a cholesterol moiety.

[0037] In certain aspects, a method for inhibiting expression of HTT gene in a cell is provided. The method includes the steps of introducing into the cell a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, the dsRNA is between 15 and 35 base pairs in length and the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3), and maintaining the cell produced in step (a) for a time sufficient to obtain degradation of the mRNA transcript of the HTT gene, thereby inhibiting expression of the HTT gene in the cell.

[0038] In certain aspects, a method of treating or managing Huntington's disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment or management a therapeutically effective amount of a dsRNA is provided. The dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, and is between 15 and 35 base pairs in length, and the antisense strand comprises a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0039] In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is administered to the brain of the patient. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA is administered by intrastriatal infusion. In certain embodiments, administering the dsRNA to the brain causes a decrease in HTT gene mRNA in the striatum. In certain embodiments, administering the dsRNA to the brain causes a decrease in HTT gene mRNA in the cortex.

[0040] In certain aspects, a vector for inhibiting the expression of HTT gene in a cell is provided. The vector comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes an RNA molecule substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3), wherein said RNA molecule is between 15 and 35 bases in length, and wherein said RNA molecule, upon contact with a cell expressing said HTT gene, inhibits the expression of said HTT gene by at least 20%.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule is ssRNA or dsRNA. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand comprises the region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0042] In certain aspects, a cell comprising a vector for inhibiting the expression of HTT gene in a cell is provided. The vector comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes an RNA molecule substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3), wherein said RNA molecule is between 15 and 35 bases in length, and wherein said RNA molecule, upon contact with a cell expressing said HTT gene, inhibits the expression of said HTT gene by at least 20%.

[0043] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule is ssRNA or dsRNA. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand comprises the region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0044] In certain aspects, an RNA molecule that is between 15 and 35 bases in length is provided. The RNA molecule comprises a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1), 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3), and the RNA molecule targets a 3' untranslated region (UTR) of HTT gene short mRNA.

[0045] The 3' UTR of the HTT gene short mRNA is as follows:

TABLE-US-00001 (SEQ ID NO: 4) AGCGCCAUGGUGGGAGAGACUGUGAGGCGGCAGCUG GGGCCGGAGCCUUUGGAAGUCUGCGCCCUUGUGCC CUGCCUCCACCGAGCCAGCUUGGUCCCUAUGGGCU UCCGCACAUGCCGCGGGCGGCCAGGCAACGUGCGU GUCUCUGCCAUGUGGCAGAAGUGCUCUUUGUGGCA GUGGCCAGGCAGGGAGUGUCUGCAGUCCUGGUGGG GCUGAGCCUGAGGCCUUCCAGAAAGCAGGAGCAGC UGUGCUGCACCCCAUGUGGGUGACCAGGUCCUUUC UCCUGAUAGUCACCUGCUGGUUGUUGCCAGGUUGC AGCUGCUCUUGCAUCUGGGCCAGAAGUCCUCCCUC CUGCAGGCUGGCUGUUGGCCCCUCUGCUGUCCUGC AGUAGAAGGUGCCGUGAGCAGGCUUUGGGAACACU GGCCUGGGUCUCCCUGGUGGGGUGUGCAUGCCACG CCCCGUGUCUGGAUGCACAGAUGCCAUGGCCUGUG CUGGGCCAGUGGCUGGGGGUGCUAGACACCCGGCA CCAUUCUCCCUUCUCUCUUUUCUUCUCAGGAUUUA AAAUUUAAUUAUAUCAGUAAAGAGAUUAAUUUUAA CGUAACUCUUUCUAUGCCCGUGUA

[0046] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule is ssRNA or dsRNA. In certain embodiments, the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand comprises the region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1), 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0047] In certain aspects, a dsRNA molecule that is between 15 and 35 bases in length, comprising a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1), 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3), wherein the RNA molecule targets an HTT mRNA and comprises at least one modified nucleotide is provided. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotide is a terminal nucleotide linked to a phosphatidylcholine derivative.

[0048] In certain aspects, a di-branched RNA compound comprising two RNA molecules that are between 15 and 35 bases in length, comprising a region of complementarity which is substantially complementary to 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1), 5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) or 5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3), wherein the two RNA molecules are connected to one another by one or more moieties independently selected from a linker, a spacer and a branching point, is provided.

[0049] In any of the aspects described herein, the RNA molecule is an antisense molecule (e.g., ASO) or a GAPMER molecule. In certain embodiments, the antisense molecule enhances degradation of the region of complementarity. In certain embodiments, the degradation is nuclease degradation (e.g., RNase H).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0051] FIGS. 1A-1B depict hydrophobic siRNA structural and chemical composition and efficient internalization in primary cortical neurons. A) Schematic of the hydrophobically modified and stabilized siRNAs (hsiRNAs) B) Cy3-HTT10150 hsiRNA (red), 0.5 .mu.M, was added to primary cortical neurons. Imaged on Zeiss confocal microscope, 63.times., nuclei stained with Hoechst dye (blue).

[0052] FIGS. 2A-2C depict a systematic screening of unformulated hsiRNAs targeting huntingtin mRNA plotted as a line graph (A) or a bar graphs (B) and (C). A panel of 94 hsiRNAs were added to HeLa cells at 1.5 .mu.M. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) at 72 hours normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophilin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=3, mean+/-SD). UNT--untreated cells, NTC--non-targeting control. Active compounds (red) were selected for further analysis.

[0053] FIGS. 3A-3C depict concentration-dependent silencing of huntingtin mRNA by HTT10150, in both passive (A) and lipid-mediated delivery (B). Chemical modifications enable passive uptake without negative impact on siRNA RISC (RNA Induced Silencing Complex) entry. HeLa cells were incubated with modified (containing both hydrophobic and base chemical modifications) or unmodified HTT10150 at concentrations shown in the absence (A) and presence (B) of RNAIMAX. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) at 72 hours normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophillin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=3, mean+/-SD). UNT--untreated cells. IC50 values calculated as described herein. (C) Is a table summarizing these results.

[0054] FIGS. 4A-4B graphically depict concentration-dependent silencing of huntingtin mRNA and protein by HTT10150 in primary neurons (passive uptake). Primary neurons were incubated with HTT10150 at concentrations shown. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophillin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=3, mean+/-SD). UNT--untreated cells. A) In primary cortical and striatal neurons, 1 week. B) Huntingtin protein levels after one week incubation with HTT10150 were detected by western blot and normalized to .beta.-Tubulin.

[0055] FIGS. 5A-5H depict a single intrastriatal injection of HTT10150 is localized to neurons and fiber tracts ipsilateral to the injection site after 24 hours. 1 nmol CY3-HTT10150 (Red) was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVBNj) mice. Brains were collected after 24 hours, paraffin imbedded and sectioned and sectioned. (FIG. 5A) Tiled image of coronal brain section (16.times.). Majority of HTT10150 was localized at site of injection with sharp gradient of diffusion. (FIG. 5B) Tiled image of sagittal brain section (16.times.), injected side. (FIG. 5C) Image of coronal brain section (40.times.), non-injected side. (FIG. 5D) Image of coronal brain section (40.times.), injected side. (FIG. 5E, FIG. 5G) NueN stained neurons from non-injected side (60.times.). (FIG. 5F, FIG. 5H) NueN stained neurons from injected side (60.times.).

[0056] FIG. 6 graphically depicts evaluation of HTT10150 efficacy in vivo. HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVB) mice (2 .mu.l). Mice were sacrificed at 120 hours. Brains were sliced into 300 .mu.m sections and six--2 mm punch biopsies of the striatum were collected from both Ipsilateral and Contralateral sides. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophillin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=24, mean+/-SEM, 8 animals, 3 biopsies per region).

[0057] FIGS. 7A-7E depict that HTT10150 shows no toxicity in DARPP-32 positive neurons around the site of injection. HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVB) mice. Brains were collected after 5 days fixed, sectioned, and stained with antibodies against DARPP-32 (A-D). Representative image of striatum after injection of ACSF, full brain scan and 60.times. magnification (A, B) or 12.5 .mu.g HTT10150, full brain scan and 60.times. magnification (C, D). Quantification of DARPP-32 positive neurons (E) (n=3 animals, mean+/-SD).

[0058] FIG. 8 depicts target sequences (SEQ ID NOS 1045-1057, 3, 2, 1 and 1061-1139, respectively, in order of appearance), modified oligonucleotides ("Sense Strand" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 1140-1231 and "Antisense Strand" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 1232-1326, all respectively, in order of appearance) and their efficacy according to certain embodiments.

[0059] FIG. 9 depicts efficient uptake and internalization of hsiRNA in primary cortical neurons over time. Cy3-HTT10150 hsiRNA (red), 0.5 .mu.M, was added to primary cortical neurons. Imaged on Zeiss confocal microscope, 63.times., nuclei stained with Hoechst dye (blue).

[0060] FIGS. 10A-10B graphically depict concentration-dependent silencing of huntingtin mRNA by HTT10150 in HeLa cells. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) at 72 hours normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophillin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=3, mean+/-SD). UNT--untreated cells, NTC--non-targeting control. A) Dose response of 16 active sequences in passive uptake (no formulation). B) Dose response of eight selected sequences in lipid-mediated uptake (using Invitrogen LIPOFECTAMINE RNAIMAX Transfection Reagent). Dose response data was fitted using GraphPad Prism 6.03.

[0061] FIGS. 11A-11B graphically depict huntingtin mRNA levels. A) Cell viability was tested using ALAMAR BLUE (Life Technologies) after incubation of HTT10150 and NTC with primary cortical neurons for 72 hours and one week. B) Primary cortical neurons were incubated with three HTT hsiRNA sequences HTT10150, HTT10146, and HTT1215 at concentrations shown. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophillin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=3, mean+/-SD). UNT--untreated cells.

[0062] FIGS. 12A-12B graphically depict concentration-dependent silencing of huntingtin mRNA by HTT10150 in primary neurons (passive uptake). Primary neurons were incubated with HTT10150 at concentrations shown. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophillin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=3, mean+/-SD). UNT--untreated cells. A) For 72 hours and 1 week. B) For 1, 2 and 3 weeks.

[0063] FIG. 13 graphically depicts efficacy of hsiRNA against cyclophilin B (PPIB) in primary cortical neurons. Primary neurons were incubated with hsiRNA targeting PPIB at concentrations shown. Level of PPIB mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) normalized to housekeeping gene, HTT and presented as percent of untreated control (n=3, mean+/-SD). UNT--untreated cells for 1 week.

[0064] FIG. 14 depicts representative Western blots of Htt reduction in primary cortical neurons. Primary cortical neurons were cultured from five individual pups (#1-5) and incubated with HTT10150 at concentrations shown for one week. Huntingtin protein levels were detected by Western blot using antibody AB1.

[0065] FIGS. 15A-15B graphically depict evaluation of HTT10150 efficacy in vivo. A) HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVB) mice (2 .mu.l). Mice were sacrificed at 120 hours. Brains were sliced into 300 .mu.m sections and six 2 mm punch biopsies of the striatum were collected from both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. Level of huntingtin mRNA was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophilin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=8 animals, mean+/-SD). B) Quantification of huntingtin protein silencing by Western blot.

[0066] FIG. 16 graphically depicts evaluation of HTT10150 cytotoxicity in vivo. DARPP32 neuronal marker was minimally affected by HTT10150 injection, indicating no major impact on neuronal health. HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of wild-type (FVB) mice at doses shown. Mice were sacrificed at 120 hours. Brains were sliced into 300 .mu.m sections and six punch biopsies (2 mm) of the striatum were collected from both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. Level of DARPP32 mRNA expression was measured using QUANTIGENE (Affymetrix) normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB (cyclophilin B), and presented as percent of untreated control (n=24, mean+/-SD).

[0067] FIGS. 17A-17C depict that HTT10150 showed a two-fold increase in microglial activation at the site of injection. HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVB) mice. Brains were collected after 6 hours (b) and 5 days (a and c) fixed, sectioned, and stained with antibodies against IBA-1. (A) Representative images of activated (black arrowhead) and resting (open arrowhead) after injection of 1 nmol HTT10150 and ACSF 5 days post injection. 40.times. magnification. (B) Quantification of activated and resting microglia 6 hrs post-injection of ACSF (n=6) and lnmol HTT10150 (n=3). (C) Quantification of activated and resting microglia 5 days post-injection of ACSF (n=4) and lnmol HTT10150 (n=3).

[0068] FIGS. 18A-18C depict that HTT10150 showed limited toxicity at the site of injection at the 25 .mu.g dose. HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVB) mice. Brains were collected after 5 days fixed, sectioned, and stained with antibodies against DARPP-32. Representative image of striatum after injection of 25 .mu.g, full brain scan (A), 10.times. magnification at injections site (B), 20.times. magnification at injection site (C), and 60.times. magnification.

[0069] FIG. 19 depicts that HTT10150 showed no toxicity to Darpp32 positive neurons at lower concentrations. HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVB) mice. Brains were collected after 5 days fixed, sectioned, and stained with antibodies against DARPP-32. Representative image of striatum after injection of 25 .mu.g, 12.5 .mu.g, and ACSF (20.times. magnification) ipsilateral and contralateral to the site of injection.

[0070] FIGS. 20A-20B depict that HTT10150 caused a slight increase in total resting microglia 5 days post injection. HTT10150 was unilaterally injected into the striatum of WT (FVB) mice. Brains were collected after 6 hours and 5 days fixed, sectioned, and stained with antibodies against IBA-1. Quantification of total microglia 6 hrs (A) and 5 days (B) post-injection of ACSF (n=6, A) (n=4, B) and 12.5 .mu.g HTT10150 (n=3, A, B).

[0071] FIG. 21 depicts additional target sequences (SEQ ID NOS 5-212, respectively, in order of columns) along with chemical modifications and structural scaffolds according to certain embodiments of the invention ("Sense Naked" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 213-316, "Anstisense Naked" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 317-420, "Sense Strand (P0)" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 421-524, "Antisense Strand (P0)" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 525-628, "Sense Strand (P1)" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 629-732, "Antisense Strand (P1)" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 733-836, "Sense Strand (P2)" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 837-940, and "Antisense Strand (P2)" sequences disclosed as SEQ ID NOS 941-1044, all respectively, in order of columns).

[0072] FIG. 22 depicts hsiRNA.sup.HTT efficacy in primary cortical neurons (cell viability) after one week using QUANTIGENE and ALAMAR BLUE. NTC=non-targeting control.

[0073] FIG. 23 depicts HTT hsiRNA efficacy in wild-type primary striatal neurons and primary cortical neurons after one week using QUANTIGENE. NTC=non-targeting control.

[0074] FIG. 24 depicts HTT hsiRNA efficacy in primary neurons (duration of effect) from one to three weeks post-treatment via passive uptake. HTT expression was normalized to PPIB. Data is shown is an approximate percentage of non-targeting control. UNT=untreated.

[0075] FIG. 25 graphically depicts that hsiRNA.sup.HTT but not LNA-GAPMER exhibits a silencing plateau in cortical neurons after 72 hours using QUANTIGENE. N=3.

[0076] FIG. 26 shows intracellular localization of htt and ppib in primary cortical neurons using RNA-SCOPE. Htt mRNA, red; ppib mRNA, green; nuclei (DAPI), blue.

[0077] FIG. 27 validates in neurons an htt detection probe set, affirming specificity.

[0078] FIG. 28 validates in neurons an htt detection probe set, showing that the signal is not intron-specific (validated for intron 60-61).

[0079] FIG. 29 depicts that htt mRNA nuclear localization is specific to neurons only. Left panel depicts primary neurons; ppib mRNA, green; htt mRNA, red, nuclei, blue.

[0080] FIG. 30 depicts that hsiRNA.sup.HTT treatment of cortical neurons preferentially eliminates cytoplasmic htt mRNA. Ppib mRNA, green; htt mRNA, red; nuclei, blue. Top panel: non-treated. Bottom panel, treated with 1.5 .mu.M hsiRNA.sup.HTT for three days.

[0081] FIG. 31 graphically depicts that hsiRNA.sup.HTT treatment of cortical neurons preferentially eliminates cytoplasmic htt mRNA.

[0082] FIG. 32 depicts a Western blot showing HTT protein silencing in wild-type primary cortical neurons. hsiRNA htt-10150; NTC=non-targeting control, 1 week.

[0083] FIG. 33 graphically depicts the results of HTT10150 direct injection. No effects on neuronal viability were observed.

[0084] FIG. 34 depicts toxicity adjacent to the injection site following cholesterol-hsiRNA administration.

[0085] FIGS. 35A-35C show that partially modified hsiRNAs exhibit a short duration of effect and no systemic exposure.

[0086] FIGS. 36A-36C depict full metabolic stabilization of hsiRNAs.

[0087] FIGS. 37A-37C show that full metabolic stabilization does not interfere with RISC entry of hsiRNAs.

[0088] FIGS. 38A-38E depict fully metabolically stabilized hsiRNA (FM-hsiRNA) enhancement of local delivery and distribution.

[0089] FIGS. 39A-39B depict enhanced potency and duration of effect mediated by FM-hsiRNA.

[0090] FIG. 40A-40B characterizes neuroactive, naturally occurring lipids as hsiRNA bioconjugates.

[0091] FIG. 41 depicts that hsiRNA hydrophobicity directly correlates with brain distribution and retention. Intrastriatal injection, 12.5 .mu.g (0.5 mg/kg), t=24 hours, FVB/NJ mice (n=2).

[0092] FIG. 42 depicts docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) hsiRNA synthesis.

[0093] FIG. 43 depicts internalization of DHA-hsiRNA and chol-hsiRNA into primary cortical neurons. Uptake: 0.5 .mu.M Cy3-DHA-hsiRNA (red), DAPI (blue).

[0094] FIG. 44 depicts co-localization of DHA-hsiRNA with neurons and astrocytes. Intrastriatal injection, 12.5 .mu.g (0.5 mg/kg), t=24 hours, FVB/NJ mice (n=2).

[0095] FIG. 45 depicts localization of DHA-hsiRNA to the perinuclear region in striatal neurons, while chol-hsiRNA is undetectable. Intrastriatal injection, 12.5 .mu.g (0.5 mg/kg), t=24 hours, FVB/NJ mice (n=2).

[0096] FIG. 46 depicts co-localization of DHA-hsiRNA with neurons and astrocytes in the cortex following a single intrastriatal injection. Intrastriatal injection, 12.5 .mu.g (0.5 mg/kg), t=24 hours, FVB/NJ mice (n=2).

[0097] FIG. 47 depicts localization of DHA-hsiRNA to the perinuclear region in cortical neurons, while chol-hsiRNA is undetectable.

[0098] FIG. 48 depicts robust silencing efficiency of DHA-hsiRNA in the striatum and cortex. Intrastriatal injection, 6-25 .mu.g (0.25-1 mg/kg), t=5 days, FVB/NJ mice (n=8).

[0099] FIG. 49 depicts the duration of effect and recovery in the striatum following a single intrastriatal dose of DHA-hsiRNA.

[0100] FIG. 50 depicts a pilot safety study showing that DHA-siRNA does not affect striatal neuronal integrity at greater than 20-fold over the efficacious dose.

[0101] FIG. 51 depicts a pilot safety study showing that DHA-siRNA causes minimal striatal microglial activation at greater than 20-fold over the efficacious dose.

[0102] FIG. 52 depicts perinuclear localization caused by oligonucleotide chemistry.

[0103] FIG. 53 depicts intra-nuclear foci distribution caused by oligonucleotide chemistry.

[0104] FIG. 54 shows that the degree of htt mRNA striatal silencing is effected by oligonucleotide cellular localization.

[0105] FIG. 55 depicts targeted glial delivery.

[0106] FIG. 56 depicts targeted neuronal delivery.

[0107] FIG. 57 shows that DHA-hsiRNA efficiently distributes throughout the brain and silences genes in both the striatum and the cortex. Intrastriatal injection, 12.5 .mu.g (0.5 mg/kg), t=24 hours, FVB/NJ mice (n=2).

[0108] FIG. 58 shows hsiRNA efficacy in wild-type primary hippocampal neurons and Q140 primary hippocampal neurons. 16% gel.

[0109] FIG. 59 graphically depicts hsiRNA efficacy in wild-type primary hippocampal neurons and Q140 primary hippocampal neurons.

[0110] FIG. 60 shows hsiRNA efficacy in wild-type primary hippocampal neurons and Q140 primary hippocampal neurons. 7.5% gel.

[0111] FIG. 61 shows that each of PC-DHA-hsiRNA and chol-hsiRNA silence mutant and wild-type htt mRNA.

[0112] FIG. 62 describes three classes of hsiRNA chemistries: DHA-hsiRNA, PC-DHA-hsiRNA and chol-hsiRNA.

[0113] FIGS. 63A-63B graphically depict enhanced potency of PC-DHA-hsiRNA relative to DHA-hsiRNA in cortical primary neurons. 1 week, analyzed by QUANTIGENE, data normalized to PPIB.

[0114] FIG. 64 illustrates that chol-hsiRNA has a more effective chemistry for gene modulation in primary cortical neurons relative to PC-DHA-hsiRNA and DHA-hsiRNA. 1 week, analyzed by QUANTIGENE, data normalized to PPIB.

[0115] FIG. 65 shows that PC-DHA-hsiRNA shows better brain retention and wider distribution that DHA-hsiRNA. Intrastriatal injections at either 2 or 10 nmol, N=2, brains collected at 48 hours.

[0116] FIG. 66 shows approximately 80% silencing in mouse striatum after a single IS injection PC-DHA-hsiRNA.

[0117] FIG. 67 shows approximately 60% silencing in mouse cortex after a single IS injection PC-DHA-hsiRNA.

[0118] FIG. 68 depicts di-hsiRNA brain distribution after an CSF bolus injection (250 .mu.g), 48 hours.

[0119] FIG. 69 depicts distribution of di-hsiRNA after a single IS injection.

[0120] FIG. 70 depicts effect of branching on brain distribution.

[0121] FIG. 71 depicts a study design to assay in vivo gene silencing after single IS injections of di-hsiRNA.

[0122] FIG. 72 depicts neuronal delivery of di-hsiRNA.

[0123] FIG. 73 depicts efficacy of di-hsiRNA in the striatum and cortex. IS injection, 2 nmol di-hsiRNA, 1 week, QuantiGene 2.0.

[0124] FIG. 74 depicts uniform spinal cord distribution of di-hsiRNA.

[0125] FIG. 75 depicts htt mRNA silencing in the spinal cord after administration of a di-hsiRNA.sup.HTT bolus. IT, 3 nmol, one week, QuantiGene.

[0126] FIG. 76A-76B depicts di-hsiRNA-mediated in vitro silencing in HeLa cells and primary cortical neurons.

[0127] FIG. 77 depicts biodistribution of di-hsiRNA. Intrastriatal injection of 2 nmol of Di-siRNA oligo (4 nmol of corresponding antisense strand). N=2 mice per conjugate. Brains collected 48 hours later and stained with DAPI (nuclei, blue) and NeuN (neuronal marker, green). Image is representative. Red-oligo.

[0128] FIG. 78 depicts biodistribution of di-hsiRNA. Intrastriatal injection of 2 nmol of Di-siRNA oligo (4 nmol of corresponding antisense strand). N=2 mice per conjugate. Brains collected 48 hours later and stained with DAPI (nuclei, blue) and NeuN (neuronal marker, green). Image is representative. Red-oligo.

[0129] FIG. 79 depicts brain distribution of di-hsiRNA, TEG-azide, TEG and vitamin D after 48 hours. 2 nmole injected IS, N=2 mice per conjugate, brains collected 48 hours later.

[0130] FIG. 80 depicts the efficacy of vitamin D synthesis on htt mRNA expression.

[0131] FIG. 81 depicts a chemical Formula of a compound provided herein. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327, 1328, 1327, and 1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0132] FIG. 82 depicts examples of internucleotide linkages of R.sup.3.

[0133] FIG. 83 depicts an embodiment of the chemical Formula of FIG. 81. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327, 1328, 1327, and 1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0134] FIG. 84 depicts a chemical Formula of a compound provided herein. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327-1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0135] FIG. 85 depicts a chemical Formula of a compound provided herein. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327-1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0136] FIG. 86 depicts an embodiment of the Y moiety of FIG. 84 or FIG. 85. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327-1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0137] FIG. 87 depicts a chemical Formula of a compound provided herein. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327, 1328, 1327, and 1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0138] FIG. 88 depicts an embodiment of the chemical Formula of FIG. 87. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327, 1328, 1327, and 1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0139] FIG. 89 depicts a chemical Formula of a compound provided herein. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327-1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0140] FIG. 90 depicts an embodiment of the chemical Formula of FIG. 89. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NOS 1327-1328, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0141] FIGS. 91A-91D depict the development of fully metabolically stabilized hsiRNAs (FM-hsiRNAs). (A) Schematics of partially and fully modified hsiRNAs. (B) hsiRNA and FM-hsiRNA have equal ability to enter RISC (HeLa, 72 hours). (C) Metabolically stable 5'-E-VP is as active as 5'-P. (D) 5'-E-VP enables sustained delivery to distant tissues (7 days post injection, PNA assay).

[0142] FIG. 92 depicts that the evolution of chemistry enabled wide distribution of hsiRNA in mouse brain after a bolus CSF (ICV) infusion. Images of sagittal sections (left panels) from 48 hours after ICV injection with 250 .mu.g Cy3-labled hsiRNA variants (right panels). Images taken with Leica tiling array microscope at 10.times. and at identical laser intensity. Nuclei (blue); Cy3-hsiRNA (red). Chol-hsiRNA mainly stayed around the injected ventricle with marginal distribution to the distal sides of the brain. DHA-hsiRNA shows better distribution. PC-DHA and Di-hsiRNAs shows most diffuse distribution with clear delivery to cortex, striatum, and even cerebellum. Scale bar=900 .mu.m.

[0143] FIG. 93 depicts a synthetic protocol for PC-DHA-functionalized solid support.

[0144] FIG. 94 depicts a synthetic protocol for DI-functionalized solid support.

[0145] FIGS. 95A-95C depict di-hsiRNA discovery. (A) Chemical composition of the four bi-products from calciferol-hsiRNA synthesis (analytical HPLC of the crude synthesis). (B) Efficacy of bi-products in HeLa cells, 72 hours, QuantiGene.RTM.. All compounds were equally active. (C) A single, unilateral intrastriatal injection (25 .mu.g) of each Cy3-hsiRNA bi-product, 48 hours. Only di-hsiRNAs showed broad distribution with preferential neuronal uptake.

[0146] FIG. 96 depicts an hsiANTIDOTE antisense oligonucleotide carrying high affinity modification (LNA) designed to be fully complementary to the hsiRNA antisense strand seed region.

[0147] FIG. 97 depicts a cholesterol and endocytic peptide (proton sponge) conjugated hsiRNA. Fig. discloses SEQ ID NO: 1329.

[0148] FIG. 98A-98B depicts a solution-phase synthetic protocol for a GM1-conjugated hsiRNA.

[0149] FIG. 99 depicts chemical structures for DHA-conjugates (g1DHA) and PC-DHA hsiRNA conjugates (g2DHA).

[0150] FIG. 100 depicts a solid-phase synthetic protocol for PC-DHA hsiRNA conjugates.

[0151] FIG. 101 depicts a solution-phase synthetic protocol for PC-DHA hsiRNA conjugates.

[0152] FIGS. 102A-102D depict that full metabolic stabilization was essential for conjugate mediated siRNA delivery and duration of effect in vivo. (A, B) Compared to hsiRNA (A), FM-hsiRNA (B) showed significantly enhanced distribution and retention in tissues after intravenous (IV) and CSF (ICV) administration. Wild-type pregnant mice (E15) were injected with 10 mg/kg IV or 60 .mu.g, ICV. Tissues were imaged at 10.times. on a Leica tiling fluorescent microscope at identical laser intensity. HsiRNAs (red); nuclei (blue). Scale bar=900 .mu.m. (C) Intact guide strand in tissues quantified 5 days after IV injection (n=3, mean.+-.SEM). (D) FM-hsiRNAs silence Htt mRNA in mouse striatum one month after injection (12 .mu.g, intrastriatal). Partially modified hsiRNAs silence for less than two weeks.

[0153] FIGS. 103A-103C depict PC-DHA-hsiRNAs efficacy and safety in mouse brain in vivo. (A) Htt mRNA levels in striatum and cortex 1 week after injecting 25 or 50 .mu.g DHA-hsiRNA. ***P<0.0001 relative to both aCSF and NTC. (B) No detectable innate immune activation occurred at dose levels 20-fold higher than the effective dose (data shown for total microglia for DHA-hsiRNA). (C) Normal neuronal viability based on DARP32 levels. Note the toxic dose (red bar) for chol-hsiRNA.

[0154] FIGS. 104A-104C show that di-hsiRNA exhibited wide distribution and efficacy in mouse brain. (A) Robust and uniform distribution of Cy3-Di-hsiRNA throughout the brain, visually and histologically, with clear neuronal uptake 48 hours after ICV injection (250 .mu.g, CSF, both sides), scale bar=100 .mu.m. (B) Htt mRNA silencing in cortex and striatum 7 days after single intrastriatal injection (25 .mu.g). (C) hsiRNA accumulation in tissues 7 days after injection (PNA assay).

[0155] FIGS. 105A-105B show that di-hsiRNAs exhibited wide distribution and efficacy in the mouse spinal cord after a bolus lumbar intrathecal injection. (A) Chol-hsiRNAs showed a steep gradient of diffusion from outside to inside of spinal cord, but Di-hsiRNAs distribute widely throughout the spinal cord. Animals were injected intrathecally with 75 .mu.g Cy3-Chol-hsiRNA or Cy3-Di-hsiRNA. Scale bar=100 .mu.m. (B) Robust Htt mRNA silencing was observed in all regions of spinal cord (7 days post-injection, n=6).

[0156] FIG. 106 depicts a PNA (Peptide Nucleic Acid)-based assay for detection of hsiRNA guide strand in mouse tissues. Tissues were lysed, debris separated by precipitation, and the PNA-guide strand duplex purified by HPLC (DNAPac P100, 50% water 50% acetonitrile, salt gradient 0-1M NaClO.sub.4).

[0157] FIG. 107 depicts targeting of the kidney by PC-DHA-hsiRNA.

[0158] FIG. 108 depicts GM1-hsiRNA internalization and GM1-hsiRNA-mediated htt mRNA silencing.

[0159] FIG. 109 depicts GM1-hsiRNA brain distribution.

[0160] FIGS. 110A-110G show that systemically-administered fully modified (FM) hsiRNA exhibits dramatically enhanced tissue distribution and efficacy in vivo. (A) Tissue distribution of Cy3-hsiRNA and Cy3-FM-hsiRNAsFLT1 (red) 10 mg/kg IV injection. Nuclei stained with DAPI (blue). All images were acquired at identical settings. (B-E) Guide strand quantification by PNA hybridization-based assay (B) 10 mg/kg, IV, 24 hours (C) 10 mg/kg, SC, 24 hours (D) 2.times.20 mg/kg, IV, 120 hours, (n=7) (E) 2.times.15 mg/kg, IV, 120 hours, (n=12). (F, G) Quantification of sFLT1 mRNA silencing after (F) 2.times.20 mg/kg, C57B6 mice, (n=3, PBS; n=7, FM-hsiRNAsFLT), (G) 2.times.15 mg/kg, CD1 mice. (n=12, for PBS; n=6, NTC; n=12, FM-hsiRNAsFLT1). mRNA levels were measured 120 hours after injection with QuantiGene.RTM. (Affymetrix) assay, normalized to housekeeping gene FLT1, and presented as percent of PBS treated control. All error bars represent mean.+-.SD. ***, P<0.001; ****, P<0.0001.

[0161] FIGS. 111A-111G show that fully modified hsiRNAs are broadly distributed throughout the brain and demonstrate higher potency and longer duration of silencing upon local administration. hsiRNAHTT (FIG. 111A) and FM-hsiRNAHTT (FIG. 111B, FIG. 111C, FIG. 111D, FIG. 111E) were injected ICV, distribution through the sagittal section of the brain after 48 hours is shown. Nuclei stained with DAPI (blue). Cy3-hsiRNA (red). (FIG. 111F, FIG. 111G) hsiRNAHTT and FM-hsiRNAHTT were unilaterally injected into the striatum and level of HTT mRNA was measured using QuantiGene.RTM. (Affymetrix) after (FIG. 111F) 5 days or (FIG. 111G) 7, 14 and 28 days, normalized to housekeeping gene, PPIB, and presented as percent of untreated control (n=8 mice, mean.+-.SD). NTC=non-targeting control; CSF=artificial cerebrospinal fluid All error bars represent mean.+-.SD. **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001; ****, P<0.0001.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0162] Novel huntingtin target sequences are provided. Also provided are novel siRNAs that target the novel huntingtin target sequences of the invention.

[0163] Generally, nomenclature used in connection with cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. The methods and techniques provided herein are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques are performed according to manufacturer's specifications, as commonly accomplished in the art or as described herein. The nomenclature used in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques are used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients.

[0164] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used herein have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. In the event of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedent over any dictionary or extrinsic definition. Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. The use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. The use of the term "including," as well as other forms, such as "includes" and "included," is not limiting.

[0165] So that the invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined.

[0166] The term "nucleoside" refers to a molecule having a purine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar. Exemplary nucleosides include adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine and thymidine. Additional exemplary nucleosides include inosine, 1-methyl inosine, pseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, ribothymidine, 2N-methylguanosine and 2,2N,N-dimethylguanosine (also referred to as "rare" nucleosides). The term "nucleotide" refers to a nucleoside having one or more phosphate groups joined in ester linkages to the sugar moiety. Exemplary nucleotides include nucleoside monophosphates, diphosphates and triphosphates. The terms "polynucleotide" and "nucleic acid molecule" are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer of nucleotides joined together by a phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkage between 5' and 3' carbon atoms.

[0167] The term "RNA" or "RNA molecule" or "ribonucleic acid molecule" refers to a polymer of ribonucleotides (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or more ribonucleotides). The term "DNA" or "DNA molecule" or deoxyribonucleic acid molecule" refers to a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. DNA and RNA can be synthesized naturally (e.g., by DNA replication or transcription of DNA, respectively). RNA can be post-transcriptionally modified. DNA and RNA can also be chemically synthesized. DNA and RNA can be single-stranded (i.e., ssRNA and ssDNA, respectively) or multi-stranded (e.g., double stranded, i.e., dsRNA and dsDNA, respectively). "mRNA" or "messenger RNA" is single-stranded RNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptide chains. This information is translated during protein synthesis when ribosomes bind to the mRNA.

[0168] As used herein, the term "small interfering RNA" ("siRNA") (also referred to in the art as "short interfering RNAs") refers to an RNA (or RNA analog) comprising between about 10-50 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) which is capable of directing or mediating RNA interference. Preferably, a siRNA comprises between about 15-30 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs, more preferably between about 16-25 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs), even more preferably between about 18-23 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs), and even more preferably between about 19-22 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) (e.g., 19, 20, 21 or 22 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs). The term "short" siRNA refers to a siRNA comprising about 21 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs), for example, 19, 20, 21 or 22 nucleotides. The term "long" siRNA refers to a siRNA comprising about 24-25 nucleotides, for example, 23, 24, 25 or 26 nucleotides. Short siRNAs may, in some instances, include fewer than 19 nucleotides, e.g., 16, 17 or 18 nucleotides, provided that the shorter siRNA retains the ability to mediate RNAi. Likewise, long siRNAs may, in some instances, include more than 26 nucleotides, provided that the longer siRNA retains the ability to mediate RNAi absent further processing, e.g., enzymatic processing, to a short siRNA.

[0169] The term "nucleotide analog" or "altered nucleotide" or "modified nucleotide" refers to a non-standard nucleotide, including non-naturally occurring ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Exemplary nucleotide analogs are modified at any position so as to alter certain chemical properties of the nucleotide yet retain the ability of the nucleotide analog to perform its intended function. Examples of positions of the nucleotide which may be derivatized include the 5 position, e.g., 5-(2-amino)propyl uridine, 5-bromo uridine, 5-propyne uridine, 5-propenyl uridine, etc.; the 6 position, e.g., 6-(2-amino)propyl uridine; the 8-position for adenosine and/or guanosines, e.g., 8-bromo guanosine, 8-chloro guanosine, 8-fluoroguanosine, etc. Nucleotide analogs also include deaza nucleotides, e.g., 7-deaza-adenosine; O- and N-modified (e.g., alkylated, e.g., N6-methyl adenosine, or as otherwise known in the art) nucleotides; and other heterocyclically modified nucleotide analogs such as those described in Herdewijn, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 2000 Aug. 10(4):297-310.

[0170] Nucleotide analogs may also comprise modifications to the sugar portion of the nucleotides. For example the 2' OH-group may be replaced by a group selected from H, OR, R, F, Cl, Br, I, SH, SR, NH.sub.2, NHR, NR.sub.2, COOR, or OR, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, etc. Other possible modifications include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,988, and 6,291,438.

[0171] The phosphate group of the nucleotide may also be modified, e.g., by substituting one or more of the oxygens of the phosphate group with sulfur (e.g., phosphorothioates), or by making other substitutions which allow the nucleotide to perform its intended function such as described in, for example, Eckstein, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2000 Apr. 10(2):117-21, Rusckowski et al. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2000 Oct. 10(5):333-45, Stein, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2001 Oct. 11(5): 317-25, Vorobjev et al. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2001 Apr. 11(2):77-85, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,143. Certain of the above-referenced modifications (e.g., phosphate group modifications) preferably decrease the rate of hydrolysis of, for example, polynucleotides comprising said analogs in vivo or in vitro.

[0172] The term "oligonucleotide" refers to a short polymer of nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs. The term "RNA analog" refers to an polynucleotide (e.g., a chemically synthesized polynucleotide) having at least one altered or modified nucleotide as compared to a corresponding unaltered or unmodified RNA but retaining the same or similar nature or function as the corresponding unaltered or unmodified RNA. As discussed above, the oligonucleotides may be linked with linkages which result in a lower rate of hydrolysis of the RNA analog as compared to an RNA molecule with phosphodiester linkages. For example, the nucleotides of the analog may comprise methylenediol, ethylene diol, oxymethylthio, oxyethylthio, oxycarbonyloxy, phosphorodiamidate, phosphoroamidate, and/or phosphorothioate linkages. Preferred RNA analogues include sugar- and/or backbone-modified ribonucleotides and/or deoxyribonucleotides. Such alterations or modifications can further include addition of non-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the RNA or internally (at one or more nucleotides of the RNA). An RNA analog need only be sufficiently similar to natural RNA that it has the ability to mediate (mediates) RNA interference.

[0173] As used herein, the term "RNA interference" ("RNAi") refers to a selective intracellular degradation of RNA. RNAi occurs in cells naturally to remove foreign RNAs (e.g., viral RNAs). Natural RNAi proceeds via fragments cleaved from free dsRNA which direct the degradative mechanism to other similar RNA sequences. Alternatively, RNAi can be initiated by the hand of man, for example, to silence the expression of target genes.

[0174] An RNAi agent, e.g., an RNA silencing agent, having a strand which is "sequence sufficiently complementary to a target mRNA sequence to direct target-specific RNA interference (RNAi)" means that the strand has a sequence sufficient to trigger the destruction of the target mRNA by the RNAi machinery or process.

[0175] As used herein, the term "isolated RNA" (e.g., "isolated siRNA" or "isolated siRNA precursor") refers to RNA molecules which are substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.

[0176] As used herein, the term "RNA silencing" refers to a group of sequence-specific regulatory mechanisms (e.g. RNA interference (RNAi), transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), quelling, co-suppression, and translational repression) mediated by RNA molecules which result in the inhibition or "silencing" of the expression of a corresponding protein-coding gene. RNA silencing has been observed in many types of organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi.

[0177] The term "discriminatory RNA silencing" refers to the ability of an RNA molecule to substantially inhibit the expression of a "first" or "target" polynucleotide sequence while not substantially inhibiting the expression of a "second" or "non-target" polynucleotide sequence," e.g., when both polynucleotide sequences are present in the same cell. In certain embodiments, the target polynucleotide sequence corresponds to a target gene, while the non-target polynucleotide sequence corresponds to a non-target gene. In other embodiments, the target polynucleotide sequence corresponds to a target allele, while the non-target polynucleotide sequence corresponds to a non-target allele. In certain embodiments, the target polynucleotide sequence is the DNA sequence encoding the regulatory region (e.g. promoter or enhancer elements) of a target gene. In other embodiments, the target polynucleotide sequence is a target mRNA encoded by a target gene.

[0178] The term "in vitro" has its art recognized meaning, e.g., involving purified reagents or extracts, e.g., cell extracts. The term "in vivo" also has its art recognized meaning, e.g., involving living cells, e.g., immortalized cells, primary cells, cell lines, and/or cells in an organism.

[0179] As used herein, the term "transgene" refers to any nucleic acid molecule, which is inserted by artifice into a cell, and becomes part of the genome of the organism that develops from the cell. Such a transgene may include a gene that is partly or entirely heterologous (i.e., foreign) to the transgenic organism, or may represent a gene homologous to an endogenous gene of the organism. The term "transgene" also means a nucleic acid molecule that includes one or more selected nucleic acid sequences, e.g., DNAs, that encode one or more engineered RNA precursors, to be expressed in a transgenic organism, e.g., animal, which is partly or entirely heterologous, i.e., foreign, to the transgenic animal, or homologous to an endogenous gene of the transgenic animal, but which is designed to be inserted into the animal's genome at a location which differs from that of the natural gene. A transgene includes one or more promoters and any other DNA, such as introns, necessary for expression of the selected nucleic acid sequence, all operably linked to the selected sequence, and may include an enhancer sequence.

[0180] A gene "involved" in a disease or disorder includes a gene, the normal or aberrant expression or function of which effects or causes the disease or disorder or at least one symptom of said disease or disorder.

[0181] The term "gain-of-function mutation" as used herein, refers to any mutation in a gene in which the protein encoded by said gene (i.e., the mutant protein) acquires a function not normally associated with the protein (i.e., the wild type protein) causes or contributes to a disease or disorder. The gain-of-function mutation can be a deletion, addition, or substitution of a nucleotide or nucleotides in the gene which gives rise to the change in the function of the encoded protein. In one embodiment, the gain-of-function mutation changes the function of the mutant protein or causes interactions with other proteins. In another embodiment, the gain-of-function mutation causes a decrease in or removal of normal wild-type protein, for example, by interaction of the altered, mutant protein with said normal, wild-type protein.

[0182] As used herein, the term "target gene" is a gene whose expression is to be substantially inhibited or "silenced." This silencing can be achieved by RNA silencing, e.g., by cleaving the mRNA of the target gene or translational repression of the target gene. The term "non-target gene" is a gene whose expression is not to be substantially silenced. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide sequences of the target and non-target gene (e.g. mRNA encoded by the target and non-target genes) can differ by one or more nucleotides. In another embodiment, the target and non-target genes can differ by one or more polymorphisms (e.g., Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms or SNPs). In another embodiment, the target and non-target genes can share less than 100% sequence identity. In another embodiment, the non-target gene may be a homologue (e.g. an orthologue or paralogue) of the target gene.

[0183] A "target allele" is an allele (e.g., a SNP allele) whose expression is to be selectively inhibited or "silenced." This silencing can be achieved by RNA silencing, e.g., by cleaving the mRNA of the target gene or target allele by a siRNA. The term "non-target allele" is a allele whose expression is not to be substantially silenced. In certain embodiments, the target and non-target alleles can correspond to the same target gene. In other embodiments, the target allele corresponds to, or is associated with, a target gene, and the non-target allele corresponds to, or is associated with, a non-target gene. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide sequences of the target and non-target alleles can differ by one or more nucleotides. In another embodiment, the target and non-target alleles can differ by one or more allelic polymorphisms (e.g., one or more SNPs). In another embodiment, the target and non-target alleles can share less than 100% sequence identity.

