Compositions and Methods for Manipulating the Development of Plants

Abstract

The invention provides a methods and materials for producing and selecting plants with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype. The methods and materials relate to altering the expression, or activity, of an ARF3 poypeptide in the plant, and selecting plants with altered the expression, or activity, of an ARF3 poypeptide. The invention also provides plants produced or selected by the methods. The methods also involve crossing plants of the invention with other plants to produce further plants with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The invention relates to compositions and methods for the manipulation of plant development.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Dwarfing rootstocks have revolutionized the production of some tree and vine crops, by permitting high-density plantings that increase fruit yield in the early years of orchard establishment (Ferree and Carlson 1987; Webster and Wertheim 2003; Gregory and George 2011). The widespread use of dwarfing rootstocks has led to a steady increase in the efficiency of apple production over the past century (Hirst and Ferree 1995; Webster 1995).

[0003] `Malling9` (`M9`) is the most frequently used apple dwarfing rootstock in both commercial and home orchards (Webster 1995). `M9`, originally called `Jaune de Metz`, was discovered as single seedling in the 1800s and was clonally propagated as a rootstock because of its effects on both precocity and vigour control of the grafted scion (Carriere 1897). At the beginning of the 20.sup.th century, all the apple rootstocks grown in Western Europe were collected at the East Mailing Research Station (UK) and classified according to their effect on the grafted scion (Hatton 1917). Many of the apple rootstock varieties bred worldwide have parentage derived from this `Mailing` series, particularly `M9` (Manhart 1995; Webster and Wertheim 2003). Progeny of `M9` segregate for rootstock-induced dwarfing, indicating that this trait is determined by one or more genetic factors.

[0004] Dwarfing is a complex phenomenon, with some dwarfing-associated phenotypes being exhibited in the root stock plant, and other dwarfing-associated phenotypes being exhibited in scions grafted onto the root stock plants.

[0005] Phenotypes reported in M9 root stock plants include: altered xylem/phloem ratio, more phloem elements, smaller phloem elements, thicker bark, altered auxin transport, slower auxin transport, and reduced apical dominance. Grown as an ungrafted plant, M9 is also bushier than other types of non-grafted apples.

[0006] Based on the altered xylem/phloem phenotypes, researchers have suggested that dwarfing roots tocks function by altering the transport of water, nutrients or hormones. A number of studies have measured hormone concentration and/or movement in dwarfing rootstocks; auxin in particular seems to play a major role in rootstock induced dwarfing (Hooijdonk, Woolley et al. 2011). Soumelidou was the first to demonstrate that `M9` apple stems transport auxin at a slower rate than non-dwarfing stems (Soumelidou K 1994). More recently, it has been shown that treating apple trees with NPA, a polar auxin transport inhibitor, phenocopies the effect of a dwarfing rootstock (van Hooijdonk 2010).

[0007] Despite M9 rootstocks being so widely used and the subjects of numerous studies, the underlying mechanism by which dwarfing rootstocks control both scion vigour and flowering remains unresolved.

[0008] In woody perennials where a dwarfing or vigour-reducing rootstock exists, the overall effect on the grafted scion is characterised by less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, earlier competency to flower than non-grafted trees or trees on vigorous rootstocks (also called precocity), earlier phase change (a term which is related to earlier flowering, but also encompasses other traits, such as thorns, leaf shape, etc), a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference (or TCA, Trunk Cross-sectional Area), weaker shoot system, reduced branch diameter.

[0009] The first detectable effects on apple scions grafted onto M9 rootstock are fewer and shorter sylleptic branches (axillary meristems that grow out in the same season they were initiated), more axillary flowers (these do not appear until the spring of year two, but are formed in summer of year 1), and a tendency for both the primary axis and secondary axes to terminate earlier (Seleznyova, Thorp et al. 2003; Seleznyova, Tustin et al. 2008; van Hooijdonk, Woolley et al. 2010; van Hooijdonk, Woolley et al. 2011).

[0010] An increased proportion of axillary floral buds along the primary axis can have a profound impact on the subsequent growth of the scion. In a floral bud, the sympodial "bourse" shoot that develops from an axillary meristem is much less vigorous than the monopodial shoot that continues growth from the apex of a vegetative bud. Bourse shoots do not begin extension until anthesis of the flowers and are developmentally delayed relative to monopodial shoots, which begin growth immediately after budbreak. The effects of increased flowering and reduced sylleptic shoot number and length in year one became amplified in successive growth seasons, and within three years, scions grafted on dwarf or semi-dwarf rootstocks exhibited a distinctly reduced canopy size and branching density.

[0011] Quantitantive trait loci (QTL) associated with dwarfing have been identified in apple dwarf rootstock. For example, Pilcher et al (2008) generated a segregating rootstock population derived from a cross of `M9` and the vigorous rootstock `Robusta 5` (`R5`). The progeny were all grafted with `Braeburn` scions and the scions were phenotyped over seven years. Using a bulked segregant analysis (comparing pooled rootstock DNAs from dwarfed and vigorous trees) of a the rootstock population, the authors identified a major dwarfing locus (Dw1) derived from `M9` and located at the top of linkage group (LG) 5 (Pilcher, Celton et al. 2008) (FIG. 1a). Some of the vigorous individuals in this population carried Dw1, suggesting there were one or more additional rootstock loci that influence dwarfing of the scion. Using an enlarged population from the same cross, a genetic map was constructed which enabled a multi-trait quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of rootstock-induced dwarfing (Celton, Tustin et al. 2009).

[0012] More recently Fazio et al characterised two dwarfing loci Dw1 and Dw2 and reported that the strongest degree of dwarfing was conferred by rootstock with both Dw1 and Dw2 whereas either Dw1 or Dw2 alone affected dwarfing (Celton et al 2009). The authors also reported the Dw1 QTL to be located between the marking Hi22f12 and Hi04a08 defining an interval of 2.46 Mb.

[0013] The introduction of dwarfing into new apple cultivars is only currently achievable, through the laborious and slow procedures of breeding. Breeding of any fruit is also of course limited by the compatability of breeding species.

[0014] It would be beneficial to have tools or methods to introduce dwarfing, or dwarfing-associated phenotypes into new species where dwarfing technology is not yet available. Furthermore, even in species where dwarfing technology is available, it would also be advantageous to be able to more efficiently introduce dwarfing into certain cultivars, or root stock cultivars, that are well adapted to their local environment.

[0015] It is an object of the invention to provide materials and methods for producing dwarfing and/or at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype in plant, and/or at least to provide the public with a useful choice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] Method

[0017] In the first aspect the invention provides a method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype the method comprising altering the expression, or activity, of an ARF3 poypeptide in the plant.

[0018] In one embodiment the the method comprises increasing the expression of the ARF3 poypeptide in the plant.

[0019] In a further embodiment the method comprises transforming the plant to express the ARF3 poypeptide in the plant.

[0020] In a further embodiment the method comprises transforming the plant with polynucleotide encoding the ARF3 polypeptide.

[0021] In a further embodiment the polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous promoter.

[0022] In a further embodiment the method comprises modifying the sequence of an endogenous polynucleotide encoding the ARF3 polypeptide in the plant.

[0023] In one embodiment, modifying the endogenous polynucleotide alters the activity of the ARF3 poypeptide in the plant to induce the dwarfing-associated phenotype.

[0024] In one embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from:

[0025] a) altered auxin transport,

[0026] b) slower auxin transport,

[0027] c) reduced apical dominance,

[0028] d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio,

[0029] e) an increased number of phloem elements,

[0030] f) smaller phloem elements,

[0031] g) thicker bark,

[0032] h) a bushier habit,

[0033] i) reduced root mass,

[0034] j) reduced vigour,

[0035] k) less vegetative growth,

[0036] l) earlier termination of shoot growth,

[0037] m) earlier competence to flower,

[0038] n) precocity,

[0039] o) earlier phase change,

[0040] p) smaller canopy,

[0041] q) reduced stem circumference,

[0042] r) reduced branch diameter,

[0043] s) fewer sylleptic branches,

[0044] t) shorter sylleptic branches,

[0045] u) more axillary flowers,

[0046] v) an earlier teminating primary axis,

[0047] w) earlier teminating secondary axes,

[0048] x) shorter intenode length, and

[0049] y) reduced scion mass.

[0050] In one embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from a) to i). In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from a) to h). In one embodiment a plant with at least one of these phenotypes is suitable for use as a rootstock plant. In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype in this plant is at least one of reduced apical dominance, a bushier habit, an altered xylem/phloem ratio, an increased number of phloem elements, and reduced root mass.

[0051] In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is the competence to induce at least one of a) to y) in a scion grafted on to the plant. In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is the competence to induce at least one of a) to h) and j) to x) in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is the competence to induce at least one of j) to y) in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0053] In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is the competence to induce at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0054] In a further embodiment the method includeds the step of grafting a scion on to a plant produced by the method.

[0055] In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is the competence to induce at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, and reduced stem circumference, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0056] In a further embodiment the method includeds the step of grafting a scion on to a plant produced by the method.

[0057] In one embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenoytype is exhibited in a scion grafted onto the plant.

[0058] In one embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenoytype exhibited in the scion is at least one of j) to y). In one embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenoytype exhibited in the scion is at least one of j) to x).

[0059] In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenoytype exhibited in the scion is at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0060] In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenoytype exhibited in the scion is at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, and reduced stem circumference, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0061] In a further embodiment the invention provides a method of producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype selected from:

[0062] a) altered auxin transport,

[0063] b) slower auxin transport,

[0064] c) reduced apical dominance,

[0065] d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio,

[0066] e) an increased number of phloem elements,

[0067] f) smaller phloem elements,

[0068] g) thicker bark,

[0069] h) a bushier habit,

[0070] i) reduced root mass,

[0071] j) reduced vigour,

[0072] k) less vegetative growth,

[0073] l) earlier termination of shoot growth,

[0074] m) earlier competence to flower,

[0075] n) precocity,

[0076] o) earlier phase change,

[0077] p) smaller canopy,

[0078] q) reduced stem circumference,

[0079] r) reduced branch diameter,

[0080] s) fewer sylleptic branches,

[0081] t) shorter sylleptic branches,

[0082] u) more axillary flowers,

[0083] v) an earlier teminating primary axis,

[0084] w) earlier teminating secondary axes,

[0085] x) shorter intenode length, and

[0086] y) reduced scion mass, the method comprising grafting a scion onto a plant produced by a method of the invention.

[0087] In this embodiment the at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype is preferably exhibited in the grafted scion. In this embodiment the grafted scion exhibits at least one of j) to y). In a further the grafted scion exhibits at least one of j) to x).