[0184] The term "polymorphism" as used herein, refers to a variation (e.g., one or more deletions, insertions, or substitutions) in a gene sequence that is identified or detected when the same gene sequence from different sources or subjects (but from the same organism) are compared. For example, a polymorphism can be identified when the same gene sequence from different subjects are compared. Identification of such polymorphisms is routine in the art, the methodologies being similar to those used to detect, for example, breast cancer point mutations. Identification can be made, for example, from DNA extracted from a subject's lymphocytes, followed by amplification of polymorphic regions using specific primers to said polymorphic region. Alternatively, the polymorphism can be identified when two alleles of the same gene are compared. In particular embodiments, the polymorphism is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).

[0185] A variation in sequence between two alleles of the same gene within an organism is referred to herein as an "allelic polymorphism." In certain embodiments, the allelic polymorphism corresponds to a SNP allele. For example, the allelic polymorphism may comprise a single nucleotide variation between the two alleles of a SNP. The polymorphism can be at a nucleotide within a coding region but, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, no change in amino acid sequence is encoded. Alternatively, polymorphic sequences can encode a different amino acid at a particular position, but the change in the amino acid does not affect protein function. Polymorphic regions can also be found in non-encoding regions of the gene. In exemplary embodiments, the polymorphism is found in a coding region of the gene or in an untranslated region (e.g., a 5' UTR or 3' UTR) of the gene.

[0186] As used herein, the term "allelic frequency" is a measure (e.g., proportion or percentage) of the relative frequency of an allele (e.g., a SNP allele) at a single locus in a population of individuals. For example, where a population of individuals carry n loci of a particular chromosomal locus (and the gene occupying the locus) in each of their somatic cells, then the allelic frequency of an allele is the fraction or percentage of loci that the allele occupies within the population. In particular embodiments, the allelic frequency of an allele (e.g., an SNP allele) is at least 10% (e.g., at least 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or more) in a sample population.

[0187] As used herein, the term "sample population" refers to a population of individuals comprising a statistically significant number of individuals. For example, the sample population may comprise 50, 75, 100, 200, 500, 1000 or more individuals. In particular embodiments, the sample population may comprise individuals which share at least on common disease phenotype (e.g., a gain-of-function disorder) or mutation (e.g., a gain-of-function mutation).

[0188] As used herein, the term "heterozygosity" refers to the fraction of individuals within a population that are heterozygous (e.g., contain two or more different alleles) at a particular locus (e.g., at a SNP). Heterozygosity may be calculated for a sample population using methods that are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0189] The term "polyglutamine domain," as used herein, refers to a segment or domain of a protein that consist of a consecutive glutamine residues linked to peptide bonds. In one embodiment the consecutive region includes at least 5 glutamine residues.

[0190] The term "expanded polyglutamine domain" or "expanded polyglutamine segment," as used herein, refers to a segment or domain of a protein that includes at least 35 consecutive glutamine residues linked by peptide bonds. Such expanded segments are found in subjects afflicted with a polyglutamine disorder, as described herein, whether or not the subject has shown to manifest symptoms.

[0191] The term "trinucleotide repeat" or "trinucleotide repeat region" as used herein, refers to a segment of a nucleic acid sequence e.g.,) that consists of consecutive repeats of a particular trinucleotide sequence. In one embodiment, the trinucleotide repeat includes at least 5 consecutive trinucleotide sequences. Exemplary trinucleotide sequences include, but are not limited to, CAG, CGG, GCC, GAA, CTG and/or CGG.

[0192] The term "trinucleotide repeat diseases" as used herein, refers to any disease or disorder characterized by an expanded trinucleotide repeat region located within a gene, the expanded trinucleotide repeat region being causative of the disease or disorder. Examples of trinucleotide repeat diseases include, but are not limited to spino-cerebellar ataxia type 12 spino-cerebellar ataxia type 8, fragile X syndrome, fragile XE mental retardation, Friedreich's ataxia and myotonic dystrophy. Exemplary trinucleotide repeat diseases for treatment according to the present invention are those characterized or caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat region at the 5' end of the coding region of a gene, the gene encoding a mutant protein which causes or is causative of the disease or disorder. Certain trinucleotide diseases, for example, fragile X syndrome, where the mutation is not associated with a coding region may not be suitable for treatment according to the methodologies of the present invention, as there is no suitable mRNA to be targeted by RNAi. By contrast, disease such as Friedreich's ataxia may be suitable for treatment according to the methodologies of the invention because, although the causative mutation is not within a coding region (i.e., lies within an intron), the mutation may be within, for example, an mRNA precursor (e.g., a pre-spliced mRNA precursor).

[0193] The term "polyglutamine disorder" as used herein, refers to any disease or disorder characterized by an expanded of a (CAG)n repeats at the 5' end of the coding region (thus encoding an expanded polyglutamine region in the encoded protein). In one embodiment, polyglutamine disorders are characterized by a progressive degeneration of nerve cells. Examples of polyglutamine disorders include but are not limited to: Huntington's disease, spino-cerebellar ataxia type 1, spino-cerebellar ataxia type 2, spino-cerebellar ataxia type 3 (also known as Machado-Joseph disease), and spino-cerebellar ataxia type 6, spino-cerebellar ataxia type 7 and dentatoiubral-pallidoluysian atrophy.

[0194] The phrase "examining the function of a gene in a cell or organism" refers to examining or studying the expression, activity, function or phenotype arising therefrom.

[0195] As used herein, the term "RNA silencing agent" refers to an RNA which is capable of inhibiting or "silencing" the expression of a target gene. In certain embodiments, the RNA silencing agent is capable of preventing complete processing (e.g., the full translation and/or expression) of a mRNA molecule through a post-transcriptional silencing mechanism. RNA silencing agents include small (<50 b.p.), noncoding RNA molecules, for example RNA duplexes comprising paired strands, as well as precursor RNAs from which such small non-coding RNAs can be generated. Exemplary RNA silencing agents include siRNAs, miRNAs, siRNA-like duplexes, antisense oligonucleotides, GAPMER molecules, and dual-function oligonucleotides as well as precursors thereof. In one embodiment, the RNA silencing agent is capable of inducing RNA interference. In another embodiment, the RNA silencing agent is capable of mediating translational repression.

[0196] As used herein, the term "rare nucleotide" refers to a naturally occurring nucleotide that occurs infrequently, including naturally occurring deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides that occur infrequently, e.g., a naturally occurring ribonucleotide that is not guanosine, adenosine, cytosine, or uridine. Examples of rare nucleotides include, but are not limited to, inosine, 1-methyl inosine, pseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, ribothymidine, .sup.2N-methylguanosine and .sup.2,2N,N-dimethylguanosine.

[0197] The term "engineered," as in an engineered RNA precursor, or an engineered nucleic acid molecule, indicates that the precursor or molecule is not found in nature, in that all or a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of the precursor or molecule is created or selected by a human. Once created or selected, the sequence can be replicated, translated, transcribed, or otherwise processed by mechanisms within a cell. Thus, an RNA precursor produced within a cell from a transgene that includes an engineered nucleic acid molecule is an engineered RNA precursor.

[0198] As used herein, the term "microRNA" ("miRNA"), also referred to in the art as "small temporal RNAs" ("stRNAs"), refers to a small (10-50 nucleotide) RNA which are genetically encoded (e.g., by viral, mammalian, or plant genomes) and are capable of directing or mediating RNA silencing. An "miRNA disorder" shall refer to a disease or disorder characterized by an aberrant expression or activity of an miRNA.

[0199] As used herein, the term "dual functional oligonucleotide" refers to a RNA silencing agent having the formula T-L-.mu., wherein T is an mRNA targeting moiety, L is a linking moiety, and .mu. is a miRNA recruiting moiety. As used herein, the terms "mRNA targeting moiety," "targeting moiety," "mRNA targeting portion" or "targeting portion" refer to a domain, portion or region of the dual functional oligonucleotide having sufficient size and sufficient complementarity to a portion or region of an mRNA chosen or targeted for silencing (i.e., the moiety has a sequence sufficient to capture the target mRNA). As used herein, the term "linking moiety" or "linking portion" refers to a domain, portion or region of the RNA-silencing agent which covalently joins or links the mRNA.

[0200] As used herein, the term "antisense strand" of an RNA silencing agent, e.g., an siRNA or RNA silencing agent, refers to a strand that is substantially complementary to a section of about 10-50 nucleotides, e.g., about 15-30, 16-25, 18-23 or 19-22 nucleotides of the mRNA of the gene targeted for silencing. The antisense strand or first strand has sequence sufficiently complementary to the desired target mRNA sequence to direct target-specific silencing, e.g., complementarity sufficient to trigger the destruction of the desired target mRNA by the RNAi machinery or process (RNAi interference) or complementarity sufficient to trigger translational repression of the desired target mRNA.

[0201] The term "sense strand" or "second strand" of an RNA silencing agent, e.g., an siRNA or RNA silencing agent, refers to a strand that is complementary to the antisense strand or first strand. Antisense and sense strands can also be referred to as first or second strands, the first or second strand having complementarity to the target sequence and the respective second or first strand having complementarity to said first or second strand. miRNA duplex intermediates or siRNA-like duplexes include a miRNA strand having sufficient complementarity to a section of about 10-50 nucleotides of the mRNA of the gene targeted for silencing and a miRNA* strand having sufficient complementarity to form a duplex with the miRNA strand.

[0202] As used herein, the term "guide strand" refers to a strand of an RNA silencing agent, e.g., an antisense strand of an siRNA duplex or siRNA sequence, that enters into the RISC complex and directs cleavage of the target mRNA.

[0203] As used herein, the term "asymmetry," as in the asymmetry of the duplex region of an RNA silencing agent (e.g., the stem of an shRNA), refers to an inequality of bond strength or base pairing strength between the termini of the RNA silencing agent (e.g., between terminal nucleotides on a first strand or stem portion and terminal nucleotides on an opposing second strand or stem portion), such that the 5' end of one strand of the duplex is more frequently in a transient unpaired, e.g., single-stranded, state than the 5' end of the complementary strand. This structural difference determines that one strand of the duplex is preferentially incorporated into a RISC complex. The strand whose 5' end is less tightly paired to the complementary strand will preferentially be incorporated into RISC and mediate RNAi.

[0204] As used herein, the term "bond strength" or "base pair strength" refers to the strength of the interaction between pairs of nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) on opposing strands of an oligonucleotide duplex (e.g., an siRNA duplex), due primarily to H-bonding, van der Waals interactions, and the like between said nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs).

[0205] As used herein, the "5' end," as in the 5' end of an antisense strand, refers to the 5' terminal nucleotides, e.g., between one and about 5 nucleotides at the 5' terminus of the antisense strand. As used herein, the "3' end," as in the 3' end of a sense strand, refers to the region, e.g., a region of between one and about 5 nucleotides, that is complementary to the nucleotides of the 5' end of the complementary antisense strand.

[0206] As used herein the term "destabilizing nucleotide" refers to a first nucleotide or nucleotide analog capable of forming a base pair with second nucleotide or nucleotide analog such that the base pair is of lower bond strength than a conventional base pair (i.e., Watson-Crick base pair). In certain embodiments, the destabilizing nucleotide is capable of forming a mismatch base pair with the second nucleotide. In other embodiments, the destabilizing nucleotide is capable of forming a wobble base pair with the second nucleotide. In yet other embodiments, the destabilizing nucleotide is capable of forming an ambiguous base pair with the second nucleotide.

[0207] As used herein, the term "base pair" refers to the interaction between pairs of nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) on opposing strands of an oligonucleotide duplex (e.g., a duplex formed by a strand of a RNA silencing agent and a target mRNA sequence), due primarily to H-bonding, van der Waals interactions, and the like between said nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs). As used herein, the term "bond strength" or "base pair strength" refers to the strength of the base pair.

[0208] As used herein, the term "mismatched base pair" refers to a base pair consisting of non-complementary or non-Watson-Crick base pairs, for example, not normal complementary G:C, A:T or A:U base pairs. As used herein the term "ambiguous base pair" (also known as a non-discriminatory base pair) refers to a base pair formed by a universal nucleotide.

[0209] As used herein, term "universal nucleotide" (also known as a "neutral nucleotide") include those nucleotides (e.g. certain destabilizing nucleotides) having a base (a "universal base" or "neutral base") that does not significantly discriminate between bases on a complementary polynucleotide when forming a base pair. Universal nucleotides are predominantly hydrophobic molecules that can pack efficiently into antiparallel duplex nucleic acids (e.g., double-stranded DNA or RNA) due to stacking interactions. The base portion of universal nucleotides typically comprise a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic moiety.

[0210] As used herein, the terms "sufficient complementarity" or "sufficient degree of complementarity" mean that the RNA silencing agent has a sequence (e.g. in the antisense strand, mRNA targeting moiety or miRNA recruiting moiety) which is sufficient to bind the desired target RNA, respectively, and to trigger the RNA silencing of the target mRNA.

[0211] As used herein, the term "translational repression" refers to a selective inhibition of mRNA translation. Natural translational repression proceeds via miRNAs cleaved from shRNA precursors. Both RNAi and translational repression are mediated by RISC. Both RNAi and translational repression occur naturally or can be initiated by the hand of man, for example, to silence the expression of target genes.

[0212] Various methodologies of the instant invention include step that involves comparing a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. to a "suitable control," referred to interchangeably herein as an "appropriate control." A "suitable control" or "appropriate control" is any control or standard familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art useful for comparison purposes. In one embodiment, a "suitable control" or "appropriate control" is a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. determined prior to performing an RNAi methodology, as described herein. For example, a transcription rate, mRNA level, translation rate, protein level, biological activity, cellular characteristic or property, genotype, phenotype, etc. can be determined prior to introducing an RNA silencing agent of the invention into a cell or organism. In another embodiment, a "suitable control" or "appropriate control" is a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. determined in a cell or organism, e.g., a control or normal cell or organism, exhibiting, for example, normal traits. In yet another embodiment, a "suitable control" or "appropriate control" is a predefined value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc.

[0213] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and example are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

[0214] Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections.

[0215] I. Polyglutamine Disorders

[0216] Polyglutamine disorders are a class of disease or disorders characterized by a common genetic mutation. In particular, the disease or disorders are characterized by an expanded repeat of the trinucleotide CAG which gives rise, in the encoded protein, to an expanded stretch of glutamine residues. Polyglutamine disorders are similar in that the diseases are characterized by a progressive degeneration of nerve cells. Despite their similarities, polyglutamine disorders occur on different chromosomes and thus occur on entirely different segments of DNA. Examples of polyglutamine disorders include Huntington's disease, Dentatorubropallidoluysian Atrophy, Spinobulbar Muscular atrophy, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 and Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7.

[0217] Polyglutamine disorders of the invention are characterized by, e.g., domains having between about 30 to 35 glutamine residues, between about 35 to 40 glutamine residues, between about 40 to 45 glutamine residues or having about 45 or more glutamine residues. The polyglutamine domain typically contains consecutive glutamine residues (Q n>36).

[0218] II. Huntington Disease

[0219] In some embodiments, the RNA silencing agents of the invention are designed to target polymorphisms (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the mutant human huntingtin protein (htt) for the treatment of Huntington's disease.

[0220] Huntington's disease, inherited as an autosomal dominant disease, causes impaired cognition and motor disease. Patients can live more than a decade with severe debilitation, before premature death from starvation or infection. The disease begins in the fourth or fifth decade for most cases, but a subset of patients manifest disease in teenage years. The genetic mutation for Huntington's disease is a lengthened CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene. CAG repeats vary in number from 8 to 35 in normal individuals (Kremer et al., 1994). The genetic mutation e.g., an increase in length of the CAG repeats from normal (less than 36 in the huntingtin gene to greater than 36 in the disease) is associated with the synthesis of a mutant Huntingtin protein, which has greater than 36 polyglutamates (Aronin et al., 1995). In general, individuals with 36 or more CAG repeats will develop Huntington's disease. Prototypic for as many as twenty other diseases with a lengthened CAG as the underlying mutation, Huntington's disease still has no effective therapy. A variety of interventions, such as interruption of apoptotic pathways, addition of reagents to boost mitochondrial efficiency, and blockade of NMDA receptors, have shown promise in cell cultures and mouse model of Huntington's disease. However, at best these approaches reveal a short prolongation of cell or animal survival.

[0221] Huntington's disease complies with the central dogma of genetics: a mutant gene serves as a template for production of a mutant mRNA; the mutant mRNA then directs synthesis of a mutant protein (Aronin et al., 1995; DiFiglia et al., 1997). Without intending to be bound by scientific theory, it is thought that mutant huntingtin protein accumulates in selective neurons in the striatum and cortex, disrupts as yet determined cellular activities, and causes neuronal dysfunction and death (Aronin et al., 1999; Laforet et al., 2001). Because a single copy of a mutant gene suffices to cause Huntington's disease, the most parsimonious treatment would render the mutant gene ineffective. Theoretical approaches might include stopping gene transcription of mutant huntingtin, destroying mutant mRNA, and blocking translation. Each has the same outcome: loss of mutant huntingtin.

[0222] III. Huntingtin Gene

[0223] The disease gene linked to Huntington's disease is termed Huntingtin or (htt). The huntingtin locus is large, spanning 180 kb and consisting of 67 exons. The huntingtin gene is widely expressed and is required for normal development. It is expressed as 2 alternatively polyadenylated forms displaying different relative abundance in various fetal and adult tissues. The larger transcript is approximately 13.7 kb and is expressed predominantly in adult and fetal brain whereas the smaller transcript of approximately 10.3 kb is more widely expressed. The two transcripts differ with respect to their 3' untranslated regions (Lin et al., 1993). Both messages are predicted to encode a 348 kilodalton protein containing 3144 amino acids. The genetic defect leading to Huntington's disease is believed to confer a new property on the mRNA or alter the function of the protein.

[0224] The present invention targets huntingtin (e.g., wild-type and/or mutant huntingtin) using RNA interference (Hutvagner et al., 2002). One strand of double-stranded RNA (siRNA) complements a target sequence within the huntingtin mRNA. After introduction of siRNA into neurons, the siRNA partially unwinds, binds to polymorphic region within the huntingtin mRNA in a site-specific manner, and activates an mRNA nuclease. This nuclease cleaves the huntingtin mRNA, thereby halting translation of the huntingtin (e.g., wild-type and/or mutant huntingtin). Cells rid themselves of partially digested mRNA, thus precluding translation, or cells digest partially translated proteins. In certain embodiments, neurons survive on the wild-type huntingtin from the normal allele, preventing the ravages of mutant huntingtin by eliminating its production.

[0225] In embodiments of the invention, RNA silencing agents of the invention are capable of targeting one or more of the target sequences listed in FIG. 8. In certain exemplary embodiments, RNA silencing agents of the invention are capable of targeting one or more of the target sequences at one or more target sequences listed at gene positions selected from the group consisting of 1214, 1218, 1219, 1257, 1894, 1907, 2866, 4041, 4049, 5301, 6016, 6579, 8603, 10125, 10146, 10150, 424, 456, 522, 527, 878, 879, 908, 1024, 1165, 1207, 1212, 1217, 1220, 1223, 1227, 1229, 1260, 1403, 1470, 1901, 1903, 2411, 2412, 2865, 3801, 4040, 4048, 4052, 4055, 4083, 4275, 4372, 4374, 4376, 4425, 4562, 4692, 4721, 5200, 5443, 5515, 8609, 10130, 10134, 10142, 10169, 10182, 10186, 10809, 11116, 11129, 11134, 11147, 11412, 11426, 11443, 11659, 11666, 11677, 11863, 11890, 11927, 11947, 12163, 12218, 12223, 12235, 12279, 12282, 12297, 12309, 12313, 12331, 13136, 13398, 13403, 13423, 13428 of the human htt gene (as set forth at FIG. 8). In certain exemplary embodiments, RNA silencing agents of the invention are capable of targeting one or more of the target sequences at one or more target sequences listed at gene positions selected from the group consisting of 5301, 10125, 10146, 10150, 424, 878, 879, 4083, 4275, 4562, 4721, 5200, 10130, 10134, 10142, 11116, 11129, 11134, 11147, 11412, 11426, 11443, 11659, 11666, 11677, 11863, 11890, 11927, 11947, 12163, 12218, 12223, 12235, 12279, 12282, 12297, 12331, 13136, 13423 and 13428 of the human htt gene (as set forth at FIG. 8). Particularly exemplary target sequences of the human htt gene can be found at positions 10150 (5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1)), 10146 (5' AUAUCAGUAAAGAGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:2)) and 10125 (5' CUCAGGAUUUAAAAU 3' (SEQ ID NO:3)). Genomic sequence for each target sequence can be found in, for example, the publically available database maintained by the NCBI.

[0226] In certain exemplary embodiments, RNA silencing agents of the invention that are capable of targeting one or more of the target sequences at one or more target sequences are set forth in Table 1, below, and in FIG. 21 (which also includes exemplary modifications).

TABLE-US-00002 GCUGCCGGGA Accession Number Position Targeting region (20 mer) Targeting Region (30 mer) HTT NM_002111 .6 1214 GUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUGAC AGCUUGUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUAC HTT NM_002111 .6 1218 AGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUA UGUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUACAUCA HTT NM_002111 .6 1219 GGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUAC GUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUACAUCAU HTT NM_002111 .6 1257 ACCACAAUGUUGUGACCGGA CCAAGACCACAAUGUUGUGACCGGAGCCCU HTT NM_002111 .6 1894 UGUGUUAGACGGUACCGACA GAAAUUGUGUUAGACGGUACCGACAACCAG HTT NM_002111 .6 1907 ACCGACAACCAGUAUUUGGG ACGGUACCGACAACCAGUAUUUGGGCCUGC HTT NM_002111 .6 2866 ACGAGUGCUCAAUAAUGUUG CAAGAACGAGUGCUCAAUAAUGUUGUCAUC HTT NM_002111 .6 4041 UGAAAUCCUGCUUUAGUCGA AUACCUGAAAUCCUGCUUUAGUCGAGAACC HTT NM_002111 .6 4049 UGCUUUAGUCGAGAACCAAU AAUCCUGCUUUAGUCGAGAACCAAUGAUGG HTT NM_002111 .6 5301 GGGACAGUACUUCAACGCUA AGAUGGGGACAGUACUUCAACGCUAGAAGA HTT NM_002111 .6 6016 GGCAAUUCAGUCUCGUUGUG AUCCAGGCAAUUCAGUCUCGUUGUGAAAAC HTT NM_002111 .6 6579 GCCUGCUAGCUCCAUGCUUA CCUAAGCCUGCUAGCUCCAUGCUUAAGCCU HTT NM_002111 .6 8603 GCCCACUGCGUGAACAUUCA GGAUCGCCCACUGCGUGAACAUUCACAGCC HTT NM_002111 .6 10125 UUCUUCUCAGGAUUUAAAAU CUCUUUUCUUCUCAGGAUUUAAAAUUUAAU HTT NM_002111 .6 10146 UAAUUAUAUCAGUAAAGAGA AAAUUUAAUUAUAUCAGUAAAGAGAUUAAU HTT NM_002111 .6 10150 UAUAUCAGUAAAGAGAUUAA UUAAUUAUAUCAGUAAAGAGAUUAAUUUUA HTT NM_002111 .6 424 ACUUUCAGCUACCAAGAAAG AAAGAACUUUCAGCUACCAAGAAAGACCGU HTT NM_002111 .6 456 AUUGUCUGACAAUAUGUGAA GAAUCAUUGUCUGACAAUAUGUGAAAACAU HTT NM_002111 .6 522 UUCUGGGCAUCGCUAUGGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 527 GGCAUCGCUAUGGAACUUUU UUCUGGGCAUCGCUAUGGAACUUUUUCUGC HTT NM_002111 .6 878 GCAAAUGACAAUGAAAUUAA AUUUUGCAAAUGACAAUGAAAUUAAGGUUU HTT NM_002111 .6 879 CAAAUGACAAUGAAAUUAAG UUUUGCAAAUGACAAUGAAAUUAAGGUUUU HTT NM_002111 .6 908 AAGGCCUUCAUAGCGAACCU UGUUAAAGGCCUUCAUAGCGAACCUGAAGU HTT NM_002111 .6 1024 ACUAAAUGUGCUCUUAGGCU UGGCUACUAAAUGUGCUCUUAGGCUUACUC HTT NM_002111 .6 1165 CGGAGUGACAAGGAAAGAAA AGCUUCGGAGUGACAAGGAAAGAAAUGGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 1207 GCAGCUUGUCCAGGUUUAUG GCAGAGCAGCUUGUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUG HTT NM_002111 .6 1212 UUGUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUG GCAGCUUGUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUU HTT NM_002111 .6 1217 CAGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUU UUGUCCAGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUACAUC HTT NM_002111 .6 1220 GUUUAUGAACUGACGUUACA UCCAGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUACAUCAUA HTT NM_002111 .6 1223 UAUGAACUGACGUUACAUCA AGGUUUAUGAACUGACGUUACAUCAUACAC HTT NM_002111 .6 1227 AACUGACGUUACAUCAUACA UUAUGAACUGACGUUACAUCAUACACAGCA HTT NM_002111 .6 1229 CUGACGUUACAUCAUACACA AUGAACUGACGUUACAUCAUACACAGCACC HTT NM_002111 .6 1260 ACAAUGUUGUGACCGGAGCC AGACCACAAUGUUGUGACCGGAGCCCUGGA HTT NM_002111 .6 1403 GGGAGUAUUGUGGAACUUAU GUAGUGGGAGUAUUGUGGAACUUAUAGCUG HTT NM_002111 .6 1470 AAGGCAAAGUGCUCUUAGGA ACAAAAAGGCAAAGUGCUCUUAGGAGAAGA HTT NM_002111 .6 1901 GACGGUACCGACAACCAGUA UGUUAGACGGUACCGACAACCAGUAUUUGG HTT NM_002111 .6 1903 CGGUACCGACAACCAGUAUU UUAGACGGUACCGACAACCAGUAUUUGGGC HTT NM_002111 .6 2411 UUGAACUACAUCGAUCAUGG ACAUCUUGAACUACAUCGAUCAUGGAGACC HTT NM_002111 .6 2412 UGAACUACAUCGAUCAUGGA CAUCUUGAACUACAUCGAUCAUGGAGACCC HTT NM_002111 .6 2865 AACGAGUGCUCAAUAAUGUU GCAAGAACGAGUGCUCAAUAAUGUUGUCAU HTT NM_002111 .6 3801 GUCCUGUUACAACAAGUAAA CUCAGGUCCUGUUACAACAAGUAAAUCCUC HTT NM_002111 .6 4040 CUGAAAUCCUGCUUUAGUCG GAUACCUGAAAUCCUGCUUUAGUCGAGAAC HTT NM_002111 .6 4048 CUGCUUUAGUCGAGAACCAA AAAUCCUGCUUUAGUCGAGAACCAAUGAUG HTT NM_002111 .6 4052 UUUAGUCGAGAACCAAUGAU CCUGCUUUAGUCGAGAACCAAUGAUGGCAA HTT NM_002111 .6 4055 AGUCGAGAACCAAUGAUGGC GCUUUAGUCGAGAACCAAUGAUGGCAACUG HTT NM_002111 .6 4083 GUGUUCAACAAUUGUUGAAG UGUUUGUGUUCAACAAUUGUUGAAGACUCU HTT NM_002111 .6 4275 UGAGGAACAUGGUGCAGGCG CAGCCUGAGGAACAUGGUGCAGGCGGAGCA HTT NM_002111 .6 4372 UGUCACAAAGAACCGUGCAG ACGAGUGUCACAAAGAACCGUGCAGAUAAG HTT NM_002111 .6 4374 UCACAAAGAACCGUGCAGAU GAGUGUCACAAAGAACCGUGCAGAUAAGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 4376 ACAAAGAACCGUGCAGAUAA GUGUCACAAAGAACCGUGCAGAUAAGAAUG HTT NM_002111 .6 4425 UUGAACCUCUUGUUAUAAAA UUUGUUUGAACCUCUUGUUAUAAAAGCUUU HTT NM_002111 .6 4562 UUUAUUGGCUUUGUAUUGAA AGGUGUUUAUUGGCUUUGUAUUGAAACAGU HTT NM_002111 .6 4692 UCAUUGGAAUUCCUAAAAUC ACAGAUCAUUGGAAUUCCUAAAAUCAUUCA HTT NM_002111 .6 4721 UGUGAUGGCAUCAUGGCCAG AGCUCUGUGAUGGCAUCAUGGCCAGUGGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 5200 GAUUUCCCAGUCAACUGAAG GUUCUGAUUUCCCAGUCAACUGAAGAUAUU HTT NM_002111 .6 5443 GAGUGAGCAGCAACAUACUU GAAAUGAGUGAGCAGCAACAUACUUUCUAU HTT NM_002111 .6 5515 GUCUGGAAUGUUCCGGAGAA UUCAAGUCUGGAAUGUUCCGGAGAAUCACA HTT NM_002111 .6 8609 UGCGUGAACAUUCACAGCCA CCCACUGCGUGAACAUUCACAGCCAGCAGC HTT NM_002111 .6 10130 CUCAGGAUUUAAAAUUUAAU UUCUUCUCAGGAUUUAAAAUUUAAUUAUAU HTT NM_002111 .6 10134 GGAUUUAAAAUUUAAUUAUA UCUCAGGAUUUAAAAUUUAAUUAUAUCAGU HTT NM_002111 .6 10142 AAUUUAAUUAUAUCAGUAAA UUUAAAAUUUAAUUAUAUCAGUAAAGAGAU HTT NM_002111 .6 10169 AUUUUAACGUAACUCUUUCU GAUUAAUUUUAACGUAACUCUUUCUAUGCC HTT NM_002111 .6 10182 UCUUUCUAUGCCCGUGUAAA GUAACUCUUUCUAUGCCCGUGUAAAGUAUG HTT NM_002111 .6 10186 UCUAUGCCCGUGUAAAGUAU CUCUUUCUAUGCCCGUGUAAAGUAUGUGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 10809 CUUUUAGUCAGGAGAGUGCA GACCCCUUUUAGUCAGGAGAGUGCAGAUCU HTT NM_002111 .6 11116 UGUUUUGGGUAUUGAAUGUG GUCGAUGUUUUGGGUAUUGAAUGUGGUAAG HTT NM_002111 .6 11129 GAAUGUGGUAAGUGGAGGAA GUAUUGAAUGUGGUAAGUGGAGGAAAUGUU HTT NM_002111 .6 11134 UGGUAAGUGGAGGAAAUGUU GAAUGUGGUAAGUGGAGGAAAUGUUGGAAC HTT NM_002111 .6 11147 AAAUGUUGGAACUCUGUGCA GGAGGAAAUGUUGGAACUCUGUGCAGGUGC HTT NM_002111 .6 11412 AUGUUUGAGGAGGCCCUUAA GUCCGAUGUUUGAGGAGGCCCUUAAGGGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 11426 CCUUAAGGGAAGCUACUGAA GAGGCCCUUAAGGGAAGCUACUGAAUUAUA HTT NM_002111 .6 11443 GAAUUAUAACACGUAAGAAA CUACUGAAUUAUAACACGUAAGAAAAUCAC HTT NM_002111 .6 11659 AUGUUUACAUUUGUAAGAAA GCUAGAUGUUUACAUUUGUAAGAAAUAACA HTT NM_002111 .6 11666 CAUUUGUAAGAAAUAACACU GUUUACAUUUGUAAGAAAUAACACUGUGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 11677 AAUAACACUGUGAAUGUAAA UAAGAAAUAACACUGUGAAUGUAAAACAGA HTT NM_002111 .6 11863 AAUAUGAGCUCAUUAGUAAA AGAUGAAUAUGAGCUCAUUAGUAAAAAUGA HTT NM_002111 .6 11890 UCACCCACGCAUAUACAUAA UGACUUCAOCCACGCAUAUACAUAAAGUAU HTT NM_002111 .6 11927 AUAUAGACACAUCUAUAAUU UGUGCAUAUAGACACAUCUAUAAUUUUACA HTT NM_002111 .6 11947 UUACACACACACCUCUCAAG UAAUUUUACACACACACCUCUCAAGACGGA HTT NM_002111 .6 12163 GACUUUAUCAUGUUCCUAAA AGGAAGACUUUAUCAUGUUCCUAAAAAUCU HTT NM_002111 .6 12218 UUGUUGCAAAUGUGAUUAAU AAAUUUUGUUGCAAAUGUGAUUAAUUUGGU HTT NM_002111 .6 12223 GCAAAUGUGAUUAAUUUGGU UUGUUGCAAAUGUGAUUAAUUUGGUUGUCA HTT NM_002111 .6 12235 AAUUUGGUUGUCAAGUUUUG UGAUUAAUUUGGUUGUCAAGUUUUGGGGGU HTT NM_002111 .6 12279 UUUGUUUUCCUGCUGGUAAU UUGCUUUUGUUUUCCUGCUGGUAAUAUCGG HTT NM_002111 .6 12282 GUUUUCCUGCUGGUAAUAUC CUUUUGUUUUCCUGCUGGUAAUAUCGGGAA HTT NM_002111 .6 12297 AUAUCGGGAAAGAUUUUAAU UGGUAAUAUCGGGAAAGAUUUUAAUGAAAC HTT NM_002111 .6 12309 AUUUUAAUGAAACCAGGGUA GAAAGAUUUUAAUGAAACCAGGGUAGAAUU HTT NM_002111 .6 12313 UAAUGAAACCAGGGUAGAAU GAUUUUAAUGAAACCAGGGUAGAAUUGUUU HTT NM_002111 .6 12331 AUUGUUUGGCAAUGCACUGA GUAGAAUUGUUUGGCAAUGCACUGAAGCGU HTT NM_002111 .6 13136 CCCCUCAGUUGUUUCUAAGA GCCUUCCCCUCAGUUGUUUCUAAGAGCAGA HTT NM_002111 .6 13398 GGACUGACGAGAGAUGUAUA GGGAAGGACUGACGAGAGAUGUAUAUUUAA HTT NM_002111 .6 13403 GACGAGAGAUGUAUAUUUAA GGACUGACGAGAGAUGUAUAUUUAAUUUUU HTT NM_002111 .6 13423 UUUUUUAACUGCUGCAAACA UUUAAUUUUUUAACUGCUGCAAACAUUGUA HTT NM_002111 .6 13428 UAACUGCUGCAAACAUUGUA UUUUUUAACUGCUGCAAACAUUGUACAUCC HTT NM_002111 .6 152 ACCCUGGAAAAGCUGAUGAA UGGCGAOCCUGGAAAAGCUGAUGAAGGCCU HTT NM_002111 .6 170 AAGGCCUUCGAGUCCCUCAA UGAUGAAGGCCUUCGAGUCCCUCAAGUCCU HTT NM_002111 .6 402 CGCUGCACCGACCAAAGAAA GGAGCCGCUGCACCGACCAAAGAAAGAACU HTT NM_002111 .6 420 AAGAACUUUCAGCUACCAAG AAAGAAAGAACUUUCAGCUACCAAGAAAGA HTT NM_002111 .6 430 AGCUACCAAGAAAGACCGUG CUUUCAGCUACCAAGAAAGACCGUGUGAAU HTT NM_002111 .6 446 CGUGUGAAUCAUUGUCUGAC AAGACCGUGUGAAUCAUUGUCUGACAAUAU HTT NM_002111 .6 454 UCAUUGUCUGACAAUAUGUG GUGAAUCAUUGUCUGACAAUAUGUGAAAAC HTT NM_002111 .6 462 UGACAAUAUGUGAAAACAUA UUGUCUGACAAUAUGUGAAAACAUAGUGGC HTT NM_002111 .6 467 AUAUGUGAAAACAUAGUGGC UGACAAUAUGUGAAAACAUAGUGGCACAGU

HTT NM_002111 .6 211 GCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGC CAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAG

[0227] Table 1. Additional target sequences according to certain embodiments of the invention (SEQ ID NOS 5-212, respectively, in order of columns).

[0228] IV. siRNA Design

[0229] In some embodiments, siRNAs are designed as follows. First, a portion of the target gene (e.g., the htt gene), e.g., one or more of the target sequences set forth at FIG. 8, is selected, e.g., 10150, 10146 and/or 10125 from the 5' untranslated region of a target gene. Cleavage of mRNA at these sites should eliminate translation of corresponding mutant protein. Sense strands were designed based on the target sequence. (See FIG. 8.) Preferably the portion (and corresponding sense strand) includes about 19 to 25 nucleotides, e.g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides. More preferably, the portion (and corresponding sense strand) includes 21, 22 or 23 nucleotides. The skilled artisan will appreciate, however, that siRNAs having a length of less than 19 nucleotides or greater than 25 nucleotides can also function to mediate RNAi. Accordingly, siRNAs of such length are also within the scope of the instant invention provided that they retain the ability to mediate RNAi. Longer RNAi agents have been demonstrated to elicit an interferon or PKR response in certain mammalian cells which may be undesirable. Preferably, the RNAi agents of the invention do not elicit a PKR response (i.e., are of a sufficiently short length). However, longer RNAi agents may be useful, for example, in cell types incapable of generating a PRK response or in situations where the PKR response has been down-regulated or dampened by alternative means.

[0230] The sense strand sequence is designed such that the target sequence is essentially in the middle of the strand. Moving the target sequence to an off-center position may, in some instances, reduce efficiency of cleavage by the siRNA. Such compositions, i.e., less efficient compositions, may be desirable for use if off-silencing of the wild-type mRNA is detected.

[0231] The antisense strand is routinely the same length as the sense strand and includes complementary nucleotides. In one embodiment, the strands are fully complementary, i.e., the strands are blunt-ended when aligned or annealed. In another embodiment, the strands comprise align or anneal such that 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-nucleotide overhangs are generated, i.e., the 3' end of the sense strand extends 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 nucleotides further than the 5' end of the antisense strand and/or the 3' end of the antisense strand extends 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 nucleotides further than the 5' end of the sense strand. Overhangs can comprise (or consist of) nucleotides corresponding to the target gene sequence (or complement thereof). Alternatively, overhangs can comprise (or consist of) deoxyribonucleotides, for example dTs, or nucleotide analogs, or other suitable non-nucleotide material.

[0232] To facilitate entry of the antisense strand into RISC (and thus increase or improve the efficiency of target cleavage and silencing), the base pair strength between the 5' end of the sense strand and 3' end of the antisense strand can be altered, e.g., lessened or reduced, as described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,459,547, 7,772,203 and 7,732,593, entitled "Methods and Compositions for Controlling Efficacy of RNA Silencing" (filed Jun. 2, 2003) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,309,704, 7,750,144, 8,304,530, 8,329,892 and 8,309,705, entitled "Methods and Compositions for Enhancing the Efficacy and Specificity of RNAi" (filed Jun. 2, 2003), the contents of which are incorporated in their entirety by this reference. In one embodiment of these aspects of the invention, the base-pair strength is less due to fewer G:C base pairs between the 5' end of the first or antisense strand and the 3' end of the second or sense strand than between the 3' end of the first or antisense strand and the 5' end of the second or sense strand. In another embodiment, the base pair strength is less due to at least one mismatched base pair between the 5' end of the first or antisense strand and the 3' end of the second or sense strand. In certain exemplary embodiments, the mismatched base pair is selected from the group consisting of G:A, C:A, C:U, G:G, A:A, C:C and U:U. In another embodiment, the base pair strength is less due to at least one wobble base pair, e.g., G:U, between the 5' end of the first or antisense strand and the 3' end of the second or sense strand. In another embodiment, the base pair strength is less due to at least one base pair comprising a rare nucleotide, e.g., inosine (I). In certain exemplary embodiments, the base pair is selected from the group consisting of an I:A, I:U and I:C. In yet another embodiment, the base pair strength is less due to at least one base pair comprising a modified nucleotide. In certain exemplary embodiments, the modified nucleotide is selected from the group consisting of 2-amino-G, 2-amino-A, 2,6-diamino-G, and 2,6-diamino-A.

[0233] The design of siRNAs suitable for targeting the htt target sequences set forth at FIG. 8 is described in detail below. siRNAs can be designed according to the above exemplary teachings for any other target sequences found in the htt gene. Moreover, the technology is applicable to targeting any other target sequences, e.g., non-disease causing target sequences.

[0234] To validate the effectiveness by which siRNAs destroy mRNAs (e.g., huntingtin mRNA), the siRNA can be incubated with cDNA (e.g., huntingtin cDNA) in a Drosophila-based in vitro mRNA expression system. Radiolabeled with .sup.32P, newly synthesized mRNAs (e.g., huntingtin mRNA) are detected autoradiographically on an agarose gel. The presence of cleaved mRNA indicates mRNA nuclease activity. Suitable controls include omission of siRNA. Alternatively, control siRNAs are selected having the same nucleotide composition as the selected siRNA, but without significant sequence complementarity to the appropriate target gene. Such negative controls can be designed by randomly scrambling the nucleotide sequence of the selected siRNA; a homology search can be performed to ensure that the negative control lacks homology to any other gene in the appropriate genome. In addition, negative control siRNAs can be designed by introducing one or more base mismatches into the sequence.

[0235] Sites of siRNA-mRNA complementation are selected which result in optimal mRNA specificity and maximal mRNA cleavage.

[0236] While the instant invention primarily features targeting specific target sequences of a gene (e.g., in htt) distinct from the expanded CAG region mutation, the skilled artisan will appreciate that targeting the mutant region may have applicability as a therapeutic strategy in certain situations. Targeting the mutant region can be accomplished using siRNA that complements CAG in series. The siRNA.sup.cag would bind to mRNAs with CAG complementation, but might be expected to have greater opportunity to bind to an extended CAG series. Multiple siRNA.sup.cag would bind to the mutant huntingtin mRNA (as opposed to fewer for the wild type huntingtin mRNA); thus, the mutant huntingtin mRNA is more likely to be cleaved. Successful mRNA inactivation using this approach would also eliminate normal or wild-type huntingtin mRNA. Also inactivated, at least to some extent, could be other normal genes (approximately 70) which also have CAG repeats, where their mRNAs could interact with the siRNA. This approach would thus rely on an attrition strategy--more of the mutant huntingtin mRNA would be destroyed than wild-type huntingtin mRNA or the other approximately 69 mRNAs that code for polyglutamines.

[0237] V. RNAi Agents

[0238] The present invention includes siRNA molecules designed, for example, as described above. The siRNA molecules of the invention can be chemically synthesized, or can be transcribed in vitro from a DNA template, or in vivo from e.g., shRNA, or by using recombinant human DICER enzyme, to cleave in vitro transcribed dsRNA templates into pools of 20-, 21- or 23-bp duplex RNA mediating RNAi. The siRNA molecules can be designed using any method known in the art.

[0239] In one aspect, instead of the RNAi agent being an interfering ribonucleic acid, e.g., an siRNA or shRNA as described above, the RNAi agent can encode an interfering ribonucleic acid, e.g., an shRNA, as described above. In other words, the RNAi agent can be a transcriptional template of the interfering ribonucleic acid. Thus, RNAi agents of the present invention can also include small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), and expression constructs engineered to express shRNAs. Transcription of shRNAs is initiated at a polymerase III (pol III) promoter, and is thought to be terminated at position 2 of a 4-5-thymine transcription termination site. Upon expression, shRNAs are thought to fold into a stem-loop structure with 3' UU-overhangs; subsequently, the ends of these shRNAs are processed, converting the shRNAs into siRNA-like molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides (Brummelkamp et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2002, Supra; Miyagishi et al., 2002; Paddison et al., 2002, supra; Paul et al., 2002, supra; Sui et al., 2002 supra; Yu et al., 2002, supra. More information about shRNA design and use can be found on the interne at the following addresses: katandin.cshl.org:9331/RNAi/docs/BseRI-BamHI_Strategy.pdf and katandin.cshl.org:9331/RNAi/docs/Web_version_of_PCR_strategy1.pdf).

[0240] Expression constructs of the present invention include any construct suitable for use in the appropriate expression system and include, but are not limited to, retroviral vectors, linear expression cassettes, plasmids and viral or virally-derived vectors, as known in the art. Such expression constructs can include one or more inducible promoters, RNA Pol III promoter systems such as U6 snRNA promoters or H1 RNA polymerase III promoters, or other promoters known in the art. The constructs can include one or both strands of the siRNA. Expression constructs expressing both strands can also include loop structures linking both strands, or each strand can be separately transcribed from separate promoters within the same construct. Each strand can also be transcribed from a separate expression construct. (Tuschl, T., 2002, Supra).

[0241] Synthetic siRNAs can be delivered into cells by methods known in the art, including cationic liposome transfection and electroporation. To obtain longer term suppression of the target genes (i.e., htt genes) and to facilitate delivery under certain circumstances, one or more siRNA can be expressed within cells from recombinant DNA constructs. Such methods for expressing siRNA duplexes within cells from recombinant DNA constructs to allow longer-term target gene suppression in cells are known in the art, including mammalian Pol III promoter systems (e.g., H1 or U6/snRNA promoter systems (Tuschl, T., 2002, supra) capable of expressing functional double-stranded siRNAs; (Bagella et al., 1998; Lee et al., 2002, supra; Miyagishi et al., 2002, supra; Paul et al., 2002, supra; Yu et al., 2002), supra; Sui et al., 2002, supra). Transcriptional termination by RNA Pol III occurs at runs of four consecutive T residues in the DNA template, providing a mechanism to end the siRNA transcript at a specific sequence. The siRNA is complementary to the sequence of the target gene in 5'-3' and 3'-5' orientations, and the two strands of the siRNA can be expressed in the same construct or in separate constructs. Hairpin siRNAs, driven by H1 or U6 snRNA promoter and expressed in cells, can inhibit target gene expression (Bagella et al., 1998; Lee et al., 2002, supra; Miyagishi et al., 2002, supra; Paul et al., 2002, supra; Yu et al., 2002), supra; Sui et al., 2002, supra). Constructs containing siRNA sequence under the control of T7 promoter also make functional siRNAs when cotransfected into the cells with a vector expressing T7 RNA polymerase (Jacque et al., 2002, supra). A single construct may contain multiple sequences coding for siRNAs, such as multiple regions of the gene encoding htt, targeting the same gene or multiple genes, and can be driven, for example, by separate PolIII promoter sites.

[0242] Animal cells express a range of noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides termed micro RNA (miRNAs) which can regulate gene expression at the post transcriptional or translational level during animal development. One common feature of miRNAs is that they are all excised from an approximately 70 nucleotide precursor RNA stem-loop, probably by Dicer, an RNase III-type enzyme, or a homolog thereof. By substituting the stem sequences of the miRNA precursor with sequence complementary to the target mRNA, a vector construct that expresses the engineered precursor can be used to produce siRNAs to initiate RNAi against specific mRNA targets in mammalian cells (Zeng et al., 2002, supra). When expressed by DNA vectors containing polymerase III promoters, micro-RNA designed hairpins can silence gene expression (McManus et al., 2002, supra). MicroRNAs targeting polymorphisms may also be useful for blocking translation of mutant proteins, in the absence of siRNA-mediated gene-silencing. Such applications may be useful in situations, for example, where a designed siRNA caused off-target silencing of wild type protein.

[0243] Viral-mediated delivery mechanisms can also be used to induce specific silencing of targeted genes through expression of siRNA, for example, by generating recombinant adenoviruses harboring siRNA under RNA Pol II promoter transcription control (Xia et al., 2002, supra). Infection of HeLa cells by these recombinant adenoviruses allows for diminished endogenous target gene expression. Injection of the recombinant adenovirus vectors into transgenic mice expressing the target genes of the siRNA results in in vivo reduction of target gene expression. Id. In an animal model, whole-embryo electroporation can efficiently deliver synthetic siRNA into post-implantation mouse embryos (Calegari et al., 2002). In adult mice, efficient delivery of siRNA can be accomplished by "high-pressure" delivery technique, a rapid injection (within 5 seconds) of a large volume of siRNA containing solution into animal via the tail vein (Liu et al., 1999, supra; McCaffrey et al., 2002, supra; Lewis et al., 2002. Nanoparticles and liposomes can also be used to deliver siRNA into animals. In certain exemplary embodiments, recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) and their associated vectors can be used to deliver one or more siRNAs into cells, e.g., neural cells (e.g., brain cells) (US Patent Applications 2014/0296486, 2010/0186103, 2008/0269149, 2006/0078542 and 2005/0220766).

[0244] The nucleic acid compositions of the invention include both unmodified siRNAs and modified siRNAs as known in the art, such as crosslinked siRNA derivatives or derivatives having non nucleotide moieties linked, for example to their 3' or 5' ends. Modifying siRNA derivatives in this way may improve cellular uptake or enhance cellular targeting activities of the resulting siRNA derivative as compared to the corresponding siRNA, are useful for tracing the siRNA derivative in the cell, or improve the stability of the siRNA derivative compared to the corresponding siRNA.

[0245] Engineered RNA precursors, introduced into cells or whole organisms as described herein, will lead to the production of a desired siRNA molecule. Such an siRNA molecule will then associate with endogenous protein components of the RNAi pathway to bind to and target a specific mRNA sequence for cleavage and destruction. In this fashion, the mRNA to be targeted by the siRNA generated from the engineered RNA precursor will be depleted from the cell or organism, leading to a decrease in the concentration of the protein encoded by that mRNA in the cell or organism. The RNA precursors are typically nucleic acid molecules that individually encode either one strand of a dsRNA or encode the entire nucleotide sequence of an RNA hairpin loop structure.

[0246] The nucleic acid compositions of the invention can be unconjugated or can be conjugated to another moiety, such as a nanoparticle, to enhance a property of the compositions, e.g., a pharmacokinetic parameter such as absorption, efficacy, bioavailability and/or half-life. The conjugation can be accomplished by methods known in the art, e.g., using the methods of Lambert et al., Drug Deliv. Rev.: 47(1), 99-112 (2001) (describes nucleic acids loaded to polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PACA) nanoparticles); Fattal et al., J. Control Release 53(1-3):137-43 (1998) (describes nucleic acids bound to nanoparticles); Schwab et al., Ann. Oncol. 5 Suppl. 4:55-8 (1994) (describes nucleic acids linked to intercalating agents, hydrophobic groups, polycations or PACA nanoparticles); and Godard et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 232(2):404-10 (1995) (describes nucleic acids linked to nanoparticles).

[0247] The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can also be labeled using any method known in the art. For instance, the nucleic acid compositions can be labeled with a fluorophore, e.g., Cy3, fluorescein, or rhodamine. The labeling can be carried out using a kit, e.g., the SILENCER.TM. siRNA labeling kit (Ambion). Additionally, the siRNA can be radiolabeled, e.g., using .sup.3H, .sup.32P or other appropriate isotope.

[0248] Moreover, because RNAi is believed to progress via at least one single-stranded RNA intermediate, the skilled artisan will appreciate that ss-siRNAs (e.g., the antisense strand of a ds-siRNA) can also be designed (e.g., for chemical synthesis) generated (e.g., enzymatically generated) or expressed (e.g., from a vector or plasmid) as described herein and utilized according to the claimed methodologies. Moreover, in invertebrates, RNAi can be triggered effectively by long dsRNAs (e.g., dsRNAs about 100-1000 nucleotides in length, preferably about 200-500, for example, about 250, 300, 350, 400 or 450 nucleotides in length) acting as effectors of RNAi. (Brondani et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001 Dec. 4; 98(25):14428-33. Epub 2001 Nov. 27.)

[0249] VI. Anti-Htt RNA Silencing Agents

[0250] The present invention features anti-huntingtin RNA silencing agents (e.g., siRNA and shRNAs), methods of making said RNA silencing agents, and methods (e.g., research and/or therapeutic methods) for using said improved RNA silencing agents (or portions thereof) for RNA silencing of huntingtin protein (e.g., mutant huntingtin protein). The RNA silencing agents comprise an antisense strand (or portions thereof), wherein the antisense strand has sufficient complementary to a heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphism to mediate an RNA-mediated silencing mechanism (e.g. RNAi).

[0251] In certain embodiments, siRNA compounds are provided having one or any combination of the following properties: (1) fully chemically-stabilized (i.e., no unmodified 2'-OH residues); (2) asymmetry; (3) 11-16 base pair duplexes; (4) alternating pattern of chemically-modified nucleotides (e.g., 2'-fluoro and 2'-methoxy modifications); and (5) single-stranded, fully phosphorothioated tails of 5-8 bases. The number of phosphorothioate modifications is critical. This number is varied from 6 to 17 total in different embodiments.

[0252] In certain embodiments, the siRNA compounds described herein can be conjugated to a variety of targeting agents, including, but not limited to, cholesterol, DHA, phenyltropanes, cortisol, vitamin A, vitamin D, GalNac, and gangliozides. The cholesterol-modified version showed 5-10 fold improvement in efficacy in vitro versus previously used chemical stabilization patterns (e.g., wherein all purine but not purimidines are modified) in wide range of cell types (e.g., HeLa, neurons, hepatocytes, trophoblasts).

[0253] Certain compounds of the invention having the structural properties described above and herein may be referred to as "hsiRNA-ASP" (hydrophobically-modified, small interfering RNA, featuring an advanced stabilization pattern). In addition, this hsiRNA-ASP pattern showed a dramatically improved distribution through the brain, spinal cord, delivery to liver, placenta, kidney, spleen and several other tissues, making them accessible for therapeutic intervention.

[0254] In liver hsiRNA-ASP delivery specifically to endothelial and kupper cells, but not hepatocytes, making this chemical modification pattern complimentary rather than competitive technology to GalNac conjugates.

[0255] The compounds of the invention can be described in the following aspects and embodiments.

[0256] In a first aspect, provided herein is oligonucleotide of at least 16 contiguous nucleotides, said oligonucleotide having a 5' end, a 3' end and complementarity to a target, wherein: (1) the oligonucleotide comprises alternating 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides and 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotides; (2) the nucleotides at positions 2 and 14 from the 5' end are not 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides; (3) the nucleotides are connected via phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkages; and (4) the nucleotides at positions 1-6 from the 3' end, or positions 1-7 from the 3' end, are connected to adjacent nucleotides via phosphorothioate linkages.

[0257] In a second aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded, chemically-modified nucleic acid, comprising a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein: (1) the first oligonucleotide is an oligonucleotide described herein (e.g., comprising SEQ ID Nos:1, 2, 3 or 4); (2) a portion of the first oligonucleotide is complementary to a portion of the second oligonucleotide; (3) the second oligonucleotide comprises alternating 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides and 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotides; (4) the nucleotides at positions 2 and 14 from the 3' end of the second oligonucleotide are 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotides; and (5) the nucleotides of the second oligonucleotide are connected via phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkages.

[0258] In a third aspect, provided herein is oligonucleotide having the structure:

X-A(-L-B-L-A)j (-S-B-S-A)r(-S-B)t-OR

wherein: X is a 5' phosphate group; A, for each occurrence, independently is a 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotide; B, for each occurrence, independently is a 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotide; L, for each occurrence independently is a phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linker; S is a phosphorothioate linker; and R is selected from hydrogen and a capping group (e.g., an acyl such as acetyl); j is 4, 5, 6 or 7; r is 2 or 3; and t is 0 or 1.

[0259] In a fourth aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded, chemically-modified nucleic acid comprising a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein: (1) the first oligonucleotide is selected from the oligonucleotides of the third aspect; (2) a portion of the first oligonucleotide is complementary to a portion of the second oligonucleotide; and (3) the second oligonucleotide has the structure:

C-L-B(-S-A-S-B)m'(-P-A-P-B)n'(-P-A-S-B)q'(-S-A)r'(-S-B)t'-OR

wherein: C is a hydrophobic molecule; A, for each occurrence, independently is a 2'-methoxy-ribonucleotide; B, for each occurrence, independently is a 2'-fluoro-ribonucleotide; L is a linker comprising one or more moiety selected from the group consisting of: 0-4 repeat units of ethyleneglycol, a phosphodiester, and a phosphorothioate; S is a phosphorothioate linker; P is a phosphodiester linker; R is selected from hydrogen and a capping group (e.g., an acyl such as acetyl); m' is 0 or 1; n' is 4, 5 or 6; q' is 0 or 1; r' is 0 or 1; and t' is 0 or 1.

[0260] a) Design of Anti-Htt siRNA Molecules

[0261] An siRNA molecule of the invention is a duplex consisting of a sense strand and complementary antisense strand, the antisense strand having sufficient complementary to an htt mRNA to mediate RNAi. Preferably, the siRNA molecule has a length from about 10-50 or more nucleotides, i.e., each strand comprises 10-50 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs). More preferably, the siRNA molecule has a length from about 16-30, e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides in each strand, wherein one of the strands is sufficiently complementary to a target region. Preferably, the strands are aligned such that there are at least 1, 2, or 3 bases at the end of the strands which do not align (i.e., for which no complementary bases occur in the opposing strand) such that an overhang of 1, 2 or 3 residues occurs at one or both ends of the duplex when strands are annealed. Preferably, the siRNA molecule has a length from about 10-50 or more nucleotides, i.e., each strand comprises 10-50 nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs). More preferably, the siRNA molecule has a length from about 16-30, e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides in each strand, wherein one of the strands is substantially complementary to a target sequence, and the other strand is identical or substantially identical to the first strand.

[0262] Generally, siRNAs can be designed by using any method known in the art, for instance, by using the following protocol:

[0263] 1. The siRNA should be specific for a target sequence, e.g., a target sequence set forth in FIG. 8. In one embodiment, a target sequence is found in a mutant huntingtin (htt) allele, but not a wild-type huntingtin allele. In another embodiment, a target sequence is found in both a mutant huntingtin (htt) allele, and a wild-type huntingtin allele. In another embodiment, a target sequence is found in a wild-type huntingtin allele. The first strand should be complementary to the target sequence, and the other strand is substantially complementary to the first strand. (See FIG. 8 for exemplary sense and antisense strands.) In one embodiment, the target sequence is outside the expanded CAG repeat of the mutant huntingin (htt) allele. In another embodiment, the target sequence is outside a coding region of the target gene. Exemplary target sequences are selected from the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) of a target gene. Cleavage of mRNA at these sites should eliminate translation of corresponding mutant protein. Target sequences from other regions of the htt gene are also suitable for targeting. A sense strand is designed based on the target sequence. Further, siRNAs with lower G/C content (35-55%) may be more active than those with G/C content higher than 55%. Thus in one embodiment, the invention includes nucleic acid molecules having 35-55% G/C content.

[0264] 2. The sense strand of the siRNA is designed based on the sequence of the selected target site. Preferably the sense strand includes about 19 to 25 nucleotides, e.g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides. More preferably, the sense strand includes 21, 22 or 23 nucleotides. The skilled artisan will appreciate, however, that siRNAs having a length of less than 19 nucleotides or greater than 25 nucleotides can also function to mediate RNAi. Accordingly, siRNAs of such length are also within the scope of the instant invention provided that they retain the ability to mediate RNAi. Longer RNA silencing agents have been demonstrated to elicit an interferon or Protein Kinase R (PKR) response in certain mammalian cells which may be undesirable. Preferably the RNA silencing agents of the invention do not elicit a PKR response (i.e., are of a sufficiently short length). However, longer RNA silencing agents may be useful, for example, in cell types incapable of generating a PRK response or in situations where the PKR response has been down-regulated or dampened by alternative means.

[0265] The siRNA molecules of the invention have sufficient complementarity with the target sequence such that the siRNA can mediate RNAi. In general, siRNA containing nucleotide sequences sufficiently identical to a target sequence portion of the target gene to effect RISC-mediated cleavage of the target gene are preferred. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the sense strand of the siRNA is designed have to have a sequence sufficiently identical to a portion of the target. For example, the sense strand may have 100% identity to the target site. However, 100% identity is not required. Greater than 80% identity, e.g., 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100% identity, between the sense strand and the target RNA sequence is preferred. The invention has the advantage of being able to tolerate certain sequence variations to enhance efficiency and specificity of RNAi. In one embodiment, the sense strand has 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 mismatched nucleotide(s) with a target region, such as a target region that differs by at least one base pair between a wild-type and mutant allele, e.g., a target region comprising the gain-of-function mutation, and the other strand is identical or substantially identical to the first strand. Moreover, siRNA sequences with small insertions or deletions of 1 or 2 nucleotides may also be effective for mediating RNAi. Alternatively, siRNA sequences with nucleotide analog substitutions or insertions can be effective for inhibition.

[0266] Sequence identity may be determined by sequence comparison and alignment algorithms known in the art. To determine the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences (or of two amino acid sequences), the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the first sequence or second sequence for optimal alignment). The nucleotides (or amino acid residues) at corresponding nucleotide (or amino acid) positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same residue as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % homology=number of identical positions/total number of positions.times.100), optionally penalizing the score for the number of gaps introduced and/or length of gaps introduced.

[0267] The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. In one embodiment, the alignment generated over a certain portion of the sequence aligned having sufficient identity but not over portions having low degree of identity (i.e., a local alignment). A preferred, non-limiting example of a local alignment algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-68, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-77. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the BLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10.

[0268] In another embodiment, the alignment is optimized by introducing appropriate gaps and percent identity is determined over the length of the aligned sequences (i.e., a gapped alignment). To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402. In another embodiment, the alignment is optimized by introducing appropriate gaps and percent identity is determined over the entire length of the sequences aligned (i.e., a global alignment). A preferred, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the global comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller, CABIOS (1989). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used.

[0269] 3. The antisense or guide strand of the siRNA is routinely the same length as the sense strand and includes complementary nucleotides. In one embodiment, the guide and sense strands are fully complementary, i.e., the strands are blunt-ended when aligned or annealed. In another embodiment, the strands of the siRNA can be paired in such a way as to have a 3' overhang of 1 to 7 (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7), or 1 to 4, e.g., 2, 3 or 4 nucleotides. Overhangs can comprise (or consist of) nucleotides corresponding to the target gene sequence (or complement thereof). Alternatively, overhangs can comprise (or consist of) deoxyribonucleotides, for example dTs, or nucleotide analogs, or other suitable non-nucleotide material. Thus in another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules may have a 3' overhang of 2 nucleotides, such as TT. The overhanging nucleotides may be either RNA or DNA. As noted above, it is desirable to choose a target region wherein the mutant:wild type mismatch is a purine:purine mismatch.

[0270] 4. Using any method known in the art, compare the potential targets to the appropriate genome database (human, mouse, rat, etc.) and eliminate from consideration any target sequences with significant homology to other coding sequences. One such method for such sequence homology searches is known as BLAST, which is available at National Center for Biotechnology Information website.

[0271] 5. Select one or more sequences that meet your criteria for evaluation.

[0272] Further general information about the design and use of siRNA may be found in "The siRNA User Guide," available at The Max-Plank-Institut fur Biophysikalishe Chemie website.

[0273] Alternatively, the siRNA may be defined functionally as a nucleotide sequence (or oligonucleotide sequence) that is capable of hybridizing with the target sequence (e.g., 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA, 50.degree. C. or 70.degree. C. hybridization for 12-16 hours; followed by washing). Additional preferred hybridization conditions include hybridization at 70.degree. C. in 1.times.SSC or 50.degree. C. in 1.times.SSC, 50% formamide followed by washing at 70.degree. C. in 0.3.times.SSC or hybridization at 70.degree. C. in 4.times.SSC or 50.degree. C. in 4.times.SSC, 50% formamide followed by washing at 67.degree. C. in 1.times.SSC. The hybridization temperature for hybrids anticipated to be less than 50 base pairs in length should be 5-10.degree. C. less than the melting temperature (Tm) of the hybrid, where Tm is determined according to the following equations. For hybrids less than 18 base pairs in length, Tm(.degree. C.)=2(# of A+T bases)+4(# of G+C bases). For hybrids between 18 and 49 base pairs in length, Tm(.degree. C.)=81.5+16.6(log 10[Na+])+0.41(% G+C)-(600/N), where N is the number of bases in the hybrid, and [Na+] is the concentration of sodium ions in the hybridization buffer ([Na+] for 1.times.SSC=0.165 M). Additional examples of stringency conditions for polynucleotide hybridization are provided in Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., chapters 9 and 11, and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1995, F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., sections 2.10 and 6.3-6.4, incorporated herein by reference.

[0274] Negative control siRNAs should have the same nucleotide composition as the selected siRNA, but without significant sequence complementarity to the appropriate genome. Such negative controls may be designed by randomly scrambling the nucleotide sequence of the selected siRNA. A homology search can be performed to ensure that the negative control lacks homology to any other gene in the appropriate genome. In addition, negative control siRNAs can be designed by introducing one or more base mismatches into the sequence.

[0275] 6. To validate the effectiveness by which siRNAs destroy target mRNAs (e.g., wild-type or mutant huntingtin mRNA), the siRNA may be incubated with target cDNA (e.g., huntingtin cDNA) in a Drosophila-based in vitro mRNA expression system. Radiolabeled with .sup.32P, newly synthesized target mRNAs (e.g., huntingtin mRNA) are detected autoradiographically on an agarose gel. The presence of cleaved target mRNA indicates mRNA nuclease activity. Suitable controls include omission of siRNA and use of non-target cDNA. Alternatively, control siRNAs are selected having the same nucleotide composition as the selected siRNA, but without significant sequence complementarity to the appropriate target gene. Such negative controls can be designed by randomly scrambling the nucleotide sequence of the selected siRNA. A homology search can be performed to ensure that the negative control lacks homology to any other gene in the appropriate genome. In addition, negative control siRNAs can be designed by introducing one or more base mismatches into the sequence.

[0276] Anti-htt siRNAs may be designed to target any of the target sequences described supra. Said siRNAs comprise an antisense strand which is sufficiently complementary with the target sequence to mediate silencing of the target sequence. In certain embodiments, the RNA silencing agent is a siRNA.

[0277] In certain embodiments, the siRNA comprises a sense strand comprising a sequence set forth at FIG. 8, and an antisense strand comprising a sequence set forth at FIG. 8.

[0278] Sites of siRNA-mRNA complementation are selected which result in optimal mRNA specificity and maximal mRNA cleavage.

[0279] b) siRNA-Like Molecules

[0280] siRNA-like molecules of the invention have a sequence (i.e., have a strand having a sequence) that is "sufficiently complementary" to a target sequence of a htt mRNA to direct gene silencing either by RNAi or translational repression. siRNA-like molecules are designed in the same way as siRNA molecules, but the degree of sequence identity between the sense strand and target RNA approximates that observed between an miRNA and its target. In general, as the degree of sequence identity between a miRNA sequence and the corresponding target gene sequence is decreased, the tendency to mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing by translational repression rather than RNAi is increased. Therefore, in an alternative embodiment, where post-transcriptional gene silencing by translational repression of the target gene is desired, the miRNA sequence has partial complementarity with the target gene sequence. In certain embodiments, the miRNA sequence has partial complementarity with one or more short sequences (complementarity sites) dispersed within the target mRNA (e.g. within the 3'-UTR of the target mRNA) (Hutvagner and Zamore, Science, 2002; Zeng et al., Mol. Cell, 2002; Zeng et al., RNA, 2003; Doench et al., Genes & Dev., 2003). Since the mechanism of translational repression is cooperative, multiple complementarity sites (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) may be targeted in certain embodiments.

[0281] The capacity of a siRNA-like duplex to mediate RNAi or translational repression may be predicted by the distribution of non-identical nucleotides between the target gene sequence and the nucleotide sequence of the silencing agent at the site of complementarity. In one embodiment, where gene silencing by translational repression is desired, at least one non-identical nucleotide is present in the central portion of the complementarity site so that duplex formed by the miRNA guide strand and the target mRNA contains a central "bulge" (Doench J G et al., Genes & Dev., 2003). In another embodiment 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 contiguous or non-contiguous non-identical nucleotides are introduced. The non-identical nucleotide may be selected such that it forms a wobble base pair (e.g., G:U) or a mismatched base pair (G:A, C:A, C:U, G:G, A:A, C:C, U:U). In a further preferred embodiment, the "bulge" is centered at nucleotide positions 12 and 13 from the 5' end of the miRNA molecule.

[0282] c) Short Hairpin RNA (shRNA) Molecules

[0283] In certain featured embodiments, the instant invention provides shRNAs capable of mediating RNA silencing of an htt target sequence with enhanced selectivity. In contrast to siRNAs, shRNAs mimic the natural precursors of micro RNAs (miRNAs) and enter at the top of the gene silencing pathway. For this reason, shRNAs are believed to mediate gene silencing more efficiently by being fed through the entire natural gene silencing pathway.

[0284] miRNAs are noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides which can regulate gene expression at the post transcriptional or translational level during plant and animal development. One common feature of miRNAs is that they are all excised from an approximately 70 nucleotide precursor RNA stem-loop termed pre-miRNA, probably by Dicer, an RNase III-type enzyme, or a homolog thereof. Naturally-occurring miRNA precursors (pre-miRNA) have a single strand that forms a duplex stem including two portions that are generally complementary, and a loop, that connects the two portions of the stem. In typical pre-miRNAs, the stem includes one or more bulges, e.g., extra nucleotides that create a single nucleotide "loop" in one portion of the stem, and/or one or more unpaired nucleotides that create a gap in the hybridization of the two portions of the stem to each other. Short hairpin RNAs, or engineered RNA precursors, of the invention are artificial constructs based on these naturally occurring pre-miRNAs, but which are engineered to deliver desired RNA silencing agents (e.g., siRNAs of the invention). By substituting the stem sequences of the pre-miRNA with sequence complementary to the target mRNA, a shRNA is formed. The shRNA is processed by the entire gene silencing pathway of the cell, thereby efficiently mediating RNAi.

[0285] The requisite elements of a shRNA molecule include a first portion and a second portion, having sufficient complementarity to anneal or hybridize to form a duplex or double-stranded stem portion. The two portions need not be fully or perfectly complementary. The first and second "stem" portions are connected by a portion having a sequence that has insufficient sequence complementarity to anneal or hybridize to other portions of the shRNA. This latter portion is referred to as a "loop" portion in the shRNA molecule. The shRNA molecules are processed to generate siRNAs. shRNAs can also include one or more bulges, i.e., extra nucleotides that create a small nucleotide "loop" in a portion of the stem, for example a one-, two- or three-nucleotide loop. The stem portions can be the same length, or one portion can include an overhang of, for example, 1-5 nucleotides. The overhanging nucleotides can include, for example, uracils (Us), e.g., all Us. Such Us are notably encoded by thymidines (Ts) in the shRNA-encoding DNA which signal the termination of transcription.

[0286] In shRNAs (or engineered precursor RNAs) of the instant invention, one portion of the duplex stem is a nucleic acid sequence that is complementary (or anti-sense) to the htt target sequence. Preferably, one strand of the stem portion of the shRNA is sufficiently complementary (e.g., antisense) to a target RNA (e.g., mRNA) sequence to mediate degradation or cleavage of said target RNA via RNA interference (RNAi). Thus, engineered RNA precursors include a duplex stem with two portions and a loop connecting the two stem portions. The antisense portion can be on the 5' or 3' end of the stem. The stem portions of a shRNA are preferably about 15 to about 50 nucleotides in length. Preferably the two stem portions are about 18 or 19 to about 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 37, 38, 39, or 40 or more nucleotides in length. In preferred embodiments, the length of the stem portions should be 21 nucleotides or greater. When used in mammalian cells, the length of the stem portions should be less than about 30 nucleotides to avoid provoking non-specific responses like the interferon pathway. In non-mammalian cells, the stem can be longer than 30 nucleotides. In fact, the stem can include much larger sections complementary to the target mRNA (up to, and including the entire mRNA). In fact, a stem portion can include much larger sections complementary to the target mRNA (up to, and including the entire mRNA).

[0287] The two portions of the duplex stem must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize to form the duplex stem. Thus, the two portions can be, but need not be, fully or perfectly complementary. In addition, the two stem portions can be the same length, or one portion can include an overhang of 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides. The overhanging nucleotides can include, for example, uracils (Us), e.g., all Us. The loop in the shRNAs or engineered RNA precursors may differ from natural pre-miRNA sequences by modifying the loop sequence to increase or decrease the number of paired nucleotides, or replacing all or part of the loop sequence with a tetraloop or other loop sequences. Thus, the loop in the shRNAs or engineered RNA precursors can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or more, e.g., 15 or 20, or more nucleotides in length.

[0288] The loop in the shRNAs or engineered RNA precursors may differ from natural pre-miRNA sequences by modifying the loop sequence to increase or decrease the number of paired nucleotides, or replacing all or part of the loop sequence with a tetraloop or other loop sequences. Thus, the loop portion in the shRNA can be about 2 to about 20 nucleotides in length, i.e., about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or more, e.g., 15 or 20, or more nucleotides in length. A preferred loop consists of or comprises a "tetraloop" sequences. Exemplary tetraloop sequences include, but are not limited to, the sequences GNRA, where N is any nucleotide and R is a purine nucleotide, GGGG, and UUUU.

[0289] In certain embodiments, shRNAs of the invention include the sequences of a desired siRNA molecule described supra. In other embodiments, the sequence of the antisense portion of a shRNA can be designed essentially as described above or generally by selecting an 18, 19, 20, 21 nucleotide, or longer, sequence from within the target RNA (e.g., htt mRNA), for example, from a region 100 to 200 or 300 nucleotides upstream or downstream of the start of translation. In general, the sequence can be selected from any portion of the target RNA (e.g., mRNA) including the 5' UTR (untranslated region), coding sequence, or 3' UTR, provided said portion is distant from the site of the gain-of-function mutation. This sequence can optionally follow immediately after a region of the target gene containing two adjacent AA nucleotides. The last two nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence can be selected to be UU. This 21 or so nucleotide sequence is used to create one portion of a duplex stem in the shRNA. This sequence can replace a stem portion of a wild-type pre-miRNA sequence, e.g., enzymatically, or is included in a complete sequence that is synthesized. For example, one can synthesize DNA oligonucleotides that encode the entire stem-loop engineered RNA precursor, or that encode just the portion to be inserted into the duplex stem of the precursor, and using restriction enzymes to build the engineered RNA precursor construct, e.g., from a wild-type pre-miRNA.

[0290] Engineered RNA precursors include in the duplex stem the 21-22 or so nucleotide sequences of the siRNA or siRNA-like duplex desired to be produced in vivo. Thus, the stem portion of the engineered RNA precursor includes at least 18 or 19 nucleotide pairs corresponding to the sequence of an exonic portion of the gene whose expression is to be reduced or inhibited. The two 3' nucleotides flanking this region of the stem are chosen so as to maximize the production of the siRNA from the engineered RNA precursor and to maximize the efficacy of the resulting siRNA in targeting the corresponding mRNA for translational repression or destruction by RNAi in vivo and in vitro.

[0291] In certain embodiments, shRNAs of the invention include miRNA sequences, optionally end-modified miRNA sequences, to enhance entry into RISC. The miRNA sequence can be similar or identical to that of any naturally occurring miRNA (see e.g. The miRNA Registry; Griffiths-Jones S, Nuc. Acids Res., 2004). Over one thousand natural miRNAs have been identified to date and together they are thought to comprise about 1% of all predicted genes in the genome. Many natural miRNAs are clustered together in the introns of pre-mRNAs and can be identified in silico using homology-based searches (Pasquinelli et al., 2000; Lagos-Quintana et al., 2001; Lau et al., 2001; Lee and Ambros, 2001) or computer algorithms (e.g. MiRScan, MiRSeeker) that predict the capability of a candidate miRNA gene to form the stem loop structure of a pri-mRNA (Grad et al., Mol. Cell., 2003; Lim et al., Genes Dev., 2003; Lim et al., Science, 2003; Lai E C et al., Genome Bio., 2003). An online registry provides a searchable database of all published miRNA sequences (The miRNA Registry at the Sanger Institute website; Griffiths-Jones S, Nuc. Acids Res., 2004). Exemplary, natural miRNAs include lin-4, let-7, miR-10, mirR-15, miR-16, miR-168, miR-175, miR-196 and their homologs, as well as other natural miRNAs from humans and certain model organisms including Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, Arabidopsis thalania, Mus musculus, and Rattus norvegicus as described in International PCT Publication No. WO 03/029459.

[0292] Naturally-occurring miRNAs are expressed by endogenous genes in vivo and are processed from a hairpin or stem-loop precursor (pre-miRNA or pri-miRNAs) by Dicer or other RNAses (Lagos-Quintana et al., Science, 2001; Lau et al., Science, 2001; Lee and Ambros, Science, 2001; Lagos-Quintana et al., Curr. Biol., 2002; Mourelatos et al., Genes Dev., 2002; Reinhart et al., Science, 2002; Ambros et al., Curr. Biol., 2003; Brennecke et al., 2003; Lagos-Quintana et al., RNA, 2003; Lim et al., Genes Dev., 2003; Lim et al., Science, 2003). miRNAs can exist transiently in vivo as a double-stranded duplex, but only one strand is taken up by the RISC complex to direct gene silencing. Certain miRNAs, e.g., plant miRNAs, have perfect or near-perfect complementarity to their target mRNAs and, hence, direct cleavage of the target mRNAs. Other miRNAs have less than perfect complementarity to their target mRNAs and, hence, direct translational repression of the target mRNAs. The degree of complementarity between an miRNA and its target mRNA is believed to determine its mechanism of action. For example, perfect or near-perfect complementarity between a miRNA and its target mRNA is predictive of a cleavage mechanism (Yekta et al., Science, 2004), whereas less than perfect complementarity is predictive of a translational repression mechanism. In particular embodiments, the miRNA sequence is that of a naturally-occurring miRNA sequence, the aberrant expression or activity of which is correlated with an miRNA disorder.

[0293] d) Dual Functional Oligonucleotide Tethers

[0294] In other embodiments, the RNA silencing agents of the present invention include dual functional oligonucleotide tethers useful for the intercellular recruitment of a miRNA. Animal cells express a range of miRNAs, noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides which can regulate gene expression at the post transcriptional or translational level. By binding a miRNA bound to RISC and recruiting it to a target mRNA, a dual functional oligonucleotide tether can repress the expression of genes involved e.g., in the arteriosclerotic process. The use of oligonucleotide tethers offer several advantages over existing techniques to repress the expression of a particular gene. First, the methods described herein allow an endogenous molecule (often present in abundance), an miRNA, to mediate RNA silencing. Accordingly, the methods described herein obviate the need to introduce foreign molecules (e.g., siRNAs) to mediate RNA silencing. Second, the RNA-silencing agents and, in particular, the linking moiety (e.g., oligonucleotides such as the 2'-O-methyl oligonucleotide), can be made stable and resistant to nuclease activity. As a result, the tethers of the present invention can be designed for direct delivery, obviating the need for indirect delivery (e.g. viral) of a precursor molecule or plasmid designed to make the desired agent within the cell. Third, tethers and their respective moieties, can be designed to conform to specific mRNA sites and specific miRNAs. The designs can be cell and gene product specific. Fourth, the methods disclosed herein leave the mRNA intact, allowing one skilled in the art to block protein synthesis in short pulses using the cell's own machinery. As a result, these methods of RNA silencing are highly regulatable.

[0295] The dual functional oligonucleotide tethers ("tethers") of the invention are designed such that they recruit miRNAs (e.g., endogenous cellular miRNAs) to a target mRNA so as to induce the modulation of a gene of interest. In preferred embodiments, the tethers have the formula T-L-.mu., wherein T is an mRNA targeting moiety, L is a linking moiety, and .mu. is an miRNA recruiting moiety. Any one or more moiety may be double stranded. Preferably, however, each moiety is single stranded.

[0296] Moieties within the tethers can be arranged or linked (in the 5' to 3' direction) as depicted in the formula T-L-.mu. (i.e., the 3' end of the targeting moiety linked to the 5' end of the linking moiety and the 3' end of the linking moiety linked to the 5' end of the miRNA recruiting moiety). Alternatively, the moieties can be arranged or linked in the tether as follows: .mu.-T-L (i.e., the 3' end of the miRNA recruiting moiety linked to the 5' end of the linking moiety and the 3' end of the linking moiety linked to the 5' end of the targeting moiety).

[0297] The mRNA targeting moiety, as described above, is capable of capturing a specific target mRNA. According to the invention, expression of the target mRNA is undesirable, and, thus, translational repression of the mRNA is desired. The mRNA targeting moiety should be of sufficient size to effectively bind the target mRNA. The length of the targeting moiety will vary greatly depending, in part, on the length of the target mRNA and the degree of complementarity between the target mRNA and the targeting moiety. In various embodiments, the targeting moiety is less than about 200, 100, 50, 30, 25, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 nucleotides in length. In a particular embodiment, the targeting moiety is about 15 to about 25 nucleotides in length.

[0298] The miRNA recruiting moiety, as described above, is capable of associating with a miRNA. According to the invention, the miRNA may be any miRNA capable of repressing the target mRNA. Mammals are reported to have over 250 endogenous miRNAs (Lagos-Quintana et al. (2002) Current Biol. 12:735-739; Lagos-Quintana et al. (2001) Science 294:858-862; and Lim et al. (2003) Science 299:1540). In various embodiments, the miRNA may be any art-recognized miRNA.

[0299] The linking moiety is any agent capable of linking the targeting moieties such that the activity of the targeting moieties is maintained. Linking moieties are preferably oligonucleotide moieties comprising a sufficient number of nucleotides such that the targeting agents can sufficiently interact with their respective targets. Linking moieties have little or no sequence homology with cellular mRNA or miRNA sequences. Exemplary linking moieties include one or more 2'-O-methylnucleotides, e.g., 2'-.beta.-methyladenosine, 2'-O-methylthymidine, 2'-O-methylguanosine or 2'-O-methyluridine.

[0300] e) Gene Silencing Oligonucleotides

[0301] In certain exemplary embodiments, gene expression (i.e., htt gene expression) can be modulated using oligonucleotide-based compounds comprising two or more single stranded antisense oligonucleotides that are linked through their 5'-ends that allow the presence of two or more accessible 3'-ends to effectively inhibit or decrease htt gene expression. Such linked oligonucleotides are also known as Gene Silencing Oligonucleotides (GSOs). (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,431,544 assigned to Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.)

[0302] The linkage at the 5' ends of the GSOs is independent of the other oligonucleotide linkages and may be directly via 5', 3' or 2' hydroxyl groups, or indirectly, via a non-nucleotide linker or a nucleoside, utilizing either the 2' or 3' hydroxyl positions of the nucleoside. Linkages may also utilize a functionalized sugar or nucleobase of a 5' terminal nucleotide.

[0303] GSOs can comprise two identical or different sequences conjugated at their 5'-5' ends via a phosphodiester, phosphorothioate or non-nucleoside linker. Such compounds may comprise 15 to 27 nucleotides that are complementary to specific portions of mRNA targets of interest for antisense down regulation of gene product. GSOs that comprise identical sequences can bind to a specific mRNA via Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding interactions and inhibit protein expression. GSOs that comprise different sequences are able to bind to two or more different regions of one or more mRNA target and inhibit protein expression. Such compounds are comprised of heteronucleotide sequences complementary to target mRNA and form stable duplex structures through Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding. Under certain conditions, GSOs containing two free 3'-ends (5'-5'-attached antisense) can be more potent inhibitors of gene expression than those containing a single free 3'-end or no free 3'-end.

[0304] In some embodiments, the non-nucleotide linker is glycerol or a glycerol homolog of the formula HO--(CH.sub.2).sub.o--CH(OH)--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--OH, wherein o and p independently are integers from 1 to about 6, from 1 to about 4 or from 1 to about 3. In some other embodiments, the non-nucleotide linker is a derivative of 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane. Some such derivatives have the formula HO--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--C(O)NH--CH.sub.2--CH(OH)--CH.sub.2--NHC(O)--(CH.sub- .2).sub.m--OH, wherein m is an integer from 0 to about 10, from 0 to about 6, from 2 to about 6 or from 2 to about 4.

[0305] Some non-nucleotide linkers permit attachment of more than two GSO components. For example, the non-nucleotide linker glycerol has three hydroxyl groups to which GSO components may be covalently attached. Some oligonucleotide-based compounds of the invention, therefore, comprise two or more oligonucleotides linked to a nucleotide or a non-nucleotide linker. Such oligonucleotides according to the invention are referred to as being "branched."

[0306] In certain embodiments, GSOs are at least 14 nucleotides in length. In certain exemplary embodiments, GSOs are 15 to 40 nucleotides long or 20 to 30 nucleotides in length. Thus, the component oligonucleotides of GSOs can independently be 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 nucleotides in length.

[0307] These oligonucleotides can be prepared by the art recognized methods such as phosphoramidate or H-phosphonate chemistry which can be carried out manually or by an automated synthesizer. These oligonucleotides may also be modified in a number of ways without compromising their ability to hybridize to mRNA. Such modifications may include at least one internucleotide linkage of the oligonucleotide being an alkylphosphonate, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphonate, phosphate ester, alkylphosphonothioate, phosphoramidate, carbamate, carbonate, phosphate hydroxyl, acetamidate or carboxymethyl ester or a combination of these and other internucleotide linkages between the 5' end of one nucleotide and the 3' end of another nucleotide in which the 5' nucleotide phosphodiester linkage has been replaced with any number of chemical groups.

[0308] VII. Modified Anti-Htt RNA Silencing Agents

[0309] In certain aspects of the invention, an RNA silencing agent (or any portion thereof) of the invention as described supra may be modified such that the activity of the agent is further improved. For example, the RNA silencing agents described in Section II supra may be modified with any of the modifications described infra. The modifications can, in part, serve to further enhance target discrimination, to enhance stability of the agent (e.g., to prevent degradation), to promote cellular uptake, to enhance the target efficiency, to improve efficacy in binding (e.g., to the targets), to improve patient tolerance to the agent, and/or to reduce toxicity.

[0310] 1) Modifications to Enhance Target Discrimination

[0311] In certain embodiments, the RNA silencing agents of the invention may be substituted with a destabilizing nucleotide to enhance single nucleotide target discrimination (see U.S. application Ser. No. 11/698,689, filed Jan. 25, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/762,225 filed Jan. 25, 2006, both of which are incorporated herein by reference). Such a modification may be sufficient to abolish the specificity of the RNA silencing agent for a non-target mRNA (e.g. wild-type mRNA), without appreciably affecting the specificity of the RNA silencing agent for a target mRNA (e.g. gain-of-function mutant mRNA).

[0312] In preferred embodiments, the RNA silencing agents of the invention are modified by the introduction of at least one universal nucleotide in the antisense strand thereof. Universal nucleotides comprise base portions that are capable of base pairing indiscriminately with any of the four conventional nucleotide bases (e.g. A, G, C, U). A universal nucleotide is preferred because it has relatively minor effect on the stability of the RNA duplex or the duplex formed by the guide strand of the RNA silencing agent and the target mRNA. Exemplary universal nucleotide include those having an inosine base portion or an inosine analog base portion selected from the group consisting of deoxyinosine (e.g. 2'-deoxyinosine), 7-deaza-2'-deoxyinosine, 2'-aza-2'-deoxyinosine, PNA-inosine, morpholino-inosine, LNA-inosine, phosphoramidate-inosine, 2'-O-methoxyethyl-inosine, and 2'-OMe-inosine. In particularly preferred embodiments, the universal nucleotide is an inosine residue or a naturally occurring analog thereof.

[0313] In certain embodiments, the RNA silencing agents of the invention are modified by the introduction of at least one destabilizing nucleotide within 5 nucleotides from a specificity-determining nucleotide (i.e., the nucleotide which recognizes the disease-related polymorphism). For example, the destabilizing nucleotide may be introduced at a position that is within 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 nucleotide(s) from a specificity-determining nucleotide. In exemplary embodiments, the destabilizing nucleotide is introduced at a position which is 3 nucleotides from the specificity-determining nucleotide (i.e., such that there are 2 stabilizing nucleotides between the destablilizing nucleotide and the specificity-determining nucleotide). In RNA silencing agents having two strands or strand portions (e.g. siRNAs and shRNAs), the destabilizing nucleotide may be introduced in the strand or strand portion that does not contain the specificity-determining nucleotide. In preferred embodiments, the destabilizing nucleotide is introduced in the same strand or strand portion that contains the specificity-determining nucleotide.

[0314] 2) Modifications to Enhance Efficacy and Specificity

[0315] In certain embodiments, the RNA silencing agents of the invention may be altered to facilitate enhanced efficacy and specificity in mediating RNAi according to asymmetry design rules (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,309,704, 7,750,144, 8,304,530, 8,329,892 and 8,309,705). Such alterations facilitate entry of the antisense strand of the siRNA (e.g., a siRNA designed using the methods of the invention or an siRNA produced from a shRNA) into RISC in favor of the sense strand, such that the antisense strand preferentially guides cleavage or translational repression of a target mRNA, and thus increasing or improving the efficiency of target cleavage and silencing. Preferably the asymmetry of an RNA silencing agent is enhanced by lessening the base pair strength between the antisense strand 5' end (AS 5') and the sense strand 3' end (S 3') of the RNA silencing agent relative to the bond strength or base pair strength between the antisense strand 3' end (AS 3') and the sense strand 5' end (S '5) of said RNA silencing agent.