[0088] In a further embodiment the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduce scion mass, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0089] In a further embodiment the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, and reduced stem circumference, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0090] In a further embodiment the invention provides a method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype selected from:

[0091] a) altered auxin transport,

[0092] b) slower auxin transport,

[0093] c) reduced apical dominance,

[0094] d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio,

[0095] e) an increased number of phloem elements,

[0096] f) smaller phloem elements,

[0097] g) thicker bark,

[0098] h) a bushier habit,

[0099] i) reduced root mass,

[0100] j) reduced vigour,

[0101] k) less vegetative growth,

[0102] l) earlier termination of shoot growth,

[0103] m) earlier competence to flower,

[0104] n) precocity,

[0105] o) earlier phase change,

[0106] p) smaller canopy,

[0107] q) reduced stem circumference,

[0108] r) reduced branch diameter,

[0109] s) fewer sylleptic branches,

[0110] t) shorter sylleptic branches,

[0111] u) more axillary flowers,

[0112] v) an earlier teminating primary axis,

[0113] w) earlier teminating secondary axes,

[0114] x) shorter intenode length,

[0115] y) reduced scion mass, the method comprising the steps:

[0116] A. providing a plant with altered the expression or activity of a ARF3 poypeptide,

[0117] B. grafting a scion onto the plant in A wherein at least one of j) to y) is exhibited in the scion grafted on to the plant in A.

[0118] In a further embodiment at least one of j) to x) is exhibited in the scion grafted on to the plant in A.

[0119] In a further embodiment the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0120] In a further embodiment the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, and reduced stem circumference, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0121] In one embodiment the plant in A has increased expression of the ARF3 poypeptide.

[0122] In a further embodiment the plant in A has been transformed to express the ARF3 poypeptide.

[0123] In a further embodiment the plant in A is transgenic for a polynucleotide encoding the ARF3 polypeptide.

[0124] In a further embodiment the polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous promoter.

[0125] In a further embodiment the plant in A comprises a modification in an endogenous polynucleotide encoding the ARF3 polypeptide in the plant.

[0126] In a further embodiment the modification alters the activity of the ARF3 poypeptide in the plant to induce the dwarfing-associated phenotype.

[0127] ARF3 Polypeptide/Polynucleotides Used in the Methods of the Invention

[0128] In one embodiment of the methods above the ARF3 polypeptide has a sequence with at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:1 to 11, 28 and 29.

[0129] In a further embodiment the polypeptide has a sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1 (MdARF3).

[0130] In a further embodiment the polypeptide has a sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:28 (MdARF3).

[0131] In most known ARF3 polypeptide sequences either a Serine or Proline residue is found at the position corresponding amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3) as shown in FIG. 8.

[0132] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises a hydrophobic amino acid residue at the position corresponding amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:28 (MdARF3).

[0133] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:28 (MdARF3).

[0134] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (M9 MdARF3).

[0135] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 (M9 MdARF3).

[0136] In one embodiment the ARF3 polynucleotide is a polynucleotide that encodes and ARF3 polypeptide.

[0137] Modification of an Endogenous Polynucleotide

[0138] In one embodiment the modification results in expression of an ARF3 polypeptide with a hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0139] In a preferred embodiment the hydrophobic amino acid is a Leucine residue.

[0140] In one embodiment the modification results in a codon encoding the Leucine residue.

[0141] In one embodiment the codon is found at a position corresponding to nucleotides 214 to 216 in the ARF3 polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:12.

[0142] In one embodiment the codon is selected from: TTA, TTG, CU, CTC, CTA and CTG.

[0143] In a preferred embodiment the codon is TTG.

[0144] Thus in a preferred embodiment, the modification results in a T nucleotide at a position corresponding to nucleotide 215 in the ARF3 polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:12.

[0145] Polynucleotide Encoding a M9 Type ARF3 Polypeptide

[0146] In a further aspect, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding an ARF3 polypeptide comprising a hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0147] In a further embodiment the invention provides a polynucleotide encoding a variant of fragment of the ARF3 polypeptide.

[0148] In one embodiment, the hydrophobic amino acid residue is a Leucine residue.

[0149] Thus, in one embodiment, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding an ARF3 polypeptide comprising a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0150] In a further embodiment the ARF3 polypeptide comprising comprises at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:2 or 29 (MdARF3).

[0151] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 29 (M9 MdARF3).

[0152] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 (M9 MdARF3).

[0153] In one embodiment the polynucleotide has at least 70% identity to at least one of SEQ ID NO:14 and 15.

[0154] In a further embodiment the polynucleotide has at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:14.

[0155] In a further embodiment the polynucleotide has at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:15.

[0156] In a further embodiment the polynucleotide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 or 15.

[0157] In a further embodiment the polynucleotide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.

[0158] In a further embodiment the polynucleotide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:15.

[0159] Preferably the fragment of the ARF3 polypeptide comprises at least 50 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 100 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 150 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 200 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 250 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 300 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 350 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 400 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 450 contiguous amino acids of the polypeptide of the invention.

[0160] Preferably the fragment comprises the hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0161] Preferably the fragment comprises the hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:28 (MdARF3).

[0162] Preferably the hydrophobic amino acid residue is a Leucine residue.

[0163] Polynucleotide

[0164] In a further aspect the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 or 15.

[0165] In one embodiment the polynucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.

[0166] In one embodiment the polynucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:15.

[0167] In a further embodiment the invention provides a variant or fragment of the polynucleotide.

[0168] Polypeptide

[0169] In a further aspect, the invention provides an isolated ARF3 polypeptide comprising a hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0170] In a further embodiment the ARF3 polypeptide comprises a hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0171] In a further embodiment the invention provides a variant of fragment of the ARF3 polypeptide.

[0172] In one embodiment, the hydrophobic amino acid residue is a Leucine residue.

[0173] Thus, in one embodiment, the invention provides an isolated ARF3 polypeptide comprising a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0174] In a further embodiment the ARF3 polypeptide comprising comprises at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:2 or 29 (M9 MdARF3).

[0175] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (M9 MdARF3).

[0176] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 (M9 MdARF3).

[0177] Polypeptide Fragment

[0178] Preferably the fragment comprises at least 50 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 100 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 150 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 200 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 250 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 300 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 350 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 400 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 450 contiguous amino acids of the polypeptide of the invention.

[0179] Preferably the fragment comprises the hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

[0180] Preferably the fragment comprises the hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO: 28 (MdARF3).

[0181] Preferably the hydrophobic amino acid residue is a Leucine residue.

[0182] Polynucleotide Fragment/Primers and Probes

[0183] Preferably the polynucleotide fragment comprises at least 5 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 10 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 15 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 20 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 21 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 100 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 150 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 200 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 250 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 300 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 350 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 400 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 450 contiguous nucleotides of the polynucleotide of the invention.

[0184] In a preferred embodiment, the fragment of the polynucleotide of the invention, encodes a polypeptide fragment of the invention.

[0185] In one embodiment the invention provides a primer consisting of a polynucleotide fragment of the invention.

[0186] In a further embodiment the invention provides a probe consisting of a polynucleotide fragment of the invention.

[0187] Construct

[0188] In a further embodiment the invention provides a construct comprising a polynucleotide of the invention.

[0189] In one embodiment the construct comprises the polynucleotide sequence operably linked to a heterologous promoter.

[0190] Cells

[0191] In a further embodiment the invention provides a cell comprising a polynucleotide of the invention.

[0192] Preferably the cell is transgenic for the polynucleotide. Preferably the transgenic cell, is transformed to comprise the polynucleotide of the invention. Alternatively, a predecessor of the cell has been transformed to comprise the polynucleotide, and the cell is an off-spring of the predecessor cell and has inherited the polynucleotide that was transformed into the predecessor cell.

[0193] In a further embodiment the invention provides a cell comprising a genetic construct of the invention.

[0194] In a preferred embodiment the cell expresses the polynucleotide of the invention.

[0195] In a preferred embodiment the cell expresses the polypeptide of the invention.

[0196] In a preferred embodiment the cell is transformed or genetically modified to expresses the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention.

[0197] In one embodiment the cell is a plant cell.

[0198] Plant

[0199] In a further embodiment the invention provides a plant comprising a polynucleotide of the invention.

[0200] Preferably the plant is transgenic for the polynucleotide. Preferably the transgenic plant is transformed to comprise the polynucleotide of the invention. Alternatively, a predecessor of the plant has been transformed to comprise the polynucleotide, and the plant is an off-spring of the predecessor plant and has inheritied the polynucleotide that was transformed into the predecessor plant.

[0201] In a further embodiment the invention provides a plant comprising a genetic construct of the invention.

[0202] In a preferred embodiment the plant expresses the polynucleotide of the invention.

[0203] In a preferred embodiment the plant expresses the polypeptide of the invention.

[0204] In a preferred embodiment the plant is transformed or genetically modified to expresses the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention.

[0205] In one embodiment the plant comprises a plant cell of the invention.

[0206] In a further embodiment the plant has a dwarfing-associated phenotype as described above.

[0207] Plant Parts

[0208] In a further embodiment the invention provides a part, propagule or progeny of a plant of the invention.

[0209] Preferably the part, propagule or progeny is transgenic for the polynucleotide. Preferably the transgenic part, propagule or progeny is transformed to comprise the polynucleotide of the invention. Alternatively, a predecessor of the plant (that provided the part, propagule or progeny) has been transformed to comprise the polynucleotide, and the part, propagule or progeny provided by an off-spring of the predecessor plant and has inherited the polynucleotide that was transformed into the predecessor plant.

[0210] In a further embodiment the invention provides a part, propagule or progeny comprising a genetic construct of the invention.

[0211] In a preferred embodiment the part, propagule or progeny expresses the polynucleotide of the invention.

[0212] In a preferred embodiment the part, propagule or progeny expresses the polypeptide of the invention.

[0213] In a preferred embodiment the part, propagule or progeny is transformed or genetically modified to expresses the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention.

[0214] In one embodiment the part, propagule or progeny comprises a plant cell of the invention.

[0215] In one embodiment the plant cell, part, propagule or progeny can be rejgenrated into a plant with a dwarfing-associated phenotype as described above.

[0216] Marker Assisted Selection

[0217] In a further aspect the invention provides a method for identifying a plant with a genotype indicative of at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype, the method comprising testing a plant for at least one of:

[0218] a) altered expression of at least one ARF3 polypeptide,

[0219] b) altered expression of at least one ARF3 polynucleotide,

[0220] c) presence of a marker associated with altered expression of at least one ARF3 polypeptide,

[0221] d) presence of a marker associated with altered expression of at least one ARF3 polynucleotide,

[0222] e) presence of a marker associated with altered activity of at least one ARF3 polypeptide,

[0223] In one embodiment presence of any of a) to e) indicates that the plant has at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype.

[0224] In one embodiment dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from those described above.

[0225] In one embodiment the altered expression is increased expression.

[0226] In one embodiment the marker associated with altered activity of at least one ARF3 polypeptide is presence of a hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 (MdARF3).

[0227] In one embodiment, the hydrophobic amino acid residue is a Leucine residue.

[0228] Thus, in one embodiment, the invention the method involves identifying presence of a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 (MdARF3).