[0316] In one embodiment, the asymmetry of an RNA silencing agent of the invention may be enhanced such that there are fewer G:C base pairs between the 5' end of the first or antisense strand and the 3' end of the sense strand portion than between the 3' end of the first or antisense strand and the 5' end of the sense strand portion. In another embodiment, the asymmetry of an RNA silencing agent of the invention may be enhanced such that there is at least one mismatched base pair between the 5' end of the first or antisense strand and the 3' end of the sense strand portion. Preferably, the mismatched base pair is selected from the group consisting of G:A, C:A, C:U, G:G, A:A, C:C and U:U. In another embodiment, the asymmetry of an RNA silencing agent of the invention may be enhanced such that there is at least one wobble base pair, e.g., G:U, between the 5' end of the first or antisense strand and the 3' end of the sense strand portion. In another embodiment, the asymmetry of an RNA silencing agent of the invention may be enhanced such that there is at least one base pair comprising a rare nucleotide, e.g., inosine (I). Preferably, the base pair is selected from the group consisting of an I:A, I:U and I:C. In yet another embodiment, the asymmetry of an RNA silencing agent of the invention may be enhanced such that there is at least one base pair comprising a modified nucleotide. In preferred embodiments, the modified nucleotide is selected from the group consisting of 2-amino-G, 2-amino-A, 2,6-diamino-G, and 2,6-diamino-A.

[0317] 3) RNA Silencing Agents with Enhanced Stability

[0318] The RNA silencing agents of the present invention can be modified to improve stability in serum or in growth medium for cell cultures. In order to enhance the stability, the 3'-residues may be stabilized against degradation, e.g., they may be selected such that they consist of purine nucleotides, particularly adenosine or guanosine nucleotides. Alternatively, substitution of pyrimidine nucleotides by modified analogues, e.g., substitution of uridine by 2'-deoxythymidine is tolerated and does not affect the efficiency of RNA interference.

[0319] In a preferred aspect, the invention features RNA silencing agents that include first and second strands wherein the second strand and/or first strand is modified by the substitution of internal nucleotides with modified nucleotides, such that in vivo stability is enhanced as compared to a corresponding unmodified RNA silencing agent. As defined herein, an "internal" nucleotide is one occurring at any position other than the 5' end or 3' end of nucleic acid molecule, polynucleotide or oligonucleotide. An internal nucleotide can be within a single-stranded molecule or within a strand of a duplex or double-stranded molecule. In one embodiment, the sense strand and/or antisense strand is modified by the substitution of at least one internal nucleotide. In another embodiment, the sense strand and/or antisense strand is modified by the substitution of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more internal nucleotides. In another embodiment, the sense strand and/or antisense strand is modified by the substitution of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more of the internal nucleotides. In yet another embodiment, the sense strand and/or antisense strand is modified by the substitution of all of the internal nucleotides.

[0320] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the RNA silencing agents may contain at least one modified nucleotide analogue. The nucleotide analogues may be located at positions where the target-specific silencing activity, e.g., the RNAi mediating activity or translational repression activity is not substantially effected, e.g., in a region at the 5'-end and/or the 3'-end of the siRNA molecule. Particularly, the ends may be stabilized by incorporating modified nucleotide analogues.

[0321] Exemplary nucleotide analogues include sugar- and/or backbone-modified ribonucleotides (i.e., include modifications to the phosphate-sugar backbone). For example, the phosphodiester linkages of natural RNA may be modified to include at least one of a nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom. In exemplary backbone-modified ribonucleotides, the phosphoester group connecting to adjacent ribonucleotides is replaced by a modified group, e.g., of phosphothioate group. In exemplary sugar-modified ribonucleotides, the 2' OH-group is replaced by a group selected from H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH.sub.2, NHR, NR.sub.2 or ON, wherein R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I.

[0322] In particular embodiments, the modifications are 2'-fluoro, 2'-amino and/or 2'-thio modifications. Particularly preferred modifications include 2'-fluoro-cytidine, 2'-fluoro-uridine, 2'-fluoro-adenosine, 2'-fluoro-guanosine, 2'-amino-cytidine, 2'-amino-uridine, 2'-amino-adenosine, 2'-amino-guanosine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 4-thio-uridine, and/or 5-amino-allyl-uridine. In a particular embodiment, the 2'-fluoro ribonucleotides are every uridine and cytidine. Additional exemplary modifications include 5-bromo-uridine, 5-iodo-uridine, 5-methyl-cytidine, ribo-thymidine, 2-aminopurine, 2'-amino-butyryl-pyrene-uridine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, and 5-fluoro-uridine. 2'-deoxy-nucleotides and 2'-Ome nucleotides can also be used within modified RNA-silencing agents moities of the instant invention. Additional modified residues include, deoxy-abasic, inosine, N3-methyl-uridine, N6,N6-dimethyl-adenosine, pseudouridine, purine ribonucleoside and ribavirin. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 2' moiety is a methyl group such that the linking moiety is a 2'-O-methyl oligonucleotide.

[0323] In an exemplary embodiment, the RNA silencing agent of the invention comprises Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs). LNAs comprise sugar-modified nucleotides that resist nuclease activities (are highly stable) and possess single nucleotide discrimination for mRNA (Elmen et al., Nucleic Acids Res., (2005), 33(1): 439-447; Braasch et al. (2003) Biochemistry 42:7967-7975, Petersen et al. (2003) Trends Biotechnol 21:74-81). These molecules have 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene-bridged nucleic acids, with possible modifications such as 2'-deoxy-2''-fluorouridine. Moreover, LNAs increase the specificity of oligonucleotides by constraining the sugar moiety into the 3'-endo conformation, thereby pre-organizing the nucleotide for base pairing and increasing the melting temperature of the oligonucleotide by as much as 10.degree. C. per base.

[0324] In another exemplary embodiment, the RNA silencing agent of the invention comprises Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs). PNAs comprise modified nucleotides in which the sugar-phosphate portion of the nucleotide is replaced with a neutral 2-amino ethylglycine moiety capable of forming a polyamide backbone which is highly resistant to nuclease digestion and imparts improved binding specificity to the molecule (Nielsen, et al., Science, (2001), 254: 1497-1500).

[0325] Also preferred are nucleobase-modified ribonucleotides, i.e., ribonucleotides, containing at least one non-naturally occurring nucleobase instead of a naturally occurring nucleobase. Bases may be modified to block the activity of adenosine deaminase. Exemplary modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, uridine and/or cytidine modified at the 5-position, e.g., 5-(2-amino)propyl uridine, 5-bromo uridine; adenosine and/or guanosines modified at the 8 position, e.g., 8-bromo guanosine; deaza nucleotides, e.g., 7-deaza-adenosine; O- and N-alkylated nucleotides, e.g., N6-methyl adenosine are suitable. It should be noted that the above modifications may be combined.

[0326] In other embodiments, cross-linking can be employed to alter the pharmacokinetics of the RNA silencing agent, for example, to increase half-life in the body. Thus, the invention includes RNA silencing agents having two complementary strands of nucleic acid, wherein the two strands are crosslinked. The invention also includes RNA silencing agents which are conjugated or unconjugated (e.g., at its 3' terminus) to another moiety (e.g. a non-nucleic acid moiety such as a peptide), an organic compound (e.g., a dye), or the like). Modifying siRNA derivatives in this way may improve cellular uptake or enhance cellular targeting activities of the resulting siRNA derivative as compared to the corresponding siRNA, are useful for tracing the siRNA derivative in the cell, or improve the stability of the siRNA derivative compared to the corresponding siRNA.

[0327] Other exemplary modifications include: (a) 2' modification, e.g., provision of a 2' OMe moiety on a U in a sense or antisense strand, but especially on a sense strand, or provision of a 2' OMe moiety in a 3' overhang, e.g., at the 3' terminus (3' terminus means at the 3' atom of the molecule or at the most 3' moiety, e.g., the most 3' P or 2' position, as indicated by the context); (b) modification of the backbone, e.g., with the replacement of an 0 with an S, in the phosphate backbone, e.g., the provision of a phosphorothioate modification, on the U or the A or both, especially on an antisense strand; e.g., with the replacement of a O with an S; (c) replacement of the U with a C5 amino linker; (d) replacement of an A with a G (sequence changes are preferred to be located on the sense strand and not the antisense strand); and (d) modification at the 2', 6', 7', or 8' position. Exemplary embodiments are those in which one or more of these modifications are present on the sense but not the antisense strand, or embodiments where the antisense strand has fewer of such modifications. Yet other exemplary modifications include the use of a methylated P in a 3' overhang, e.g., at the 3' terminus; combination of a 2' modification, e.g., provision of a 2' O Me moiety and modification of the backbone, e.g., with the replacement of a O with an S, e.g., the provision of a phosphorothioate modification, or the use of a methylated P, in a 3' overhang, e.g., at the 3' terminus; modification with a 3' alkyl; modification with an abasic pyrrolidone in a 3' overhang, e.g., at the 3' terminus; modification with naproxen, ibuprofen, or other moieties which inhibit degradation at the 3' terminus.

[0328] 4) Modifications to Enhance Cellular Uptake

[0329] In other embodiments, RNA silencing agents may be modified with chemical moieties, for example, to enhance cellular uptake by target cells (e.g., neuronal cells). Thus, the invention includes RNA silencing agents which are conjugated or unconjugated (e.g., at its 3' terminus) to another moiety (e.g. a non-nucleic acid moiety such as a peptide), an organic compound (e.g., a dye), or the like. The conjugation can be accomplished by methods known in the art, e.g., using the methods of Lambert et al., Drug Deliv. Rev.: 47(1), 99-112 (2001) (describes nucleic acids loaded to polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PACA) nanoparticles); Fattal et al., J. Control Release 53(1-3):137-43 (1998) (describes nucleic acids bound to nanoparticles); Schwab et al., Ann. Oncol. 5 Suppl. 4:55-8 (1994) (describes nucleic acids linked to intercalating agents, hydrophobic groups, polycations or PACA nanoparticles); and Godard et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 232(2):404-10 (1995) (describes nucleic acids linked to nanoparticles).

[0330] In a particular embodiment, an RNA silencing agent of invention is conjugated to a lipophilic moiety. In one embodiment, the lipophilic moiety is a ligand that includes a cationic group. In another embodiment, the lipophilic moiety is attached to one or both strands of an siRNA. In an exemplary embodiment, the lipophilic moiety is attached to one end of the sense strand of the siRNA. In another exemplary embodiment, the lipophilic moiety is attached to the 3' end of the sense strand. In certain embodiments, the lipophilic moiety is selected from the group consisting of cholesterol, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin A, folic acid, or a cationic dye (e.g., Cy3). In an exemplary embodiment, the lipophilic moiety is a cholesterol. Other lipophilic moieties include cholic acid, adamantane acetic acid, 1-pyrene butyric acid, dihydrotestosterone, 1,3-Bis-O(hexadecyl)glycerol, geranyloxyhexyl group, hexadecylglycerol, borneol, menthol, 1,3-propanediol, heptadecyl group, palmitic acid, myristic acid, O3-(oleoyl)lithocholic acid, O3-(oleoyl)cholenic acid, dimethoxytrityl, or phenoxazine.

[0331] 5) Tethered Ligands

[0332] Other entities can be tethered to an RNA silencing agent of the invention. For example, a ligand tethered to an RNA silencing agent to improve stability, hybridization thermodynamics with a target nucleic acid, targeting to a particular tissue or cell-type, or cell permeability, e.g., by an endocytosis-dependent or -independent mechanism. Ligands and associated modifications can also increase sequence specificity and consequently decrease off-site targeting. A tethered ligand can include one or more modified bases or sugars that can function as intercalators. These are preferably located in an internal region, such as in a bulge of RNA silencing agent/target duplex. The intercalator can be an aromatic, e.g., a polycyclic aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic compound. A polycyclic intercalator can have stacking capabilities, and can include systems with 2, 3, or 4 fused rings. The universal bases described herein can be included on a ligand. In one embodiment, the ligand can include a cleaving group that contributes to target gene inhibition by cleavage of the target nucleic acid. The cleaving group can be, for example, a bleomycin (e.g., bleomycin-A5, bleomycin-A2, or bleomycin-B2), pyrene, phenanthroline (e.g., O-phenanthroline), a polyamine, a tripeptide (e.g., lys-tyr-lys tripeptide), or metal ion chelating group. The metal ion chelating group can include, e.g., an Lu(III) or EU(III) macrocyclic complex, a Zn(II) 2,9-dimethylphenanthroline derivative, a Cu(II) terpyridine, or acridine, which can promote the selective cleavage of target RNA at the site of the bulge by free metal ions, such as Lu(III). In some embodiments, a peptide ligand can be tethered to a RNA silencing agent to promote cleavage of the target RNA, e.g., at the bulge region. For example, 1,8-dimethyl-1,3,6,8,10,13-hexaazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) can be conjugated to a peptide (e.g., by an amino acid derivative) to promote target RNA cleavage. A tethered ligand can be an aminoglycoside ligand, which can cause an RNA silencing agent to have improved hybridization properties or improved sequence specificity. Exemplary aminoglycosides include glycosylated polylysine, galactosylated polylysine, neomycin B, tobramycin, kanamycin A, and acridine conjugates of aminoglycosides, such as Neo-N-acridine, Neo-S-acridine, Neo-C-acridine, Tobra-N-acridine, and KanaA-N-acridine. Use of an acridine analog can increase sequence specificity. For example, neomycin B has a high affinity for RNA as compared to DNA, but low sequence-specificity. An acridine analog, neo-5-acridine has an increased affinity for the HIV Rev-response element (RRE). In some embodiments the guanidine analog (the guanidinoglycoside) of an aminoglycoside ligand is tethered to an RNA silencing agent. In a guanidinoglycoside, the amine group on the amino acid is exchanged for a guanidine group. Attachment of a guanidine analog can enhance cell permeability of an RNA silencing agent. A tethered ligand can be a poly-arginine peptide, peptoid or peptidomimetic, which can enhance the cellular uptake of an oligonucleotide agent.

[0333] Exemplary ligands are coupled, preferably covalently, either directly or indirectly via an intervening tether, to a ligand-conjugated carrier. In exemplary embodiments, the ligand is attached to the carrier via an intervening tether. In exemplary embodiments, a ligand alters the distribution, targeting or lifetime of an RNA silencing agent into which it is incorporated. In exemplary embodiments, a ligand provides an enhanced affinity for a selected target, e.g., molecule, cell or cell type, compartment, e.g., a cellular or organ compartment, tissue, organ or region of the body, as, e.g., compared to a species absent such a ligand.

[0334] Exemplary ligands can improve transport, hybridization, and specificity properties and may also improve nuclease resistance of the resultant natural or modified RNA silencing agent, or a polymeric molecule comprising any combination of monomers described herein and/or natural or modified ribonucleotides. Ligands in general can include therapeutic modifiers, e.g., for enhancing uptake; diagnostic compounds or reporter groups e.g., for monitoring distribution; cross-linking agents; nuclease-resistance conferring moieties; and natural or unusual nucleobases. General examples include lipophiles, lipids, steroids (e.g., uvaol, hecigenin, diosgenin), terpenes (e.g., triterpenes, e.g., sarsasapogenin, Friedelin, epifriedelanol derivatized lithocholic acid), vitamins (e.g., folic acid, vitamin A, biotin, pyridoxal), carbohydrates, proteins, protein binding agents, integrin targeting molecules, polycationics, peptides, polyamines, and peptide mimics. Ligands can include a naturally occurring substance, (e.g., human serum albumin (HSA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or globulin); carbohydrate (e.g., a dextran, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, inulin, cyclodextrin or hyaluronic acid); amino acid, or a lipid. The ligand may also be a recombinant or synthetic molecule, such as a synthetic polymer, e.g., a synthetic polyamino acid. Examples of polyamino acids include polyamino acid is a polylysine (PLL), poly L-aspartic acid, poly L-glutamic acid, styrene-maleic acid anhydride copolymer, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolied) copolymer, divinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer (HMPA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyurethane, poly(2-ethylacryllic acid), N-isopropylacrylamide polymers, or polyphosphazine. Example of polyamines include: polyethylenimine, polylysine (PLL), spermine, spermidine, polyamine, pseudopeptide-polyamine, peptidomimetic polyamine, dendrimer polyamine, arginine, amidine, protamine, cationic lipid, cationic porphyrin, quaternary salt of a polyamine, or an alpha helical peptide.

[0335] Ligands can also include targeting groups, e.g., a cell or tissue targeting agent, e.g., a lectin, glycoprotein, lipid or protein, e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a kidney cell. A targeting group can be a thyrotropin, melanotropin, lectin, glycoprotein, surfactant protein A, mucin carbohydrate, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine, multivalent mannose, multivalent fucose, glycosylated polyaminoacids, multivalent galactose, transferrin, bisphosphonate, polyglutamate, polyaspartate, a lipid, cholesterol, a steroid, bile acid, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, or an RGD peptide or RGD peptide mimetic. Other examples of ligands include dyes, intercalating agents (e.g. acridines and substituted acridines), cross-linkers (e.g. psoralene, mitomycin C), porphyrins (TPPC4, texaphyrin, Sapphyrin), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., phenazine, dihydrophenazine, phenanthroline, pyrenes), lys-tyr-lys tripeptide, aminoglycosides, guanidium aminoglycodies, artificial endonucleases (e.g. EDTA), lipophilic molecules, e.g, cholesterol (and thio analogs thereof), cholic acid, cholanic acid, lithocholic acid, adamantane acetic acid, 1-pyrene butyric acid, dihydrotestosterone, glycerol (e.g., esters (e.g., mono, bis, or tris fatty acid esters, e.g., C.sub.10, C.sub.11, C.sub.12, C.sub.13, C.sub.14, C.sub.15, C.sub.16, C.sub.17, C.sub.18, C.sub.19, or C.sub.20 fatty acids) and ethers thereof, e.g., C.sub.10, C.sub.11, C.sub.12, C.sub.13, C.sub.14, C.sub.15, C.sub.16, C.sub.17, C.sub.18, C.sub.19, or C.sub.20 alkyl; e.g., 1,3-bis-O(hexadecyl)glycerol, 1,3-bis-O(octaadecyl)glycerol), geranyloxyhexyl group, hexadecylglycerol, borneol, menthol, 1,3-propanediol, heptadecyl group, palmitic acid, stearic acid (e.g., glyceryl distearate), oleic acid, myristic acid, O3-(oleoyl)lithocholic acid, O3-(oleoyl)cholenic acid, dimethoxytrityl, or phenoxazine) and peptide conjugates (e.g., antennapedia peptide, Tat peptide), alkylating agents, phosphate, amino, mercapto, PEG (e.g., PEG-40K), MPEG, [MPEG].sub.2, polyamino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, radiolabeled markers, enzymes, haptens (e.g. biotin), transport/absorption facilitators (e.g., aspirin, naproxen, vitamin E, folic acid), synthetic ribonucleases (e.g., imidazole, bisimidazole, histamine, imidazole clusters, acridine-imidazole conjugates, Eu3+ complexes of tetraazamacrocycles), dinitrophenyl, HRP or AP.

[0336] Ligands can be proteins, e.g., glycoproteins, or peptides, e.g., molecules having a specific affinity for a co-ligand, or antibodies e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a cancer cell, endothelial cell, or bone cell. Ligands may also include hormones and hormone receptors. They can also include non-peptidic species, such as lipids, lectins, carbohydrates, vitamins, cofactors, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine multivalent mannose, or multivalent fucose. The ligand can be, for example, a lipopolysaccharide, an activator of p38 MAP kinase, or an activator of NF-.kappa.B.

[0337] The ligand can be a substance, e.g., a drug, which can increase the uptake of the RNA silencing agent into the cell, for example, by disrupting the cell's cytoskeleton, e.g., by disrupting the cell's microtubules, microfilaments, and/or intermediate filaments. The drug can be, for example, taxon, vincristine, vinblastine, cytochalasin, nocodazole, japlakinolide, latrunculin A, phalloidin, swinholide A, indanocine, or myoservin. The ligand can increase the uptake of the RNA silencing agent into the cell by activating an inflammatory response, for example. Exemplary ligands that would have such an effect include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF.alpha.), interleukin-1 beta, or gamma interferon. In one aspect, the ligand is a lipid or lipid-based molecule. Such a lipid or lipid-based molecule preferably binds a serum protein, e.g., human serum albumin (HSA). An HSA binding ligand allows for distribution of the conjugate to a target tissue, e.g., a non-kidney target tissue of the body. For example, the target tissue can be the liver, including parenchymal cells of the liver. Other molecules that can bind HSA can also be used as ligands. For example, neproxin or aspirin can be used. A lipid or lipid-based ligand can (a) increase resistance to degradation of the conjugate, (b) increase targeting or transport into a target cell or cell membrane, and/or (c) can be used to adjust binding to a serum protein, e.g., HSA. A lipid based ligand can be used to modulate, e.g., control the binding of the conjugate to a target tissue. For example, a lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA more strongly will be less likely to be targeted to the kidney and therefore less likely to be cleared from the body. A lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA less strongly can be used to target the conjugate to the kidney. In a preferred embodiment, the lipid based ligand binds HSA. A lipid-based ligand can bind HSA with a sufficient affinity such that the conjugate will be preferably distributed to a non-kidney tissue. However, it is preferred that the affinity not be so strong that the HSA-ligand binding cannot be reversed. In another preferred embodiment, the lipid based ligand binds HSA weakly or not at all, such that the conjugate will be preferably distributed to the kidney. Other moieties that target to kidney cells can also be used in place of or in addition to the lipid based ligand.

[0338] In another aspect, the ligand is a moiety, e.g., a vitamin, which is taken up by a target cell, e.g., a proliferating cell. These are particularly useful for treating disorders characterized by unwanted cell proliferation, e.g., of the malignant or non-malignant type, e.g., cancer cells. Exemplary vitamins include vitamin A, E, and K. Other exemplary vitamins include are B vitamin, e.g., folic acid, B12, riboflavin, biotin, pyridoxal or other vitamins or nutrients taken up by cancer cells. Also included are HSA and low density lipoprotein (LDL).

[0339] In another aspect, the ligand is a cell-permeation agent, preferably a helical cell-permeation agent. Preferably, the agent is amphipathic. An exemplary agent is a peptide such as tat or antennopedia. If the agent is a peptide, it can be modified, including a peptidylmimetic, invertomers, non-peptide or pseudo-peptide linkages, and use of D-amino acids. The helical agent is preferably an alpha-helical agent, which preferably has a lipophilic and a lipophobic phase.

[0340] The ligand can be a peptide or peptidomimetic. A peptidomimetic (also referred to herein as an oligopeptidomimetic) is a molecule capable of folding into a defined three-dimensional structure similar to a natural peptide. The attachment of peptide and peptidomimetics to oligonucleotide agents can affect pharmacokinetic distribution of the RNA silencing agent, such as by enhancing cellular recognition and absorption. The peptide or peptidomimetic moiety can be about 5-50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long. A peptide or peptidomimetic can be, for example, a cell permeation peptide, cationic peptide, amphipathic peptide, or hydrophobic peptide (e.g., consisting primarily of Tyr, Trp or Phe). The peptide moiety can be a dendrimer peptide, constrained peptide or crosslinked peptide. The peptide moiety can be an L-peptide or D-peptide. In another alternative, the peptide moiety can include a hydrophobic membrane translocation sequence (MTS). A peptide or peptidomimetic can be encoded by a random sequence of DNA, such as a peptide identified from a phage-display library, or one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) combinatorial library (Lam et al., Nature 354:82-84, 1991). In exemplary embodiments, the peptide or peptidomimetic tethered to an RNA silencing agent via an incorporated monomer unit is a cell targeting peptide such as an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-peptide, or RGD mimic. A peptide moiety can range in length from about 5 amino acids to about 40 amino acids. The peptide moieties can have a structural modification, such as to increase stability or direct conformational properties. Any of the structural modifications described below can be utilized.

[0341] 6) Compounds

[0342] In one aspect, provided herein is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 81, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0343] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of:

[0343] ##STR00001##

[0344] R.sup.3 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of an internucleotide linker as shown in FIG. 82; and

[0345] L is a linker connecting two moieties, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, a peptide, an RNA, a DNA,

[0345] ##STR00002##

[0346] or a combination thereof.

[0347] In one embodiment, R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00003##

[0348] In another embodiment, R.sup.1 is

##STR00004##

[0349] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a methylphosphonate, a methylenephosphonate, a phosphotriester, and a boranophosphate.

[0350] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, and a boranophosphate.

[0351] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is a phosphorothioate.

[0352] In another embodiment, L is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, and a peptide.

[0353] In another embodiment, L is selected from an ethylene glycol chain or a peptide.

[0354] In yet another embodiment, L is

##STR00005##

[0355] In still another embodiment, L is

##STR00006##

[0356] In another embodiment, L is

##STR00007##

[0357] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 81 is a compound the Formula shown in FIG. 83.

[0358] In another embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 81 is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 83, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0359] R.sup.1 is

##STR00008##

[0359] and

[0360] L is

##STR00009##

[0361] In another embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 81 is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 83, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0362] R.sup.1 is

##STR00010##

[0362] and

[0363] L is

##STR00011##

[0364] In another aspect, provided herein is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 84, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0365] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

[0365] ##STR00012## ##STR00013##

[0366] R.sup.3 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of an internucleotide linker as shown in FIG. 82;

[0367] L is a linker connecting two moieties, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, a peptide, an RNA, a DNA,

[0367] ##STR00014##

[0368] or a combination thereof; and

[0369] B is a branch point between two or more linkers, wherein the branch point is selected from the group consisting of a glycol, an amino acid, or any poly-valent organic species.

[0370] In one embodiment, R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00015##

[0371] In another embodiment, R.sup.1 is

##STR00016##

[0372] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a methylphosphonate, a methylenephosphonate, a phosphotriester, and a boranophosphate.

[0373] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, and a boranophosphate.

[0374] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is a phosphorothioate.

[0375] In another embodiment, L is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, and a peptide.

[0376] In another embodiment, L is selected from an ethylene glycol chain or a peptide.

[0377] In yet another embodiment, L is

##STR00017##

[0378] In still another embodiment, L is

##STR00018##

[0379] In another embodiment, L is

##STR00019##

[0380] In one embodiment, B is a branch point between two or more linkers, wherein the branch point is selected a glycol or an amino acid. In another embodiment, the branch point is a glycol. In another embodiment, the branch point is an amino acid.

[0381] In another embodiment of the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 84, Y is defined as shown in FIG. 86.

[0382] In another aspect, provided herein is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 85, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0383] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00020## ##STR00021##

[0384] R.sup.3 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of an internucleotide linker as shown in FIG. 82;

[0385] L is a linker connecting two moieties, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, a peptide, an RNA, a DNA,

[0385] ##STR00022##

[0386] or a combination thereof; and

[0387] B is a branch point between two or more linkers, wherein the branch point is selected from the group consisting of a glycol, an amino acid, or any polyvalent organic species.

[0388] In one embodiment, R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00023##

[0389] In another embodiment, R.sup.1 is

##STR00024##

[0390] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a methylphosphonate, a methylenephosphonate, a phosphotriester, and a boranophosphate.

[0391] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, and a boranophosphate.

[0392] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is a phosphorothioate.

[0393] In another embodiment, L is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, and a peptide.

[0394] In another embodiment, L is selected from an ethylene glycol chain or a peptide.

[0395] In yet another embodiment, L is

##STR00025##

[0396] In still another embodiment, L is

##STR00026##

[0397] In another embodiment, L is

##STR00027##

[0398] In one embodiment, B is a branch point between two or more linkers, wherein the branch point is selected a glycol or an amino acid. In another embodiment, the branch point is a glycol. In another embodiment, the branch point is an amino acid.

[0399] In one embodiment of the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 85, Y is defined as shown in FIG. 86.

[0400] In another aspect, provided herein is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 87, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0401] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

[0401] ##STR00028## ##STR00029##

[0402] R.sup.3 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of an internucleotide linker as shown in FIG. 82;

[0403] L is a linker connecting two moieties, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, a peptide, an RNA, a DNA,

[0403] ##STR00030##

[0404] or a combination thereof; and

[0405] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl chain (e.g., C.sub.1-6, C.sub.1-10, C.sub.1-20, C.sub.1-30, or C.sub.1-40), a vitamin, a ligand, a peptide, a bioactive conjugate (including, but not limited to glycosphingolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, secosteroids, steroid hormones, or sterol lipids),

##STR00031## ##STR00032##

[0406] In one embodiment, R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00033##

[0407] In another embodiment, R.sup.1 is

##STR00034##

[0408] In another embodiment, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00035## ##STR00036##

[0409] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a methylphosphonate, a methylenephosphonate, a phosphotriester, and a boranophosphate.

[0410] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, and a boranophosphate.

[0411] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is a phosphorothioate.

[0412] In another embodiment, L is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene glycol chain, an alkyl chain, and a peptide.

[0413] In another embodiment, L is selected from an ethylene glycol chain or a peptide.

[0414] In yet another embodiment, L is

##STR00037##

[0415] In still another embodiment, L is

##STR00038##

[0416] In another embodiment, L is

##STR00039##

[0417] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 87 is a compound the Formula shown in FIG. 88.

[0418] In another embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 87, is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 88, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0419] R.sup.1 is

##STR00040##

[0419] and

[0420] R.sup.2 is

##STR00041##

[0421] In another aspect, provided herein is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0422] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

[0422] ##STR00042## ##STR00043##

[0423] R.sup.3 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of an internucleotide linker as shown in FIG. 82; and

[0424] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl chain (e.g., C.sub.1-6, C.sub.1-10, C.sub.1-20, C.sub.1-30, or C.sub.1-40), a vitamin, a ligand, a peptide, a bioactive conjugate (including, but not limited to glycosphingolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, secosteroids, steroid hormones, or sterol lipids),

##STR00044## ##STR00045##

[0425] In one embodiment, R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00046##

[0426] In another embodiment, R.sup.1 is

##STR00047##

[0427] In another embodiment, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of

##STR00048## ##STR00049##

[0428] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a methylphosphonate, a methylenephosphonate, a phosphotriester, and a boranophosphate.

[0429] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is an internucleotide linker independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, and a boranophosphate.

[0430] In another embodiment, R.sup.3 is a phosphorothioate.

[0431] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89 is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 90.

[0432] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89, is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 90, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0433] R.sup.1 is

##STR00050##

[0433] and

[0434] R.sup.2 is

##STR00051##

[0435] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89, is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 90, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0436] R.sup.1 is

##STR00052##

[0436] and

[0437] R.sup.2 is

##STR00053##

[0438] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89, is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 90, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0439] R.sup.1 is

##STR00054##

[0439] and

[0440] R.sup.2 is

##STR00055##

[0441] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89, is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 90, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0442] R.sup.1 is

##STR00056##

[0442] and

[0443] R.sup.2 is

##STR00057##

[0444] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89, is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 90, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0445] R.sup.1 is

##STR00058##

[0445] and

[0446] R.sup.2 is

##STR00059##

[0447] In one embodiment, the compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 89, is a compound of the Formula shown in FIG. 90, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0448] R.sup.1 is

##STR00060##

[0448] and

[0449] R.sup.2 is

##STR00061##

[0450] VIII. Methods of Introducing Nucleic Acids, Vectors and Host Cells

[0451] RNA silencing agents of the invention may be directly introduced into the cell (e.g., a neural cell) (i.e., intracellularly); or introduced extracellularly into a cavity, interstitial space, into the circulation of an organism, introduced orally, or may be introduced by bathing a cell or organism in a solution containing the nucleic acid. Vascular or extravascular circulation, the blood or lymph system, and the cerebrospinal fluid are sites where the nucleic acid may be introduced.

[0452] The RNA silencing agents of the invention can be introduced using nucleic acid delivery methods known in art including injection of a solution containing the nucleic acid, bombardment by particles covered by the nucleic acid, soaking the cell or organism in a solution of the nucleic acid, or electroporation of cell membranes in the presence of the nucleic acid. Other methods known in the art for introducing nucleic acids to cells may be used, such as lipid-mediated carrier transport, chemical-mediated transport, and cationic liposome transfection such as calcium phosphate, and the like. The nucleic acid may be introduced along with other components that perform one or more of the following activities: enhance nucleic acid uptake by the cell or other-wise increase inhibition of the target gene.

[0453] Physical methods of introducing nucleic acids include injection of a solution containing the RNA, bombardment by particles covered by the RNA, soaking the cell or organism in a solution of the RNA, or electroporation of cell membranes in the presence of the RNA. A viral construct packaged into a viral particle would accomplish both efficient introduction of an expression construct into the cell and transcription of RNA encoded by the expression construct. Other methods known in the art for introducing nucleic acids to cells may be used, such as lipid-mediated carrier transport, chemical-mediated transport, such as calcium phosphate, and the like. Thus the RNA may be introduced along with components that perform one or more of the following activities: enhance RNA uptake by the cell, inhibit annealing of single strands, stabilize the single strands, or other-wise increase inhibition of the target gene.

[0454] RNA may be directly introduced into the cell (i.e., intracellularly); or introduced extracellularly into a cavity, interstitial space, into the circulation of an organism, introduced orally, or may be introduced by bathing a cell or organism in a solution containing the RNA. Vascular or extravascular circulation, the blood or lymph system, and the cerebrospinal fluid are sites where the RNA may be introduced.

[0455] The cell having the target gene may be from the germ line or somatic, totipotent or pluripotent, dividing or non-dividing, parenchyma or epithelium, immortalized or transformed, or the like. The cell may be a stem cell or a differentiated cell. Cell types that are differentiated include adipocytes, fibroblasts, myocytes, cardiomyocytes, endothelium, neurons, glia, blood cells, megakaryocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, leukocytes, granulocytes, keratinocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, hepatocytes, and cells of the endocrine or exocrine glands.

[0456] Depending on the particular target gene and the dose of double stranded RNA material delivered, this process may provide partial or complete loss of function for the target gene. A reduction or loss of gene expression in at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% or more of targeted cells is exemplary. Inhibition of gene expression refers to the absence (or observable decrease) in the level of protein and/or mRNA product from a target gene. Specificity refers to the ability to inhibit the target gene without manifest effects on other genes of the cell. The consequences of inhibition can be confirmed by examination of the outward properties of the cell or organism (as presented below in the examples) or by biochemical techniques such as RNA solution hybridization, nuclease protection, Northern hybridization, reverse transcription, gene expression monitoring with a microarray, antibody binding, Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), Western blotting, RadiolmmunoAssay (RIA), other immunoassays, and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).

[0457] For RNA-mediated inhibition in a cell line or whole organism, gene expression is conveniently assayed by use of a reporter or drug resistance gene whose protein product is easily assayed. Such reporter genes include acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), alkaline phosphatase (AP), beta galactosidase (LacZ), beta glucoronidase (GUS), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), green fluorescent protein (GFP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), luciferase (Luc), nopaline synthase (NOS), octopine synthase (OCS), and derivatives thereof. Multiple selectable markers are available that confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin, puromycin, and tetracyclin. Depending on the assay, quantitation of the amount of gene expression allows one to determine a degree of inhibition which is greater than 10%, 33%, 50%, 90%, 95% or 99% as compared to a cell not treated according to the present invention. Lower doses of injected material and longer times after administration of RNAi agent may result in inhibition in a smaller fraction of cells (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 50%, 75%, 90%, or 95% of targeted cells). Quantization of gene expression in a cell may show similar amounts of inhibition at the level of accumulation of target mRNA or translation of target protein. As an example, the efficiency of inhibition may be determined by assessing the amount of gene product in the cell; mRNA may be detected with a hybridization probe having a nucleotide sequence outside the region used for the inhibitory double-stranded RNA, or translated polypeptide may be detected with an antibody raised against the polypeptide sequence of that region.

[0458] The RNA may be introduced in an amount which allows delivery of at least one copy per cell. Higher doses (e.g., at least 5, 10, 100, 500 or 1000 copies per cell) of material may yield more effective inhibition; lower doses may also be useful for specific applications.

[0459] In an exemplary aspect, the efficacy of an RNAi agent of the invention (e.g., an siRNA targeting an htt target sequence) is tested for its ability to specifically degrade mutant mRNA (e.g., htt mRNA and/or the production of huntingtin protein) in cells, in particular, in neurons (e.g., striatal or cortical neuronal clonal lines and/or primary neurons). Also suitable for cell-based validation assays are other readily transfectable cells, for example, HeLa cells or COS cells. Cells are transfected with human wild type or mutant cDNAs (e.g., human wild type or mutant huntingtin cDNA). Standard siRNA, modified siRNA or vectors able to produce siRNA from U-looped mRNA are co-transfected. Selective reduction in target mRNA (e.g., huntingtin mRNA) and/or target protein (e.g., huntingtin protein) is measured. Reduction of target mRNA or protein can be compared to levels of target mRNA or protein in the absence of an RNAi agent or in the presence of an RNAi agent that does not target htt mRNA. Exogenously-introduced mRNA or protein (or endogenous mRNA or protein) can be assayed for comparison purposes. When utilizing neuronal cells, which are known to be somewhat resistant to standard transfection techniques, it may be desirable to introduce RNAi agents (e.g., siRNAs) by passive uptake.

[0460] Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viruses and Vectors

[0461] In certain exemplary embodiments, recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) and their associated vectors can be used to deliver one or more siRNAs into cells, e.g., neural cells (e.g., brain cells). AAV is able to infect many different cell types, although the infection efficiency varies based upon serotype, which is determined by the sequence of the capsid protein. Several native AAV serotypes have been identified, with serotypes 1-9 being the most commonly used for recombinant AAV. AAV-2 is the most well-studied and published serotype. The AAV-DJ system includes serotypes AAV-DJ and AAV-DJ/8. These serotypes were created through DNA shuffling of multiple AAV serotypes to produce AAV with hybrid capsids that have improved transduction efficiencies in vitro (AAV-DJ) and in vivo (AAV-DJ/8) in a variety of cells and tissues.

[0462] In particular embodiments, widespread central nervous system (CNS) delivery can be achieved by intravascular delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus 7 (rAAV7), RAAV9 and rAAV10, or other suitable rAAVs (Zhang et al. (2011) Mol. Ther. 19(8):1440-8. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.98. Epub 2011 May 24). rAAVs and their associated vectors are well-known in the art and are described in US Patent Applications 2014/0296486, 2010/0186103, 2008/0269149, 2006/0078542 and 2005/0220766, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0463] rAAVs may be delivered to a subject in compositions according to any appropriate methods known in the art. An rAAV can be suspended in a physiologically compatible carrier (i.e., in a composition), and may be administered to a subject, i.e., a host animal, such as a human, mouse, rat, cat, dog, sheep, rabbit, horse, cow, goat, pig, guinea pig, hamster, chicken, turkey, a non-human primate (e.g., Macaque) or the like. In certain embodiments, a host animal is a non-human host animal.

[0464] Delivery of one or more rAAVs to a mammalian subject may be performed, for example, by intramuscular injection or by administration into the bloodstream of the mammalian subject. Administration into the bloodstream may be by injection into a vein, an artery, or any other vascular conduit. In certain embodiments, one or more rAAVs are administered into the bloodstream by way of isolated limb perfusion, a technique well known in the surgical arts, the method essentially enabling the artisan to isolate a limb from the systemic circulation prior to administration of the rAAV virions. A variant of the isolated limb perfusion technique, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,403, can also be employed by the skilled artisan to administer virions into the vasculature of an isolated limb to potentially enhance transduction into muscle cells or tissue. Moreover, in certain instances, it may be desirable to deliver virions to the central nervous system (CNS) of a subject. By "CNS" is meant all cells and tissue of the brain and spinal cord of a vertebrate. Thus, the term includes, but is not limited to, neuronal cells, glial cells, astrocytes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), interstitial spaces, bone, cartilage and the like. Recombinant AAVs may be delivered directly to the CNS or brain by injection into, e.g., the ventricular region, as well as to the striatum (e.g., the caudate nucleus or putamen of the striatum), spinal cord and neuromuscular junction, or cerebellar lobule, with a needle, catheter or related device, using neurosurgical techniques known in the art, such as by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Stein et al., J Virol 73:3424-3429, 1999; Davidson et al., PNAS 97:3428-3432, 2000; Davidson et al., Nat. Genet. 3:219-223, 1993; and Alisky and Davidson, Hum. Gene Ther. 11:2315-2329, 2000).

[0465] The compositions of the invention may comprise an rAAV alone, or in combination with one or more other viruses (e.g., a second rAAV encoding having one or more different transgenes). In certain embodiments, a composition comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more different rAAVs each having one or more different transgenes.

[0466] An effective amount of an rAAV is an amount sufficient to target infect an animal, target a desired tissue. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an rAAV is an amount sufficient to produce a stable somatic transgenic animal model. The effective amount will depend primarily on factors such as the species, age, weight, health of the subject, and the tissue to be targeted, and may thus vary among animal and tissue. For example, an effective amount of one or more rAAVs is generally in the range of from about 1 ml to about 100 ml of solution containing from about 10.sup.9 to 10.sup.16 genome copies. In some cases, a dosage between about 10.sup.11 to 10.sup.12 rAAV genome copies is appropriate. In certain embodiments, 10.sup.12 rAAV genome copies is effective to target heart, liver, and pancreas tissues. In some cases, stable transgenic animals are produced by multiple doses of an rAAV.

[0467] In some embodiments, rAAV compositions are formulated to reduce aggregation of AAV particles in the composition, particularly where high rAAV concentrations are present (e.g., about 10.sup.13 genome copies/mL or more). Methods for reducing aggregation of rAAVs are well known in the art and, include, for example, addition of surfactants, pH adjustment, salt concentration adjustment, etc. (See, e.g., Wright et al. (2005) Molecular Therapy 12:171-178, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.)

[0468] "Recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors" comprise, at a minimum, a transgene and its regulatory sequences, and 5' and 3' AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). It is this recombinant AAV vector which is packaged into a capsid protein and delivered to a selected target cell. In some embodiments, the transgene is a nucleic acid sequence, heterologous to the vector sequences, which encodes a polypeptide, protein, functional RNA molecule (e.g., siRNA) or other gene product, of interest. The nucleic acid coding sequence is operatively linked to regulatory components in a manner which permits transgene transcription, translation, and/or expression in a cell of a target tissue.

[0469] The AAV sequences of the vector typically comprise the cis-acting 5' and 3' inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences (See, e.g., B. J. Carter, in "Handbook of Parvoviruses", ed., P. Tijsser, CRC Press, pp. 155 168 (1990)). The ITR sequences are usually about 145 basepairs in length. In certain embodiments, substantially the entire sequences encoding the ITRs are used in the molecule, although some degree of minor modification of these sequences is permissible. The ability to modify these ITR sequences is within the skill of the art. (See, e.g., texts such as Sambrook et al, "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual", 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989); and K. Fisher et al., J Virol., 70:520 532 (1996)). An example of such a molecule employed in the present invention is a "cis-acting" plasmid containing the transgene, in which the selected transgene sequence and associated regulatory elements are flanked by the 5' and 3' AAV ITR sequences. The AAV ITR sequences may be obtained from any known AAV, including mammalian AAV types described further herein.

[0470] IX. Methods of Treatment

[0471] The present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a disease or disorder caused, in whole or in part, by a gain of function mutant protein. In one embodiment, the disease or disorder is a trinucleotide repeat disease or disorder. In another embodiment, the disease or disorder is a polyglutamine disorder. In a preferred embodiment, the disease or disorder is a disorder associated with the expression of huntingtin and in which alteration of huntingtin, especially the amplification of CAG repeat copy number, leads to a defect in huntingtin gene (structure or function) or huntingtin protein (structure or function or expression), such that clinical manifestations include those seen in Huntington's disease patients.

[0472] "Treatment," or "treating," as used herein, is defined as the application or administration of a therapeutic agent (e.g., a RNA agent or vector or transgene encoding same) to a patient, or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, who has the disease or disorder, a symptom of disease or disorder or a predisposition toward a disease or disorder, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disease or disorder, the symptoms of the disease or disorder, or the predisposition toward disease.