[0229] In a further embodiment the ARF3 polypeptide comprising comprises at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:2 (MdARF3).

[0230] In a further embodiment the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (M9 MdARF3).

[0231] Alternatively, the method involves detection of a polynucleotide encoding the Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 (MdARF3).

[0232] In a further embodiment the method provides the additional step of cultivating the identified plant.

[0233] In a further embodiment the method provides the additional step of breeding from the identified plant.

[0234] Methods for Breeding Plants with at Least One Dwarfing Associated Phenotype

[0235] In a further aspect the invention provides a method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype, the method comprising crossing one of:

[0236] a) a plant of the invention,

[0237] b) a plant produced by a method of the invention, and

[0238] c) a plant selected by a method of the invention, with another plant, wherein the off-spring produced by the crossing is a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype.

[0239] In one embodiment dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from those described above.

[0240] Method Using Plant of the Invention

[0241] In a further embodiment the invention provides a method of producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype selected from:

[0242] a) altered auxin transport,

[0243] b) slower auxin transport,

[0244] c) reduced apical dominance,

[0245] d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio,

[0246] e) an increased number of phloem elements,

[0247] f) smaller phloem elements,

[0248] g) thicker bark,

[0249] h) a bushier habit,

[0250] i) reduced root mass,

[0251] j) reduced vigour,

[0252] k) less vegetative growth,

[0253] l) earlier termination of shoot growth,

[0254] m) earlier competence to flower,

[0255] n) precocity,

[0256] o) earlier phase change,

[0257] p) smaller canopy,

[0258] q) reduced stem circumference,

[0259] r) reduced branch diameter,

[0260] s) fewer sylleptic branches,

[0261] t) shorter sylleptic branches,

[0262] u) more axillary flowers,

[0263] v) an earlier teminating primary axis,

[0264] w) earlier teminating secondary axes,

[0265] x) shorter intenode length,

[0266] y) reduced scion mass, the method comprising grafting a scion onto a plant of the invention, a plant produced by a method of the invention, or a plant selected by a method of the invention.

[0267] In one embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype is at least one of a) to h) and j) to x).

[0268] In this embodiment the at least one dwarfing associated phenotype is preferably exhibited in the grafted scion.

[0269] In this embodiment the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of j) to y). Alternatively, the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of j) to x).

[0270] In a further embodiment the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass in a scion grafted on to the plant.

[0271] In a further embodiment the grafted scion preferably exhibits at least one of reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, and reduced stem circumference, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0272] The present invention provides methods and materials useful for producing or selecting plants with at least one dwarfing associated phenotype.

[0273] The dwarfing-associated phenotype may be exhibited in the plant produced or selected, or may be exhibited in scions grafted onto the plants used as root stock, as indicated in Table 1 below.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Dwarfing-associated phenotypes Dwarfing-associated phenotypes found in scions grafted onto found in dwarfing rootstock plants dwarfing rootstock plants bushier reduced vigour altered auxin transport less vegetative growth altered xylem/phloem ratio earlier termination of shoot growth more phloem elements earlier competency to flower smaller phloem elements precocity thicker bark earlier phase change slower auxin transport smaller canopy reduced apical dominance reduced stem circumference reduced root mass reduced branch diameter fewer sylleptic branches shorter sylleptic branches more axillary flowers earlier terminating primary axis earlier terminating secondary axes reduced branching density reduced internode length reduced scion mass

[0274] The dwarfing-associated phenotype may be selected from:

[0275] a) altered auxin transport,

[0276] b) slower auxin transport,

[0277] c) reduced apical dominance,

[0278] d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio,

[0279] e) an increased number of phloem elements,

[0280] f) smaller phloem elements,

[0281] g) thicker bark,

[0282] h) a bushier habit,

[0283] i) reduced root mass,

[0284] j) reduced vigour,

[0285] k) less vegetative growth,

[0286] l) earlier termination of shoot growth,

[0287] m) earlier competence to flower,

[0288] n) precocity,

[0289] o) earlier phase change,

[0290] p) smaller canopy,

[0291] q) reduced stem circumference,

[0292] r) reduced branch diameter,

[0293] s) fewer sylleptic branches,

[0294] t) shorter sylleptic branches,

[0295] u) more axillary flowers,

[0296] v) an earlier teminating primary axis,

[0297] w) earlier teminating secondary axes,

[0298] x) shorter intenode length, and

[0299] y) reduced scion mass.

[0300] In one embodiment the plant exhibits at least 2, more preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 4, more preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 6, more preferably at least 7, more preferably at least 8, more preferably at least 9, more preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 11, more preferably at least 12, more preferably at least 13, more preferably at least 14, more preferably at least 15, more preferably at least 16, more preferably at least 17, more preferably at least 18, more preferably at least 19, more preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 21, more preferably at least 22, more preferably all 23 of dwarfing associated phenotypes a) to w).

[0301] In a further embodiment the plant exhibits at least one of dwarfing associated phenotypes selected from a) to i). In one embodiment the plant exhibits at least 2, more preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 4, more preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 6, more preferably at least 7, more preferably at least 8, of dwarfing associated phenotypes a) to i). In one embodiment this a plant is suitable for use as a root stock.

[0302] The dwarfing-associated phenotype may also be the capacity to induce at least one of a) to y) in a scion grafted onto the plant. In a further embodiment the dwarfing-associated phenotype may also be the capacity to induce at least one of a) to y) in a scion grafted onto the plant.

[0303] The dwarfing-associated phenotypes are relative terms. In one embodiment the dwarfing associated phenotype is relative to that of a control plant.

[0304] The control plant may be any plant of the same type that is not transformed with the polynucleotide, or construct, of the invention of the invention, or used in a method of the invention. The control plant may also be transformed with an "empty" vector, wherein the empty vector does not include an insert sequence corresponding to a polynucleotide of the invention or used in a method of the invention.

[0305] For the selection methods the control plant may be a non-selected plant.

[0306] The phrases "altered auxin transport" and "slower auxin transport" means that auxin transport in the plant of the invention, or in a method of the invention, is altered or slower relative to that in a contol plant. Auxin transport may be measured by methods known to those skilled in the art and explified for example in (Ulmasov, Murfett et al. 1997; Ljung, Hull et al. 2005)

[0307] The phrase "apical dominance" is the phenomenon whereby the primary shoot axis suppresses outgrowth of axillary brances. Apical dominance may be assessed by methods known to those skilled in the art for example (Napoli, Beveridge et al. 1999; Shimizu-Sato and Mori 2001; Sussex and Kerk 2001; Bennett, Sieberer et al. 2006)

[0308] The phrases "an altered xylem/phloem ratio", "an increased number of phloem elements" and "smaller phloem elements" are known to those skilled in the art, and may be assessed microscopically, as described in the present Examples section (Ruzin 1999).

[0309] The phrase "thicker bark" is intended to take the standard meaning, known to those skilled in the art. Thickness of bark can be assessed by taking transverse sections, using hisological stains such as safranin/fast green to distinguish xylem from phleom and observing under a microscope (Ruzin 1999).

[0310] Bushiness of habit is a term well understood and easily assessed visually by those skilled in the art.

[0311] The phrase "reduced vigour" means a reduction in the number of metamers intintiated by extension growth units, resulting in fewer branches, shorter branches and shorter main axis (Costes and Guedon 2002; Seleznyova, Thorp et al. 2003).

[0312] The pharase "metamer" means the repeating unit of leaf, axillary meristem, node, and internode (Steeves and Sussex 1989).

[0313] The phrase "extension growth unit" means a vegetative shoot with internode expansion (Seleznyova, Thorp et al. 2003).

[0314] The phrase "less vegetative growth" means a higher proportion of floral buds relative to vegetative shoots.

[0315] The phrase "earlier termination of shoot growth" means a vegetative extension shoot that stops initiating new metamers earlier in the season, resulting in a shorter shoot (Bohlenius, Huang et al. 2006; Hsu, Adams et al. 2011).

[0316] The phrase "earlier competence to flower" means the ability of the plant to respond to flowering cues and begin floral development (Hsu, Liu et al. 2006).

[0317] The phrase "precocity" means a reduced period in which a plant is unable to begin floral development (Imamura, Nakatsuka et al. 2011).

[0318] The phrase "earlier phase change" means the same as "precocious", a plant that is able to respond to floral cues and begin floral development before others of the same age (Huijser and Schmid 2011; Willmann and Poethig 2011).

[0319] The phrase "smaller canopy" is a phrase well understood and easily assessed by those skilled in the art.

[0320] The phrase "stem circumference" can be easily assessed by those skilled in the art. Measurement of stem circumference can be replaced by measurement of "Trunk Cross-sectional Area" (TCA). TCA of a grafted scion is generally measured 20 cm above the graft union for grafted trees. For non-tree plants the primary stem is measured in place of the trunk.

[0321] "Branch diameter" is a term well understood and easily assessed by those skilled in the art.

[0322] The term "sylleptic branches" means a vegetative bud that grows out without a dormancy period, i.e. in the same season it was initiated (Costes and Guedon 1997).

[0323] Number and length of sylleptic branches can be easily assessed by those skilled in the art.

[0324] The term "axillary flowers" means flowers that are flowers that form directly from an axillary meristem, as opposed to a "fruiting spur" (Fulford 1966).

[0325] The term "fruiting spur" means a very short shoot with very condensed internodes that terminates in a bud containing several leaves and an inflorescence" (Fulford 1966).

[0326] The phrase "an earlier teminating primary axis means a tree with a shorter primary axis, comprised of fewer nodes.

[0327] The phrase "earlier teminating secondary axes" means shorter branches comprised of fewer nodes.

[0328] The term "internode" is intended to take its standard meaning. Internode length can be easily assessed by those skilled in the art (Steeves and Sussex 1989).

[0329] Cells

[0330] In one embodiment the cell is a prokaryotic cell.

[0331] In a further embodiment the cell is a eukaryotic cell.

[0332] In one embodiment the cell is selected from a bacterial cell, a yeast cell, a fungal cell, an insect cell, algal cell, and a plant cell. In one embodiment the cell is a bacterial cell. In a further embodiment the cell is a yeast cell. In one embodiment the yeast cell is a S. ceriviseae cell. In further embodiment the cell is a fungal cell. In further embodiment the cell is an insect cell. In further embodiment the cell is an algal cell.

[0333] In a preferred embodiment the cell is a plant cell.

[0334] Plants

[0335] Plants or plant cells or the invention, or used in the methods of the invention, or used to source naturally occurring ARF3 sequences, may be from any species.

[0336] In one embodiment the plant cell or plant, is or is derived from a gymnosperm plant species.

[0337] In a further embodiment the plant cell or plant, is or is derived from an angiosperm plant species.

[0338] In a further embodiment the plant cell or plant, is or is derived from a from dicotyledonous plant species.

[0339] In a further embodiment the plant cell or plant, is or is derived from a monocotyledonous plant species.