[0473] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for preventing in a subject, a disease or disorder as described above, by administering to the subject a therapeutic agent (e.g., an RNAi agent or vector or transgene encoding same). Subjects at risk for the disease can be identified by, for example, any or a combination of diagnostic or prognostic assays as described herein. Administration of a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of the disease or disorder, such that the disease or disorder is prevented or, alternatively, delayed in its progression.

[0474] Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods treating subjects therapeutically, i.e., alter onset of symptoms of the disease or disorder. In an exemplary embodiment, the modulatory method of the invention involves contacting a cell expressing a gain-of-function mutant with a therapeutic agent (e.g., a RNAi agent or vector or transgene encoding same) that is specific for a target sequence within the gene (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1, 2 or 3), such that sequence specific interference with the gene is achieved. These methods can be performed in vitro (e.g., by culturing the cell with the agent) or, alternatively, in vivo (e.g., by administering the agent to a subject).

[0475] With regards to both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treatment, such treatments may be specifically tailored or modified, based on knowledge obtained from the field of pharmacogenomics. "Pharmacogenomics," as used herein, refers to the application of genomics technologies such as gene sequencing, statistical genetics, and gene expression analysis to drugs in clinical development and on the market. More specifically, the term refers the study of how a patient's genes determine his or her response to a drug (e.g., a patient's "drug response phenotype," or "drug response genotype"). Thus, another aspect of the invention provides methods for tailoring an individual's prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with either the target gene molecules of the present invention or target gene modulators according to that individual's drug response genotype. Pharmacogenomics allows a clinician or physician to target prophylactic or therapeutic treatments to patients who will most benefit from the treatment and to avoid treatment of patients who will experience toxic drug-related side effects.

[0476] Therapeutic agents can be tested in an appropriate animal model. For example, an RNAi agent (or expression vector or transgene encoding same) as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with said agent. Alternatively, a therapeutic agent can be used in an animal model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent. For example, an agent can be used in an animal model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent. Alternatively, an agent can be used in an animal model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent.

[0477] A pharmaceutical composition containing an RNA silencing agent of the invention can be administered to any patient diagnosed as having or at risk for developing a neurological disorder, such as Huntington's disease. In one embodiment, the patient is diagnosed as having a neurological disorder, and the patient is otherwise in general good health. For example, the patient is not terminally ill, and the patient is likely to live at least 2, 3, 5 or more years following diagnosis. The patient can be treated immediately following diagnosis, or treatment can be delayed until the patient is experiencing more debilitating symptoms, such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesis in Parkinson's disease patients. In another embodiment, the patient has not reached an advanced stage of the disease.

[0478] An RNA silencing agent modified for enhance uptake into neural cells can be administered at a unit dose less than about 1.4 mg per kg of bodyweight, or less than 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, 0.0005, 0.0001, 0.00005 or 0.00001 mg per kg of bodyweight, and less than 200 nmole of RNA agent (e.g., about 4.4.times.10.sup.16 copies) per kg of bodyweight, or less than 1500, 750, 300, 150, 75, 15, 7.5, 1.5, 0.75, 0.15, 0.075, 0.015, 0.0075, 0.0015, 0.00075, 0.00015 nmole of RNA silencing agent per kg of bodyweight. The unit dose, for example, can be administered by injection (e.g., intravenous or intramuscular, intrathecally, or directly into the brain), an inhaled dose, or a topical application. Particularly preferred dosages are less than 2, 1, or 0.1 mg/kg of body weight.

[0479] Delivery of an RNA silencing agent directly to an organ (e.g., directly to the brain) can be at a dosage on the order of about 0.00001 mg to about 3 mg per organ, or preferably about 0.0001-0.001 mg per organ, about 0.03-3.0 mg per organ, about 0.1-3.0 mg per eye or about 0.3-3.0 mg per organ. The dosage can be an amount effective to treat or prevent a neurological disease or disorder, e.g., Huntington's disease. In one embodiment, the unit dose is administered less frequently than once a day, e.g., less than every 2, 4, 8 or 30 days. In another embodiment, the unit dose is not administered with a frequency (e.g., not a regular frequency). For example, the unit dose may be administered a single time. In one embodiment, the effective dose is administered with other traditional therapeutic modalities.

[0480] In one embodiment, a subject is administered an initial dose, and one or more maintenance doses of an RNA silencing agent. The maintenance dose or doses are generally lower than the initial dose, e.g., one-half less of the initial dose. A maintenance regimen can include treating the subject with a dose or doses ranging from 0.01 .mu.g to 1.4 mg/kg of body weight per day, e.g., 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or 0.00001 mg per kg of bodyweight per day. The maintenance doses are preferably administered no more than once every 5, 10, or 30 days. Further, the treatment regimen may last for a period of time which will vary depending upon the nature of the particular disease, its severity and the overall condition of the patient. In preferred embodiments the dosage may be delivered no more than once per day, e.g., no more than once per 24, 36, 48, or more hours, e.g., no more than once every 5 or 8 days. Following treatment, the patient can be monitored for changes in his condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state. The dosage of the compound may either be increased in the event the patient does not respond significantly to current dosage levels, or the dose may be decreased if an alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state is observed, if the disease state has been ablated, or if undesired side-effects are observed.

[0481] The effective dose can be administered in a single dose or in two or more doses, as desired or considered appropriate under the specific circumstances. If desired to facilitate repeated or frequent infusions, implantation of a delivery device, e.g., a pump, semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or reservoir may be advisable. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition includes a plurality of RNA silencing agent species. In another embodiment, the RNA silencing agent species has sequences that are non-overlapping and non-adjacent to another species with respect to a naturally occurring target sequence. In another embodiment, the plurality of RNA silencing agent species is specific for different naturally occurring target genes. In another embodiment, the RNA silencing agent is allele specific. In another embodiment, the plurality of RNA silencing agent species target two or more target sequences (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, or more target sequences).

[0482] Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the compound of the invention is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 .mu.g to 100 g per kg of body weight (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,094).

[0483] The concentration of the RNA silencing agent composition is an amount sufficient to be effective in treating or preventing a disorder or to regulate a physiological condition in humans. The concentration or amount of RNA silencing agent administered will depend on the parameters determined for the agent and the method of administration, e.g. nasal, buccal, or pulmonary. For example, nasal formulations tend to require much lower concentrations of some ingredients in order to avoid irritation or burning of the nasal passages. It is sometimes desirable to dilute an oral formulation up to 10-100 times in order to provide a suitable nasal formulation.

[0484] Certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of an RNA silencing agent can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of an RNA silencing agent for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays as described herein. For example, the subject can be monitored after administering an RNA silencing agent composition. Based on information from the monitoring, an additional amount of the RNA silencing agent composition can be administered.

[0485] Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease condition to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual compounds, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In some embodiments, the animal models include transgenic animals that express a human gene, e.g., a gene that produces a target RNA, e.g., an RNA expressed in a neural cell. The transgenic animal can be deficient for the corresponding endogenous RNA. In another embodiment, the composition for testing includes an RNA silencing agent that is complementary, at least in an internal region, to a sequence that is conserved between the target RNA in the animal model and the target RNA in a human.

[0486] X. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration

[0487] The invention pertains to uses of the above-described agents for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments as described Infra. Accordingly, the modulators (e.g., RNAi agents) of the present invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, antibody, or modulatory compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

[0488] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), and transmucosal administration. In certain exemplary embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is delivered to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a route of administration that includes, but is not limited to, intrastriatal (IS) administration, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration and intrathecal (IT) administration (e.g., via a pump, an infusion or the like). Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfate; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

[0489] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous, IS, ICV and/or IT administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL.TM. (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[0490] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

[0491] Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

[0492] For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

[0493] Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

[0494] The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

[0495] The RNA silencing agents can also be administered by transfection or infection using methods known in the art, including but not limited to the methods described in McCaffrey et al. (2002), Nature, 418(6893), 38-9 (hydrodynamic transfection); Xia et al. (2002), Nature Biotechnol., 20(10), 1006-10 (viral-mediated delivery); or Putnam (1996), Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 53(2), 151-160, erratum at Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 53(3), 325 (1996).

[0496] The RNA silencing agents can also be administered by any method suitable for administration of nucleic acid agents, such as a DNA vaccine. These methods include gene guns, bio injectors, and skin patches as well as needle-free methods such as the micro-particle DNA vaccine technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,389, and the mammalian transdermal needle-free vaccination with powder-form vaccine as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,587. Additionally, intranasal delivery is possible, as described in, inter alia, Hamajima et al. (1998), Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 88(2), 205-10. Liposomes (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,375) and microencapsulation can also be used. Biodegradable targetable microparticle delivery systems can also be used (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,996).

[0497] In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

[0498] It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.

[0499] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. Although compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

[0500] The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the EC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal response) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

[0501] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack or dispenser together with optional instructions for administration.

[0502] As defined herein, a therapeutically effective amount of a RNA silencing agent (i.e., an effective dosage) depends on the RNA silencing agent selected. For instance, if a plasmid encoding shRNA is selected, single dose amounts in the range of approximately 1 .mu.g to 1000 mg may be administered; in some embodiments, 10, 30, 100 or 1000 .mu.g may be administered. In some embodiments, 1-5 g of the compositions can be administered. The compositions can be administered one from one or more times per day to one or more times per week; including once every other day. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a protein, polypeptide, or antibody can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments.

[0503] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted into expression constructs, e.g., viral vectors, retroviral vectors, expression cassettes, or plasmid viral vectors, e.g., using methods known in the art, including but not limited to those described in Xia et al., (2002), Supra. Expression constructs can be delivered to a subject by, for example, inhalation, orally, intravenous injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the delivery vector can include the vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.

[0504] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also include small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), and expression constructs engineered to express shRNAs. Transcription of shRNAs is initiated at a polymerase III (pol III) promoter, and is thought to be terminated at position 2 of a 4-5-thymine transcription termination site. Upon expression, shRNAs are thought to fold into a stem-loop structure with 3' UU-overhangs; subsequently, the ends of these shRNAs are processed, converting the shRNAs into siRNA-like molecules of about 21 nucleotides. Brummelkamp et al. (2002), Science, 296, 550-553; Lee et al, (2002). supra; Miyagishi and Taira (2002), Nature Biotechnol., 20, 497-500; Paddison et al. (2002), supra; Paul (2002), supra; Sui (2002) supra; Yu et al. (2002), supra.

[0505] The expression constructs may be any construct suitable for use in the appropriate expression system and include, but are not limited to retroviral vectors, linear expression cassettes, plasmids and viral or virally-derived vectors, as known in the art. Such expression constructs may include one or more inducible promoters, RNA Pol III promoter systems such as U6 snRNA promoters or H1 RNA polymerase III promoters, or other promoters known in the art. The constructs can include one or both strands of the siRNA. Expression constructs expressing both strands can also include loop structures linking both strands, or each strand can be separately transcribed from separate promoters within the same construct. Each strand can also be transcribed from a separate expression construct, Tuschl (2002), Supra.

[0506] In certain exemplary embodiments, a composition that includes an RNA silencing agent of the invention can be delivered to the nervous system of a subject by a variety of routes. Exemplary routes include intrathecal, parenchymal (e.g., in the brain), nasal, and ocular delivery. The composition can also be delivered systemically, e.g., by intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, which is particularly useful for delivery of the RNA silencing agents to peripheral neurons. A preferred route of delivery is directly to the brain, e.g., into the ventricles or the hypothalamus of the brain, or into the lateral or dorsal areas of the brain. The RNA silencing agents for neural cell delivery can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration.

[0507] For example, compositions can include one or more species of an RNA silencing agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic, intranasal, transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection, intrathecal, or intraventricular (e.g., intracerebroventricular) administration. In certain exemplary embodiments, an RNA silencing agent of the invention is delivered across the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) suing a variety of suitable compositions and methods described herein.

[0508] The route of delivery can be dependent on the disorder of the patient. For example, a subject diagnosed with Huntington's disease can be administered an anti-htt RNA silencing agent of the invention directly into the brain (e.g., into the globus pallidus or the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia, and near the medium spiny neurons of the corpos striatum). In addition to an RNA silencing agent of the invention, a patient can be administered a second therapy, e.g., a palliative therapy and/or disease-specific therapy. The secondary therapy can be, for example, symptomatic (e.g., for alleviating symptoms), neuroprotective (e.g., for slowing or halting disease progression), or restorative (e.g., for reversing the disease process). For the treatment of Huntington's disease, for example, symptomatic therapies can include the drugs haloperidol, carbamazepine, or valproate. Other therapies can include psychotherapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy, communicative and memory aids, social support services, and dietary advice.

[0509] An RNA silencing agent can be delivered to neural cells of the brain. Delivery methods that do not require passage of the composition across the blood-brain barrier can be utilized. For example, a pharmaceutical composition containing an RNA silencing agent can be delivered to the patient by injection directly into the area containing the disease-affected cells. For example, the pharmaceutical composition can be delivered by injection directly into the brain. The injection can be by stereotactic injection into a particular region of the brain (e.g., the substantia nigra, cortex, hippocampus, striatum, or globus pallidus). The RNA silencing agent can be delivered into multiple regions of the central nervous system (e.g., into multiple regions of the brain, and/or into the spinal cord). The RNA silencing agent can be delivered into diffuse regions of the brain (e.g., diffuse delivery to the cortex of the brain).

[0510] In one embodiment, the RNA silencing agent can be delivered by way of a cannula or other delivery device having one end implanted in a tissue, e.g., the brain, e.g., the substantia nigra, cortex, hippocampus, striatum or globus pallidus of the brain. The cannula can be connected to a reservoir of RNA silencing agent. The flow or delivery can be mediated by a pump, e.g., an osmotic pump or minipump, such as an Alzet pump (Durect, Cupertino, Calif.). In one embodiment, a pump and reservoir are implanted in an area distant from the tissue, e.g., in the abdomen, and delivery is effected by a conduit leading from the pump or reservoir to the site of release. Devices for delivery to the brain are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,093,180, and 5,814,014.

[0511] An RNA silencing agent of the invention can be further modified such that it is capable of traversing the blood brain barrier. For example, the RNA silencing agent can be conjugated to a molecule that enables the agent to traverse the barrier. Such modified RNA silencing agents can be administered by any desired method, such as by intraventricular or intramuscular injection, or by pulmonary delivery, for example.

[0512] In certain embodiments, exosomes are used to deliver an RNA silencing agent of the invention. Exosomes can cross the BBB and deliver siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, chemotherapeutic agents and proteins specifically to neurons after systemic injection (See, Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Yin H, Betts C, Lakhal S, Wood M J. (2011). Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2011 April; 29(4):341-5. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1807; El-Andaloussi S, Lee Y, Lakhal-Littleton S, Li J, Seow Y, Gardiner C, Alvarez-Erviti L, Sargent I L, Wood M J. (2011). Exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA in vitro and in vivo. Nat Protoc. 2012 December; 7(12):2112-26. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.131; EL Andaloussi S, Mager I, Breakefield X O, Wood M J. (2013). Extracellular vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 May; 12(5):347-57. doi: 10.1038/nrd3978; El Andaloussi S, Lakhal S, Mager I, Wood M J. (2013). Exosomes for targeted siRNA delivery across biological barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013 March; 65(3):391-7. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.008).

[0513] In certain embodiments, one or more lipophilic molecules are used to allow delivery of an RNA silencing agent of the invention past the BBB (Alvarez-Ervit (2011)). The RNA silencing agent would then be activated, e.g., by enzyme degradation of the lipophilic disguise to release the drug into its active form.

[0514] In certain embodiments, one or more receptor-mediated permeablizing compounds can be used to increase the permeability of the BBB to allow delivery of an RNA silencing agent of the invention. These drugs increase the permeability of the BBB temporarily by increasing the osmotic pressure in the blood which loosens the tight junctions between the endothelial cells ((El-Andaloussi (2012)). By loosening the tight junctions normal intravenous injection of an RNA silencing agent can be performed.

[0515] In certain embodiments, nanoparticle-based delivery systems are used to deliver an RNA silencing agent of the invention across the BBB. As used herein, "nanoparticles" refer to polymeric nanoparticles that are typically solid, biodegradable, colloidal systems that have been widely investigated as drug or gene carriers (S. P. Egusquiaguirre, M. Igartua, R. M. Hernandez, and J. L. Pedraz, "Nanoparticle delivery systems for cancer therapy: advances in clinical and preclinical research," Clinical and Translational Oncology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 83-93, 2012). Polymeric nanoparticles are classified into two major categories, natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Natural polymers for siRNA delivery include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrin, chitosan, and atelocollagen (Y. Wang, Z. Li, Y. Han, L. H. Liang, and A. Ji, "Nanoparticle-based delivery system for application of siRNA in vivo," Current Drug Metabolism, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 182-196, 2010). Synthetic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and dendrimers, which have been intensively investigated (X. Yuan, S. Naguib, and Z. Wu, "Recent advances of siRNA delivery by nanoparticles," Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 521-536, 2011). For a review of nanoparticles and other suitable delivery systems, See Jong-Min Lee, Tae-Jong Yoon, and Young-Seok Cho, "Recent Developments in Nanoparticle-Based siRNA Delivery for Cancer Therapy," BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 782041, 10 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/782041 (incorporated by reference in its entirety.)

[0516] An RNA silencing agent of the invention can be administered ocularly, such as to treat retinal disorder, e.g., a retinopathy. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions can be applied to the surface of the eye or nearby tissue, e.g., the inside of the eyelid. They can be applied topically, e.g., by spraying, in drops, as an eyewash, or an ointment. Ointments or droppable liquids may be delivered by ocular delivery systems known in the art such as applicators or eye droppers. Such compositions can include mucomimetics such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or poly(vinyl alcohol), preservatives such as sorbic acid, EDTA or benzylchronium chloride, and the usual quantities of diluents and/or carriers. The pharmaceutical composition can also be administered to the interior of the eye, and can be introduced by a needle or other delivery device which can introduce it to a selected area or structure. The composition containing the RNA silencing agent can also be applied via an ocular patch.

[0517] In general, an RNA silencing agent of the invention can be administered by any suitable method. As used herein, topical delivery can refer to the direct application of an RNA silencing agent to any surface of the body, including the eye, a mucous membrane, surfaces of a body cavity, or to any internal surface. Formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, sprays, and liquids. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Topical administration can also be used as a means to selectively deliver the RNA silencing agent to the epidermis or dermis of a subject, or to specific strata thereof, or to an underlying tissue.

[0518] Compositions for intrathecal or intraventricular (e.g., intracerebroventricular) administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Compositions for intrathecal or intraventricular administration preferably do not include a transfection reagent or an additional lipophilic moiety besides, for example, the lipophilic moiety attached to the RNA silencing agent.

[0519] Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir. For intravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic.

[0520] An RNA silencing agent of the invention can be administered to a subject by pulmonary delivery. Pulmonary delivery compositions can be delivered by inhalation of a dispersion so that the composition within the dispersion can reach the lung where it can be readily absorbed through the alveolar region directly into blood circulation. Pulmonary delivery can be effective both for systemic delivery and for localized delivery to treat diseases of the lungs. In one embodiment, an RNA silencing agent administered by pulmonary delivery has been modified such that it is capable of traversing the blood brain barrier.

[0521] Pulmonary delivery can be achieved by different approaches, including the use of nebulized, aerosolized, micellular and dry powder-based formulations. Delivery can be achieved with liquid nebulizers, aerosol-based inhalers, and dry powder dispersion devices. Metered-dose devices are preferred. One of the benefits of using an atomizer or inhaler is that the potential for contamination is minimized because the devices are self-contained. Dry powder dispersion devices, for example, deliver drugs that may be readily formulated as dry powders. An RNA silencing agent composition may be stably stored as lyophilized or spray-dried powders by itself or in combination with suitable powder carriers. The delivery of a composition for inhalation can be mediated by a dosing timing element which can include a timer, a dose counter, time measuring device, or a time indicator which when incorporated into the device enables dose tracking, compliance monitoring, and/or dose triggering to a patient during administration of the aerosol medicament.

[0522] The types of pharmaceutical excipients that are useful as carriers include stabilizers such as human serum albumin (HSA), bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides; pH adjusters or buffers; salts such as sodium chloride; and the like. These carriers may be in a crystalline or amorphous form or may be a mixture of the two.

[0523] Bulking agents that are particularly valuable include compatible carbohydrates, polypeptides, amino acids or combinations thereof. Suitable carbohydrates include monosaccharides such as galactose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, trehalose, and the like; cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin; and polysaccharides, such as raffinose, maltodextrins, dextrans, and the like; alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, and the like. A preferred group of carbohydrates includes lactose, trehalose, raffinose maltodextrins, and mannitol. Suitable polypeptides include aspartame. Amino acids include alanine and glycine, with glycine being preferred.

[0524] Suitable pH adjusters or buffers include organic salts prepared from organic acids and bases, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, and the like; sodium citrate is preferred.

[0525] An RNA silencing agent of the invention can be administered by oral and nasal delivery. For example, drugs administered through these membranes have a rapid onset of action, provide therapeutic plasma levels, avoid first pass effect of hepatic metabolism, and avoid exposure of the drug to the hostile gastrointestinal (GI) environment. Additional advantages include easy access to the membrane sites so that the drug can be applied, localized and removed easily. In one embodiment, an RNA silencing agent administered by oral or nasal delivery has been modified to be capable of traversing the blood-brain barrier.

[0526] In one embodiment, unit doses or measured doses of a composition that include RNA silencing agents are dispensed by an implanted device. The device can include a sensor that monitors a parameter within a subject. For example, the device can include a pump, such as an osmotic pump and, optionally, associated electronics.

[0527] An RNA silencing agent can be packaged in a viral natural capsid or in a chemically or enzymatically produced artificial capsid or structure derived therefrom.

[0528] XI. Kits

[0529] In certain other aspects, the invention provides kits that include a suitable container containing a pharmaceutical formulation of an RNA silencing agent, e.g., a double-stranded RNA silencing agent, or sRNA agent, (e.g., a precursor, e.g., a larger RNA silencing agent which can be processed into a sRNA agent, or a DNA which encodes an RNA silencing agent, e.g., a double-stranded RNA silencing agent, or sRNA agent, or precursor thereof). In certain embodiments the individual components of the pharmaceutical formulation may be provided in one container. Alternatively, it may be desirable to provide the components of the pharmaceutical formulation separately in two or more containers, e.g., one container for an RNA silencing agent preparation, and at least another for a carrier compound. The kit may be packaged in a number of different configurations such as one or more containers in a single box. The different components can be combined, e.g., according to instructions provided with the kit. The components can be combined according to a method described herein, e.g., to prepare and administer a pharmaceutical composition. The kit can also include a delivery device.

[0530] It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other suitable modifications and adaptations of the methods described herein may be made using suitable equivalents without departing from the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein. Having now described certain embodiments in detail, the same will be more clearly understood by reference to the following example, which is included for purposes of illustration only and is not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Reduction of Huntingtin in Both Primary Neurons and Mouse Brain with Unformulated, Stabilized, Hydrophobic siRNAs

[0531] The use of hydrophobically modified ASO-siRNA hybrids, which have the potential to offer both better efficacy and distribution in vivo and knockdown in primary neurons in vitro, was explored. The huntingtin gene was used as a target for mRNA knockdown. Huntington's disease is monogenic (Mangiarini, L. et al. Exon 1 of the HTT gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice. Cell 87, 493-506 (1996)) with a number of cellular mechanisms leading to disease pathology (Zuccato, C., Valenza, M. & Cattaneo, E. Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutical Targets in Huntington's Disease. Physiological Reviews 90, 905-981 (2010)) making it an excellent candidate for possible future oligonucleotide therapeutics.

[0532] A panel of hydrophobically modified siRNAs targeting the Huntingtin gene was developed. Efficacy and potency in was observed both in primary neurons in vitro, and in vivo in mouse brain upon a single low dose injection without any formulation for delivery. These compounds combine a number of different chemical and structural modifications found both in earlier model siRNAs and hsiRNAs, as well as in ASOs. These properties, which include stabilizing base modifications, cholesterol conjugation, and a fully phosphorothioated single stranded tail, make these hsiRNAs excellent tools for studying gene function in hard-to-target primary cells and organs that can be adapted for use in a number of different biologically relevant systems.

1.1 hsiRNA--Hydrophobically Modified siRNA/Antisense Hybrids were Efficiently Internalized by Primary Neurons

[0533] The hsiRNAs were asymmetric compounds, with a short duplex region (15 base-pairs) and single-stranded fully phosphorothioated tail. All pyrimidines in these compounds were 2'-Fluoro and 2'-O-Methyl modified (providing stabilization), and the 3' end of the passenger strand was conjugated to TEG-Cholesterol (FIG. 1A, FIG. 8) 13. The cholesterol conjugate enabled quick membrane association, while the single stranded phosphorothioated tail was necessary for cellular internalization by a mechanism similar to the one used by conventional antisense oligonucleotides. Addition of Cy3-labeled hsiRNA to primary cortical neurons resulted in immediate (within minutes) cellular association (FIG. 1B). Interestingly, the uptake was first observed preferentially in dendrites, followed by re-localization to the cellular body (FIG. 9). The uptake was uniform across all cells in the dish, affirming efficient internalization.

1.2 Identification of hsiRNAs Targeting Huntingtin

[0534] A panel of 94 hsiRNA compounds (FIG. 8) targeting huntingtin mRNA was designed and synthesized. These sequences spanned the gene and were selected to comply with standard siRNA design parameters (Birmingham, A. et al. A protocol for designing siRNAs with high functionality and specificity. Nat Protoc 2, 2068-2078 (2007)) including assessment of GC content, specificity and low seed compliment frequency (Anderson, E. M. et al. Experimental validation of the importance of seed complement frequency to siRNA specificity. RNA 14, 853-861 (2008)), elimination of sequences containing miRNA seeds, and examination of thermodynamic bias (Khvorova, A., Reynolds, A. & Jayasena, S. D. Functional siRNAs and miRNAs Exhibit Strand Bias. Cell 115, 209-216 (2003); Schwarz, D. S. et al. Asymmetry in the Assembly of the RNAi Enzyme Complex. Cell 115, 199-208 (2003)). More than 50% of bases were chemically modified, to provide in vivo stability and minimization of immune response (Judge, A., Bola, G., Lee, A. & MacLachlan, I. Design of Noninflammatory Synthetic siRNA Mediating Potent Gene Silencing in Vivo. Molecular Therapy 13, 494-505 (2006)). The modifications imposed additional restrictions on sequence space, reducing the hit rate. Impact on Huntingtin mRNA expression was measured after 72 hours exposure to 1.5 .mu.M hsiRNA (passive uptake, no formulation) in HeLa cells by QUANTIGENE assay (FIG. 2), with 7% of sequences showing more than 70% silencing. Functional target sites were spread across the gene with the exception of the distal part of the 3'UTR, later explained by preferential expression of the shorter htt isoform in HeLa cells (Li, S. H. et al. Huntington's disease gene (IT15) is widely expressed in human and rat tissues. NEURON 11, 985-993 (1993)). IC50 values were identified for sixteen active sequences, selected based on primary screen activity and cross-species conservation (FIG. 10). IC50 values ranged from 90 to 766 nM in passive uptake (no formulation) and from 4 to 91 pM in lipid-mediated uptake (FIG. 8). Fully chemically-optimized active compounds were readily identified, indicating that a much smaller library should be sufficient in future screens for other genes, although hit rate is likely to be variable from target to target. The hsiRNA targeting position 10150 (HTT10150 (i.e., 5' CAGUAAAGAGAUUAA 3' (SEQ ID NO:1))) was used for further studies. To ensure that the hsiRNA chemical scaffold did not negatively impact efficacy and potency of HTT10150, the modified and unmodified versions of the compound were tested in both passive and lipid-mediated silencing assays (FIG. 3). As expected, only the modified sequence was successful at cellular delivery and Htt silencing by passive uptake (IC50=82.2 nM), while both the modified and unmodified compounds showed similar IC50 values in lipid mediated delivery (4 pM and 13 pM respectively) suggesting that the hsiRNA scaffold modifications did not interfere with RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) loading.

1.3 Potent and Specific Gene Silencing with Unformulated hsiRNAs in Primary Neurons

[0535] HTT10150 was further tested for mRNA silencing in primary neurons isolated from FVBN mice. Efficacy was seen at both 72 hours and one week following simple unformulated compound addition to cortical neurons (FIG. 4A) with maximum silencing (70%) observed at the 1.25 .mu.M concentration. HTT10150 also showed similar silencing in primary striatal neurons (FIG. 4B). Protein levels were measured after one week by Western blot (FIG. 14), confirming mRNA data with 85% reduction of protein upon treatment with 1.25 .mu.M of compound (FIG. 4C). The housekeeping genes (PPIB, GAPDH) and overall cell viability, measured by ALAMARBLUE Assay (FIGS. 11B and 14), were not affected at these concentrations. In other experiments, a slight impact on cell viability was observed at 3 .mu.M.

[0536] To evaluate duration of effect upon a single HTT10150 treatment, the silencing was measured at one week, two week, and three week intervals (FIG. 4D). The half-life of the loaded RISC complex was weeks (Song, E. et al. Sustained Small Interfering RNA-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibition in Primary Macrophages. Journal of Virology 77, 7174-7181 (2003)), and silencing was expected to be long lasting in non-dividing cells. Indeed, single treatment with hsiRNAs was sufficient to induce htt silencing at all times tested. Three weeks was the longest the primary neurons could be maintained in culture. Other systems will be used for longer-term experiments.

[0537] To demonstrate the general applicability of hsiRNAs as a tool for neuronal gene silencing, and to confirm this chemistry scaffold as valid for neuronal delivery, similar experiments were performed with several other hsiRNAs targeting HTT and with one targeting the house-keeping gene PPIB (Cyclophilin B) (FIGS. 11A and 13). Silencing as high as 70 and 90% was achieved with HTT and PPIB, respectively.

[0538] In summary, these data demonstrate that hydrophobically modified siRNA is a simple and straightforward approach for gene silencing in primary neurons, and can be adapted for multiple gene targets.

1.4 hsiRNA Distribution In Vivo in Mouse Brain Upon Single Injection

[0539] hsiRNAs are efficiently internalized by different types of neurons in vitro. The selected hsiRNA, HTT10150, was further evaluated for its potential to silence gene expression in the brain in vivo. To determine the distribution profile of HTT10150 upon in vivo administration, 12.5 .mu.g of Cy3 labelled hsiRNA (See FIG. 8 for sequence) was injected intrastriatally and, after 24 hours, the brain was perfused, sectioned, and oligonucleotide distribution was visualized by fluorescence microscopy (Leica DM5500--DFC365FX). The artificial CSF injected samples processed concurrently were used to set up microscopic imaging settings to control for background tissue epifluorescence.

[0540] The majority of compound showed a steep gradient of diffusion away from the injection site, with most of the ipsilateral striatum being covered (FIG. 5A, 5B). Interestingly, hsiRNAs were detected on the non-injected side (contralateral) side of the brain (both cortex and striatum), although relative concentrations appeared much lower. Higher magnification images showed significant association of hsiRNA with fiber tracks, most likely due to the presence of a hydrophobic modification. This aspect of hsiRNA may make it useful as a labelling reagent to visualize brain signalling architecture (FIG. 5C, 5D). In addition to fiber tracks and neurite labelling, hsiRNA could be detected as punctate staining in the perinuclear space of different cell types, including neurons, as evident from co-localization with NeuN (neuronal marker) stained cells (FIG. 5E) only 24 hours after injection.

[0541] The effect of vitamin D on hsiRNA distribution is depicted in FIGS. 79 and 80.

1.5 hsiRNA Efficacy In Vivo in Mouse Brain Upon Single Injection

[0542] To determine HTT10150 efficacy in vivo, wild type FVBN mice were dosed intrastriatally with a single injection of between 3 and 25 .mu.g (0.1-0.9 mg/kg) of compound and mRNA silencing was examined both ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection site. Eight animals were dosed per treatment group and three individual punches were taken from each side of the striatum for mRNA and protein quantification. Level of huntingtin expression were measured by QUANTIGENE Assay and normalized to a housekeeping gene (details in Online methods).

[0543] Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA comparison against CSF or PBS control with Bonferroni corrections for repeat measures using GraphPad Prism (Online methods for details). All groups induced silencing that was significant against CSF, PBS, and non-targeting control treated animals. Raw Data from the 24 individual punches per treatment group (8 animals, 3 punches per animal) can be seen in FIG. 15. At the site of administration (ipsilateral side), dose-dependent silencing reaching statistical significance was observed at all concentrations. The 25 .mu.g treatment induced 77% silencing (p<0.0001), and the 12.5 .mu.g treatment was repeated with two groups of animals on different days and showed statistically significant silencing of 66% and 42% (FIG. 6).

[0544] While initial distribution studies showed a steep gradient of diffusion away from the injection site with a minimal amount of compound migrating to the contralateral side, treatment with the higher doses of 25 .mu.g and 12.5 .mu.g resulted in statistically significant silencing (p<0.0001) on the non-injected side. However, the level of silencing was significantly less (only 36% for the 25 .mu.g group) than on the treated side of the brain.

[0545] In summary, these data show that a single intrastriatal injection of hsiRNA is sufficient to induce potent gene silencing around the site of administration. This effect was reproducible across different treatment groups and independent experiments.

1.6 Neuronal Viability Following Single hsiRNA Injection in Mouse Brain

[0546] Cholesterol modification of non-modified, naked siRNA has previously been used for improvement of siRNA brain distribution, with toxicity at high doses being identified as a potential limitation. To evaluate the degree of non-specific chemistry related effects on the brain, DARPP32 expression, an established marker for dopamine receptor expression on medium spiny neurons in the striatum and representative of neuronal viability, was investigated. Additionally, potential induction of an immune response was performed by assessing the extent of microglia activation upon hsiRNA injection.

[0547] No significant impact on DARPP32 expression was observed for doses up to 12.5 .mu.g suggesting persistent neuronal viability (FIGS. 7A, 7B, 16). Similarly, minimal microglial activation was visualized at the 12.5 .mu.g dose (FIG. 7C, 7D) indicative of a limited immune response in the presence of the modified hsiRNA. The 25 .mu.g dose did induce some reduction in DARPP32 just around the site of injection indicative of toxicity and establishing the maximum dose levels for this chemical scaffold upon the indicated route of administration. A 10-12.5 .mu.g single administration of hsiRNA efficiently silenced HTT mRNA in three, well powered, independent studies with robust silencing of 62, 42 and 52% without toxicity. These data indicate that this technology can be widely used for functional studies of other neurologically significant targets.

1.7 Further Characterization in Neurons

[0548] Sustained silencing was achieved for 21 days in terminally-differentiated neurons (FIG. 24). A silencing plateau was observed with RNAi (cytoplasmic) but not RNaseH (predominantly nuclear) compounds (FIG. 25). The observed plateau was specific to the htt gene. Approximately 60% of htt mRNA localized in the nuclei (FIG. 26).

[0549] Probe sets were validated in neurons (FIG. 27). A majority of the detected signal was specific to htt mRNA. A high fraction of yellow (co-localized staining) areas were observed. Without intending to be bound by scientific theory, the high degree of red signal may be related to uneven concentrations of the two probed sets.

[0550] Additional probe sets were validated for intron 60-61 in neurons (FIG. 28). Intron-specific probes showed one to two yellow dots in the nuclei specific to transcription sites. Exon-specific probes showed a higher degree of overlap.

[0551] Htt mRNA nuclear localization was specific to neurons and not to fibroblasts (FIG. 29). HsiRNA.sup.HTT treatment of cortical neurons preferentially eliminated cytoplasmic htt mRNA (FIGS. 30 and 31).

[0552] Close to complete HTT protein silencing was observed in primary cortical neurons (FIG. 32).

[0553] Direct injection of HTT10150 caused no detectable changes in neuronal numbers (FIG. 33). Cholesterol-hsiRNA exhibited a small area of toxicity adjacent to the injection site (FIG. 34).

[0554] FIGS. 58-60 disclose hsiRNA efficacy in wild-type and Q140 primary hippocampal neurons.

1.8 Discussion

[0555] This study demonstrates that the use of hydrophobically modified siRNA for delivery to primary cells is a valuable tool to enable functional and genomic studies of neuronal pathways and neurological disorders.

[0556] The ability to cause gene silencing in primary neurons without the use of toxic formulation has a significant impact on neuroscience research, facilitating a more in depth study of neurological disorders in the context of primary cell lines, and ultimately providing a more relevant understanding of in vivo function and pathology. Most neuronal studies are done in stable cell lines due to ease of delivery and cell maintenance, but using artificial cell systems can lead to artifacts in the data that can be attributed to manipulation of these cell lines, a problem that can be avoided by using primary cells (Cheung, Y.-T. et al. Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid on human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma as in vitro model in neurotoxicity research. NeuroToxicology 30, 127-135 (2009); Gilany, K. et al. The proteome of the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y: An enlarged proteome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)--Proteins and Proteomics 1784, 983-985 (2008); Lopes, F. M. et al. Comparison between proliferative and neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model for Parkinson disease studies. Brain Research 1337, 85-94 (2010); Zhang, W. et al. Cyclohexane 1,3-diones and their inhibition of mutant SOD1-dependent protein aggregation and toxicity in PC12 cells. BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1-17 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.039). Current methods for delivering siRNA to primary neurons include the use of lentiviral vectors, Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV), or Lipofectamine.TM.-mediated transfection (Karra, D. & Dahm, R. Transfection Techniques for Neuronal Cells. Journal of Neuroscience 30, 6171-6177 (2010)). By conjugating a hydrophobic moiety such as cholesterol directly to the siRNA itself and by utilizing an additional single stranded phosphorothioated tail for enhanced uptake, it has been demonstrated herein that, not only can siRNA be delivered efficiently into primary neurons in vitro with minimal toxicity, but also remains a potent silencer of mRNA.

[0557] Without intending to be bound by scientific theory, one of the major advantages of RNAi over antisense technology is that the loaded RISC is expected to remain active for a long period of time in non-dividing cells (Bartlett, D. W. Insights into the kinetics of siRNA-mediated gene silencing from live-cell and live-animal bioluminescent imaging. Nucleic Acids Research 34, 322-333 (2006)). Additionally, a limited number of loaded RISCs are sufficient for the induction of RNAi-mediated silencing (Stalder, L. et al. The rough endoplasmatic reticulum is a central nucleation site of siRNA-mediated RNA silencing. The EMBO Journal 32, 1115-1127 (2013)). The data presented herein demonstrates silencing for up to three weeks in vitro in primary cortical neurons upon a single treatment with hsiRNA, supporting the notion that RNAi-mediated silencing can be both efficient and long lasting. The data presented herein also shows that these compounds can be used to target multiple regions in two different genes, which demonstrates the adaptability of hsiRNA for the study of alternative neurological pathways and diseases.

[0558] While a single intra-striatal injection of hsiRNA resulted in potent gene silencing near the injection site in vivo, the effect was not evenly spread throughout the brain. Although limited, spread to other areas of the brain (demonstrated by in vivo efficacy studies) could be happening through a number of mechanisms. These include movement in the CSF, spread via fiber tracts which were shown to have a large visual density of Cy3-labeled hsiRNA in distribution studies, or possibly through retrograde transport (Stewart, G. R. & Sah, D. Retrograde Transport of siRNA and Therapeutic Uses to Treat Neurological Disorders. United States Patent Application Publication US 2008/0039415 A1, 1-18 (2008)), although further studies will be conducted to determine the actual mechanism.

[0559] The technology presented herein is useful for understanding functional genomics of particular brain regions, as well as for studying relationships between brain regions. Additionally, the study of some neurological disorders (for example memory disorders (Samuelson, K. W. Post-traumatic stress disorder and declarative memory functioning: a review. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 13, 346-351 (2011))) can benefit from limited and regionally targeted distribution and silencing. However, due to its distribution profile, hsiRNA as it currently exists is not a viable therapeutic for general neurological disorders like Huntington's disease. Multiple injections may work to increase overall silencing in small rodents, but in order to adapt this technology for use in larger animal brains and humans, and to achieve even and widespread distribution, other chemical modifications and therapeutic methods of delivery will be utilized. There are a number of ways in which this might be approached. First, chemical adjustments to the hsiRNA composition itself can be made. These include conjugating it to a different lipid, supplementing the backbone with additional phosphorothioate groups, or by addition of hydrophobic moieties to the nucleotides themselves (Vaught, J. D., Dewey, T. & Eaton, B. E. T7 RNA Polymerase Transcription with 5-Position Modified UTP Derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 11231-11237 (2004)). All of these modifications could support a range of hydrophobicities that would allow for more improved distribution across a larger distance. Increased bioavailability could also be achieved with different modes of injection such as into the CSF instead of intrastriatally, increasing the likelihood of exposure to the whole brain. However, delivery via the CSF could favor localization of hsiRNA to brain regions other than the striatum, making it a less than ideal delivery method for the treatment of Huntington's disease. Another possibility is formulated delivery by packaging these hydrophobically modified siRNAs into exosomes and liposomes (less toxic than current Lipofectamine.TM. formulations) and using these natural and synthetic nanocarriers to deliver cargo in a more evenly distributed fashion (Alvarez-Erviti, L. et al. Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 1-7 (2011). doi:10.1038/nbt.1807; Marcus, M. & Leonard, J. FedExosomes: Engineering Therapeutic Biological Nanoparticles that Truly Deliver. Pharmaceuticals 6, 659-680 (2013)). However, potency and efficacy of the delivered hsiRNA still needs to be validated for these methods.

[0560] In conclusion, HTT10150 was efficient for targeting huntingtin mRNA in primary neurons in vitro and locally in the mouse brain in vivo. This compound did not require any formulation for delivery to primary cells and enabled gene functional studies for huntingtin as well as other targets, making it a very useful tool for the study of neurological disorders. Potential advances to this technology should allow for hsiRNA to function as a therapeutic treatment for Huntington's disease as well as other neurological diseases in the future.

1.9 Methods

[0561] Cell Culture

[0562] HeLa cells were maintained in DMEM (Corning Cellgro) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen) and grown at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2. Cells were split every 2-5 days up to passage 15 and then discarded.

[0563] Cell Culture for Passive Uptake

[0564] Cells were plated in DMEM with 6% FBS at 10,000 cells/well in 96-well tissue culture treated plates. hsiRNA was diluted in OptiMEM (Gibco) to 2.times. final concentration and 50 .mu.L diluted hsiRNA was added to 50 .mu.L of cells for 3% FBS final. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2.

[0565] Cell Culture for Lipid-Mediated Uptake

[0566] Cells were plated in DMEM with 6% FBS at 10,000 cells/well in 96-well tissue culture treated plates. hsiRNA was diluted in OptiMEM to 4.times. final concentration. LIPOFECTAMINE RNAIMAX Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen #13778150) was diluted to 4.times. final concentration (final=0.3 .mu.L/25 .mu.L/well). RNAIMAX and hsiRNA were mixed 1:1 and 50 .mu.L was added to 50 .mu.L of cells for 3% FBS final. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2.

[0567] Preparation of Primary Neurons

[0568] Primary cortical neurons were obtained from E15.5 mouse embryos of WT (FVBN) mice. Pregnant females were anesthetized by IP injection of Avertin (250 mg/kg weight) followed by cervical dislocation. Embryos were removed and transferred into a Petri dish with ice-cold DMEM/F12 medium (Invitrogen). Brains were removed and meninges were carefully detached. Cortices were isolated and transferred into a 1.5-ml tube with pre-warmed papain solution for 25 minutes at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2 to dissolve tissue. Papain solution was prepared as follows: papain (Worthington #54N15251) was dissolved in 2 mL HibernateE (Brainbits) and 1 mL EBSS (Worthington). Separately, DNase (Worthington #54M15168) was re-suspended in 0.5 mL HibernateE. Then, 0.25 mL of re-suspended DNase was transferred to re-suspended papain for the final solution. After the 25 minute incubation, papain solution was removed and 1 mL NbActiv4 (Brainbits) supplemented with 2.5% FBS was added to the tissue. The cortices were then dissociated by pipetting up and down with a fire polished, glass Pasteur pipet. Cortical neurons were counted and plated at 1.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml. For live-cell imaging studies, culture plates were pre-coated with poly-L-lysine (Sigma #P4707) and 2.times.10.sup.5 cells were added to the glass center of each dish. For silencing assays, neurons were plated on poly-L-lysine pre-coated 96-well plates (BD BIOCOAT #356515) at 1.times.10.sup.5 cells per well. After overnight incubation at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2 an equal volume of NbActiv4 (Brainbits) supplemented with anti-mitotics, 0.484 .mu.L/mL of 5'UtP (Sigma #U6625) and 0.2402 .mu.L/mL of 5'FdU (Sigma #F3503), to prevent the growth of non-neuronal cells, was added to neuronal cultures. Half of the volume of media was replaced every 48 hours (with new NbActiv4 with anti-mitotics) until the neurons were treated with siRNA. Once the cells were treated, media was not removed, only added. All subsequent media additions contained anti-mitotics.