[0340] Preferred plants in which to introduce dwarfing associated pheotypes include those from any species that produces fruit.

[0341] Preferred plants from which to source naturally occurring ARF3 sequences include those from any species that produces fruit.

[0342] Preferred fruit producing plants include apple, avocado, pear, peach, cherry, plum, kiwifruit, grape, mango, and orange plants.

[0343] A preferred apple genus is Malus.

[0344] Preferred apple species include: Malus angustifolia, Malus asiatica, Malus baccata, Malus coronaria, Malus doumeri, Malus florentina, Malus floribunda, Malus fusca, Malus halliana, Malus honanensis, Malus hupehensis, Malus ioensis, Malus kansuensis, Malus mandshurica, Malus micromalus, Malus niedzwetzkyana, Malus ombrophilia, Malus orientalis, Malus prattii, Malus prunifolia, Malus pumila, Malus sargentii, Malus sieboldii, Malus sieversii, Malus sylvestris, Malus toringoides, Malus transitoria, Malus trilobata, Malus tschonoskii, Malus.times.domestica, Malus.times.domestica.times.Malus sieversii, Malus.times.domestica.times.Pyrus communis, Malus xiaojinensis, and Malus yunnanensis.

[0345] A particularly preferred apple species is Malus.times.domestica.

[0346] A preferred pear genus is Pyrus.

[0347] Preferred pear species include: Pyrus calleryana, Pyrus caucasica, Pyrus communis, Pyrus elaeagrifolia, Pyrus hybrid cultivar, Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus salicifolia, Pyrus ussuriensis and Pyrus.times.bretschneideri.

[0348] A particularly preferred pear species are Pyrus communis and Asian pear Pyrus.times.bretschneideri.

[0349] A preferred avocado genus is Persea.

[0350] Preferred avacado species include Persea americana and Persea gratissima.

[0351] A preferred peach genus is Prunus.

[0352] Preferred peach species include: Prunus africana, Prunus apetala, Prunus arborea, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus bifrons, Prunus buergeriana, Prunus campanulata, Prunus canescens, Prunus cerasifera, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus cerasus, Prunus ceylanica, Prunus cocomilia, Prunus cornuta, Prunus crassifolia, Prunus davidiana, Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis, Prunus fruticosa, Prunus geniculata, Prunus glandulosa, Prunus gracilis, Prunus grayana, Prunus incana, Prunus incisa, Prunus jacquemontii, Prunus japonica, Prunus korshinskyi, Prunus kotschyi, Prunus laurocerasus, Prunus laxinervis, Prunus lusitanica, Prunus maackii, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus mandshurica, Prunus maximowiczii, Prunus minutiflora, Prunus mume, Prunus murrayana, Prunus myrtifolia, Prunus nipponica, Prunus occidentalis, Prunus padus, Prunus persica, Prunus pleuradenia, Prunus pseudocerasus, Prunus prostrata, Prunus salicina, Prunus sargentii, Prunus scoparia, Prunus serrula, Prunus serrulata, Prunus sibirica, Prunus simonii, Prunus sogdiana, Prunus speciosa, Prunus spinosa, Prunus spinulosa, Prunus ssiori, Prunus subhirtella, Prunus tenella, Prunus tomentosa, Prunus triloba, Prunus turneriana, Prunus ursina, Prunus vachuschtii, Prunus verecunda, Prunus.times.yedoensis, Prunus zippeliana, Prunus alabamensis, Prunus alleghaniensis, Prunus americana, Prunus andersonii, Prunus angustifolia, Prunus brigantina, Prunus buxifolia, Prunus caroliniana, Prunus cuthbertii, Prunus emarginata, Prunus eremophila, Prunus fasciculata, Prunus fremontii, Prunus geniculata, Prunus gentryi, Prunus havardii, Prunus hortulana, Prunus huantensis, Prunus ilicifolia, Prunus integrifolia, Prunus maritima, Prunus mexicana, Prunus munsoniana, Prunus nigra, Prunus pensylvanica, Prunus pumila, Prunus rigida, Prunus rivularis, Prunus serotina, Prunus sphaerocarpa, Prunus subcordata, Prunus texana, Prunus umbellate and Prunus virginiana.

[0353] A particularly preferred peach species is Prunus persica.

[0354] A preferred kiwifruit genus is Actinidia.

[0355] Preferred kiwifruit species include: Actinidia arguta, Actinidia arisanensis, Actinidia callosa, Actinidia camosifolia, Actinidia chengkouensis, Actinidia chinensis, Actinidia chrysantha, Actinidia cinerascens, Actinidia cordifolia, Actinidia coriacea, Actinidia cylindrica, Actinidia deliciosa, Actinidia eriantha, Actinidia farinosa, Actinidia fasciculoides, Actinidia fortunatii, Actinidia foveolata, Actinidia fulvicoma, Actinidia glauco-callosa-callosa, Actinidia glaucophylla, Actinidia globosa, Actinidia gracilis, Actinidia grandiflora, Actinidia hemsleyana, Actinidia henryi, Actinidia holotricha, Actinidia hubeiensis, Actinidia indochinensis, Actinidia kolomikta, Actinidia laevissima, Actinidia lanceolata, Actinidia latifolia, Actinidia leptophylla, Actinidia liangguangensis, Actinidia lijiangensis, Actinidia linguiensis, Actinidia longicarpa, Actinidia macrosperma, Actinidia maloides, Actinidia melanandra, Actinidia melliana, Actinidia obovata, Actinidia oregonensis, Actinidia persicina, Actinidia pilosula, Actinidia polygama, Actinidia purpurea, Actinidia rongshuiensis, Actinidia rubricaulis, Actinidia rubus, Actinidia rudis, Actinidia rufa, Actinidia rufotricha, Actinidia sabiaefolia, Actinidia sorbifolia, Actinidia stellato-pilosa-pilosa, Actinidia styracifolia, Actinidia suberifolia, Actinidia tetramera, Actinidia trichogyna, Actinidia ulmifolia, Actinidia umbelloides, Actinidia valvata, Actinidia venosa, Actinidia vitifolia and Actinidia zhejiangensis.

[0356] Particularly preferred kiwifruit species are Actinidia arguta, Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa.

[0357] A preferred orange genus is Citrus.

[0358] Preferred orange species include: Citrus aurantiifolia, Citrus crenatifolia, Citrus maxima, Citrus medica, Citrus reticulata, Citrus trifoliata, Australian limes Citrus australasica, Citrus australis, Citrus glauca, Citrus garrawayae, Citrus gracilis, Citrus inodora, Citrus warburgiana, Citrus wintersii, Citrus japonica, Citrus indica and Citrus xsinensis.

[0359] Particularly preferred orange species are: Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulate, Citrus.times.sinensis.

[0360] A preferred grape genus is Vitis.

[0361] Preferred grape species include: Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis aestivalis, Vitis rotundifolia, Vitis rupestris, Vitis coignetiae, Vitis amurensis, Vitis vulpine.

[0362] A particularly preferred grape species is Vitis vinifera.

[0363] A preferred avocado genus is Persea.

[0364] Preferred avacado species include Persea americana and Persea gratissima. A preferred mango genus is Mangifera.

[0365] Preferred mango species include: Mangifera foetida and Mangifera indica.

[0366] A particularly preferred grape species is Mangifera indica.

[0367] A preferred plum genus is Prunus.

[0368] Preferred plum species include: P. cerasifera, P. cocomilia, P. consociiflora, P. domestica, P. domestica ssp. insititia, P. simonii, P. spinosa, P. alleghaniensis, P. americana, P. angustifolia, P. hortulana, P. maritima, P. mexicana, P. nigra, and P.

[0369] subcordata.

[0370] A particularly preferred plum species is Prunus domestica.

[0371] Plant Parts, Propagues and Progeny

[0372] The term "plant part" or grammatical equivalents thereof is intended to include any part of a plant, a tissue, an organ, a seed, a fruit, propagules and progeny of a plant.

[0373] The term `propagule` means any part of a plant that may be used in reproduction or propagation, either sexual or asexual, including seeds and cuttings.

[0374] The plants of the invention may be grown and either self-ed or crossed with a different plant strain and the resulting progeny, comprising the polynucleotides or constructs of the invention, and/or expressing the ARF3 sequences of the invention, also form an part of the present invention.

[0375] Preferably the plants, plant parts, propagules and progeny comprise a polynucleotide or construct of the invention, and/or express a ARF3 sequence of the invention.

[0376] Marker Assisted Selection

[0377] Marker assisted selection (MAS) is an approach that is often used to identify plants that possess a particular trait using a genetic marker, or markers, associated with that trait. MAS may allow breeders to identify and select plants at a young age and is particularly valuable for fruit traits that are hard to measure at a young stage. The best markers for MAS are the causal mutations, but where these are not available, a marker that is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the causal mutation can also be used. Such information can be used to accelerate genetic gain, or reduce trait measurement costs, and thereby has utility in commercial breeding programs.

[0378] Methods for marker assisted selection are well known to those skilled in the art, for example: (Collard, B. C. Y. and D. J. Mackill, Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 2008. 363(1491): p. 557-572.)

[0379] Markers

[0380] Markers for use in the methods of the invention may include nucleic acid markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellites), insertions, substitutions, indels and deletions.

[0381] Preferably the marker is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the trait.

[0382] Preferably the marker is in LD with the trait at a D' value of at least 0.1, more preferably at least 0.2, more preferably at least 0.3, more preferably at least 0.4, more preferably at least 0.5.

[0383] Preferably the marker is in LD with the trait at a R.sup.2 value of at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.075, more preferably at least 0.1, more preferably at least 0.2, more preferably at least 0.3, more preferably at least 0.4, more preferably at least 0.5.

[0384] The term "linkage disequilibrium" or LD as used herein, refers to a derived statistical measure of the strength of the association or co-occurrence of two independent genetic markers. Various statistical methods can be used to summarize linkage disequilibrium (LD) between two markers but in practice only two, termed D' and R.sup.2, are widely used.

[0385] Markers linked, and or in LD, with the trait may be of any type including but not limited to, SNPs, substitutions, insertions, deletions, indels, simple sequence repeats (SSRs).

[0386] In the present invention, markers are associated with

[0387] a) altered expression of at least one ARF3 polypeptide,

[0388] b) altered expression of at least one ARF3 polynucleotide,

[0389] c) altered activity of at least one ARF3 polypeptide,

[0390] One marker associated with altered activity of at least one ARF3 polypeptide identified by the applicant is the presence of a hydrophobic amino acid residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 (MdARF3).

[0391] In one embodiment, the hydrophobic amino acid residue is a Leucine residue.

[0392] Thus, in one embodiment, the invention the method involves identifying presence of a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 (MdARF3).

[0393] A further marker associated with altered activity of at least one ARF3 polypeptide identified by the applicant is the presence of a codon encoding the Leucine residue.

[0394] In one embodiment the codon is found at a position corresponding to nucleotides 214 to 216 in the ARF3 polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:12.

[0395] In one embodiment the codon is selected from: TTA, TTG, CTT, CTC, CTA and CTG.

[0396] In a preferred embodiment the codon is TTG.

[0397] Thus in a preferred embodiment, the marker is a T nucleotide at a position corresponding to nucleotide 215 in the ARF3 polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:12.

[0398] This marker defines the M9 allele of ARF3.

[0399] Other Markers Linked to the M9 Allele of ARF3.

[0400] It would be most desirable to identify the presence of the M9 allele of ARF3 discussed above when selecting for at least one dwarfing associated phenotype. However, following the applicants present disclosure, those skilled in the art would know that it would also be possible to select for at least one dwarfing associated phenotype by identifying the presence of a marker linked to the M9 allele of ARF3. Selection methods utilising such linked markers also form part of the present invention. Methods for identify such linked markers are known to those skilled in the art.

[0401] Two other preferred markers for use in the marker assisted selection methods of the invention are Hi01c04 and Hi04a08.

[0402] The applicants have now shown that these are the closest markers defining the Dw1 QTL interval.

[0403] Hi01c04

[0404] Hi01c04 is an SSR marker. Suitable primers for amplifying the Hi01c04 marker (and hybridising to the flanking sequences) are shown below.

TABLE-US-00002 Hi01c04 foward primer: 5'-GCTGCCGTTGACGTTAGAG-3' Hi01c04 reverse primer: 5'-GTTTGTAGAAGTGGCGTTTGAGG-3'

[0405] The variable region between the flanking sequences is defined by the formula (CTC).sub.n

[0406] The whole sequence of the Hi01c04 is shown in SEQ ID NO:26

[0407] Hi04a08

[0408] Hi04a08 is also an SSR marker. Suitable primers for amplifying the Hi04a08 marker (and hybridising to the flanking sequences) are shown below.

TABLE-US-00003 Hi04a08 foward primer: 5'-TTGAAGGAGTTTCCGGTTTG-3' Hi04a08 reverse primer: 5'-GTTTCACTCTGTGCTGGATTATGC-3'

[0409] The variable region between the flanking sequences is defined by the formula (CTC).sub.n

[0410] The whole sequence of the Hi04a08 is shown in SEQ ID NO:27

[0411] Methods for Modifying Endogenous Polynucleotides

[0412] Some embodiments of the invention involve modifying and endogenous polynucleotide to induce a dwarfing associated phenotype in a plant, or scion grafted onto the plant.

[0413] Methods for modifying endogenous genomic DNA sequences in plants are known to those skilled in the art. Such methods may involve the use of sequence-specific nucleases that generate targeted double-stranded DNA breaks in genes of interest. Examples of such methods for use in plants include: zinc finger nucleases (Curtin et al., 2011. Plant Physiol. 156:466-473; Sander, et al., 2011. Nat. Methods 8:67-69.), transcription activator-like effector nucleases or "TALENs" (Cermak et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39:e82; Mahfouz et al., 2011 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108:2623-2628; Li et al., 2012 Nat. Biotechnol. 30:390-392), and LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases, also termed "meganucleases" (Tzfira et al., 2012. Plant Biotechnol. J. 10:373-389).

[0414] Targeted genome editing using engineered nucleases such as clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology, is an important new approach for generating RNA-guided nucleases, such as Cas9, with customizable specificities. Genome editing mediated by these nucleases has been used to rapidly, easily and efficiently modify endogenous genes in a wide variety of biomedically important cell types and in organisms that have traditionally been challenging to manipulate genetically. A modified version of the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been developed to recruit heterologous domains that can regulate endogenous gene expression or label specific genomic loci in living cells (Nature Biotechnology 32,347-355 (2014). The system is applicable to plants, and can be used to regulate expression of target genes. (Bortesi and Fischer, Biotechnology Advances Volume 33, Issue 1, January-February 2015, Pages 41-52).

[0415] Those skilled in the art will thus appreciate that there are numerous ways in which the expression or activity of MdARF3 can be reduced or eliminated. Any such method is modified within the scope of the invention.

[0416] In certain embodiments of the invention, a genome editing technology (e.g. TALENs, a Zinc finger nuclease or CRISPR-Cas9 technology) can be used to modify one or more base pairs in a target ARF3 gene to create a codon encoding a hydrophobic amino acid, such as a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 (MdARF3). This approach effectively creates an M9 type ARF3 allele in the target plant.

[0417] Polynucleotides and Fragments

[0418] The term "polynucleotide(s)," as used herein, means a single or double-stranded deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer of any length but preferably at least 15 nucleotides, and include as non-limiting examples, coding and non-coding sequences of a gene, sense and antisense sequences complements, exons, introns, genomic DNA, cDNA, pre-mRNA, mRNA, rRNA, siRNA, miRNA, tRNA, ribozymes, recombinant polypeptides, isolated and purified naturally occurring DNA or RNA sequences, synthetic RNA and DNA sequences, nucleic acid probes, primers and fragments.

[0419] A "fragment" of a polynucleotide sequence provided herein is a subsequence of contiguous nucleotides.

[0420] The term "primer" refers to a short polynucleotide, usually having a free 3'OH group, that is hybridized to a template and used for priming polymerization of a polynucleotide complementary to the target. The primer may consist of a "fragment" of a polynucleotide as defined herein.

[0421] The term "probe" refers to a short polynucleotide that is used to detect a polynucleotide sequence that is complementary to the probe, in a hybridization-based assay. The probe may consist of a "fragment" of a polynucleotide as defined herein.

[0422] Polypeptides and Fragments

[0423] The term "polypeptide", as used herein, encompasses amino acid chains of any length but preferably at least 5 amino acids, including full-length proteins, in which amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds. Polypeptides of the present invention, or used in the methods of the invention, may be purified natural products, or may be produced partially or wholly using recombinant or synthetic techniques.

[0424] A "fragment" of a polypeptide is a subsequence of the polypeptide that in some embodiments performs a function/activity of and/or influences three dimensional structure of the polypeptide.

[0425] The term "isolated" as applied to the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences disclosed herein is used to refer to sequences that are removed from their natural cellular environment. The isolated sequence is preferably separated from the sequences that may be found flanking the sequence in its naturally occurring environment. An isolated molecule may be obtained by any method or combination of methods including biochemical, recombinant, and synthetic techniques.

[0426] The term "recombinant" refers to a polynucleotide sequence that is removed from sequences that surround it in its natural context and/or is recombined with sequences that are not present in its natural context.

[0427] A "recombinant" polypeptide sequence is produced by translation from a "recombinant" polynucleotide sequence.

[0428] The term "derived from" with respect to polynucleotides or polypeptides of the invention being derived from a particular genera or species, means that the polynucleotide or polypeptide has the same sequence as a polynucleotide or polypeptide found naturally in that genera or species. The polynucleotide or polypeptide, derived from a particular genera or species, may therefore be produced synthetically or recombinantly.

[0429] Variants

[0430] As used herein, the term "variant" refers to polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences different from the specifically identified sequences, wherein one or more nucleotides or amino acid residues is deleted, substituted, or added. Variants may be naturally occurring allelic variants, or non-naturally occurring variants. Variants may be from the same or from other species and may encompass homologues, paralogues and orthologues. In certain embodiments, variants of the inventive polypeptides and polypeptides possess biological activities that are the same or similar to those of the inventive polypeptides or polypeptides. The term "variant" with reference to polypeptides and polypeptides encompasses all forms of polypeptides and polypeptides as defined herein.

[0431] Polynucleotide Variants

[0432] Variant polynucleotide sequences preferably exhibit at least 50%, more preferably at least 51%, more preferably at least 52%, more preferably at least 53%, more preferably at least 54%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 56%, more preferably at least 57%, more preferably at least 58%, more preferably at least 59%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 61%, more preferably at least 62%, more preferably at least 63%, more preferably at least 64%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 66%, more preferably at least 67%, more preferably at least 68%, more preferably at least 69%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 71%, more preferably at least 72%, more preferably at least 73%, more preferably at least 74%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 76%, more preferably at least 77%, more preferably at least 78%, more preferably at least 79%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 81%, more preferably at least 82%, more preferably at least 83%, more preferably at least 84%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 86%, more preferably at least 87%, more preferably at least 88%, more preferably at least 89%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, more preferably at least 98%, and most preferably at least 99% identity to a sequence of the present invention. Identity is found over a comparison window of at least 20 nucleotide positions, preferably at least 50 nucleotide positions, more preferably at least 100 nucleotide positions, and most preferably over the entire length of a polynucleotide of the invention.

[0433] Polynucleotide sequence identity can be determined in the following manner. The subject polynucleotide sequence is compared to a candidate polynucleotide sequence using BLASTN (from the BLAST suite of programs, version 2.2.5 [November 2002]) in bl2seq (Tatiana A. Tatusova, Thomas L. Madden (1999), "Blast 2 sequences--a new tool for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences", FEMS Microbiol Lett. 174:247-250), which is publicly available from the NCBI website on the World Wide Web at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/. The default parameters of bl2seq are utilized except that filtering of low complexity parts should be turned off.

[0434] The identity of polynucleotide sequences may be examined using the following unix command line parameters:

[0435] bl2seq-i nucleotideseq1-j nucleotideseq2-F F-p blastn

[0436] The parameter-F F turns off filtering of low complexity sections. The parameter-p selects the appropriate algorithm for the pair of sequences. The bl2seq program reports sequence identity as both the number and percentage of identical nucleotides in a line "Identities=".

[0437] Polynucleotide sequence identity may also be calculated over the entire length of the overlap between a candidate and subject polynucleotide sequences using global sequence alignment programs (e.g. Needleman, S. B. and Wunsch, C. D. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48, 443-453). A full implementation of the Needleman-Wunsch global alignment algorithm is found in the needle program in the EMBOSS package (Rice, P. Longden, I. and Bleasby, A. EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Trends in Genetics June 2000, vol 16, No 6. pp. 276-277) which can be obtained from the World Wide Web at http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/Software/EMBOSS/. The European Bioinformatics Institute server also provides the facility to perform EMBOSS-needle global alignments between two sequences on line at http:/www.ebi.ac.uk/emboss/align/.

[0438] Alternatively the GAP program may be used which computes an optimal global alignment of two sequences without penalizing terminal gaps. GAP is described in the following paper: Huang, X. (1994) On Global Sequence Alignment. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 10, 227-235.

[0439] A preferred method for calculating polynucleotide % sequence identity is based on aligning sequences to be compared using Clustal X (Jeanmougin et al., 1998, Trends Biochem. Sci. 23, 403-5.)

[0440] Polynucleotide variants of the present invention also encompass those which exhibit a similarity to one or more of the specifically identified sequences that is likely to preserve the functional equivalence of those sequences and which could not reasonably be expected to have occurred by random chance. Such sequence similarity with respect to polypeptides may be determined using the publicly available bl2seq program from the BLAST suite of programs (version 2.2.5 [November 2002]) from the NCBI website on the World Wide Web at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/.