[0569] mRNA Quantification

[0570] mRNA was quantified using the QuantiGene 2.0 Assay (Affymetrix #QS0011). Cells were lysed in 250 .mu.L diluted lysis mixture (Affymetrix #13228), 1 part lysis mixture, 2 parts H.sub.2O, with 0.167 .mu.g/.mu.L proteinase K (Affymetrix #QS0103) for 30 minutes at 55.degree. C. Cell lysates were mixed thoroughly and 40 .mu.L (approximately 8000 cells) of lysate were added to the capture plate along with 40 .mu.L additional diluted lysis mixture without proteinase K. Probe sets were diluted as specified in the Affymetrix protocol. For HeLa cells, 20 .mu.L of human HTT or PPIB probe set (Affymetrix #SA-50339, #SA-10003) was added to appropriate wells for a final volume of 100 .mu.L. For primary neurons, 20 .mu.L of mouse HTT or PPIB probe set (Affymetrix #SB-14150, #SB-10002) was used.

[0571] Tissues were treated similarly, using 300 .mu.L of Homogenizing Buffer (Affymetrix #10642) with 2 .mu.g/.mu.L proteinase K for a 5 mg tissue punch. Tissues were then homogenized in 96-well plate format on the QIAGEN TissueLyser II and 40 .mu.L were added to the capture plate. Probe sets were diluted as specified in the Affymetrix protocol and 60 .mu.L of either HTT or PPIB probe sets (Affymetrix #SB-14150, #SB-10002) were added to each well of the capture plate for a final volume of 100 .mu.L. For DARPP32 quantification, only 10 .mu.L of tissue sample and 30 .mu.L of homogenizing buffer were added to each well with 60 .mu.L of mouse Ppp1r1b probe set (Affymetrix #SB-21622). Signal was amplified according to the Affymetrix protocol. Luminescence was detected on either the Veritas Luminometer or the Tecan M 1000.

[0572] Live Cell Staining

[0573] To monitor live cell hsiRNA uptake, cells were plated at a density of 2.times.10.sup.5 cells per 35 mm glass-bottom dish as described in the preparation of primary neurons above. Prior to imaging, cell nuclei were stained in phenol red free NbActiv4 using NUCBLUE (Molecular Probes by Life Technologies #R37605) as indicated by the manufacturer. Imaging was performed in phenol red free NbActiv4. Cells were treated with 0.5 .mu.M of Cy3-labeled hsiRNA, and live cell imaging was performed over time. All live cell confocal images were acquired with a Zeiss confocal microscope and images were processed using ImageJ (1.47v) software.

[0574] Immunohistochemistry/Immunofluorescence

[0575] For distribution studies, brains were injected with 1 nmol (12.5 .mu.g) of Cy3-labeled hsiRNA. After 24 hours, mice were sacrificed and brains were removed and sent to the DERC Morphology Core at UMASS Medical School to be embedded in paraffin and sliced into 4 .mu.m sections and mounted on glass slides. Sections were de-parafinized for 8 minutes in xylene two times. Sections were then rehydrated with serial ethanol dilutions (100%, 95%, 80%) for 4 minutes each, then washed twice for two minutes with PBS. For NueN staining, slides were boiled for 5 minutes in antigen retrieval buffer and then left to sit at room temperature for 20 minutes, followed by a 5-minute wash with PBS. Slides were then blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS+0.05% Tween20 for 1 hour and washed once with PBS+0.05% Tween20 for 5 minutes. Primary antibody (1:1000 dilution in PBS+0.05% Tween20) was added to slides for a 1 hour incubation followed by three 5-minute washes with PBS+0.05% Tween20. Secondary antibody (1:1000 dilution in PBS+0.05% Tween20) was added to slides for a 30-minute incubation in the dark followed by three 5-minute washes with PBS+0.05% Tween20. Slides were then stained with DAPI (Molecular Probes by Life Technologies #D3571), diluted to 250 ng/mL in PBS, for one minute followed by three 1-minute washes with PBS. Mounting media and coverslips were applied to slides and left to dry over night before imaging on Leica DM5500--DFC365FX microscope at indicated magnification.

[0576] For toxicity and microglia activation studies extracted, perfused brains were sliced into 40 .mu.m sections on the Leica 2000T Vibratome in ice cold PBS. Immunohistochemistry was performed on every 6th section against DARPP32 (Millipore, 1:10,000 dilution) and IBA-1 (Millipore, 1:500 dilution). Sections were mounted and visualized by light microscopy. Four images were taken at 20.times. in the striatum of both injected and non-injected sides of each section. The number of DARPP32 positive neurons was quantified using ImageJ. Activated microglia was quantified by morphology of stained cells for IBA-1.

[0577] Animals, Stereotaxic Injections

[0578] Wild-type (FVBN) mice received microinjections by stereotactic placement into the right striata (coordinates (relative to bregma) were 1.0 mm anterior, 2.0 mm lateral, and 3.0 mm ventral). Animals were deeply anesthetized prior to injection with 1.2% Avertin. For both toxicity (DARPP32) and efficacy studies, mice received injections of either PBS or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (2 .mu.L per striata, N=8 mice), 12.5 .mu.g of NTC hsiRNA (2 .mu.L of 500 .mu.M stock solution per striata, N=8 mice), 25 .mu.g of HTT10150 hsiRNA (2 .mu.L of 1 mM stock solution per striata, N=8 mice), 12.5 .mu.g of HTT10150 hsiRNA (2 .mu.L of 500 .mu.M stock solution per striata, N=16 mice total, two sets of 8 mice on two different days), 6.3 .mu.g of HTT10150 hsiRNA (2 .mu.L of 250 .mu.M stock solution per striata, N=8 mice), or 3.1 .mu.g of HTT10150 hsiRNA (2 .mu.L of 125 .mu.M stock solution per striata, N=8 mice) and euthanized 5 days later. Brains were harvested and three 300 .mu.m coronal sections were made. One 2 mm punch was taken per side (injected and non-injected) for each section and placed in RNAlater (Ambion #AM7020) for 24 hours at 4.degree. C. Each punch was processed as an individual sample for the QuantiGene assay analysis. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Massachusetts Medical School Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC, protocol number A-2411).

[0579] Statistical Analysis

[0580] Data analyses were done using GraphPad Prism 6 version 6.04 software (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). For concentration dependent curve IC50s, a curve was fitted using log(inhibitor) vs. response--variable slope (four parameters). The bottom of the curve was set to be no less than zero and the top of the curve was set to be no greater than 100. For each independent mouse experiment, the level of knockdown at each dose was normalized to the mean of the control group, which was the non-injected side of the PBS or artificial CSF groups, so that all data were expressed as a proportion of the control. In vivo data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (one-way ANOVA) with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Differences in all comparisons were considered significant at P-values less than 0.05.

[0581] Cell Culture for Passive Uptake (Primary Screen and Dose Response)

[0582] Cells were plated in DMEM (Gibco) with 6% FBS (Gibco) at 10,000 cells/well in 96-well tissue culture treated plates. HsiRNA was diluted in OptiMEM (Gibco) to 2.times. final concentration and 50 uL diluted hsiRNA was added to 50 .mu.L of cells for 3% FBS final. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at 37 C and 5% CO.sub.2.

[0583] Cell Culture for Lipid-Mediated Uptake

[0584] Cells were plated in DMEM (Gibco) with 6% FBS (Gibco) at 10,000 cells/well in 96-well tissue culture treated plates. HsiRNA was diluted in OptiMEM (Gibco) to 4.times. final concentration. LIPOFECTAMINE RNAIMAX Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen CAT #13778150) was diluted to 4.times. final concentration (final=0.3 .mu.L/25 .mu.L/well). RNAIMAX and hsiRNA were mixed 1:1 and 50 .mu.L was added to 50 uL of cells for 3% FBS final. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at 37 C and 5% CO.sub.2.

[0585] mRNA Quantification

[0586] mRNA was quantified using the QuantiGene 2.0 Assay (Affymetrix QS0011). Cells were lysed in 250 .mu.L diluted lysis mixture, 1 part lysis mixture, 2 parts H2O, with 0.167 .mu.g/.mu.L proteinase K (Affymetrix QS0103) for 30 minutes at 55 C. Cell lysates were mixed thoroughly and 40 .mu.L (.about.8000 cells) of lysate were added to capture plate along with 40 .mu.L additional diluted lysis mixture without proteinase K. Tissues were treated similarly, using 300 .mu.L of Homoginizing Buffer (Affymetrix) with 2 .mu.g/.mu.L proteinase K for a 5 mg tissue punch. Tissues were then homogenized in 96-well plate format on Qaigen TissueLyzer and 40 .mu.L were added to capture plate. Probe sets were diluted as specified in Affymetrix protocol and 20 .mu.L of either HTT or PPIB probes (Affymetrix: SA-50339, SA-10003) were added to each well of capture plate for final volume of 100 .mu.L. Signal was amplified according to manufacture protocol. Luminescence was detected on either the Veritas Luminometer or the Tecan M 1000.

[0587] Live Cell Staining and Brain Sections Immunostaining

[0588] For live cell uptake monitoring, cells were plated at a density of 2.times.10.sup.5 cells per 35 mm glass-bottom dish and grown overnight. Prior to imaging, cell organelles were stained in HBSS (Gibco) using staining reagents purchased from Life Technologies unless specified: cell nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes were respectively stained using the NUCBLUE Live READYPROBE, ER-TRACKER Green (Bodipy FL Glibenclamide) and LYSOTRACKER Deep Red reagents as indicated by the manufacturer. Imaging was performed in non-supplemented DMEM without phenol red (Invitrogen). Cells were treated with 0.5 .mu.M of Cy3-labeled hsiRNA, and live cell imaging was performed over time.

[0589] Confocal Imaging

[0590] All confocal images were acquired with a CSU10B Spinning Disk Confocal System scan head (Solamere Technology Group) mounted on a TE-200E2 inverted microscope (Nikon) with a 60.times. Plan/APO oil lens and a Coolsnap HQ2 camera (Roper). Images were processed using ImageJ (1.47v) software. Number of neurons without or with hsiRNA was counted using ImageJ software. Brain sections images were acquired with a z-axis spacing of 1 .mu.m.

Example 2

hsiRNA Retention and Distribution is Directly Related to Hydrophobicity

[0591] Although FM-hsiRNAs showed improved retention and accumulation in brain and spinal cord and induce maximal silencing at 10-fold lower doses than partially stabilized hsiRNAs, they were largely retained near the injection site (FIG. 102; Chol-hsiRNA). It was hypothesized that the limited distribution of hsiRNAs could result from preferential binding of hsiRNA to lipid-enriched myelin and myelinated structures due to the strong hydrophobicity of the cholesterol conjugate, and that tuning the hydrophobicity of the hsiRNA conjugates would improve distribution through the spinal cord and brain. To test the idea, a panel of naturally occurring, hydrophobic molecules capable of active neuronal trafficking, was screened including: (i) neuroactive steroids, i.e., endogenous steroids that traverse the blood-brain barrier and bind a variety of gated-ion channels and neuronal-expressed receptors (Rupprecht R. Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003; 28:139-68. PMID: 12510009), including GABA (Lan N C, Gee K W. Neuroactive steroid actions at the GABAA receptor. Hormones and behavior. 1994; 28:537-44. PMID: 7729823); (ii) gangliosides--neuroprotective glycolipids critical for neuronal plasticity and repair (Aureli M, Mauri L, Ciampa M G, Prinetti A, Toffano G, Secchieri C, Sonnino S. GM1 Ganglioside: Past Studies and Future Potential. Molecular neurobiology. 2015. PMID: 25762012); and (iii) endocannabinoid-like long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids--neuromodulatory lipids recognized by receptors involved in appetite, pain, mood, and memory (Dyall S C. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2015; 7:52. PMID: 25954194; PMCID: PMC4404917; Janssen C I, Kiliaan A J. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: the influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration. Progress in lipid research. 2014; 53:1-17. PMID: 24334113; Figueroa J D, De Leon M. Neurorestorative targets of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in neurological injury. Molecular neurobiology. 2014; 50:197-213. PMID: 24740740; PMCID: PMC4183712).

[0592] The most robust approach for synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates was to attach the activated conjugate to an amino-modified support. The structure and length of the linker were varied (e.g., branched) and the support was functionalized whenever feasible. Variations of the synthetic approaches outlined in FIGS. 93 and 94 were used to synthesize hsiRNAs conjugated to cortisol, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), calciferol, cholesterol, and GM1 ganglioside (FIGS. 98 and 99). All compounds were HPLC-purified and their identities were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The calciferol-functionalized support was unstable, resulting in a mixture of several variants that were tested in vivo (described infra).

[0593] As expected, the compounds showed different degrees of hydrophobicity based on retention time during reverse phase chromatography. Injection of Cy3-labeled hsiRNA conjugates into striata or ICV (FIG. 92) of wild-type mice revealed varying degrees of hsiRNA distribution and retention that strongly correlated with hydrophobicity. Non-conjugated or linker-only hsiRNAs showed minimal retention in the brain (similar to that of antisense oligonucleotides) and the most hydrophobic compounds, cholesterol and GM1, were primarily retained near the site of injection. Optimal retention/distribution was achieved with DHA and calciferol conjugates (infra), which have intermediate hydrophobicity profiles. DHA-hsiRNA was studied in detail and showed great efficacy and unprecedented safety (therapeutic index>20-fold) (Nikan et al., 2016; Molecular Therapy, in revision, see Appendix). In summary, the data presented herein show that tuning the hydrophobicity of conjugates is a valid strategy to identify conjugates that support optimal retention, distribution, and safety in brain tissues.

[0594] GM1-hsiRNA was efficiently internalized and induced huntingtin mRNA silencing in primary cortical neurons (FIG. 108). GM1-hsiRNA displayed limited distribution in mouse brain upon intrastriatal injection (FIG. 109).

Example 3

DHA-hsiRNA

[0595] Partially-modified hsiRNAs demonstrated a short duration of effect and no systemic exposure (FIGS. 35A-C). Metabolic stabilization was further explored (FIG. 36). Full metabolic stabilization did not interfere with RISC entry of hsiRNAs (FIG. 37). Fully metabolically stabilized hsiRNA (FM-hsiRNA) enhanced local delivery and distribution and enabled a longer duration of effect (FIGS. 38, 39A-B, 91, 110 and 111 The term "nucleoside").

[0596] Naturally-occurring lipids (i.e., glycosphingolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, secosteroids, steroid hormones and sterol lipids) were investigated as hsiRNA bioconjugates (FIG. 40). Lipid bioconjugates had a pronounced effect on hsiRNA.sup.HTT sense strand hydrophobicity.

[0597] A study was designed to explore in vivo distribution of hsiRNA conjugates. Intrastriatal unilateral injection (2 nmol/2 .mu.l) of FVBN WT mice with P2-stabilized siRNA CY3 conjugates in aCSF was performed. 48 hours post-injection, animals were perfused with PBS and 10% formalin. Their brains were removed and post-fixed for 48 hours. 4 .mu.m coronal and sagittal slices were prepared and stained with DAPI. Imaging was performed on a Leica DM 5500 fluorescent microscope (CY3 and DAPI). It was determined that hsiRNA hydrophobicity was directly correlated with brain distribution and retention (FIG. 41). A key property was a balance between distribution and retention.

[0598] Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)--hsiRNAs were synthesized (FIG. 42). DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary component of the human brain (70%). DHA crosses the bold brain barrier (BBB) and is actively internalized by neurons and other cell types. It is a non-toxic supplement clinically shown to improve cognitive function in HD and ALS patients. DHA is significantly less hydrophobic that cholesterol.

[0599] DHA-hsiRNA and chol-hsiRNA were shown to be internalized into primary cortical neurons (FIG. 43). DHA-hsiRNA co-localized with neurons and astrocytes (FIG. 44) and was localized to the perinuclear region of striatal neurons (chol-hsiRNA was undetectable in striatal neurons) (FIG. 45). DHA-hsiRNA co-localized with neurons and astrocytes in the cortex following a single intrastriatal injection (FIG. 46). DHA-hsiRNA localized to the perinuclear region in cortical neurons, while chol-hsiRNA was undetectable (FIG. 47). DHA-hsiRNA efficiently distributed throughout the brain and silenced genes in both the striatum and the cortex (FIG. 57).

[0600] DHA-hsiRNA showed robust efficacy in the striatum and the cortex (FIGS. 48 and 49). Up to 200 .mu.g DHA-hsiRNA had no effect on DARPP-32 levels, indicating compound safety (FIG. 50). In contrast, 25 .mu.g (1 mg/kg) was the maximum tolerated intrastriatal dose of chol-hsiRNA. Up to 200 .mu.g DHA-hsiRNA caused no significant increase in activated microglia, indicating minimal immune stimulation (FIG. 51).

[0601] hsiRNA allows for simple and efficient gene silencing in primary neurons in vivo in the brain. Oligonucleotide hydrophobicity defines brain tissue retention and distribution. Oligonucleotide chemistry was shown to impact cellular delivery and distribution (FIGS. 52-56). DHA-hsiRNA conjugates represent a new class of oligonucleotides with wide in vivo efficacy and a wide therapeutic index.

Example 4

PC-DHA-hsiRNA (PC-DHA-hsiRNA)

[0602] Encouraged by the wide therapeutic index of DHA-hsiRNAs, DHA and related conjugates were investigated in more detail. Circulating DHA is mostly present as a lysophosphatidylcholine ester, which is the only form actively trafficked through the blood-brain barrier via the specific transporter Mfsd2a (Nguyen L N, Ma D, Shui G, Wong P, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Zhang X, Wenk M R, Goh E L, Silver D L. Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Nature. 2014; 509:503-6. PMID: 24828044).

[0603] The lysophosphatidylcholine ester of DHA is unstable, so a lysophosphatidylcholine (PC) amide of DHA was synthesized (FIGS. 93, 94, 100 and 101). PC-DHA is a metabolically stable analog compatible with solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Its identity was confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometry. Testing the idea that lysophosphatidylcholine should improve trafficking of DHA-hsiRNA, it was determined that that PC-DHA-hsiRNAs showed a wider distribution and increased efficacy in brain tissue than do DHA-hsiRNAs (FIGS. 92 and 103). Importantly, as a class, DHA conjugates showed a wide therapeutic index with no obvious innate immune activation or neuronal degeneration at concentrations 20-fold higher than the minimum effective dose (FIG. 92). Comparatively, Chol-hsiRNA showed significant toxicity at 25 .mu.g injections (FIG. 92C). Lastly, a bolus CSF (ICV) infusion supported wide distribution in the brain, covering striatum, cortex and even reaching more posterior and ventral regions of the brain (FIG. 92). Due to its exceptional characteristics, PC-DHA-hsiRNA was selected as a lead chemistry to investigate.

[0604] PC-DHA is a metabolically active analogue of DHA (FIG. 62). PC-DHA-hsiRNA demonstrates enhanced neuronal silencing in vitro, enhanced brain distribution and enhanced in vivo potency (with no signs of toxicity) relative to DHA-hsiRNA.

[0605] PC-DHA-hsiRNA and chol-hsiRNA were each shown to efficiently silence both mutant and wild-type htt mRNA (FIG. 61). Chol-hsiRNA demonstrated toxicity (3 out of 6 animals died). The living animals demonstrated very low (3-fold over background) human htt expression.

[0606] PC-DHA-hsiRNA, when delivered to primary neurons, demonstrated enhanced potency relative to DHA-hsiRNA (FIG. 63). Although chol-hsiRNA was more effective in decreasing htt gene expression in primary neurons (FIG. 64), PC-DHA-hsiRNA showed superior brain retention and wider distribution (FIG. 65).

[0607] PC-DHA-hsiRNA showed approximately 80% silencing in mouse striatum after a single interstitial (IS) injection (FIG. 66) and showed approximately 60% silencing in mouse cortex after a single IS injection (FIG. 67). There was no indication of toxicity. Silencing was limited to injected side of the brain.

[0608] The kidney is the main target of PC-DHA-hsiRNA (FIG. 107). PC-DHA-hsiRNA accumulated in the proximal convoluted tubules.

Example 5

Discovery of Di-hsiRNAs

[0609] Branched oligonucleotides represent a novel class of oligonucleotide therapeutics. Two to eight oligonucleotides were attached together through a hydrophobic linker, with 2-3 oligonucleotides attached together being preferred. Substantial chemical stabilization was typically used (at least 40% bases modified, fully modified preferred. Single stranded phosphorothioated tail of 2-20 was typically used (with 8-10 preferred).

[0610] The discovery of di-branched hsiRNA (di-hsiRNA) compounds was pure serendipity. Calciferol readily oxidizes and the solid support proved to be unstable, complicating QC and purification. A pool of four major byproducts were injected into striata of wild-type mice. It performed better than any compound that had been previously injected into the CNS. The products showed wide diffusion, great retention and preferential uptake into neurons in cortex, striatum, and spinal cord, which is an almost ideal profile. Detailed characterization by HPLC and mass spectrometry identified the byproducts present in the crude mixture: the desired calciferol-hsiRNA conjugate, hsiRNA capped with a triethylene glycol linker (TEG), and two hsiRNAs connected by a TEG linker. The latter compound resulted from calciferol being cleaved off during support loading, leaving two active groups on which to grow hsiRNA passenger strands (FIG. 95A). After purifying each byproduct it was determined that each could efficiently enter RISC in vitro (FIG. 95B), but only Di-hsiRNAs showed the wide distribution and preferential neuronal uptake (FIG. 95C). A route to directly synthesize Di-hsiRNA with >70% yield (FIGS. 93 and 94), confirmed by mass spectrometry, was devised (FIGS. 100 and 101).

[0611] A bolus ICV infusion of Di-hsiRNAs supported delivery throughout the brain Di-branched hsiRNA (di-hsiRNA) compounds were determined to support wide distribution in the brain (FIGS. 68, 69 and 104A). Note the brain injected with Cy3-Di-hsiRNA in FIG. 104A is pink throughout. Single injection of di-siRNA was detected on both ipsilateral and contralateral to injection site indicating that spread is not limited to the injected hemisphere but is also occurring across the midline into the non-injected side. The lesser degree of di-siRNA accumulation on the contralateral side, although significant, may necessitate bilateral injections for full brain silencing. Alternative methods of injection including intracerebral-ventricular may also facilitate bilateral distribution with only one injection.

[0612] Branching was determined to be essential for enhanced brain distribution (FIG. 70). Di-hsiRNA distributed throughout the injected hemisphere of the mouse brain following intrastriatal injection. While a single non-conjugated hsiRNA can silence mRNA in primary neurons, the di-hsiRNA structure was essential for enhanced tissue distribution and tissue retention of modified oligo nucleotides. Other conjugates such as cholesterol, although retained, showed a steep gradient of diffusion away from the site of injection. The subtle hydrophobicity of the two single stranded phosphorothioated tails supported tissue retention while also allowing for widespread and uniform distribution throughout the ipsilateral hemisphere of the injected brain.

[0613] In vivo gene silencing after single IS injections of di-hsiRNA was studied (FIG. 71). Single injection of di-siRNA induced robust silencing in both the striatum and cortex of mouse brain (FIGS. 72 and 73). This level of efficacy has never been demonstrated previously for non-conjugated siRNAs. Although di-hsiRNA appears visually associated with fiber tracts in striatum, the efficacy observed clearly indicates that striatal neurons internalized di-siRNA to a significant degree.

[0614] Di-hsiRNA also supported uniform spinal cord distribution (FIG. 74). A di-hsiRNA bolus IT injection supported htt silencing in spinal cords (FIG. 75). Di-siRNA showed robust and even silencing throughout the spinal cord following intrathecal injection. A single injection of di-hsiRNA in the lumbar region of the spinal cord silenced mRNA to the same degree in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions indicating even and long range distribution. This accepted method of drug delivery will allow for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases affecting neurons in the spinal cord.

[0615] Di siRNA showed a very unique cellular distribution when injected intrastriatally into the brain (FIG. 76). Fluorescently labeled di-siRNA appeared to localize preferentially with neurons in the cortex. This selective feature was specific to these compounds and was not true for other siRNA conjugates, such as cholesterol, which showed no cell-type preference.

[0616] Di-siRNA showed localization to fiber tracts in the striatum but was present within neuronal cell bodies in the cortex (FIG. 77). Without intending to be bound by scientific theory, movement to the cortex could be through diffusion or could be the result of retrograde transport via striatal fiber tracts. The theory that retrograde transport is partially responsible is supported by the fact that some areas of the cortex showed full neuronal penetration while neurons in adjacent areas showed no di-hsiRNA association.

[0617] Intrathecal injection of di-hsiRNA produced similarly impressive results for the spinal cord (FIG. 105A). Whereas chol-hsiRNA (the original conjugated hsiRNA) showed a steep gradient of distribution with a relatively small amount reaching grey matter and motor neurons, di-hsiRNAs uniformly distributed throughout the spinal cord and co-localized with the motor neurons (enlarged in FIG. 105A).

[0618] The wide distribution of di-hsiRNA after a single injection was associated with greater than 85% silencing in the striatum, 70% silencing in the in cortex (FIG. 104B) and approximately 50% silencing in the spinal cord (FIG. 105B). While significant amounts of di-hsiRNAs accumulated over time in the striatum, cortex, liver and kidneys (FIG. 104C), no evidence of inflammation or neuronal degeneration were detected at the highest doses tested (i.e., 400 .mu.g ICV and 150 .mu.g IT), which far exceed the minimum effective dose. At these levels, Chol-hsiRNAs are toxic. Based on these data, di-hsiRNAs have been selected as a second class of chemistry for detailed characterization, optimization, and validation. A detailed characterization of di-hsiRNAs will be performed to determine the dose-response, maximum tolerated dose and therapeutic index. Cellular, molecular and biochemical assays will be used to further measure the in vivo distribution and accumulation of compounds and the degree of target gene regulation.

Example 6

Evidence that Axonal Transport Contributes to Di-hsiRNA Distribution in Brain

[0619] The preferential delivery of di-hsiRNAs to neurons, especially distal to the injection site, was encouraging. In mice intrastriatally injected with Cy3-di-hsiRNA (FIG. 95C), we detect Di-hsiRNA in every NeuN-positive cell (neurons) of the cortex but not in other non-neuronal cell types (e.g., glia). One interpretation of this observation is that di-hsiRNAs are preferentially transported along axons to distal neurons. Why would branched oligonucleotides have such a profound effect on their distribution? It is hypothesized that a role for cooperative binding, whereby one hsiRNA weakly binds to a receptor, and a second independent binding event promotes internalization (Alves I D, Ciano K A, Boguslayski V, Varga E, Salamon Z, Yamamura H I, Hruby V J, Tollin G. Selectivity, cooperativity, and reciprocity in the interactions between the delta-opioid receptor, its ligands, and G-proteins. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2004; 279:44673-82. PMID: 15317820). Cooperative binding by covalently linked hsiRNAs might dramatically enhance the rate of cellular uptake and consequently tissue retention. This and other hypotheses will be tested and detailed structure-activity relationship studies of di-hsiRNAs will be performed.

Example 7

Evidence PC-DHA and Di-hsiRNA Conjugates: Two Novel Classes of CNS Active Oligonucleotides

[0620] As described in the data above, two novel, chemically distinct classes of therapeutic siRNAs, PC-DHA-hsiRNAs and Di-hsiRNAs, have been designed that support wide distribution and potent gene silencing in CNS tissues after CSF infusion. Di-hsiRNAs appear promising but currently lack data on safety and therapeutic index. PC-DHA-hsiRNAs have a wide therapeutic window (FIG. 103). This is important because antisense oligonucleotides in clinical trials for CNS indications have a narrow therapeutic index.

[0621] To mitigate potential risk, both classes of compounds will be evaluated in detail. The goal is to achieve greater than 70% target gene silencing at a dose of less than 200 .mu.g/injection, greater than 10-fold therapeutic index, and 1-month to 3-month duration of effect with a bolus injection via CSF. The development of a simple technology platform that allows straightforward and long-lasting silencing in the brain and the spinal cord of a small animal will advance the field of neuroscience research significantly. It will enable direct functional analysis of a range of novel targets with suspected involvement in brain biology and neurodegenerative disease progression. The data described herein demonstrate that chemistry defines distribution, efficacy and safety of oligonucleotides. Chemical variants of PC-DHA-hsiRNA and di-hsiRNA will be evaluated to identify scaffolds with higher efficacy and wider therapeutic indices, features that are essential for future translation of this technology platform towards human therapeutics. Lastly, the performance of several compounds will be validated in established animal models of neurodegenerative disease, by silencing HTT in HD.

Example 8

Characterization of PC-DHA and Di-hsiRNA Distribution, Efficacy and Safety in the Brain and the Spinal Cord

[0622] Oligonucleotide Synthesis

[0623] HsiRNA and Di-hsiRNAs will be synthesized (0.2 grams, +/-Cy3) and HPLC-purified as fully metabolically stable hsiRNAs (including 5'-E-VP as a terminal phosphate analog), followed by characterization by mass spectrometry. A variety of linkers have been screened and optimal scaffolds for PC-DHA and di-hsiRNA conjugation have been identified. The functionalized supports will be synthesized as shown in FIGS. 93 and 94. The following compounds will be used: HTT-10150 (HD) and PPIB-437 (housekeeping control). Numbers denote the position of the human mRNA targeted by the 5' nucleotide of the guide strand. All compounds have been previously identified using optimized bioinformatics parameters (Birmingham A, Anderson E, Sullivan K, Reynolds A, Boese Q, Leake D, Karpilow J, Khvorova A. A protocol for designing siRNAs with high functionality and specificity. Nature protocols. 2007; 2:2068-78. PMID: 17853862) and extensive experimental screening. Each siRNA targets and silences the corresponding human, mouse and monkey mRNAs, which will simplify future clinical development.

[0624] In addition to standard oligonucleotide synthesis systems, i.e., Mermaid12 and Expedite, a mid-scale RNA-synthesis capability (funded through an S10 grant), including an OligoPilot 100, preparative HPLCs, and high-resolution LC-MS, have been established. Large batches of novel compounds required for the in vivo studies proposed below will be synthesized.

[0625] Optimization of Administration Route

[0626] Several routes of administration were compared and it was determined that a bolus infusion via CSF (ICV and IT infusion) supports the best degree of compound retention and distribution in CNS tissues. CSF delivery via these routes is analogous to a "spinal tap," a clinically acceptable route of administration. A side-by-side comparison of tissue retention and efficacy was compared when equivalent doses were delivered by bolus injection or by ALZET pump over a period of one week. Significantly better tissue retention and efficacy were observed with bolus injections, consistent with data reported for ASOs (Rigo F, Chun S J, Norris D A, Hung G, Lee S, Matson J, Fey R A, Gaus H, Hua Y, Grundy J S, Krainer A R, Henry S P, Bennett C F. Pharmacology of a central nervous system delivered 2'-O-methoxyethyl-modified survival of motor neuron splicing oligonucleotide in mice and nonhuman primates. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2014; 350:46-55. PMID: 24784568; PMCID: PMC4056267). Without intending to be bound by scientific theory, better performance of bolus administration over pump administration could be related to the mechanism of oligonucleotide uptake. For example, non-productive oligonucleotide sinks might be saturated faster by bolus than by pump infusion, thereby allowing excess oligonucleotide to be transported more readily.

[0627] To directly quantify intact guide strand in tissues, we have developed and implemented a novel and quantitative peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybridization assay was developed and implemented (FIG. 106). The assay was highly sensitive, with a limit of detection of less than 10 fmole hsiRNA per gram tissue. HsiRNA metabolites with full-length, partially degraded, 5'-phosphorylated and 5'-dephosphorylated guide strand could be readily quantified as separate peaks or shoulders in the HPLC trace. Using this assay the kinetics of guide strand retention in 2-mm punch biopsies taken from regions throughout spinal cord and brain will be quantified.

[0628] Based on previous experience, accumulation of 1 to 5 .mu.g oligonucleotide per gram tissue one week after injection is usually enough to support productive target silencing (FIGS. 104B, 104C). The fluorescence and PNA assays allow mapping of the distribution and quantity of conjugated hsiRNA delivered. These studies will complement functional analyses and establish a foundation for silencing efficacy studies.

[0629] Identify the Maximum Tolerated Dose

[0630] In pilot studies, 200 .mu.g DHA-hsiRNA and di-hsiRNA was established as a safe dose for intrastriatal injection (data for DHA is present in FIGS. 103B and 103C), 150 .mu.g was established as a safe dose for intrathecal injection, and 400 .mu.g was established as a safe dose for intracerebroventricular injection. Beginning at these levels, the dose will be increased in two-fold increments until animals show any indications of toxicity or until drug solubility limits of approximately 20 mM for PC-DHA-hsiRNA and approximately 50 mM for Di-hsiRNA are reached. Three weeks post-injection (optimal time required to see oligonucleotide toxicity), brain tissue will be collected and the number and viability of neurons will be assessed by staining for neuronal markers NeuN and DARPP-32 (Mullen R J, Buck C R, Smith A M. NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebrates. Development (Cambridge, England). 1992; 116:201-11. PMID: 1483388; Weyer A, Schilling K. Developmental and cell type-specific expression of the neuronal marker NeuN in the murine cerebellum. Journal of neuroscience research. 2003; 73:400-9. PMID: 12868073; Ouimet C C, Miller P E, Hemmings H C, Jr., Walaas S I, Greengard P. DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions. III. Immunocytochemical localization. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1984; 4:111-24. PMID: 6319625). Microglial activation (innate immune activation) will also be assessed by staining for IBA1 (Judge A D, Bola G, Lee A C, MacLachlan I. Design of noninflammatory synthetic siRNA mediating potent gene silencing in vivo. Molecular therapy: the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2006; 13:494-505. PMID: 16343994; Marques J T, Williams B R. Activation of the mammalian immune system by siRNAs. Nature biotechnology. 2005; 23:1399-405. PMID: 16273073). To test whether compounds trigger a reversible, short-term inflammatory response, mice will be injected with the maximum tolerated dose and glial activation will be examined at 6 hours post-administration. Completion of this study will generate data on the maximum tolerated dose for the two new classes of therapeutic hsiRNAs described herein.

[0631] Estimate PC-DHA and Di-hsiRNAs Clearance Profiles

[0632] The residence time of RNAs in CSF and blood will be determined. A repetitive CSF withdrawal in mice is unfeasible, therefore CSF clearance studies will be performed using rats, adjusting the dose accordingly. 10 .mu.l of CSF will be drawn at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours and at 1 week post-administration of PC-DHA- and Di-hsiRNAs using overlapping groups of animals. Similarly, 20 .mu.L of blood will be collected at 5 and 30 min, and at 1, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-injection. To minimize concerns related to repetitive blood draws over short time periods, and to minimize the number of animals required to obtain precise data, jugular vein catheterization will be used.

[0633] Based on previous pharmacokinetic studies with related siRNA compounds, it is expected that biphasic clearance kinetics will be observed, with the fast phase completed within four to six hours. Based on pilot studies, it could take a month(s) for complete drug clearance. However, a one-week pilot study is enough to approximate the clearance profile. Completion of this study will generate pilot data on clearance profiles for the two new classes of therapeutic hsiRNAs described herein.

[0634] Establishing the Dose Response

[0635] Dose-response studies will be performed to determine the optimal dose for silencing in areas of the brain showing significant oligonucleotide accumulation. Experiments will be performed similarly to those presented in FIGS. 103, 104 and 105. 3-mm punch biopsies will be harvested from the brain and spinal column of mice injected with increasing doses of PC-DHA and Di-hsiRNA, the levels of HTT or control mRNAs will be measured using the QUANTIGENE.RTM. assay.

[0636] QUANTIGENE.RTM. is a highly sensitive 96-well-based assay that uses signal amplification to detect mRNA in tissue or cell lysates directly. A protocol describing an automated, high-throughput (96-well) version of the assay that directly links TissueLyser and QUANTIGENE.RTM. was recently published (Coles A H, Osborn M F, Alterman J F, Turanov A A, Godinho B M, Kennington L, Chase K, Aronin N, Khvorova A. A High-Throughput Method for Direct Detection of Therapeutic Oligonucleotide-Induced Gene Silencing In Vivo. Nucleic acid therapeutics. 2015. PMID: 26595721). Thus, simultaneous quantification of HTT and housekeeping mRNAs can be performed for many tissues and/or animals. In pilot studies, it was determined that eight mice per group was sufficient to detect a 40% reduction in target gene expression with 80% confidence. Id.

[0637] HTT mRNA levels will be normalized to a control housekeeping mRNA. Artificial CSF and non-targeting controls (NTC) of the same chemical composition will be used to control for non-sequence-specific events. NTC hsiRNA will only be injected at the highest non-toxic concentration to limit the number of animals used. Though NTC is a better negative control, a second targeting hsiRNA (e.g., PPIB-targeting) will provide silencing data on two different targets with the same number of animals. Confirmation of silencing at the protein level is essential before transitioning toward animal models of disease, so Western blotting will be performed in a similar manner as has been done for chol-hsiRNAs (Alterman J F, Hall L M, Coles A H, Hassler M R, Didiot M C, Chase K, Abraham J, Sottosanti E, Johnson E, Sapp E, Osborn Alf, Difiglia M, Aronin N, Khvorova A. Hydrophobically Modified siRNAs Silence Huntingtin mRNA in Primary Neurons and Mouse Brain. Molecular therapy Nucleic acids. 2015; 4: e266. PMID: 26623938). Completion of this study should identify doses enabling functional gene silencing in different regions of the CNS for the two new classes of therapeutic hsiRNAs described herein.

[0638] PC-DHA and Di-hsiRNA Duration of Silencing Upon Single Administration

[0639] Most neurodegenerative disorders and disease models present a late onset of symptoms (e.g., 3 to 9 months in mice). The duration of silencing from one injection and how many injections will be needed to support 6 to 9 months of silencing should be determined. In general, siRNA-induced silencing in non-dividing cells is expected to last for month(s). The half-life of loaded RISC complex is several weeks (Whitehead K A, Langer R, Anderson D G. Knocking down barriers: advances in siRNA delivery. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2009; 8:129-38. PMID: 19180106) and less than 1,000 loaded RISC molecules per cell are sufficient to induce silencing (Stalder L, Heusermann W, Sokol L, Trojer D, Wirz J, Hean J, Fritzsche A, Aeschimann F, Pfanzagl V, Basselet P, Weiler J, Hintersteiner M, Morrissey D V, Meisner-Kober N C. The rough endoplasmatic reticulum is a central nucleation site of siRNA-mediated RNA silencing. The EMBO journal. 2013; 32:1115-27. PMID: 23511973; PMCID: 3630355; Pei Y, Hancock P J, Zhang H, Bartz R, Cherrin C, Innocent N, Pomerantz C J, Seitzer J, Koser M L, Abrams M T, Xu Y, Kuklin N A, Burke P A, Sachs A B, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Barnett S F. Quantitative evaluation of siRNA delivery in vivo. Rna. 2010; 16:2553-63. PMID: 20940339; PMCID: 2995415).

[0640] Moreover, FM-hsiRNAs may provide another advantage. A cell usually takes up millions of hsiRNAs, but the vast majority are trapped in lysosomes. Conventional, partially modified hsiRNAs entrapped in lysosomes are degraded, but FM-hsiRNAs are not. As a result, FM-hsiRNAs transiently trapped in lysosomes form an intracellular "depot" that slowly releases FM-hsiRNAs, making them available for RISC loading. Data from the Alnylam GalNAc trials indicate that optimized delivery to the liver provides up to six-month efficacy from a single subcutaneous injection. The data presented herein are in line with this observation; a single FM-hsiRNA injection provides maximal silencing for at least a month (FIG. 2D).

[0641] To measure the retention of hsiRNA and duration of silencing, three mice will be injected with the highest tolerated dose of PC-DHA- or di-hsiRNAs, and the levels of intact guide strand in tissues will be measured at 1, 2 and 4 weeks and at 2, 3, 4 and 6 months using the PNA assay (FIG. 106). As soon as intact guide strand levels fall below 1 .mu.g hsiRNA per gram tissue, the study will be terminated. HTT mRNA levels will be measured at time points where guide strand concentration is above one .mu.g per gram tissue in a separate study powered (n=8) to reliably detect silencing effects. Though it is expected that the duration of silencing will be at least three months, experimental validation is desired.

[0642] Exploring Mechanisms of Cellular Uptake and Trafficking of Di-hsiRNAs

[0643] Di-branched hsiRNAs showed significantly enhanced retention and distribution in CNS tissues compared to an equal dose of linker-bound single siRNA, indicating that cooperative binding by the covalently linked siRNAs or receptor dimerization drive cellular uptake (FIG. 95C). Differential uptake will be visualized and characterized using a combination of TESM microscopy (time-resolved epifluorescence structure microscopy) and mass spectrometry.

[0644] Develop "Antidotes" for HTT Compounds

[0645] Gene therapy approaches (i.e., permanent gene silencing) are currently being considered for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, so 1- to 6-month duration of silencing seems relatively safe. Nevertheless, an "antidote" to reverse the silencing would satisfy concerns about safety. An "antidote" is also be a great tool to study gene function in vivo, allowing one to test how long a gene needs to be downregulated to produce associated phenotypes.

[0646] Addressing similar concerns from the FDA, Alnylam has developed a technology, called "REVERSIR.RTM.," which enables reversal of long-term silencing. The concept involves developing a high-affinity antisense (LNA and 2'-O-methyl/deoxy) MIXMER.RTM. fully complementary to the seed region of the functional hsiRNA. WA panel of hsiANTIDOTEs targeting HTT10150 (and eventually other compounds) will be designed and synthesized, and their ability to reverse silencing in vitro and in vivo will be assessed (FIG. 96). Antidotes will be synthesized in the context of the PC-DHA conjugate to enable similar distribution properties as the PC-DHA-hsiRNA. Completion of this study will generate antidotes against lead hsiRNA compounds to enable reversal of their in vivo activity, if desired.

[0647] Alternative Approach: Test Whether PC-DHA Conjugation and Di-Branched Structure Improve Antisense-Mediated Silencing in the Brain

[0648] Antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders are in clinically advanced stages of development (Evers M M, Toonen L J, van Roon-Mom W M. Antisense oligonucleotides in therapy for neurodegenerative disorders. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2015. PMID: 25797014; Kordasiewicz H B, Stanek L M, Wancewicz E V, Mazur C, McAlonis M M, Pytel K A, Artates J W, Weiss A, Cheng S H, Shihabuddin L S, Hung G, Bennett C F, Cleveland D W. Sustained therapeutic reversal of Huntington's disease by transient repression of huntingtin synthesis. Neuron. 2012; 74:1031-44. PMID: 22726834; PMCID: PMC3383626). IONIS-HTT.sub.Rx is a generation 2.5 antisense chemistry proprietary to Ionis and not generally available to the academic community.

[0649] A highly potent locked-nucleic acid (LNA) GapmeR targeting HTT has been developed, however. To test whether a PC-DHA conjugation and/or di-branching can improve the distribution and retention of antisense oligonucleotides in brain tissues and reduce their effective doses, PC-DHA- and di-LNA GapmeRs targeting HTT will be synthesized.

[0650] Completion of this example will result in the full characterization of the two novel oligonucleotide conjugates (i.e., PC-DHA and di-hsiRNAs) described herein in CNS (brain and spinal cord), including optimal delivery route, drug clearance and retention, safety, dose response and duration of effect. The experimentation described herein will enable use of these chemistries for gene silencing and target validation studies in CNS in vivo, as well as provide a solid foundation toward development of novel therapies for HD.