[0441] The similarity of polynucleotide sequences may be examined using the following unix command line parameters:

[0442] bl2seq nucleotideseq1-j nucleotideseq2-F F-p tblastx

[0443] The parameter-F F turns off filtering of low complexity sections. The parameter-p selects the appropriate algorithm for the pair of sequences. This program finds regions of similarity between the sequences and for each such region reports an "E value" which is the expected number of times one could expect to see such a match by chance in a database of a fixed reference size containing random sequences. The size of this database is set by default in the bl2seq program. For small E values, much less than one, the E value is approximately the probability of such a random match.

[0444] Variant polynucleotide sequences preferably exhibit an E value of less than 1.times.10-6 more preferably less than 1.times.10-9, more preferably less than 1.times.10-12, more preferably less than 1.times.10-15, more preferably less than 1.times.10-18, more preferably less than 1.times.10-21, more preferably less than 1.times.10-30, more preferably less than 1.times.10-40, more preferably less than 1.times.10-50, more preferably less than 1.times.10-60, more preferably less than 1.times.10-70, more preferably less than 1.times.10-80, more preferably less than 1.times.10-90 and most preferably less than 1.times.10-100 when compared with any one of the specifically identified sequences.

[0445] Alternatively, variant polynucleotides of the present invention, or used in the methods of the invention, hybridize to the specified polynucleotide sequences, or complements thereof under stringent conditions.

[0446] The term "hybridize under stringent conditions", and grammatical equivalents thereof, refers to the ability of a polynucleotide molecule to hybridize to a target polynucleotide molecule (such as a target polynucleotide molecule immobilized on a DNA or RNA blot, such as a Southern blot or Northern blot) under defined conditions of temperature and salt concentration. The ability to hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions can be determined by initially hybridizing under less stringent conditions then increasing the stringency to the desired stringency.

[0447] With respect to polynucleotide molecules greater than about 100 bases in length, typical stringent hybridization conditions are no more than 25 to 30.degree. C. (for example, 10.degree. C.) below the melting temperature (Tm) of the native duplex (see generally, Sambrook et al., Eds, 1987, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press; Ausubel et al., 1987, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing,). Tm for polynucleotide molecules greater than about 100 bases can be calculated by the formula Tm=81. 5+0.41% (G+C-log (Na+). (Sambrook et al., Eds, 1987, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press; Bolton and McCarthy, 1962, PNAS 84:1390). Typical stringent conditions for polynucleotide of greater than 100 bases in length would be hybridization conditions such as prewashing in a solution of 6.times.SSC, 0.2% SDS; hybridizing at 65.degree. C., 6.times.SSC, 0.2% SDS overnight; followed by two washes of 30 minutes each in 1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65.degree. C. and two washes of 30 minutes each in 0.2.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65.degree. C.

[0448] With respect to polynucleotide molecules having a length less than 100 bases, exemplary stringent hybridization conditions are 5 to 10.degree. C. below Tm. On average, the Tm of a polynucleotide molecule of length less than 100 bp is reduced by approximately (500/oligonucleotide length).degree. C.

[0449] With respect to the DNA mimics known as peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) (Nielsen et al., Science. 1991 Dec. 6; 254(5037):1497-500) Tm values are higher than those for DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybrids, and can be calculated using the formula described in Giesen et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1998 Nov. 1; 26(21):5004-6. Exemplary stringent hybridization conditions for a DNA-PNA hybrid having a length less than 100 bases are 5 to 10.degree. C. below the Tm.

[0450] Variant polynucleotides of the present invention, or used in the methods of the invention, also encompasses polynucleotides that differ from the sequences of the invention but that, as a consequence of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode a polypeptide having similar activity to a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide of the present invention. A sequence alteration that does not change the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is a "silent variation". Except for ATG (methionine) and TGG (tryptophan), other codons for the same amino acid may be changed by art recognized techniques, e.g., to optimize codon expression in a particular host organism.

[0451] Polynucleotide sequence alterations resulting in conservative substitutions of one or several amino acids in the encoded polypeptide sequence without significantly altering its biological activity are also included in the invention. A skilled artisan will be aware of methods for making phenotypically silent amino acid substitutions (see, e.g., Bowie et al., 1990, Science 247, 1306).

[0452] Variant polynucleotides due to silent variations and conservative substitutions in the encoded polypeptide sequence may be determined using the publicly available bl2seq program from the BLAST suite of programs (version 2.2.5 [Nov. 2002]) from the NCBI website on the World Wide Web at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/ via the tblastx algorithm as previously described.

[0453] Polypeptide Variants

[0454] The term "variant" with reference to polypeptides encompasses naturally occurring, recombinantly and synthetically produced polypeptides. Variant polypeptide sequences preferably exhibit at least 50%, more preferably at least 51%, more preferably at least 52%, more preferably at least 53%, more preferably at least 54%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 56%, more preferably at least 57%, more preferably at least 58%, more preferably at least 59%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 61%, more preferably at least 62%, more preferably at least 63%, more preferably at least 64%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 66%, more preferably at least 67%, more preferably at least 68%, more preferably at least 69%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 71%, more preferably at least 72%, more preferably at least 73%, more preferably at least 74%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 76%, more preferably at least 77%, more preferably at least 78%, more preferably at least 79%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 81%, more preferably at least 82%, more preferably at least 83%, more preferably at least 84%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 86%, more preferably at least 87%, more preferably at least 88%, more preferably at least 89%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, more preferably at least 98%, and most preferably at least 99% identity to a sequences of the present invention. Identity is found over a comparison window of at least 20 amino acid positions, preferably at least 50 amino acid positions, more preferably at least 100 amino acid positions, and most preferably over the entire length of a polypeptide of the invention.

[0455] Polypeptide sequence identity can be determined in the following manner. The subject polypeptide sequence is compared to a candidate polypeptide sequence using BLASTP (from the BLAST suite of programs, version 2.2.5 [November 2002]) in bl2seq, which is publicly available from the NCBI website on the World Wide Web at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/. The default parameters of bl2seq are utilized except that filtering of low complexity regions should be turned off.

[0456] Polypeptide sequence identity may also be calculated over the entire length of the overlap between a candidate and subject polynucleotide sequences using global sequence alignment programs. EMBOSS-needle (available at http:/www.ebi.ac.uk/emboss/align/) and GAP (Huang, X. (1994) On Global Sequence Alignment. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 10, 227-235.) as discussed above are also suitable global sequence alignment programs for calculating polypeptide sequence identity.

[0457] A preferred method for calculating polypeptide % sequence identity is based on aligning sequences to be compared using Clustal X (Jeanmougin et al., 1998, Trends Biochem. Sci. 23, 403-5.)

[0458] Polypeptide variants of the present invention, or used in the methods of the invention, also encompass those which exhibit a similarity to one or more of the specifically identified sequences that is likely to preserve the functional equivalence of those sequences and which could not reasonably be expected to have occurred by random chance. Such sequence similarity with respect to polypeptides may be determined using the publicly available bl2seq program from the BLAST suite of programs (version 2.2.5 [November 2002]) from the NCBI website on the World Wide Web at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/. The similarity of polypeptide sequences may be examined using the following unix command line parameters:

[0459] bl2seq-i peptideseq1-j peptideseq2-F F-p blastp

[0460] Variant polypeptide sequences preferably exhibit an E value of less than 1.times.10-6 more preferably less than 1.times.10-9, more preferably less than 1.times.10-12, more preferably less than 1.times.10-15, more preferably less than 1.times.10-18, more preferably less than 1.times.10-21, more preferably less than 1.times.10-30, more preferably less than 1.times.10-40, more preferably less than 1.times.10-50, more preferably less than 1.times.10-60, more preferably less than 1.times.10-70, more preferably less than 1.times.10-80, more preferably less than 1.times.10-90 and most preferably 1.times.10-100 when compared with any one of the specifically identified sequences.

[0461] The parameter-F F turns off filtering of low complexity sections. The parameter-p selects the appropriate algorithm for the pair of sequences. This program finds regions of similarity between the sequences and for each such region reports an "E value" which is the expected number of times one could expect to see such a match by chance in a database of a fixed reference size containing random sequences. For small E values, much less than one, this is approximately the probability of such a random match.

[0462] Conservative substitutions of one or several amino acids of a described polypeptide sequence without significantly altering its biological activity are also included in the invention. A skilled artisan will be aware of methods for making phenotypically silent amino acid substitutions (see, e.g., Bowie et al., 1990, Science 247, 1306).

[0463] Constructs, Vectors and Components Thereof

[0464] The term "genetic construct" refers to a polynucleotide molecule, usually double-stranded DNA, which may have inserted into it another polynucleotide molecule (the insert polynucleotide molecule) such as, but not limited to, a cDNA molecule. A genetic construct may contain the necessary elements that permit transcribing the insert polynucleotide molecule, and, optionally, translating the transcript into a polypeptide. The insert polynucleotide molecule may be derived from the host cell, or may be derived from a different cell or organism and/or may be a recombinant polynucleotide. Once inside the host cell the genetic construct may become integrated in the host chromosomal DNA. The genetic construct may be linked to a vector.

[0465] The term "vector" refers to a polynucleotide molecule, usually double stranded DNA, which is used to transport the genetic construct into a host cell. The vector may be capable of replication in at least one additional host system, such as E. coli.

[0466] The term "expression construct" refers to a genetic construct that includes the necessary elements that permit transcribing the insert polynucleotide molecule, and, optionally, translating the transcript into a polypeptide. An expression construct typically comprises in a 5' to 3' direction:

[0467] a) a promoter functional in the host cell into which the construct will be transformed,

[0468] b) the polynucleotide to be expressed, and

[0469] c) a terminator functional in the host cell into which the construct will be transformed.

[0470] The term "coding region" or "open reading frame" (ORF) refers to the sense strand of a genomic DNA sequence or a cDNA sequence that is capable of producing a transcription product and/or a polypeptide under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The coding sequence may, in some cases, identified by the presence of a 5' translation start codon and a 3' translation stop codon. When inserted into a genetic construct, a "coding sequence" is capable of being expressed when it is operably linked to promoter and terminator sequences.

[0471] "Operably-linked" means that the sequenced to be expressed is placed under the control of regulatory elements that include promoters, tissue-specific regulatory elements, temporal regulatory elements, enhancers, repressors and terminators.

[0472] The term "noncoding region" refers to untranslated sequences that are upstream of the translational start site and downstream of the translational stop site. These sequences are also referred to respectively as the 5' UTR and the 3' UTR. These regions include elements required for transcription initiation and termination, mRNA stability, and for regulation of translation efficiency.

[0473] Terminators are sequences, which terminate transcription, and are found in the 3' untranslated ends of genes downstream of the translated sequence. Terminators are important determinants of mRNA stability and in some cases have been found to have spatial regulatory functions.

[0474] The term "promoter" refers to nontranscribed cis-regulatory elements upstream of the coding region that regulate gene transcription. Promoters comprise cis-initiator elements which specify the transcription initiation site and conserved boxes such as the TATA box, and motifs that are bound by transcription factors. Introns within coding sequences can also regulate transcription and influence post-transcriptional processing (including splicing, capping and polyadenylation).

[0475] A promoter may be homologous with respect to the polynucleotide to be expressed. This means that the promoter and polynucleotide are found operably linked in nature.

[0476] Alternatively the promoter may be heterologous with respect to the polynucleotide to be expressed. This means that the promoter and the polynucleotide are not found operably linked in nature.

[0477] In certain embodiments the ARF3 polynucleotides/polypeptides of the invention may be andvantageously expessed under the contol of selected promoter sequences as described below.

[0478] Vegetative Tissue Specific Promoters

[0479] An example of a vegetative specific promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,067; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,629,454; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,953; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,643.

[0480] Pollen Specific Promoters

[0481] An example of a pollen specific promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,141,424; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,546; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,085; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,169; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,667,097.

[0482] Seed Specific Promoters

[0483] An example of a seed specific promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,657; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,565; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,345; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,642,346; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,928. A preferred seed specific promoter is the napin promoter of Brassica napus (Josefsson et al., 1987, J Biol Chem. 262(25):12196-201; Ellerstrom et al., 1996, Plant Molecular Biology, Volume 32, Issue 6, pp 1019-1027).

[0484] Fruit Specific Promoters

[0485] An example of a fruit specific promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,653; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,179; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,150; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,674.

[0486] Non-Photosynthetic Tissue Preferred Promoters

[0487] Non-photosynthetic tissue preferred promoters include those preferentially expressed in non-photosynthetic tissues/organs of the plant.

[0488] Non-photosynthetic tissue preferred promoters may also include light repressed promoters.

[0489] Light Repressed Promoters

[0490] An example of a light repressed promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,952 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,496.

[0491] Root Specific Promoters

[0492] An example of a root specific promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,848; and US 2004/0067506 and US 2001/0047525.

[0493] Tuber Specific Promoters

[0494] An example of a tuber specific promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,184,443.

[0495] Bulb Specific Promoters

[0496] An example of a bulb specific promoter is found in Smeets et al., (1997) Plant Physiol. 113:765-771.

[0497] Rhizome Preferred Promoters

[0498] An example of a rhizome preferred promoter is found Seong Jang et al., (2006) Plant Physiol. 142:1148-1159.

[0499] Endosperm Specific Promoters

[0500] An example of an endosperm specific promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,697.

[0501] Corm Promoters

[0502] An example of a promoter capable of driving expression in a corm is found in Schenk et al., (2001) Plant Molecular Biology, 47:399-412.

[0503] Photosythetic Tissue Preferred Promoters

[0504] Photosythetic tissue preferred promoters include those that are preferrentially expressed in photosynthetic tissues of the plants. Photosynthetic tissues of the plant include leaves, stems, shoots and above ground parts of the plant. Photosythetic tissue preferred promoters include light regulated promoters.

[0505] Light Regulated Promoters

[0506] Numerous light regulated promoters are known to those skilled in the art and include for example chlorophyll a/b (Cab) binding protein promoters and Rubisco Small Subunit (SSU) promoters. An example of a light regulated promoter is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,385. Light regulated in this context means light inducible or light induced.

[0507] Transgene

[0508] A "transgene" is a polynucleotide that is introduced into an organism by transformation. The transgene may be derived from the same species or from a different species to the organism into which the transgene is introduced. In one embodiment the transgene is a naturally occurring sequence. In a further embodiment the transgene is a non-naturally occurring sequence. The transgene may be synthesized or produced by recombinant methods.

[0509] Host Cells

[0510] Host cells may be derived from, for example, bacterial, fungal, yeast, insect, mammalian, algal or plant organisms. Host cells may also be synthetic cells. Preferred host cells are eukaryotic cells. A particularly preferred host cell is a plant cell, particularly a plant cell in a tissue of a plant.

[0511] A "transgenic plant" refers to a plant which contains new genetic material as a result of genetic manipulation or transformation. The new genetic material may be derived from a plant of the same species as the resulting transgenic plant or from a different species. Subsequent offspring or generations of the plant that still contain the new genetic material are also transgenic plants according to the invention.

[0512] Methods for Isolating or Producing Polynucleotides

[0513] The polynucleotide molecules of the invention can be isolated by using a variety of techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. By way of example, such polypeptides can be isolated through use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) described in Mullis et al., Eds. 1994 The Polymerase Chain Reaction, Birkhauser, incorporated herein by reference. The polypeptides of the invention can be amplified using primers, as defined herein, derived from the polynucleotide sequences of the invention.

[0514] Further methods for isolating polynucleotides of the invention include use of all, or portions of, the polypeptides having the sequence set forth herein as hybridization probes. The technique of hybridizing labelled polynucleotide probes to polynucleotides immobilized on solid supports such as nitrocellulose filters or nylon membranes, can be used to screen the genomic or cDNA libraries. Exemplary hybridization and wash conditions are: hybridization for 20 hours at 65.degree. C. in 5.0.times.SSC, 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1.times.Denhardt's solution; washing (three washes of twenty minutes each at 55.degree. C.) in 1.0.times.SSC, 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, and optionally one wash (for twenty minutes) in 0.5.times.SSC, 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, at 60.degree. C. An optional further wash (for twenty minutes) can be conducted under conditions of 0.1.times.SSC, 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, at 60.degree. C.

[0515] The polynucleotide fragments of the invention may be produced by techniques well-known in the art such as restriction endonuclease digestion, oligonucleotide synthesis and PCR amplification.

[0516] A partial polynucleotide sequence may be used, in methods well-known in the art to identify the corresponding full length polynucleotide sequence. Such methods include PCR-based methods, 5'RACE (Frohman M A, 1993, Methods Enzymol. 218: 340-56) and hybridization-based method, computer/database--based methods. Further, by way of example, inverse PCR permits acquisition of unknown sequences, flanking the polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein, starting with primers based on a known region (Triglia et al., 1998, Nucleic Acids Res 16, 8186, incorporated herein by reference). The method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template. Divergent primers are designed from the known region. In order to physically assemble full-length clones, standard molecular biology approaches can be utilized (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1987).

[0517] It may be beneficial, when producing a transgenic plant from a particular species, to transform such a plant with a sequence or sequences derived from that species. The benefit may be to alleviate public concerns regarding cross-species transformation in generating transgenic organisms. For these reasons among others, it is desirable to be able to identify and isolate orthologues of a particular gene in several different plant species.

[0518] Variants (including orthologues) may be identified by the methods described.

[0519] Methods for Identifying Variants

[0520] Physical Methods

[0521] Variant polypeptides may be identified using PCR-based methods (Mullis et al., Eds. 1994 The Polymerase Chain Reaction, Birkhauser). Typically, the polynucleotide sequence of a primer, useful to amplify variants of polynucleotide molecules of the invention by PCR, may be based on a sequence encoding a conserved region of the corresponding amino acid sequence.

[0522] Alternatively library screening methods, well known to those skilled in the art, may be employed (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1987). When identifying variants of the probe sequence, hybridization and/or wash stringency will typically be reduced relatively to when exact sequence matches are sought.

[0523] Polypeptide variants may also be identified by physical methods, for example by screening expression libraries using antibodies raised against polypeptides of the invention (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1987) or by identifying polypeptides from natural sources with the aid of such antibodies.

[0524] Computer Based Methods

[0525] The variant sequences of the invention, including both polynucleotide and polypeptide variants, may also be identified by computer-based methods well-known to those skilled in the art, using public domain sequence alignment algorithms and sequence similarity search tools to search sequence databases (public domain databases include Genbank, EMBL, Swiss-Prot, PIR and others). See, e.g., Nucleic Acids Res. 29: 1-10 and 11-16, 2001 for examples of online resources. Similarity searches retrieve and align target sequences for comparison with a sequence to be analyzed (i.e., a query sequence). Sequence comparison algorithms use scoring matrices to assign an overall score to each of the alignments.

[0526] An exemplary family of programs useful for identifying variants in sequence databases is the BLAST suite of programs (version 2.2.5 [November 2002]) including BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, tBLASTN and tBLASTX, which are publicly available from (ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/) or from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine, Building 38A, Room 8N805, Bethesda, Md. 20894 USA. The NCBI server also provides the facility to use the programs to screen a number of publicly available sequence databases. BLASTN compares a nucleotide query sequence against a nucleotide sequence database. BLASTP compares an amino acid query sequence against a protein sequence database.

[0527] BLASTX compares a nucleotide query sequence translated in all reading frames against a protein sequence database. tBLASTN compares a protein query sequence against a nucleotide sequence database dynamically translated in all reading frames. tBLASTX compares the six-frame translations of a nucleotide query sequence against the six-frame translations of a nucleotide sequence database. The BLAST programs may be used with default parameters or the parameters may be altered as required to refine the screen.

[0528] The use of the BLAST family of algorithms, including BLASTN, BLASTP, and BLASTX, is described in the publication of Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402, 1997.

[0529] The "hits" to one or more database sequences by a queried sequence produced by BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, tBLASTN, tBLASTX, or a similar algorithm, align and identify similar portions of sequences. The hits are arranged in order of the degree of similarity and the length of sequence overlap. Hits to a database sequence generally represent an overlap over only a fraction of the sequence length of the queried sequence.

[0530] The BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, tBLASTN and tBLASTX algorithms also produce "Expect" values for alignments. The Expect value (E) indicates the number of hits one can "expect" to see by chance when searching a database of the same size containing random contiguous sequences. The Expect value is used as a significance threshold for determining whether the hit to a database indicates true similarity. For example, an E value of 0.1 assigned to a polynucleotide hit is interpreted as meaning that in a database of the size of the database screened, one might expect to see 0.1 matches over the aligned portion of the sequence with a similar score simply by chance. For sequences having an E value of 0.01 or less over aligned and matched portions, the probability of finding a match by chance in that database is 1% or less using the BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, tBLASTN or tBLASTX algorithm.

[0531] Multiple sequence alignments of a group of related sequences can be carried out with CLUSTALW (Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. and Gibson, T. J. (1994) CLUSTALW: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22:4673-4680, http://www-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/BioInfo/ClustalW/Top.html) or T-COFFEE (Cedric Notredame, Desmond G. Higgins, Jaap Heringa, T-Coffee: A novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment, J. Mol. Biol. (2000) 302: 205-217)) or PILEUP, which uses progressive, pairwise alignments. (Feng and Doolittle, 1987, J. Mol. Evol. 25, 351).

[0532] Pattern recognition software applications are available for finding motifs or signature sequences. For example, MEME (Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation) finds motifs and signature sequences in a set of sequences, and MAST (Motif Alignment and Search Tool) uses these motifs to identify similar or the same motifs in query sequences. The MAST results are provided as a series of alignments with appropriate statistical data and a visual overview of the motifs found. MEME and MAST were developed at the University of California, San Diego.