Example 9

Synthesis and Characterization of a Panel of PC-DHA and Di-hsiRNA Chemical Variants to Improve Distribution and Therapeutic Index

[0651] The data presented herein (FIGS. 92, 103, 104 and 105) indicates that PC-DHA- and di-hsiRNA chemistry will be sufficient to reach a target of 1-month to 3-month duration of effect in spinal cord, striatum, and cortex, which is sufficient for functional genomics studies in vivo. This alone is a significant achievement, but future translation of this technology platform toward human therapeutics represents another level of complexity. Before we translate the technology, we will optimize the chemistry for (i) the widest possible therapeutic index and (ii) enhanced distribution to support delivery to large brains.

[0652] Slight changes in the chemical scaffold of a conjugate can profoundly affect tissue distribution as was demonstrated by functionalizing DHA with phosphatidylcholine (FIG. 92). Capitalizing on these synthetic platforms, a panel of PC-DHA- and di-hsiRNA variants will be synthesized to further optimize therapeutic index and wide tissue distribution.

[0653] PC-DHA Optimization

[0654] There are two essential components to the PC-DHA structure: phosphatidylcholine and DHA (see structure in FIG. 92). The synthesis approach described herein (FIGS. 93 and 94) will allow these chemistries to be varied independently. Little to no information exists in the literature on the structure-function relationship of oligonucleotide conjugates, but a large body of information exists describing how polymer structures and lipid compounds affect lipid-particle formation.sup.48. The studies indicate that the length of lipid has a major impact on overall formulation efficacy.

[0655] Polyunsaturated bonds are essential for enhanced hsiRNA distribution in CNS tissues. Conjugation of DCA, a fully saturated analog of DHA, does not promote wide distribution in CNS. Conjugation of EPA, two carbons shorter than DHA, leads to an interesting distribution profile, but efficacy has not yet been tested. A panel of phosphatidylcholine-modified polyunsaturated fatty acid variants, changing the length of the lipid tail from 10 to 22 carbons and the number of polyunsaturated bonds from 0 to 4 will be synthesized. The precursors for these synthesis reactions are all commercially available. These compounds will reveal how the length of the lipid tail length and number of polyunsaturated bonds affects oligonucleotide distribution in the CNS.

[0656] Second, a systematic substitution of the choline entity will be performed for a range of modifications, mostly favoring naturally occurring chemical scaffolds, e.g., phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyl amine. Most of these syntheses can be performed in parallel, creating a library of compounds with fixed lipid tail composition and a variety of head groups. This library will be used to define the importance of head groups on the in vivo performance of hsiRNA conjugates.

[0657] It is well known that, regardless of the nature of the chemistry or formulation for delivery, the vast majority of internalized oligonucleotides are not biologically available. Endosomolytic, peptide-modified polymers have been used by Arrowhead Research Corporation (Wong S C, Klein J J, Hamilton H L, Chu Q, Frey C L, Trubetskoy V S, Hegge J, Wakefield D, Rozema D B, Lewis D L. Co-injection of a targeted, reversibly masked endosomolytic polymer dramatically improves the efficacy of cholesterol-conjugated small interfering RNAs in vivo. Nucleic acid therapeutics. 2012; 22:380-90. PMID: 23181701) to enhance systemic efficacy of co-administered cholesterol-modified siRNA compounds. Building on this concept, a library of linkers varying the number and composition of endosomolytic peptides was synthesized. Most variants had no impact on chol-hsiRNA efficacy, but the best lead (FIG. 97A) enhanced silencing upon passive uptake greater than 10-fold (FIG. 97B). Without intending to be bound by scientific theory, the enhanced activity likely results from the increased bioavailability of internalized chol-hsiRNA, as the modified linker did not increase the efficacy by lipid-mediated uptake (FIG. 97B) or the overall amount of oligonucleotide internalized. This linker will be combined with the most optimal combination of lipid length and head group.

[0658] Di-hsiRNA Optimization

[0659] The two hsiRNAs in the di-hsiRNA compound are connected asymmetrically: one by a phosphate bond and the other by a phosphoramidate bond (FIGS. 93, 94 and 103A). To establish whether the phosphoramidate bond is necessary, a di-branched compound in which the hsiRNAs are both connected to the linker via phosphates is being currently tested (modified synthesis scheme based on that in FIGS. 93 and 94). Showing that the phosphoramidate bond is not essential would simplify structure-activity relationship studies, as a large number of commercially available precursors can be used. Nevertheless, a requirement for the phosphoamide bond would be interesting because phosphoamide is much less stable in acidic conditions and is expected to promote release of compounds from endosomes.

[0660] A panel of variants will be synthesized, testing the following parameters: number of hsiRNAs (2, 3, 4 or 6, using two- and three-branch dividers available from Glen Research); and the chemical nature of the linker connecting the oligonucleotides (TEG, saturated and non-saturated alkyl chain, charged, non-charged, lengths from 3 to 30 carbons and proton sponges). The minimal number of phosphorothioate bonds required for uptake will also be identified. It was already determined that phosphorothioate bonds were essential for passive uptake and efficacy of hsiRNA, so it is suspected that cooperative binding of two phosphorothioate tails drives the enhanced distribution and uptake of Di-hsiRNAs. However, phosphorothioate bonds also drive the toxicity of antisense oligonucleotides (Geary R S, Norris D, Yu R, Bennett C F. Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and cell uptake of antisense oligonucleotides. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2015; 87:46-51). Thus, optimizing and reducing the number of phosphorothioates is a reasonable path toward enhancing the therapeutic index.

[0661] Evaluation of Efficacy of PC-DHA- and Di-hsiRNA Variants

[0662] Tissue culture experiments will be used to confirm safety and efficient entry into the RISC complex. Each compound will then be injected ICV at the minimum effective and maximum tolerated doses established as described herein. Compounds that are efficacious at lower concentrations or/and nontoxic at higher concentrations will be selected for detailed studies. Lastly, the ability of the most promising compounds to distribute through a large brain (e.g., sheep) will be assessed. A sheep model has been designed to evaluate the distribution of AAV-htt vectors. The PNA assay described herein will be used to measure the levels of compound in biopsies from different regions of the sheep brain after a bolus ICV infusion.

[0663] Completion of this example is expected to: (i) inform on chemical structures that define in vivo efficacy of PC-DHA- and Di-hsiRNAs; and (ii) generate versions of these compounds with enhanced distribution, efficacy and therapeutic index.

Example 10

Development of Candidate Pre-Clinical Compounds for Huntington's Disease Models

[0664] Evaluation of Novel Conjugate of hsiRNA HTT10150 in Huntington's Disease Animal Models

[0665] The hyper-functional, FM-hsiRNA for Htt, HTT-10150, is described herein. Multiple HD animal models currently running in his lab (Chang R, Liu X, Li S, Li X J. Transgenic animal models for study of the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease and therapy. Drug design, development and therapy. 2015; 9:2179-88. PMID: 25931812; PMCID: PMC4404937), including YAC128 (Hodgson J G, Agopyan N, Gutekunst C A, Leavitt B R, LePiane F, Singaraja R, Smith D J, Bissada N, McCutcheon K, Nasir J, Jamot L, Li X J, Stevens M E, Rosemond E, Roder J C, Phillips A G, Rubin E M, Hersch S M, Hayden M R. A YAC mouse model for Huntington's disease with full-length mutant huntingtin, cytoplasmic toxicity, and selective striatal neurodegeneration. Neuron. 1999; 23:181-92. PMID: 10402204), BACHD (Hult S, Soylu R, Bjorklund T, Belgardt B F, Mauer J, Bruning J C, Kirik D, Petersen A. Mutant huntingtin causes metabolic imbalance by disruption of hypothalamic neurocircuits. Cell metabolism. 2011; 13:428-39. PMID: 21459327; Hult Lundh S, Nilsson N, Soylu R, Kirik D, Petersen A. Hypothalamic expression of mutant huntingtin contributes to the development of depressive-like behavior in the BAC transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Human molecular genetics. 2013; 22:3485-97. PMID: 23697793; Gray M, Shirasaki D I, Cepeda C, Andre V M, Wilburn B, Lu X H, Tao J, Yamazaki I, Li S H, Sun Y E, Li X J, Levine M S, Yang W. Full-length human mutant huntingtin with a stable polyglutamine repeat can elicit progressive and selective neuropathogenesis in BACHD mice. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2008; 28:6182-95. PMID: 18550760; PMCID: PMC2630800), and recently established allelic series including Q140 (Website: chdifoundation.org), will be used.

[0666] Based on optimal parameters identified as described herein, a bolus ICV injection of HTT-10150 will be administered into each Huntington's mouse model and the mice will be assayed for Htt silencing, Huntington's behavior and/or onset of Huntington's-associated phenotypes, and validated histological parameters. A set of validated assays have been designed to detect differential expression of YAC128 and Q140 mutant mRNAs and wild-type Htt mRNA. A panel of behavioral assays has been designed to assess motor function, including rotarod, elevated platform, and open field assays (Sah D W, Aronin N. Oligonucleotide therapeutic approaches for Huntington disease. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2011; 121:500-7. PMID: 21285523; PMCID: 3026739; Kordasiewicz H B, Stanek L M, Wancewicz E V, Mazur C, McAlonis M M, Pytel K A, Artates J W, Weiss A, Cheng S H, Shihabuddin L S, Hung G, Bennett C F, Cleveland D W. Sustained therapeutic reversal of Huntington's disease by transient repression of huntingtin synthesis. Neuron. 2012; 74:1031-44. PMID: 22726834; PMCID: PMC3383626). One group of mice will be treated at age three months to assess disease prevention, and another group of mice will be treated at age six months to assess disease reversal. HTT aggregates will be assessed by immunohistochemical staining using a commercially available anti-polyglutamine antibody (3B5H10). HTT-10150 hsiRNA conjugates will be re-administered, if necessary. Control groups will include mice injected with PBS and non-targeting control compound having identical chemistry as the HTT-10150 hsiRNA conjugate. The best lead will be re-test them independently by another group in several behavioral models of Huntington's disease.

[0667] Completion of this example, together with efficacy, safety and duration-of-effect studies, will generate a set of data sufficient to move the optimized hsiRNA HTT-10150 into pre-clinical development. Currently, the best available program for oligonucleotide-based treatment of Huntington's disease is the 2'-O-methoxyethyl Gapme.RTM. (Id.), which will be used as a benchmark. The IONIS-HTT.sub.Rx compound has recently initiated Phase 1 clinical trials in which patients receive a bolus spinal tap injection and a reduction in HTT levels in CSF serves as a biomarker for proof of concept. This establishes a clinical path forward in the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics to treat Huntington's disease. Initially, it is planned to silence both mutant and wild-type Htt, similar to the IONIS approach. The scaffold described herein will also be used to generate compounds that selectively silence mutant HTT by SNP discrimination. Indeed, five SNP alleles are linked to toxic CAG expansion in 75% of Huntington's disease patient mutations (Pfister E L, Kennington L, Straubhaar J, Wagh S, Liu W, DiFiglia M, Landwehrmeyer B, Vonsattel J P, Zamore P D, Aronin N. Five siRNAs targeting three SNPs may provide therapy for three-quarters of Huntington's disease patients. Current biology: CB. 2009; 19:774-8. PMID: 19361997; PMCID: PMC2746439).

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0668] The contents of all cited references (including literature references, patents, patent applications, and websites) that maybe cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose, as are the references cited therein. The disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of immunology, molecular biology and cell biology, which are well known in the art.

[0669] The present disclosure also incorporates by reference in their entirety techniques well known in the field of molecular biology and drug delivery. These techniques include, but are not limited to, techniques described in the following publications:

[0670] Atwell et al. J. Mol. Biol. 1997, 270: 26-35;

[0671] Ausubel et al. (eds.), CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley &Sons, NY (1993);

[0672] Ausubel, F. M. et al. eds., SHORT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (4th Ed. 1999) John Wiley & Sons, NY. (ISBN 0-471-32938-X);

[0673] CONTROLLED DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY, DRUG PRODUCT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984);

[0674] Giege, R. and Ducruix, A. Barrett, CRYSTALLIZATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS, a Practical Approach, 2nd ea., pp. 20 1-16, Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y., (1999);

[0675] Goodson, in MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF CONTROLLED RELEASE, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984);

[0676] Hammerling, et al., in: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND T-CELL HYBRIDOMAS 563-681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981;

[0677] Harlow et al., ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988);

[0678] Kabat et al., SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1987) and (1991);

[0679] Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242;

[0680] Kontermann and Dubel eds., ANTIBODY ENGINEERING (2001) Springer-Verlag. New York. 790 pp. (ISBN 3-540-41354-5).

[0681] Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY (1990);

[0682] Lu and Weiner eds., CLONING AND EXPRESSION VECTORS FOR GENE FUNCTION ANALYSIS (2001) BioTechniques Press. Westborough, Mass. 298 pp. (ISBN 1-881299-21-X).

[0683] MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF CONTROLLED RELEASE, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974);

[0684] Old, R. W. & S. B. Primrose, PRINCIPLES OF GENE MANIPULATION: AN INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC ENGINEERING (3d Ed. 1985) Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston. Studies in Microbiology; V.2:409 pp. (ISBN 0-632-01318-4).

[0685] Sambrook, J. et al. eds., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (2d Ed. 1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY. Vols. 1-3. (ISBN 0-87969-309-6).

[0686] SUSTAINED AND CONTROLLED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978

[0687] Winnacker, E. L. FROM GENES TO CLONES: INTRODUCTION TO GENE TECHNOLOGY (1987) VCH Publishers, NY (translated by Horst Ibelgaufts). 634 pp. (ISBN 0-89573-614-4).

Equivalents

[0688] The disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting of the disclosure. Scope of the disclosure is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced herein.

Sequence CWU 1

1

1329115RNAHomo sapiens 1caguaaagag auuaa 15215RNAHomo sapiens 2auaucaguaa agaga 15315RNAHomo sapiens 3cucaggauuu aaaau 154620RNAHomo sapiens 4agcgccaugg ugggagagac ugugaggcgg cagcuggggc cggagccuuu ggaagucugc 60gcccuugugc ccugccucca ccgagccagc uuggucccua ugggcuuccg cacaugccgc 120gggcggccag gcaacgugcg ugucucugcc auguggcaga agugcucuuu guggcagugg 180ccaggcaggg agugucugca guccuggugg ggcugagccu gaggccuucc agaaagcagg 240agcagcugug cugcacccca ugugggugac cagguccuuu cuccugauag ucaccugcug 300guuguugcca gguugcagcu gcucuugcau cugggccaga aguccucccu ccugcaggcu 360ggcuguuggc cccucugcug uccugcagua gaaggugccg ugagcaggcu uugggaacac 420uggccugggu cucccuggug gggugugcau gccacgcccc gugucuggau gcacagaugc 480cauggccugu gcugggccag uggcuggggg ugcuagacac ccggcaccau ucucccuucu 540cucuuuucuu cucaggauuu aaaauuuaau uauaucagua aagagauuaa uuuuaacgua 600acucuuucua ugcccgugua 620510RNAHomo sapiens 5gcugccggga 10620RNAHomo sapiens 6guccagguuu augaacugac 20720RNAHomo sapiens 7agguuuauga acugacguua 20820RNAHomo sapiens 8gguuuaugaa cugacguuac 20920RNAHomo sapiens 9accacaaugu ugugaccgga 201020RNAHomo sapiens 10uguguuagac gguaccgaca 201120RNAHomo sapiens 11accgacaacc aguauuuggg 201220RNAHomo sapiens 12acgagugcuc aauaauguug 201320RNAHomo sapiens 13ugaaauccug cuuuagucga 201420RNAHomo sapiens 14ugcuuuaguc gagaaccaau 201520RNAHomo sapiens 15gggacaguac uucaacgcua 201620RNAHomo sapiens 16ggcaauucag ucucguugug 201720RNAHomo sapiens 17gccugcuagc uccaugcuua 201820RNAHomo sapiens 18gcccacugcg ugaacauuca 201920RNAHomo sapiens 19uucuucucag gauuuaaaau 202020RNAHomo sapiens 20uaauuauauc aguaaagaga 202120RNAHomo sapiens 21uauaucagua aagagauuaa 202220RNAHomo sapiens 22acuuucagcu accaagaaag 202320RNAHomo sapiens 23auugucugac aauaugugaa 202420RNAHomo sapiens 24uucugggcau cgcuauggaa 202520RNAHomo sapiens 25ggcaucgcua uggaacuuuu 202620RNAHomo sapiens 26gcaaaugaca augaaauuaa 202720RNAHomo sapiens 27caaaugacaa ugaaauuaag 202820RNAHomo sapiens 28aaggccuuca uagcgaaccu 202920RNAHomo sapiens 29acuaaaugug cucuuaggcu 203020RNAHomo sapiens 30cggagugaca aggaaagaaa 203120RNAHomo sapiens 31gcagcuuguc cagguuuaug 203220RNAHomo sapiens 32uuguccaggu uuaugaacug 203320RNAHomo sapiens 33cagguuuaug aacugacguu 203420RNAHomo sapiens 34guuuaugaac ugacguuaca 203520RNAHomo sapiens 35uaugaacuga cguuacauca 203620RNAHomo sapiens 36aacugacguu acaucauaca 203720RNAHomo sapiens 37cugacguuac aucauacaca 203820RNAHomo sapiens 38acaauguugu gaccggagcc 203920RNAHomo sapiens 39gggaguauug uggaacuuau 204020RNAHomo sapiens 40aaggcaaagu gcucuuagga 204120RNAHomo sapiens 41gacgguaccg acaaccagua 204220RNAHomo sapiens 42cgguaccgac aaccaguauu 204320RNAHomo sapiens 43uugaacuaca ucgaucaugg 204420RNAHomo sapiens 44ugaacuacau cgaucaugga 204520RNAHomo sapiens 45aacgagugcu caauaauguu 204620RNAHomo sapiens 46guccuguuac aacaaguaaa 204720RNAHomo sapiens 47cugaaauccu gcuuuagucg 204820RNAHomo sapiens 48cugcuuuagu cgagaaccaa 204920RNAHomo sapiens 49uuuagucgag aaccaaugau 205020RNAHomo sapiens 50agucgagaac caaugauggc 205120RNAHomo sapiens 51guguucaaca auuguugaag 205220RNAHomo sapiens 52ugaggaacau ggugcaggcg 205320RNAHomo sapiens 53ugucacaaag aaccgugcag 205420RNAHomo sapiens 54ucacaaagaa ccgugcagau 205520RNAHomo sapiens 55acaaagaacc gugcagauaa 205620RNAHomo sapiens 56uugaaccucu uguuauaaaa 205720RNAHomo sapiens 57uuuauuggcu uuguauugaa 205820RNAHomo sapiens 58ucauuggaau uccuaaaauc 205920RNAHomo sapiens 59ugugauggca ucauggccag 206020RNAHomo sapiens 60gauuucccag ucaacugaag 206120RNAHomo sapiens 61gagugagcag caacauacuu 206220RNAHomo sapiens 62gucuggaaug uuccggagaa 206320RNAHomo sapiens 63ugcgugaaca uucacagcca 206420RNAHomo sapiens 64cucaggauuu aaaauuuaau 206520RNAHomo sapiens 65ggauuuaaaa uuuaauuaua 206620RNAHomo sapiens 66aauuuaauua uaucaguaaa 206720RNAHomo sapiens 67auuuuaacgu aacucuuucu 206820RNAHomo sapiens 68ucuuucuaug cccguguaaa 206920RNAHomo sapiens 69ucuaugcccg uguaaaguau 207020RNAHomo sapiens 70cuuuuaguca ggagagugca 207120RNAHomo sapiens 71uguuuugggu auugaaugug 207220RNAHomo sapiens 72gaauguggua aguggaggaa 207320RNAHomo sapiens 73ugguaagugg aggaaauguu 207420RNAHomo sapiens 74aaauguugga acucugugca 207520RNAHomo sapiens 75auguuugagg aggcccuuaa 207620RNAHomo sapiens 76ccuuaaggga agcuacugaa 207720RNAHomo sapiens 77gaauuauaac acguaagaaa 207820RNAHomo sapiens 78auguuuacau uuguaagaaa 207920RNAHomo sapiens 79cauuuguaag aaauaacacu 208020RNAHomo sapiens 80aauaacacug ugaauguaaa 208120RNAHomo sapiens 81aauaugagcu cauuaguaaa 208220RNAHomo sapiens 82ucacccacgc auauacauaa 208320RNAHomo sapiens 83auauagacac aucuauaauu 208420RNAHomo sapiens 84uuacacacac accucucaag 208520RNAHomo sapiens 85gacuuuauca uguuccuaaa 208620RNAHomo sapiens 86uuguugcaaa ugugauuaau 208720RNAHomo sapiens 87gcaaauguga uuaauuuggu 208820RNAHomo sapiens 88aauuugguug ucaaguuuug 208920RNAHomo sapiens 89uuuguuuucc ugcugguaau 209020RNAHomo sapiens 90guuuuccugc ugguaauauc 209120RNAHomo sapiens 91auaucgggaa agauuuuaau 209220RNAHomo sapiens 92auuuuaauga aaccagggua 209320RNAHomo sapiens 93uaaugaaacc aggguagaau 209420RNAHomo sapiens 94auuguuuggc aaugcacuga 209520RNAHomo sapiens 95ccccucaguu guuucuaaga 209620RNAHomo sapiens 96ggacugacga gagauguaua 209720RNAHomo sapiens 97gacgagagau guauauuuaa 209820RNAHomo sapiens 98uuuuuuaacu gcugcaaaca 209920RNAHomo sapiens 99uaacugcugc aaacauugua 2010020RNAHomo sapiens 100acccuggaaa agcugaugaa 2010120RNAHomo sapiens 101aaggccuucg agucccucaa 2010220RNAHomo sapiens 102cgcugcaccg accaaagaaa 2010320RNAHomo sapiens 103aagaacuuuc agcuaccaag 2010420RNAHomo sapiens 104agcuaccaag aaagaccgug 2010520RNAHomo sapiens 105cgugugaauc auugucugac 2010620RNAHomo sapiens 106ucauugucug acaauaugug 2010720RNAHomo sapiens 107ugacaauaug ugaaaacaua 2010820RNAHomo sapiens 108auaugugaaa acauaguggc 2010920RNAHomo sapiens 109gcagcagcag cagcagcagc 2011030RNAHomo sapiens 110agcuugucca gguuuaugaa cugacguuac 3011130RNAHomo sapiens 111uguccagguu uaugaacuga cguuacauca 3011230RNAHomo sapiens 112guccagguuu augaacugac guuacaucau 3011330RNAHomo sapiens 113ccaagaccac aauguuguga ccggagcccu 3011430RNAHomo sapiens 114gaaauugugu uagacgguac cgacaaccag 3011530RNAHomo sapiens 115acgguaccga caaccaguau uugggccugc 3011630RNAHomo sapiens 116caagaacgag ugcucaauaa uguugucauc 3011730RNAHomo sapiens 117auaccugaaa uccugcuuua gucgagaacc 3011830RNAHomo sapiens 118aauccugcuu uagucgagaa ccaaugaugg 3011930RNAHomo sapiens 119agauggggac aguacuucaa cgcuagaaga 3012030RNAHomo sapiens 120auccaggcaa uucagucucg uugugaaaac 3012130RNAHomo sapiens 121ccuaagccug cuagcuccau gcuuaagccu 3012230RNAHomo sapiens 122ggaucgccca cugcgugaac auucacagcc 3012330RNAHomo sapiens 123cucuuuucuu cucaggauuu aaaauuuaau 3012430RNAHomo sapiens 124aaauuuaauu auaucaguaa agagauuaau 3012530RNAHomo sapiens 125uuaauuauau caguaaagag auuaauuuua 3012630RNAHomo sapiens 126aaagaacuuu cagcuaccaa gaaagaccgu 3012730RNAHomo sapiens 127gaaucauugu cugacaauau gugaaaacau 3012830RNAHomo sapiens 128uucugggcau cgcuauggaa cuuuuucugc 3012930RNAHomo sapiens 129auuuugcaaa ugacaaugaa auuaagguuu 3013030RNAHomo sapiens 130uuuugcaaau gacaaugaaa uuaagguuuu 3013130RNAHomo sapiens 131uguuaaaggc cuucauagcg aaccugaagu 3013230RNAHomo sapiens 132uggcuacuaa augugcucuu aggcuuacuc 3013330RNAHomo sapiens 133agcuucggag ugacaaggaa agaaauggaa 3013430RNAHomo sapiens 134gcagagcagc uuguccaggu uuaugaacug 3013530RNAHomo sapiens 135gcagcuuguc cagguuuaug aacugacguu 3013630RNAHomo sapiens 136uuguccaggu uuaugaacug acguuacauc 3013730RNAHomo sapiens 137uccagguuua ugaacugacg uuacaucaua 3013830RNAHomo sapiens 138agguuuauga acugacguua caucauacac 3013930RNAHomo sapiens 139uuaugaacug acguuacauc auacacagca 3014030RNAHomo sapiens 140augaacugac guuacaucau acacagcacc 3014130RNAHomo sapiens 141agaccacaau guugugaccg gagcccugga 3014230RNAHomo sapiens 142guagugggag uauuguggaa cuuauagcug 3014330RNAHomo sapiens 143acaaaaaggc aaagugcucu uaggagaaga 3014430RNAHomo sapiens 144uguuagacgg uaccgacaac caguauuugg 3014530RNAHomo sapiens 145uuagacggua ccgacaacca guauuugggc 3014630RNAHomo sapiens 146acaucuugaa cuacaucgau cauggagacc 3014730RNAHomo sapiens 147caucuugaac uacaucgauc auggagaccc 3014830RNAHomo sapiens 148gcaagaacga gugcucaaua auguugucau 3014930RNAHomo sapiens 149cucagguccu guuacaacaa guaaauccuc 3015030RNAHomo sapiens 150gauaccugaa auccugcuuu agucgagaac 3015130RNAHomo sapiens 151aaauccugcu uuagucgaga accaaugaug 3015230RNAHomo sapiens 152ccugcuuuag ucgagaacca augauggcaa 3015330RNAHomo sapiens 153gcuuuagucg agaaccaaug auggcaacug 3015430RNAHomo sapiens 154uguuuguguu caacaauugu ugaagacucu 3015530RNAHomo sapiens 155cagccugagg aacauggugc aggcggagca 3015630RNAHomo sapiens 156acgaguguca caaagaaccg ugcagauaag 3015730RNAHomo sapiens 157gagugucaca aagaaccgug cagauaagaa 3015830RNAHomo sapiens 158gugucacaaa gaaccgugca gauaagaaug 3015930RNAHomo sapiens 159uuuguuugaa ccucuuguua uaaaagcuuu 3016030RNAHomo sapiens 160agguguuuau uggcuuugua uugaaacagu 3016130RNAHomo sapiens 161acagaucauu ggaauuccua aaaucauuca 3016230RNAHomo sapiens 162agcucuguga uggcaucaug gccaguggaa 3016330RNAHomo sapiens 163guucugauuu cccagucaac ugaagauauu 3016430RNAHomo sapiens 164gaaaugagug agcagcaaca uacuuucuau 3016530RNAHomo sapiens 165uucaagucug gaauguuccg gagaaucaca 3016630RNAHomo sapiens 166cccacugcgu gaacauucac agccagcagc 3016730RNAHomo sapiens 167uucuucucag gauuuaaaau uuaauuauau 3016830RNAHomo sapiens 168ucucaggauu uaaaauuuaa uuauaucagu 3016930RNAHomo sapiens 169uuuaaaauuu aauuauauca guaaagagau 3017030RNAHomo sapiens 170gauuaauuuu aacguaacuc uuucuaugcc 3017130RNAHomo sapiens 171guaacucuuu cuaugcccgu guaaaguaug 3017230RNAHomo sapiens 172cucuuucuau gcccguguaa aguaugugaa 3017330RNAHomo sapiens 173gaccccuuuu agucaggaga gugcagaucu 3017430RNAHomo sapiens 174gucgauguuu uggguauuga augugguaag 3017530RNAHomo sapiens 175guauugaaug ugguaagugg aggaaauguu 3017630RNAHomo sapiens 176gaauguggua aguggaggaa auguuggaac 3017730RNAHomo sapiens 177ggaggaaaug uuggaacucu gugcaggugc 3017830RNAHomo sapiens 178guccgauguu ugaggaggcc cuuaagggaa 3017930RNAHomo sapiens 179gaggcccuua agggaagcua cugaauuaua 3018030RNAHomo sapiens 180cuacugaauu auaacacgua agaaaaucac 3018130RNAHomo sapiens 181gcuagauguu uacauuugua agaaauaaca

3018230RNAHomo sapiens 182guuuacauuu guaagaaaua acacugugaa 3018330RNAHomo sapiens 183uaagaaauaa cacugugaau guaaaacaga 3018430RNAHomo sapiens 184agaugaauau gagcucauua guaaaaauga 3018530RNAHomo sapiens 185ugacuucacc cacgcauaua cauaaaguau 3018630RNAHomo sapiens 186ugugcauaua gacacaucua uaauuuuaca 3018730RNAHomo sapiens 187uaauuuuaca cacacaccuc ucaagacgga 3018830RNAHomo sapiens 188aggaagacuu uaucauguuc cuaaaaaucu 3018930RNAHomo sapiens 189aaauuuuguu gcaaauguga uuaauuuggu 3019030RNAHomo sapiens 190uuguugcaaa ugugauuaau uugguuguca 3019130RNAHomo sapiens 191ugauuaauuu gguugucaag uuuugggggu 3019230RNAHomo sapiens 192uugcuuuugu uuuccugcug guaauaucgg 3019330RNAHomo sapiens 193cuuuuguuuu ccugcuggua auaucgggaa 3019430RNAHomo sapiens 194ugguaauauc gggaaagauu uuaaugaaac 3019530RNAHomo sapiens 195gaaagauuuu aaugaaacca ggguagaauu 3019630RNAHomo sapiens 196gauuuuaaug aaaccagggu agaauuguuu 3019730RNAHomo sapiens 197guagaauugu uuggcaaugc acugaagcgu 3019830RNAHomo sapiens 198gccuuccccu caguuguuuc uaagagcaga 3019930RNAHomo sapiens 199gggaaggacu gacgagagau guauauuuaa 3020030RNAHomo sapiens 200ggacugacga gagauguaua uuuaauuuuu 3020130RNAHomo sapiens 201uuuaauuuuu uaacugcugc aaacauugua 3020230RNAHomo sapiens 202uuuuuuaacu gcugcaaaca uuguacaucc 3020330RNAHomo sapiens 203uggcgacccu ggaaaagcug augaaggccu 3020430RNAHomo sapiens 204ugaugaaggc cuucgagucc cucaaguccu 3020530RNAHomo sapiens 205ggagccgcug caccgaccaa agaaagaacu 3020630RNAHomo sapiens 206aaagaaagaa cuuucagcua ccaagaaaga 3020730RNAHomo sapiens 207cuuucagcua ccaagaaaga ccgugugaau 3020830RNAHomo sapiens 208aagaccgugu gaaucauugu cugacaauau 3020930RNAHomo sapiens 209gugaaucauu gucugacaau augugaaaac 3021030RNAHomo sapiens 210uugucugaca auaugugaaa acauaguggc 3021130RNAHomo sapiens 211ugacaauaug ugaaaacaua guggcacagu 3021230RNAHomo sapiens 212cagcagcagc agcagcagca gcagcagcag 3021320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 213guccagguuu augaacugac 2021420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 214agguuuauga acugacguua 2021520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 215gguuuaugaa cugacguuac 2021620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 216accacaaugu ugugaccgga 2021720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 217uguguuagac gguaccgaca 2021820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 218accgacaacc aguauuuggg 2021920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 219acgagugcuc aauaauguug 2022020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 220ugaaauccug cuuuagucga 2022120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 221ugcuuuaguc gagaaccaau 2022220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 222gggacaguac uucaacgcua 2022320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 223ggcaauucag ucucguugug 2022420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 224gccugcuagc uccaugcuua 2022520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 225gcccacugcg ugaacauuca 2022620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 226uucuucucag gauuuaaaau 2022720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 227uaauuauauc aguaaagaga 2022820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 228uauaucagua aagagauuaa 2022920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 229acuuucagcu accaagaaag 2023020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 230auugucugac aauaugugaa 2023120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 231uucugggcau cgcuauggaa 2023220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 232ggcaucgcua uggaacuuuu 2023320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 233gcaaaugaca augaaauuaa 2023420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 234caaaugacaa ugaaauuaag 2023520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 235aaggccuuca uagcgaaccu 2023620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 236acuaaaugug cucuuaggcu 2023720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 237cggagugaca aggaaagaaa 2023820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 238gcagcuuguc cagguuuaug 2023920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 239uuguccaggu uuaugaacug 2024020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 240cagguuuaug aacugacguu 2024120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 241guuuaugaac ugacguuaca 2024220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 242uaugaacuga cguuacauca 2024320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 243aacugacguu acaucauaca 2024420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 244cugacguuac aucauacaca 2024520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 245acaauguugu gaccggagcc 2024620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 246gggaguauug uggaacuuau 2024720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 247aaggcaaagu gcucuuagga 2024820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 248gacgguaccg acaaccagua 2024920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 249cgguaccgac aaccaguauu 2025020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 250uugaacuaca ucgaucaugg 2025120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 251ugaacuacau cgaucaugga 2025220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 252aacgagugcu caauaauguu 2025320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 253guccuguuac aacaaguaaa 2025420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 254cugaaauccu gcuuuagucg 2025520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 255cugcuuuagu cgagaaccaa 2025620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 256uuuagucgag aaccaaugau 2025720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 257agucgagaac caaugauggc 2025820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 258guguucaaca auuguugaag 2025920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 259ugaggaacau ggugcaggcg 2026020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 260ugucacaaag aaccgugcag 2026120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 261ucacaaagaa ccgugcagau 2026220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 262acaaagaacc gugcagauaa 2026320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 263uugaaccucu uguuauaaaa 2026420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 264uuuauuggcu uuguauugaa 2026520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 265ucauuggaau uccuaaaauc 2026620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 266ugugauggca ucauggccag 2026720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 267gauuucccag ucaacugaag 2026820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 268gagugagcag caacauacuu 2026920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 269gucuggaaug uuccggagaa 2027020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 270ugcgugaaca uucacagcca 2027120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 271cucaggauuu aaaauuuaau 2027220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 272ggauuuaaaa uuuaauuaua 2027320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 273aauuuaauua uaucaguaaa 2027420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 274auuuuaacgu aacucuuucu 2027520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 275ucuuucuaug cccguguaaa 2027620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 276ucuaugcccg uguaaaguau 2027720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 277cuuuuaguca ggagagugca 2027820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 278uguuuugggu auugaaugug 2027920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 279gaauguggua aguggaggaa 2028020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 280ugguaagugg aggaaauguu 2028120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 281aaauguugga acucugugca 2028220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 282auguuugagg aggcccuuaa 2028320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 283ccuuaaggga agcuacugaa 2028420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 284gaauuauaac acguaagaaa 2028520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 285auguuuacau uuguaagaaa 2028620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 286cauuuguaag aaauaacacu 2028720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 287aauaacacug ugaauguaaa 2028820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 288aauaugagcu cauuaguaaa 2028920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 289ucacccacgc auauacauaa 2029020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 290auauagacac aucuauaauu 2029120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic

oligonucleotide" 291uuacacacac accucucaag 2029220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 292gacuuuauca uguuccuaaa 2029320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 293uuguugcaaa ugugauuaau 2029420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 294gcaaauguga uuaauuuggu 2029520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 295aauuugguug ucaaguuuug 2029620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 296uuuguuuucc ugcugguaau 2029720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 297guuuuccugc ugguaauauc 2029820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 298auaucgggaa agauuuuaau 2029920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 299auuuuaauga aaccagggua 2030020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 300uaaugaaacc aggguagaau 2030120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 301auuguuuggc aaugcacuga 2030220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 302ccccucaguu guuucuaaga 2030320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 303ggacugacga gagauguaua 2030420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 304gacgagagau guauauuuaa 2030520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 305uuuuuuaacu gcugcaaaca 2030620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 306uaacugcugc aaacauugua 2030720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 307acccuggaaa agcugaugaa 2030820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 308aaggccuucg agucccucaa 2030920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 309cgcugcaccg accaaagaaa 2031020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 310aagaacuuuc agcuaccaag 2031120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 311agcuaccaag aaagaccgug 2031220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 312cgugugaauc auugucugac 2031320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 313ucauugucug acaauaugug 2031420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 314ugacaauaug ugaaaacaua 2031520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 315auaugugaaa acauaguggc 2031620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 316gcagcagcag cagcagcagc 2031720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 317gucaguucau aaaccuggac 2031820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 318uaacgucagu ucauaaaccu 2031920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 319guaacgucag uucauaaacc 2032020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 320uccggucaca acauuguggu 2032120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 321ugucgguacc gucuaacaca 2032220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 322cccaaauacu gguugucggu 2032320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 323caacauuauu gagcacucgu 2032420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 324ucgacuaaag caggauuuca 2032520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 325auugguucuc gacuaaagca 2032620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 326uagcguugaa guacuguccc 2032720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 327cacaacgaga cugaauugcc 2032820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 328uaagcaugga gcuagcaggc 2032920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 329ugaauguuca cgcagugggc 2033020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 330auuuuaaauc cugagaagaa 2033120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 331ucucuuuacu gauauaauua 2033220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 332uuaaucucuu uacugauaua 2033320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 333cuuucuuggu agcugaaagu 2033420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 334uucacauauu gucagacaau 2033520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 335uuccauagcg augcccagaa 2033620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 336aaaaguucca uagcgaugcc 2033720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 337uuaauuucau ugucauuugc 2033820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 338cuuaauuuca uugucauuug 2033920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 339agguucgcua ugaaggccuu 2034020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 340agccuaagag cacauuuagu 2034120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 341uuucuuuccu ugucacuccg 2034220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 342cauaaaccug gacaagcugc 2034320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 343caguucauaa accuggacaa 2034420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 344aacgucaguu cauaaaccug 2034520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 345uguaacguca guucauaaac 2034620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 346ugauguaacg ucaguucaua 2034720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 347uguaugaugu aacgucaguu 2034820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 348uguguaugau guaacgucag 2034920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 349ggcuccgguc acaacauugu 2035020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 350auaaguucca caauacuccc 2035120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 351uccuaagagc acuuugccuu 2035220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 352uacugguugu cgguaccguc 2035320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 353aauacugguu gucgguaccg 2035420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 354ccaugaucga uguaguucaa 2035520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 355uccaugaucg auguaguuca 2035620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 356aacauuauug agcacucguu 2035720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 357uuuacuuguu guaacaggac 2035820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 358cgacuaaagc aggauuucag 2035920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 359uugguucucg acuaaagcag 2036020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 360aucauugguu cucgacuaaa 2036120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 361gccaucauug guucucgacu 2036220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 362cuucaacaau uguugaacac 2036320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 363cgccugcacc auguuccuca 2036420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 364cugcacgguu cuuugugaca 2036520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 365aucugcacgg uucuuuguga 2036620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 366uuaucugcac gguucuuugu 2036720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 367uuuuauaaca agagguucaa 2036820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 368uucaauacaa agccaauaaa 2036920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 369gauuuuagga auuccaauga 2037020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 370cuggccauga ugccaucaca 2037120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 371cuucaguuga cugggaaauc 2037220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 372aaguauguug cugcucacuc 2037320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 373uucuccggaa cauuccagac 2037420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 374uggcugugaa uguucacgca 2037520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 375auuaaauuuu aaauccugag 2037620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 376uauaauuaaa uuuuaaaucc 2037720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 377uuuacugaua uaauuaaauu 2037820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 378agaaagaguu acguuaaaau 2037920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 379uuuacacggg cauagaaaga 2038020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 380auacuuuaca cgggcauaga 2038120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 381ugcacucucc ugacuaaaag 2038220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 382cacauucaau acccaaaaca 2038320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 383uuccuccacu uaccacauuc 2038420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 384aacauuuccu ccacuuacca 2038520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 385ugcacagagu

uccaacauuu 2038620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 386uuaagggccu ccucaaacau 2038720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 387uucaguagcu ucccuuaagg 2038820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 388uuucuuacgu guuauaauuc 2038920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 389uuucuuacaa auguaaacau 2039020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 390aguguuauuu cuuacaaaug 2039120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 391uuuacauuca caguguuauu 2039220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 392uuuacuaaug agcucauauu 2039320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 393uuauguauau gcguggguga 2039420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 394aauuauagau gugucuauau 2039520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 395cuugagaggu guguguguaa 2039620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 396uuuaggaaca ugauaaaguc 2039720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 397auuaaucaca uuugcaacaa 2039820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 398accaaauuaa ucacauuugc 2039920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 399caaaacuuga caaccaaauu 2040020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 400auuaccagca ggaaaacaaa 2040120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 401gauauuacca gcaggaaaac 2040220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 402auuaaaaucu uucccgauau 2040320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 403uacccugguu ucauuaaaau 2040420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 404auucuacccu gguuucauua 2040520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 405ucagugcauu gccaaacaau 2040620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 406ucuuagaaac aacugagggg 2040720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 407uauacaucuc ucgucagucc 2040820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 408uuaaauauac aucucucguc 2040920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 409uguuugcagc aguuaaaaaa 2041020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 410uacaauguuu gcagcaguua 2041120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 411uucaucagcu uuuccagggu 2041220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 412uugagggacu cgaaggccuu 2041320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 413uuucuuuggu cggugcagcg 2041420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 414cuugguagcu gaaaguucuu 2041520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 415cacggucuuu cuugguagcu 2041620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 416gucagacaau gauucacacg 2041720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 417cacauauugu cagacaauga 2041820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 418uauguuuuca cauauuguca 2041920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 419gccacuaugu uuucacauau 2042020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 420gcugcugcug cugcugcugc 2042115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 421gguuuaugaa cugaa 1542215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 422uaugaacuga cguua 1542315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 423augaacugac guuaa 1542415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 424aauguuguga ccgga 1542515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 425uagacgguac cgaca 1542615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 426caaccaguau uugga 1542715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 427ugcucaauaa uguua 1542815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 428uccugcuuua gucga 1542915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 429uagucgagaa ccaaa 1543015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 430aguacuucaa cgcua 1543115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 431uucagucucg uugua 1543215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 432cuagcuccau gcuua 1543315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 433cugcgugaac auuca 1543415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 434cucaggauuu aaaaa 1543515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 435auaucaguaa agaga 1543615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 436caguaaagag auuaa 1543715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 437cagcuaccaa gaaaa 1543815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 438cugacaauau gugaa 1543915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 439ggcaucgcua uggaa 1544015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 440cgcuauggaa cuuua 1544115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 441ugacaaugaa auuaa 1544215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 442gacaaugaaa uuaaa 1544315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 443cuucauagcg aacca 1544415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 444augugcucuu aggca 1544515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 445ugacaaggaa agaaa 1544615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 446uuguccaggu uuaua 1544715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 447cagguuuaug aacua 1544815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 448uuaugaacug acgua 1544915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 449ugaacugacg uuaca 1545015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 450acugacguua cauca 1545115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 451acguuacauc auaca 1545215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 452guuacaucau acaca 1545315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 453guugugaccg gagca 1545415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 454uauuguggaa cuuaa 1545515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 455aaagugcucu uagga 1545615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 456uaccgacaac cagua 1545715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 457ccgacaacca guaua 1545815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 458cuacaucgau cauga 1545915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 459uacaucgauc augga 1546015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 460gugcucaaua augua 1546115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 461guuacaacaa guaaa 1546215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 462auccugcuuu aguca 1546315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 463uuagucgaga accaa 1546415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 464ucgagaacca augaa 1546515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 465agaaccaaug augga 1546615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 466caacaauugu ugaaa 1546715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 467aacauggugc aggca 1546815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 468caaagaaccg ugcaa 1546915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 469aagaaccgug cagaa 1547015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 470gaaccgugca gauaa 1547115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 471ccucuuguua uaaaa 1547215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 472uggcuuugua uugaa 1547315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 473ggaauuccua aaaua 1547415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 474uggcaucaug gccaa 1547515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 475cccagucaac ugaaa 1547615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 476agcagcaaca uacua 1547715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 477gaauguuccg gagaa 1547815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 478gaacauucac agcca 1547915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 479gauuuaaaau uuaaa 1548015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 480uaaaauuuaa uuaua 1548115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 481aauuauauca guaaa 1548215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 482aacguaacuc uuuca 1548315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 483cuaugcccgu guaaa

1548415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 484gcccguguaa aguaa 1548515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 485agucaggaga gugca 1548615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 486uggguauuga augua 1548715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 487ugguaagugg aggaa 1548815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 488aguggaggaa augua 1548915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 489uuggaacucu gugca 1549015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 490ugaggaggcc cuuaa 1549115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 491agggaagcua cugaa 1549215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 492auaacacgua agaaa 1549315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 493uacauuugua agaaa 1549415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 494guaagaaaua acaca 1549515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 495cacugugaau guaaa 1549615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 496gagcucauua guaaa 1549715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 497cacgcauaua cauaa 1549815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 498gacacaucua uaaua 1549915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 499cacacaccuc ucaaa 1550015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 500uaucauguuc cuaaa 1550115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 501gcaaauguga uuaaa 1550215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 502ugugauuaau uugga 1550315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 503gguugucaag uuuua 1550415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 504uuuccugcug guaaa 1550515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 505ccugcuggua auaua 1550615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 506gggaaagauu uuaaa 1550715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 507aaugaaacca gggua 1550815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 508aaaccagggu agaaa 1550915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 509uuggcaaugc acuga 1551015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 510caguuguuuc uaaga 1551115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 511gacgagagau guaua 1551215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 512gagauguaua uuuaa 1551315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 513uaacugcugc aaaca 1551415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 514gcugcaaaca uugua 1551515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 515ggaaaagcug augaa 1551615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 516cuucgagucc cucaa 1551715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 517caccgaccaa agaaa 1551815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 518cuuucagcua ccaaa 1551915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 519ccaagaaaga ccgua 1552015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 520gaaucauugu cugaa 1552115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 521gucugacaau augua 1552215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 522auaugugaaa acaua 1552315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 523ugaaaacaua gugga 1552415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 524agcagcagca gcaga 1552520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 525uucaguucau aaaccuggac 2052620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 526uaacgucagu ucauaaaccu 2052720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 527uuaacgucag uucauaaacc 2052820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 528uccggucaca acauuguggu 2052920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 529ugucgguacc gucuaacaca 2053020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 530uccaaauacu gguugucggu 2053120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 531uaacauuauu gagcacucgu 2053220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 532ucgacuaaag caggauuuca 2053320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 533uuugguucuc gacuaaagca 2053420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 534uagcguugaa guacuguccc 2053520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 535uacaacgaga cugaauugcc 2053620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 536uaagcaugga gcuagcaggc 2053720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 537ugaauguuca cgcagugggc 2053820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 538uuuuuaaauc cugagaagaa 2053920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 539ucucuuuacu gauauaauua 2054020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 540uuaaucucuu uacugauaua 2054120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 541uuuucuuggu agcugaaagu 2054220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 542uucacauauu gucagacaau 2054320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 543uuccauagcg augcccagaa 2054420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 544uaaaguucca uagcgaugcc 2054520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 545uuaauuucau ugucauuugc 2054620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 546uuuaauuuca uugucauuug 2054720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 547ugguucgcua ugaaggccuu 2054820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 548ugccuaagag cacauuuagu 2054920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 549uuucuuuccu ugucacuccg 2055020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 550uauaaaccug gacaagcugc 2055120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 551uaguucauaa accuggacaa 2055220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 552uacgucaguu cauaaaccug 2055320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 553uguaacguca guucauaaac 2055420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 554ugauguaacg ucaguucaua 2055520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 555uguaugaugu aacgucaguu 2055620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 556uguguaugau guaacgucag 2055720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 557ugcuccgguc acaacauugu 2055820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 558uuaaguucca caauacuccc 2055920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 559uccuaagagc acuuugccuu 2056020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 560uacugguugu cgguaccguc 2056120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 561uauacugguu gucgguaccg 2056220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 562ucaugaucga uguaguucaa 2056320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 563uccaugaucg auguaguuca 2056420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 564uacauuauug agcacucguu 2056520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 565uuuacuuguu guaacaggac 2056620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 566ugacuaaagc aggauuucag 2056720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 567uugguucucg acuaaagcag 2056820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 568uucauugguu cucgacuaaa 2056920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 569uccaucauug guucucgacu 2057020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 570uuucaacaau uguugaacac 2057120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 571ugccugcacc auguuccuca 2057220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 572uugcacgguu cuuugugaca 2057320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 573uucugcacgg uucuuuguga 2057420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 574uuaucugcac gguucuuugu 2057520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 575uuuuauaaca agagguucaa 2057620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 576uucaauacaa agccaauaaa 2057720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 577uauuuuagga auuccaauga 2057820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 578uuggccauga ugccaucaca 2057920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 579uuucaguuga cugggaaauc 2058020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial

Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 580uaguauguug cugcucacuc 2058120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 581uucuccggaa cauuccagac 2058220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 582uggcugugaa uguucacgca 2058320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 583uuuaaauuuu aaauccugag 2058420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 584uauaauuaaa uuuuaaaucc 2058520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 585uuuacugaua uaauuaaauu 2058620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 586ugaaagaguu acguuaaaau 2058720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 587uuuacacggg cauagaaaga 2058820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 588uuacuuuaca cgggcauaga 2058920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 589ugcacucucc ugacuaaaag 2059020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 590uacauucaau acccaaaaca 2059120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 591uuccuccacu uaccacauuc 2059220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 592uacauuuccu ccacuuacca 2059320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 593ugcacagagu uccaacauuu 2059420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 594uuaagggccu ccucaaacau 2059520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 595uucaguagcu ucccuuaagg 2059620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 596uuucuuacgu guuauaauuc 2059720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 597uuucuuacaa auguaaacau 2059820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 598uguguuauuu cuuacaaaug 2059920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 599uuuacauuca caguguuauu 2060020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 600uuuacuaaug agcucauauu 2060120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 601uuauguauau gcguggguga 2060220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 602uauuauagau gugucuauau 2060320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 603uuugagaggu guguguguaa 2060420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 604uuuaggaaca ugauaaaguc 2060520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 605uuuaaucaca uuugcaacaa 2060620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 606uccaaauuaa ucacauuugc 2060720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 607uaaaacuuga caaccaaauu 2060820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 608uuuaccagca ggaaaacaaa 2060920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 609uauauuacca gcaggaaaac 2061020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 610uuuaaaaucu uucccgauau 2061120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 611uacccugguu ucauuaaaau 2061220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 612uuucuacccu gguuucauua 2061320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 613ucagugcauu gccaaacaau 2061420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 614ucuuagaaac aacugagggg 2061520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 615uauacaucuc ucgucagucc 2061620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 616uuaaauauac aucucucguc 2061720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 617uguuugcagc aguuaaaaaa 2061820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 618uacaauguuu gcagcaguua 2061920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 619uucaucagcu uuuccagggu 2062020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 620uugagggacu cgaaggccuu 2062120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 621uuucuuuggu cggugcagcg 2062220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 622uuugguagcu gaaaguucuu 2062320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 623uacggucuuu cuugguagcu 2062420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 624uucagacaau gauucacacg 2062520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 625uacauauugu cagacaauga 2062620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 626uauguuuuca cauauuguca 2062720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 627uccacuaugu uuucacauau 2062820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 628ucugcugcug cugcugcugc 2062915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 629guccagguuu augaa 1563015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 630agguuuauga acuga 1563115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 631gguuuaugaa cugaa 1563215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 632accacaaugu uguga 1563315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 633uguguuagac gguaa 1563415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 634accgacaacc aguaa 1563515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 635acgagugcuc aauaa 1563615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 636ugaaauccug cuuua 1563715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 637ugcuuuaguc gagaa 1563815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 638gggacaguac uucaa 1563915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 639ggcaauucag ucuca 1564015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 640gccugcuagc uccaa 1564115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 641gcccacugcg ugaaa 1564215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 642uucuucucag gauua 1564315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 643uaauuauauc aguaa 1564415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 644uauaucagua aagaa 1564515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 645acuuucagcu accaa 1564615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 646auugucugac aauaa 1564715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 647uucugggcau cgcua 1564815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 648ggcaucgcua uggaa 1564915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 649gcaaaugaca augaa 1565015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 650caaaugacaa ugaaa 1565115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 651aaggccuuca uagca 1565215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 652acuaaaugug cucua 1565315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 653cggagugaca aggaa 1565415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 654gcagcuuguc cagga 1565515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 655uuguccaggu uuaua 1565615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 656cagguuuaug aacua 1565715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 657guuuaugaac ugaca 1565815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 658uaugaacuga cguua 1565915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 659aacugacguu acaua 1566015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 660cugacguuac aucaa 1566115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 661acaauguugu gacca 1566215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 662gggaguauug uggaa 1566315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 663aaggcaaagu gcuca 1566415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 664gacgguaccg acaaa 1566515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 665cgguaccgac aacca 1566615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 666uugaacuaca ucgaa 1566715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 667ugaacuacau cgaua 1566815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 668aacgagugcu caaua 1566915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 669guccuguuac aacaa 1567015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 670cugaaauccu gcuua 1567115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 671cugcuuuagu cgaga 1567215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 672uuuagucgag aacca 1567315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 673agucgagaac caaua 1567415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 674guguucaaca auuga 1567515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 675ugaggaacau gguga 1567615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 676ugucacaaag aacca 1567715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic

oligonucleotide" 677ucacaaagaa ccgua 1567815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 678acaaagaacc gugca 1567915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 679uugaaccucu uguua 1568015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 680uuuauuggcu uugua 1568115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 681ucauuggaau uccua 1568215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 682ugugauggca ucaua 1568315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 683gauuucccag ucaaa 1568415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 684gagugagcag caaca 1568515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 685gucuggaaug uucca 1568615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 686ugcgugaaca uucaa 1568715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 687cucaggauuu aaaaa 1568815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 688ggauuuaaaa uuuaa 1568915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 689aauuuaauua uauca 1569015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 690auuuuaacgu aacua 1569115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 691ucuuucuaug cccga 1569215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 692ucuaugcccg uguaa 1569315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 693cuuuuaguca ggaga 1569415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 694uguuuugggu auuga 1569515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 695gaauguggua aguga 1569615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 696ugguaagugg aggaa 1569715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 697aaauguugga acuca 1569815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 698auguuugagg aggca 1569915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 699ccuuaaggga agcua 1570015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 700gaauuauaac acgua 1570115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 701auguuuacau uugua 1570215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 702cauuuguaag aaaua 1570315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 703aauaacacug ugaaa 1570415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 704aauaugagcu cauua 1570515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 705ucacccacgc auaua 1570615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 706auauagacac aucua 1570715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 707uuacacacac accua 1570815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 708gacuuuauca uguua 1570915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 709uuguugcaaa uguga 1571015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 710gcaaauguga uuaaa 1571115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 711aauuugguug ucaaa 1571215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 712uuuguuuucc ugcua 1571315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 713guuuuccugc uggua 1571415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 714auaucgggaa agaua 1571515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 715auuuuaauga aacca 1571615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 716uaaugaaacc aggga 1571715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 717auuguuuggc aauga 1571815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 718ccccucaguu guuua 1571915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 719ggacugacga gagaa 1572015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 720gacgagagau guaua 1572115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 721uuuuuuaacu gcuga 1572215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 722uaacugcugc aaaca 1572315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 723acccuggaaa agcua 1572415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 724aaggccuucg aguca 1572515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 725cgcugcaccg accaa 1572615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 726aagaacuuuc agcua 1572715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 727agcuaccaag aaaga 1572815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 728cgugugaauc auuga 1572915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 729ucauugucug acaaa 1573015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 730ugacaauaug ugaaa 1573115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 731auaugugaaa acaua 1573215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 732gcagcagcag cagca 1573320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 733uucaguucau aaaccuggac 2073420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 734uaacgucagu ucauaaaccu 2073520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 735uuaacgucag uucauaaacc 2073620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 736uccggucaca acauuguggu 2073720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 737ugucgguacc gucuaacaca 2073820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 738uccaaauacu gguugucggu 2073920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 739uaacauuauu gagcacucgu 2074020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 740ucgacuaaag caggauuuca 2074120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 741uuugguucuc gacuaaagca 2074220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 742uagcguugaa guacuguccc 2074320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 743uacaacgaga cugaauugcc 2074420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 744uaagcaugga gcuagcaggc 2074520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 745ugaauguuca cgcagugggc 2074620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 746uuuuuaaauc cugagaagaa 2074720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 747ucucuuuacu gauauaauua 2074820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 748uuaaucucuu uacugauaua 2074920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 749uuuucuuggu agcugaaagu 2075020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 750uucacauauu gucagacaau 2075120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 751uuccauagcg augcccagaa 2075220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 752uaaaguucca uagcgaugcc 2075320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 753uuaauuucau ugucauuugc 2075420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 754uuuaauuuca uugucauuug 2075520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 755ugguucgcua ugaaggccuu 2075620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 756ugccuaagag cacauuuagu 2075720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 757uuucuuuccu ugucacuccg 2075820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 758uauaaaccug gacaagcugc 2075920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 759uaguucauaa accuggacaa 2076020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 760uacgucaguu cauaaaccug 2076120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 761uguaacguca guucauaaac 2076220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 762ugauguaacg ucaguucaua 2076320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 763uguaugaugu aacgucaguu 2076420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 764uguguaugau guaacgucag 2076520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 765ugcuccgguc acaacauugu 2076620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 766uuaaguucca caauacuccc 2076720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 767uccuaagagc acuuugccuu 2076820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 768uacugguugu cgguaccguc 2076920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 769uauacugguu gucgguaccg 2077020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 770ucaugaucga uguaguucaa 2077120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 771uccaugaucg auguaguuca 2077220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 772uacauuauug agcacucguu 2077320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 773uuuacuuguu guaacaggac 2077420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 774ugacuaaagc aggauuucag 2077520RNAArtificial

Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 775uugguucucg acuaaagcag 2077620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 776uucauugguu cucgacuaaa 2077720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 777uccaucauug guucucgacu 2077820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 778uuucaacaau uguugaacac 2077920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 779ugccugcacc auguuccuca 2078020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 780uugcacgguu cuuugugaca 2078120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 781uucugcacgg uucuuuguga 2078220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 782uuaucugcac gguucuuugu 2078320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 783uuuuauaaca agagguucaa 2078420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 784uucaauacaa agccaauaaa 2078520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 785uauuuuagga auuccaauga 2078620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 786uuggccauga ugccaucaca 2078720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 787uuucaguuga cugggaaauc 2078820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 788uaguauguug cugcucacuc 2078920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 789uucuccggaa cauuccagac 2079020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 790uggcugugaa uguucacgca 2079120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 791uuuaaauuuu aaauccugag 2079220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 792uauaauuaaa uuuuaaaucc 2079320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 793uuuacugaua uaauuaaauu 2079420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 794ugaaagaguu acguuaaaau 2079520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 795uuuacacggg cauagaaaga 2079620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 796uuacuuuaca cgggcauaga 2079720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 797ugcacucucc ugacuaaaag 2079820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 798uacauucaau acccaaaaca 2079920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 799uuccuccacu uaccacauuc 2080020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 800uacauuuccu ccacuuacca 2080120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 801ugcacagagu uccaacauuu 2080220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 802uuaagggccu ccucaaacau 2080320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 803uucaguagcu ucccuuaagg 2080420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 804uuucuuacgu guuauaauuc 2080520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 805uuucuuacaa auguaaacau 2080620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 806uguguuauuu cuuacaaaug 2080720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 807uuuacauuca caguguuauu 2080820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 808uuuacuaaug agcucauauu 2080920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 809uuauguauau gcguggguga 2081020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 810uauuauagau gugucuauau 2081120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 811uuugagaggu guguguguaa 2081220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 812uuuaggaaca ugauaaaguc 2081320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 813uuuaaucaca uuugcaacaa 2081420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 814uccaaauuaa ucacauuugc 2081520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 815uaaaacuuga caaccaaauu 2081620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 816uuuaccagca ggaaaacaaa 2081720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 817uauauuacca gcaggaaaac 2081820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 818uuuaaaaucu uucccgauau 2081920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 819uacccugguu ucauuaaaau 2082020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 820uuucuacccu gguuucauua 2082120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 821ucagugcauu gccaaacaau 2082220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 822ucuuagaaac aacugagggg 2082320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 823uauacaucuc ucgucagucc 2082420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 824uuaaauauac aucucucguc 2082520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 825uguuugcagc aguuaaaaaa 2082620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 826uacaauguuu gcagcaguua 2082720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 827uucaucagcu uuuccagggu 2082820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 828uugagggacu cgaaggccuu 2082920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 829uuucuuuggu cggugcagcg 2083020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 830uuugguagcu gaaaguucuu 2083120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 831uacggucuuu cuugguagcu 2083220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 832uucagacaau gauucacacg 2083320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 833uacauauugu cagacaauga 2083420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 834uauguuuuca cauauuguca 2083520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 835uccacuaugu uuucacauau 2083620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 836ucugcugcug cugcugcugc 2083715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 837guccagguuu augaa 1583815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 838agguuuauga acuga 1583915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 839gguuuaugaa cugaa 1584015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 840accacaaugu uguga 1584115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 841uguguuagac gguaa 1584215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 842accgacaacc aguaa 1584315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 843acgagugcuc aauaa 1584415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 844ugaaauccug cuuua 1584515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 845ugcuuuaguc gagaa 1584615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 846gggacaguac uucaa 1584715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 847ggcaauucag ucuca 1584815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 848gccugcuagc uccaa 1584915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 849gcccacugcg ugaaa 1585015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 850uucuucucag gauua 1585115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 851uaauuauauc aguaa 1585215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 852uauaucagua aagaa 1585315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 853acuuucagcu accaa 1585415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 854auugucugac aauaa 1585515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 855uucugggcau cgcua 1585615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 856ggcaucgcua uggaa 1585715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 857gcaaaugaca augaa 1585815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 858caaaugacaa ugaaa 1585915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 859aaggccuuca uagca 1586015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 860acuaaaugug cucua 1586115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 861cggagugaca aggaa 1586215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 862gcagcuuguc cagga 1586315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 863uuguccaggu uuaua 1586415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 864cagguuuaug aacua 1586515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 865guuuaugaac ugaca 1586615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 866uaugaacuga cguua 1586715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 867aacugacguu acaua 1586815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 868cugacguuac aucaa 1586915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 869acaauguugu gacca 1587015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 870gggaguauug uggaa 1587115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of

Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 871aaggcaaagu gcuca 1587215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 872gacgguaccg acaaa 1587315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 873cgguaccgac aacca 1587415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 874uugaacuaca ucgaa 1587515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 875ugaacuacau cgaua 1587615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 876aacgagugcu caaua 1587715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 877guccuguuac aacaa 1587815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 878cugaaauccu gcuua 1587915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 879cugcuuuagu cgaga 1588015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 880uuuagucgag aacca 1588115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 881agucgagaac caaua 1588215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 882guguucaaca auuga 1588315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 883ugaggaacau gguga 1588415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 884ugucacaaag aacca 1588515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 885ucacaaagaa ccgua 1588615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 886acaaagaacc gugca 1588715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 887uugaaccucu uguua 1588815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 888uuuauuggcu uugua 1588915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 889ucauuggaau uccua 1589015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 890ugugauggca ucaua 1589115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 891gauuucccag ucaaa 1589215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 892gagugagcag caaca 1589315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 893gucuggaaug uucca 1589415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 894ugcgugaaca uucaa 1589515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 895cucaggauuu aaaaa 1589615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 896ggauuuaaaa uuuaa 1589715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 897aauuuaauua uauca 1589815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 898auuuuaacgu aacua 1589915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 899ucuuucuaug cccga 1590015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 900ucuaugcccg uguaa 1590115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 901cuuuuaguca ggaga 1590215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 902uguuuugggu auuga 1590315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 903gaauguggua aguga 1590415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 904ugguaagugg aggaa 1590515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 905aaauguugga acuca 1590615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 906auguuugagg aggca 1590715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 907ccuuaaggga agcua 1590815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 908gaauuauaac acgua 1590915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 909auguuuacau uugua 1591015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 910cauuuguaag aaaua 1591115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 911aauaacacug ugaaa 1591215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 912aauaugagcu cauua 1591315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 913ucacccacgc auaua 1591415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 914auauagacac aucua 1591515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 915uuacacacac accua 1591615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 916gacuuuauca uguua 1591715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 917uuguugcaaa uguga 1591815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 918gcaaauguga uuaaa 1591915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 919aauuugguug ucaaa 1592015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 920uuuguuuucc ugcua 1592115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 921guuuuccugc uggua 1592215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 922auaucgggaa agaua 1592315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 923auuuuaauga aacca 1592415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 924uaaugaaacc aggga 1592515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 925auuguuuggc aauga 1592615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 926ccccucaguu guuua 1592715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 927ggacugacga gagaa 1592815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 928gacgagagau guaua 1592915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 929uuuuuuaacu gcuga 1593015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 930uaacugcugc aaaca 1593115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 931acccuggaaa agcua 1593215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 932aaggccuucg aguca 1593315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 933cgcugcaccg accaa 1593415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 934aagaacuuuc agcua 1593515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 935agcuaccaag aaaga 1593615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 936cgugugaauc auuga 1593715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 937ucauugucug acaaa 1593815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 938ugacaauaug ugaaa 1593915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 939auaugugaaa acaua 1594015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 940gcagcagcag cagca 1594120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 941uucaguucau aaaccuggac 2094220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 942uaacgucagu ucauaaaccu 2094320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 943uuaacgucag uucauaaacc 2094420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 944uccggucaca acauuguggu 2094520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 945ugucgguacc gucuaacaca 2094620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 946uccaaauacu gguugucggu 2094720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 947uaacauuauu gagcacucgu 2094820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 948ucgacuaaag caggauuuca 2094920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 949uuugguucuc gacuaaagca 2095020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 950uagcguugaa guacuguccc 2095120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 951uacaacgaga cugaauugcc 2095220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 952uaagcaugga gcuagcaggc 2095320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 953ugaauguuca cgcagugggc 2095420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 954uuuuuaaauc cugagaagaa 2095520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 955ucucuuuacu gauauaauua 2095620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 956uuaaucucuu uacugauaua 2095720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 957uuuucuuggu agcugaaagu 2095820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 958uucacauauu gucagacaau 2095920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 959uuccauagcg augcccagaa 2096020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 960uaaaguucca uagcgaugcc 2096120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 961uuaauuucau ugucauuugc 2096220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 962uuuaauuuca uugucauuug 2096320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 963ugguucgcua ugaaggccuu 2096420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 964ugccuaagag cacauuuagu 2096520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 965uuucuuuccu ugucacuccg 2096620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 966uauaaaccug gacaagcugc 2096720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 967uaguucauaa accuggacaa 2096820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 968uacgucaguu cauaaaccug 2096920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 969uguaacguca guucauaaac

2097020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 970ugauguaacg ucaguucaua 2097120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 971uguaugaugu aacgucaguu 2097220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 972uguguaugau guaacgucag 2097320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 973ugcuccgguc acaacauugu 2097420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 974uuaaguucca caauacuccc 2097520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 975uccuaagagc acuuugccuu 2097620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 976uacugguugu cgguaccguc 2097720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 977uauacugguu gucgguaccg 2097820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 978ucaugaucga uguaguucaa 2097920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 979uccaugaucg auguaguuca 2098020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 980uacauuauug agcacucguu 2098120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 981uuuacuuguu guaacaggac 2098220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 982ugacuaaagc aggauuucag 2098320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 983uugguucucg acuaaagcag 2098420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 984uucauugguu cucgacuaaa 2098520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 985uccaucauug guucucgacu 2098620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 986uuucaacaau uguugaacac 2098720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 987ugccugcacc auguuccuca 2098820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 988uugcacgguu cuuugugaca 2098920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 989uucugcacgg uucuuuguga 2099020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 990uuaucugcac gguucuuugu 2099120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 991uuuuauaaca agagguucaa 2099220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 992uucaauacaa agccaauaaa 2099320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 993uauuuuagga auuccaauga 2099420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 994uuggccauga ugccaucaca 2099520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 995uuucaguuga cugggaaauc 2099620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 996uaguauguug cugcucacuc 2099720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 997uucuccggaa cauuccagac 2099820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 998uggcugugaa uguucacgca 2099920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 999uuuaaauuuu aaauccugag 20100020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1000uauaauuaaa uuuuaaaucc 20100120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1001uuuacugaua uaauuaaauu 20100220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1002ugaaagaguu acguuaaaau 20100320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1003uuuacacggg cauagaaaga 20100420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1004uuacuuuaca cgggcauaga 20100520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1005ugcacucucc ugacuaaaag 20100620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1006uacauucaau acccaaaaca 20100720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1007uuccuccacu uaccacauuc 20100820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1008uacauuuccu ccacuuacca 20100920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1009ugcacagagu uccaacauuu 20101020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1010uuaagggccu ccucaaacau 20101120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1011uucaguagcu ucccuuaagg 20101220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1012uuucuuacgu guuauaauuc 20101320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1013uuucuuacaa auguaaacau 20101420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1014uguguuauuu cuuacaaaug 20101520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1015uuuacauuca caguguuauu 20101620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1016uuuacuaaug agcucauauu 20101720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1017uuauguauau gcguggguga 20101820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1018uauuauagau gugucuauau 20101920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1019uuugagaggu guguguguaa 20102020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1020uuuaggaaca ugauaaaguc 20102120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1021uuuaaucaca uuugcaacaa 20102220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1022uccaaauuaa ucacauuugc 20102320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1023uaaaacuuga caaccaaauu 20102420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1024uuuaccagca ggaaaacaaa 20102520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1025uauauuacca gcaggaaaac 20102620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1026uuuaaaaucu uucccgauau 20102720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1027uacccugguu ucauuaaaau 20102820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1028uuucuacccu gguuucauua 20102920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1029ucagugcauu gccaaacaau 20103020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1030ucuuagaaac aacugagggg 20103120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1031uauacaucuc ucgucagucc 20103220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1032uuaaauauac aucucucguc 20103320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1033uguuugcagc aguuaaaaaa 20103420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1034uacaauguuu gcagcaguua 20103520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1035uucaucagcu uuuccagggu 20103620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1036uugagggacu cgaaggccuu 20103720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1037uuucuuuggu cggugcagcg 20103820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1038uuugguagcu gaaaguucuu 20103920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1039uacggucuuu cuugguagcu 20104020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1040uucagacaau gauucacacg 20104120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1041uacauauugu cagacaauga 20104220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1042uauguuuuca cauauuguca 20104320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1043uccacuaugu uuucacauau 20104420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1044ucugcugcug cugcugcugc 20104515RNAHomo sapiens 1045gguuuaugaa cugac 15104615RNAHomo sapiens 1046uaugaacuga cguua 15104715RNAHomo sapiens 1047augaacugac guuac 15104815RNAHomo sapiens 1048aauguuguga ccgga 15104915RNAHomo sapiens 1049uagacgguac cgaca 15105015RNAHomo sapiens 1050caaccaguau uuggg 15105115RNAHomo sapiens 1051ugcucaauaa uguug 15105215RNAHomo sapiens 1052uccugcuuua gucga 15105315RNAHomo sapiens 1053uagucgagaa ccaau 15105415RNAHomo sapiens 1054aguacuucaa cgcua 15105515RNAHomo sapiens 1055uucagucucg uugug 15105615RNAHomo sapiens 1056cuagcuccau gcuua 15105715RNAHomo sapiens 1057cugcgugaac auuca 15105815RNAHomo sapiens 1058cagcuaccaa gaaag 15105915RNAHomo sapiens 1059cugacaauau gugaa 15106015RNAHomo sapiens 1060ggcaucgcua uggaa 15106115RNAHomo sapiens 1061cgcuauggaa cuuuu 15106215RNAHomo sapiens 1062ugacaaugaa auuaa 15106315RNAHomo sapiens 1063gacaaugaaa uuaag 15106415RNAHomo sapiens 1064cuucauagcg aaccu 15106515RNAHomo sapiens 1065augugcucuu aggcu 15106615RNAHomo sapiens 1066ugacaaggaa agaaa 15106715RNAHomo sapiens 1067uuguccaggu uuaug 15106815RNAHomo sapiens 1068cagguuuaug aacug 15106915RNAHomo sapiens 1069uuaugaacug acguu 15107015RNAHomo sapiens 1070ugaacugacg uuaca 15107115RNAHomo sapiens 1071acugacguua cauca 15107215RNAHomo sapiens 1072acguuacauc auaca 15107315RNAHomo sapiens 1073guuacaucau acaca 15107415RNAHomo sapiens 1074guugugaccg gagcc 15107515RNAHomo sapiens 1075uauuguggaa cuuau 15107615RNAHomo sapiens 1076aaagugcucu uagga 15107715RNAHomo sapiens 1077uaccgacaac cagua 15107815RNAHomo sapiens 1078ccgacaacca guauu 15107915RNAHomo sapiens 1079cuacaucgau caugg 15108015RNAHomo sapiens 1080uacaucgauc augga 15108115RNAHomo sapiens 1081gugcucaaua auguu 15108215RNAHomo sapiens 1082guuacaacaa guaaa

15108315RNAHomo sapiens 1083auccugcuuu agucg 15108415RNAHomo sapiens 1084uuagucgaga accaa 15108515RNAHomo sapiens 1085ucgagaacca augau 15108615RNAHomo sapiens 1086agaaccaaug auggc 15108715RNAHomo sapiens 1087caacaauugu ugaag 15108815RNAHomo sapiens 1088aacauggugc aggcg 15108915RNAHomo sapiens 1089caaagaaccg ugcag 15109015RNAHomo sapiens 1090aagaaccgug cagau 15109115RNAHomo sapiens 1091gaaccgugca gauaa 15109215RNAHomo sapiens 1092ccucuuguua uaaaa 15109315RNAHomo sapiens 1093uggcuuugua uugaa 15109415RNAHomo sapiens 1094ggaauuccua aaauc 15109515RNAHomo sapiens 1095uggcaucaug gccag 15109615RNAHomo sapiens 1096cccagucaac ugaag 15109715RNAHomo sapiens 1097agcagcaaca uacuu 15109815RNAHomo sapiens 1098gaauguuccg gagaa 15109915RNAHomo sapiens 1099gaacauucac agcca 15110015RNAHomo sapiens 1100gauuuaaaau uuaau 15110115RNAHomo sapiens 1101uaaaauuuaa uuaua 15110215RNAHomo sapiens 1102aauuauauca guaaa 15110315RNAHomo sapiens 1103aacguaacuc uuucu 15110415RNAHomo sapiens 1104cuaugcccgu guaaa 15110515RNAHomo sapiens 1105gcccguguaa aguau 15110615RNAHomo sapiens 1106agucaggaga gugca 15110715RNAHomo sapiens 1107uggguauuga augug 15110815RNAHomo sapiens 1108ugguaagugg aggaa 15110915RNAHomo sapiens 1109aguggaggaa auguu 15111015RNAHomo sapiens 1110uuggaacucu gugca 15111115RNAHomo sapiens 1111ugaggaggcc cuuaa 15111215RNAHomo sapiens 1112agggaagcua cugaa 15111315RNAHomo sapiens 1113auaacacgua agaaa 15111415RNAHomo sapiens 1114uacauuugua agaaa 15111515RNAHomo sapiens 1115guaagaaaua acacu 15111615RNAHomo sapiens 1116cacugugaau guaaa 15111715RNAHomo sapiens 1117gagcucauua guaaa 15111815RNAHomo sapiens 1118cacgcauaua cauaa 15111915RNAHomo sapiens 1119gacacaucua uaauu 15112015RNAHomo sapiens 1120cacacaccuc ucaag 15112115RNAHomo sapiens 1121uaucauguuc cuaaa 15112215RNAHomo sapiens 1122gcaaauguga uuaau 15112315RNAHomo sapiens 1123ugugauuaau uuggu 15112415RNAHomo sapiens 1124gguugucaag uuuug 15112515RNAHomo sapiens 1125uuuccugcug guaau 15112615RNAHomo sapiens 1126ccugcuggua auauc 15112715RNAHomo sapiens 1127gggaaagauu uuaau 15112815RNAHomo sapiens 1128aaugaaacca gggua 15112915RNAHomo sapiens 1129aaaccagggu agaau 15113015RNAHomo sapiens 1130uuggcaaugc acuga 15113115RNAHomo sapiens 1131caguuguuuc uaaga 15113215RNAHomo sapiens 1132gacgagagau guaua 15113315RNAHomo sapiens 1133gagauguaua uuuaa 15113415RNAHomo sapiens 1134uaacugcugc aaaca 15113515RNAHomo sapiens 1135gcugcaaaca uugua 15113613RNAHomo sapiens 1136acaaauacga uua 13113715RNAHomo sapiens 1137gguuuaugaa cugaa 15113815RNAHomo sapiens 1138uaugaacuga cguua 15113915RNAHomo sapiens 1139augaacugac guuaa 15114015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1140aauguuguga ccgga 15114115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1141uagacgguac cgaca 15114215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1142caaccaguau uugga 15114315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1143ugcucaauaa uguua 15114415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1144uccugcuuua gucga 15114515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1145uagucgagaa ccaaa 15114615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1146aguacuucaa cgcua 15114715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1147uucagucucg uugua 15114815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1148cuagcuccau gcuua 15114915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1149cugcgugaac auuca 15115015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1150cucaggauuu aaaaa 15115115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1151auaucaguaa agaga 15115215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1152caguaaagag auuaa 15115315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1153cagcuaccaa gaaaa 15115415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1154cugacaauau gugaa 15115515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1155ggcaucgcua uggaa 15115615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1156cgcuauggaa cuuua 15115715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1157ugacaaugaa auuaa 15115815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1158gacaaugaaa uuaaa 15115915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1159cuucauagcg aacca 15116015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1160augugcucuu aggca 15116115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1161ugacaaggaa agaaa 15116215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1162uuguccaggu uuaua 15116315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1163cagguuuaug aacua 15116415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1164uuaugaacug acgua 15116515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1165ugaacugacg uuaca 15116615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1166acugacguua cauca 15116715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1167acguuacauc auaca 15116815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1168guuacaucau acaca 15116915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1169guugugaccg gagca 15117015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1170uauuguggaa cuuaa 15117115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1171aaagugcucu uagga 15117215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1172uaccgacaac cagua 15117315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1173ccgacaacca guaua 15117415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1174cuacaucgau cauga 15117515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1175uacaucgauc augga 15117615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1176gugcucaaua augua 15117715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1177guuacaacaa guaaa 15117815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1178auccugcuuu aguca 15117915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1179uuagucgaga accaa 15118015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1180ucgagaacca augaa 15118115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1181agaaccaaug augga 15118215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1182caacaauugu ugaaa 15118315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1183aacauggugc aggca 15118415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1184caaagaaccg ugcaa 15118515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1185aagaaccgug cagaa 15118615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1186gaaccgugca gauaa 15118715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1187ccucuuguua uaaaa 15118815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1188uggcuuugua uugaa 15118915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1189ggaauuccua aaaua 15119015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1190uggcaucaug gccaa 15119115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1191cccagucaac ugaaa 15119215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1192agcagcaaca uacua 15119315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1193gaauguuccg gagaa 15119415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1194gaacauucac agcca 15119515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1195gauuuaaaau uuaaa 15119615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1196uaaaauuuaa uuaua 15119715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1197aauuauauca guaaa 15119815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1198aacguaacuc uuuca 15119915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1199cuaugcccgu guaaa 15120015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1200gcccguguaa aguaa 15120115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1201agucaggaga gugca 15120215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1202uggguauuga augua 15120315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1203ugguaagugg aggaa 15120415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1204aguggaggaa augua 15120515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial

Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1205uuggaacucu gugca 15120615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1206ugaggaggcc cuuaa 15120715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1207agggaagcua cugaa 15120815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1208auaacacgua agaaa 15120915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1209uacauuugua agaaa 15121015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1210guaagaaaua acaca 15121115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1211cacugugaau guaaa 15121215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1212gagcucauua guaaa 15121315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1213cacgcauaua cauaa 15121415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1214gacacaucua uaaua 15121515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1215cacacaccuc ucaaa 15121615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1216uaucauguuc cuaaa 15121715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1217gcaaauguga uuaaa 15121815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1218ugugauuaau uugga 15121915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1219gguugucaag uuuua 15122015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1220uuuccugcug guaaa 15122115RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1221ccugcuggua auaua 15122215RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1222gggaaagauu uuaaa 15122315RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1223aaugaaacca gggua 15122415RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1224aaaccagggu agaaa 15122515RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1225uuggcaaugc acuga 15122615RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1226caguuguuuc uaaga 15122715RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1227gacgagagau guaua 15122815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1228gagauguaua uuuaa 15122915RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1229uaacugcugc aaaca 15123015RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1230gcugcaaaca uugua 15123113RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1231acaaauacga uua 13123220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1232uucaguucau aaaccuggac 20123320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1233uaacgucagu ucauaaaccu 20123420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1234uuaacgucag uucauaaacc 20123520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1235uccggucaca acauuguggu 20123620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1236ugucgguacc gucuaacaca 20123720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1237uccaaauacu gguugucggu 20123820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1238uaacauuauu gagcacucgu 20123920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1239ucgacuaaag caggauuuca 20124020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1240uuugguucuc gacuaaagca 20124120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1241uagcguugaa guacuguccc 20124220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1242uacaacgaga cugaauugcc 20124320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1243uaagcaugga gcuagcaggc 20124420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1244ugaauguuca cgcagugggc 20124520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1245uuuuuaaauc cugagaagaa 20124620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1246ucucuuuacu gauauaauua 20124720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1247uuaaucucuu uacugauaua 20124820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1248uuuucuuggu agcugaaagu 20124920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1249uucacauauu gucagacaau 20125020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1250uuccauagcg augcccagaa 20125120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1251uaaaguucca uagcgaugcc 20125220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1252uuaauuucau ugucauuugc 20125320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1253uuuaauuuca uugucauuug 20125420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1254ugguucgcua ugaaggccuu 20125520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1255ugccuaagag cacauuuagu 20125620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1256uuucuuuccu ugucacuccg 20125720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1257uauaaaccug gacaagcugc 20125820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1258uaguucauaa accuggacaa 20125920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1259uacgucaguu cauaaaccug 20126020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1260uguaacguca guucauaaac 20126120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1261ugauguaacg ucaguucaua 20126220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1262uguaugaugu aacgucaguu 20126320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1263uguguaugau guaacgucag 20126420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1264ugcuccgguc acaacauugu 20126520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1265uuaaguucca caauacuccc 20126620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1266uccuaagagc acuuugccuu 20126720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1267uacugguugu cgguaccguc 20126820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1268uauacugguu gucgguaccg 20126920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1269ucaugaucga uguaguucaa 20127020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1270uccaugaucg auguaguuca 20127120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1271uacauuauug agcacucguu 20127220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1272uuuacuuguu guaacaggac 20127320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1273ugacuaaagc aggauuucag 20127420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1274uugguucucg acuaaagcag 20127520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1275uucauugguu cucgacuaaa 20127620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1276uccaucauug guucucgacu 20127720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1277uuucaacaau uguugaacac 20127820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1278ugccugcacc auguuccuca 20127920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1279uugcacgguu cuuugugaca 20128020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1280uucugcacgg uucuuuguga 20128120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1281uuaucugcac gguucuuugu 20128220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1282uuuuauaaca agagguucaa 20128320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1283uucaauacaa agccaauaaa 20128420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1284uauuuuagga auuccaauga 20128520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1285uuggccauga ugccaucaca 20128620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1286uuucaguuga cugggaaauc 20128720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1287uaguauguug cugcucacuc 20128820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1288uucuccggaa cauuccagac 20128920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1289uggcugugaa uguucacgca 20129020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1290uuuaaauuuu aaauccugag 20129120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1291uauaauuaaa uuuuaaaucc 20129220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1292uuuacugaua uaauuaaauu 20129320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1293ugaaagaguu acguuaaaau 20129420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1294uuuacacggg cauagaaaga 20129520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1295uuacuuuaca cgggcauaga 20129620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1296ugcacucucc ugacuaaaag 20129720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1297uacauucaau acccaaaaca 20129820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1298uuccuccacu uaccacauuc 20129920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic

oligonucleotide" 1299uacauuuccu ccacuuacca 20130020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1300ugcacagagu uccaacauuu 20130120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1301uuaagggccu ccucaaacau 20130220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1302uucaguagcu ucccuuaagg 20130320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1303uuucuuacgu guuauaauuc 20130420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1304uuucuuacaa auguaaacau 20130520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1305uguguuauuu cuuacaaaug 20130620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1306uuuacauuca caguguuauu 20130720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1307uuuacuaaug agcucauauu 20130820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1308uuauguauau gcguggguga 20130920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1309uauuauagau gugucuauau 20131020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1310uuugagaggu guguguguaa 20131120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1311uuuaggaaca ugauaaaguc 20131220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1312uuuaaucaca uuugcaacaa 20131320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1313uccaaauuaa ucacauuugc 20131420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1314uaaaacuuga caaccaaauu 20131520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1315uuuaccagca ggaaaacaaa 20131620RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1316uauauuacca gcaggaaaac 20131720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1317uuuaaaaucu uucccgauau 20131820RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1318uacccugguu ucauuaaaau 20131920RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1319uuucuacccu gguuucauua 20132020RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1320ucagugcauu gccaaacaau 20132120RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1321ucuuagaaac aacugagggg 20132220RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1322uauacaucuc ucgucagucc 20132320RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1323uuaaauauac aucucucguc 20132420RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1324uguuugcagc aguuaaaaaa 20132520RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1325uacaauguuu gcagcaguua 20132619RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1326uaaucguauu ugucaauca 19132720RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1327uuaaucucuu uacugauaua 20132815RNAArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide" 1328caguaaagag auuaa 15132921PRTArtificial Sequencesource/note="Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide" 1329Cys His Arg Arg His Arg Arg Arg Ile Trp Ser Ile Leu Ala Pro Leu1 5 10 15Gly Thr Thr Leu Val 20

Claims

1-76. (canceled)

77. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector comprising a stem-loop structure comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an RNA duplex comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand; wherein the antisense strand is between 16 and 22 nucleotides in length and comprises a region of complementarity; and wherein the region of complementarity in the antisense strand is complementary to at least 16 contiguous nucleotides of 5' GCCUGCUAGCUCCAUGCUUA 3' (SEQ ID NO: 17).

78. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the region of complementarity in the antisense strand is complementary to at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 17.

79. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the region of complementarity in the antisense strand is complementary to at least 18 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 17.

80. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the sense strand is between 16 and 22 nucleotides in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17.

81. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the sense strand is between 17 and 22 nucleotides in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17.

82. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the sense strand is between 18 and 22 nucleotides in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17.

83. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 85% identical to 5' UAAGCAUGGAGCUAGCAGGC 3' (SEQ ID NO: 328).

84. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 90% identical to 5' UAAGCAUGGAGCUAGCAGGC 3' (SEQ ID NO: 328).

85. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 85% identical to 5' UAAGCAUGGAGCUAGCAGGC 3' (SEQ ID NO: 328); and wherein the sense strand is between 17 and 22 nucleotides in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17.

86. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 90% identical to 5' UAAGCAUGGAGCUAGCAGGC 3' (SEQ ID NO: 328); and wherein the sense strand is between 18 and 22 nucleotides in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17.

87. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both the sense strand and the antisense strand, are each 21 nucleotides in length.

88. The rAAV vector of claim 77, wherein the sense strand and the antisense strand comprise at least one mismatched base pair.

89. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) comprising the rAAV vector of claim 77 and an AAV capsid.

90. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the rAAV of claim 89 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

91. A method for inhibiting expression of HTT gene in a cell, the method comprising introducing into the cell the rAAV vector of claim 77.

92. A method of treating Huntington's Disease in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the rAAV of claim 89.

93. The method of claim 92, wherein the rAAV is administered intravenously.

94. The method of claim 92, wherein administering the rAAV to the subject causes a decrease in HTT gene mRNA in the striatum, the cortex, or both the striatum and the cortex of the subject.

95. The method of claim 91, wherein the cell is: (i) a CNS cell; (ii) a neuronal cell or an astrocyte; or (iii) in a subject.

96. The method of claim 95, wherein the subject has Huntington's Disease.