[0533] PROSITE (Bairoch and Bucher, 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 3583; Hofmann et al., 1999, Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 215) is a method of identifying the functions of uncharacterized proteins translated from genomic or cDNA sequences. The PROSITE database (www.expasy.org/prosite) contains biologically significant patterns and profiles and is designed so that it can be used with appropriate computational tools to assign a new sequence to a known family of proteins or to determine which known domain(s) are present in the sequence (Falquet et al., 2002, Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 235). Prosearch is a tool that can search SWISS-PROT and EMBL databases with a given sequence pattern or signature.

[0534] Methods for Isolating Polypeptides

[0535] The polypeptides of the invention, or used in the methods of the invention, including variant polypeptides, may be prepared using peptide synthesis methods well known in the art such as direct peptide synthesis using solid phase techniques (e.g. Stewart et al., 1969, in Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, WH Freeman Co, San Francisco Calif., or automated synthesis, for example using an Applied Biosystems 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Foster City, Calif.). Mutated forms of the polypeptides may also be produced during such syntheses.

[0536] The polypeptides and variant polypeptides of the invention, or used in the methods of the invention, may also be purified from natural sources using a variety of techniques that are well known in the art (e.g. Deutscher, 1990, Ed, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 182, Guide to Protein Purification,).

[0537] Alternatively the polypeptides and variant polypeptides of the invention, or used in the methods of the invention, may be expressed recombinantly in suitable host cells and separated from the cells as discussed below.

[0538] Methods for Producing Constructs and Vectors

[0539] The genetic constructs of the present invention comprise one or more polynucleotide sequences of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of the invention, and may be useful for transforming, for example, bacterial, fungal, insect, mammalian or plant organisms. The genetic constructs of the invention are intended to include expression constructs as herein defined.

[0540] Methods for producing and using genetic constructs and vectors are well known in the art and are described generally in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1987; Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing, 1987).

[0541] Methods for Producing Host Cells Comprising Polynucleotides, Constructs or Vectors

[0542] The invention provides a host cell which comprises a genetic construct or vector of the invention.

[0543] Host cells comprising genetic constructs, such as expression constructs, of the invention are useful in methods well known in the art (e.g. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1987; Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing, 1987) for recombinant production of polypeptides of the invention. Such methods may involve the culture of host cells in an appropriate medium in conditions suitable for or conducive to expression of a polypeptide of the invention. The expressed recombinant polypeptide, which may optionally be secreted into the culture, may then be separated from the medium, host cells or culture medium by methods well known in the art (e.g. Deutscher, Ed, 1990, Methods in Enzymology, Vol 182, Guide to Protein Purification).

[0544] Methods for Producing Plant Cells and Plants Comprising Constructs and Vectors

[0545] The invention further provides plant cells which comprise a genetic construct of the invention, and plant cells modified to alter expression of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention, or used in the methods of the invention. Plants comprising such cells also form an aspect of the invention.

[0546] Methods for transforming plant cells, plants and portions thereof with polypeptides are described in Draper et al., 1988, Plant Genetic Transformation and Gene Expression. A Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Sci. Pub. Oxford, p. 365; Potrykus and Spangenburg, 1995, Gene Transfer to Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin; and Gelvin et al., 1993, Plant Molecular Biol. Manual. Kluwer Acad. Pub. Dordrecht. A review of transgenic plants, including transformation techniques, is provided in Galun and Breiman, 1997, Transgenic Plants. Imperial College Press, London.

[0547] Methods for Genetic Manipulation of Plants

[0548] A number of plant transformation strategies are available (e.g. Birch, 1997, Ann Rev Plant Phys Plant Mol Biol, 48, 297, Hellens et al., (2000) Plant Mol Biol 42: 819-32, Hellens et al., Plant Meth 1: 13). For example, strategies may be designed to increase expression of a polynucleotide/polypeptide in a plant cell, organ and/or at a particular developmental stage where/when it is normally expressed or to ectopically express a polynucleotide/polypeptide in a cell, tissue, organ and/or at a particular developmental stage which/when it is not normally expressed. The expressed polynucleotide/polypeptide may be derived from the plant species to be transformed or may be derived from a different plant species.

[0549] Transformation strategies may be designed to reduce expression of a polynucleotide/polypeptide in a plant cell, tissue, organ or at a particular developmental stage which/when it is normally expressed. Such strategies are known as gene silencing strategies.

[0550] Genetic constructs for expression of genes in transgenic plants typically include promoters for driving the expression of one or more cloned polynucleotide, terminators and selectable marker sequences to detect presence of the genetic construct in the transformed plant.

[0551] The promoters suitable for use in the constructs of this invention are functional in a cell, tissue or organ of a monocot or dicot plant and include cell-, tissue- and organ-specific promoters, cell cycle specific promoters, temporal promoters, inducible promoters, constitutive promoters that are active in most plant tissues, and recombinant promoters. Choice of promoter will depend upon the temporal and spatial expression of the cloned polynucleotide, so desired. The promoters may be those normally associated with a transgene of interest. In one embodiment the promoter is not normally associated with a transgene of interest. Such a promoter may be described as a heterologous promoter, with respect to the transgene.

[0552] The promoters may be derived from genes of other plants, viruses, and plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Those skilled in the art will, without undue experimentation, be able to select promoters that are suitable for use in modifying and modulating plant traits using genetic constructs comprising the polynucleotide sequences of the invention. Examples of constitutive plant promoters include the CaMV 35S promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter and the octopine synthase promoter, and the Ubi 1 promoter from maize. Plant promoters which are active in specific tissues respond to internal developmental signals or external abiotic or biotic stresses are described in the scientific literature. Exemplary promoters are described, e.g., in WO 02/00894 and WO2011/053169, which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0553] Exemplary terminators that are commonly used in plant transformation genetic construct include, e.g., the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S terminator, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase or octopine synthase terminators, the Zea mays zein gene terminator, the Oryza sativa ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase terminator and the Solanum tuberosum PI-II terminator.

[0554] Selectable markers commonly used in plant transformation include the neomycin phophotransferase II gene (NPT II) which confers kanamycin resistance, the aadA gene, which confers spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance, the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar gene) for Ignite (AgrEvo) and Basta (Hoechst) resistance, and the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hpt) for hygromycin resistance.

[0555] Use of genetic constructs comprising reporter genes (coding sequences which express an activity that is foreign to the host, usually an enzymatic activity and/or a visible signal (e.g., luciferase, GUS, GFP) which may be used for promoter expression analysis in plants and plant tissues are also contemplated. The reporter gene literature is reviewed in Herrera-Estrella et al., 1993, Nature 303, 209, and Schrott, 1995, In: Gene Transfer to Plants (Potrykus, T., Spangenberg. Eds) Springer Verlag. Berline, pp. 325-336.

[0556] The following are representative publications disclosing genetic transformation protocols that can be used to genetically transform the following plant species: Rice (Alam et al., 1999, Plant Cell Rep. 18, 572); apple (Yao et al., 1995, Plant Cell Reports 14, 407-412); maize (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,177,010 and 5,981,840); wheat (Ortiz et al., 1996, Plant Cell Rep. 15, 1996, 877); tomato (U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135); potato (Kumar et al., 1996 Plant J. 9:821); cassava (Li et al., 1996 Nat. Biotechnology 14, 736); lettuce (Michelmore et al., 1987, Plant Cell Rep. 6, 439); tobacco (Horsch et al., 1985, Science 227, 1229); cotton (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,797 and 5,004,863); grasses (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,187,073 and 6,020,539); peppermint (Niu et al., 1998, Plant Cell Rep. 17, 165); citrus plants (Pena et al., 1995, Plant Sci. 104, 183); caraway (Krens et al., 1997, Plant Cell Rep, 17, 39); banana (U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,935); soybean (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,416,011; 5,569,834; 5,824,877; 5,563,04455 and 5,968,830); pineapple (U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,543); poplar (U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,855); monocots in general (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,616 and 6,037,522); brassica (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,958; 5,463,174 and 5,750,871); cereals (U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,877); pear (Matsuda et al., 2005, Plant Cell Rep. 24(1):45-51); Prunus (Ramesh et al., 2006 Plant Cell Rep. 25(8):821-8; Song and Sink 2005 Plant Cell Rep. 2006; 25(2):117-23; Gonzalez Padilla et al., 2003 Plant Cell Rep.22(1):38-45); strawberry (Oosumi et al., 2006 Planta. 223(6):1219-30; Folta et al., 2006 Planta April 14; PMID: 16614818), rose (Li et al., 2003), Rubus (Graham et al., 1995 Methods Mol Biol. 1995; 44:129-33), tomato (Dan et al., 2006, Plant Cell Reports V25:432-441), apple (Yao et al., 1995, Plant Cell Rep. 14, 407-412), Canola (Brassica napus L.). (Cardoza and Stewart, 2006 Methods Mol Biol. 343:257-66), safflower (Orlikowska et al., 1995, Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 40:85-91), ryegrass (Altpeter et al., 2004 Developments in Plant Breeding 11(7):255-250), rice (Christou et al., 1991 Nature Biotech. 9:957-962), maize (Wang et al., 2009 In: Handbook of Maize pp. 609-639) and Actinidia eriantha (Wang et al., 2006, Plant Cell Rep. 25, 5: 425-31). Transformation of other species is also contemplated by the invention. Suitable methods and protocols are available in the scientific literature.

[0557] In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art.

[0558] The term "comprising" as used in this specification means "consisting at least in part of". When interpreting each statement in this specification that includes the term "comprising", features other than that or those prefaced by the term may also be present. Related terms such as "comprise" and "comprises" are to be interpreted in the same manner. In some embodiments, the term "comprising" (and related terms such as "comprise and "comprises") can be replaced by "consisting of" (and related terms "consist" and "consists").

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0559] FIG. 1 shows identification of the rootstock dwarfing loci, Dw1. a) Using a bulked segregant analysis, a major dwarfing locus (Dw1) from `M9` was identified at the top of linkage group (LG) 5. The markers flanking Dw1 were NZraAM18-700 (developed by Plant & Food Research, not publically avaliable) and CH03a09 (publically available). b) A multi-trait QTL analysis identified Dw1 as having a very strong influence on rootstock induced dwarfing. The markers flanking Dw1 are Hi01c04a and CH03a09.

[0560] FIG. 2 shows genetic markers flanking o Dw1 according to the applicant, and that described by Fazio et al. a) Markers flanking our Dw1 are shown in red and extend from 4.72 Mb to 7.62 Mb. b) Markers flanking the Fazio et al Dw1 are shown in green. The distal marker CH05b06z is not mapped. c) The proximal marker CH05b06z maps elsewhere, and the distal most maps incorrectly. d) The distal marker C3843 does not map to LG5. Based on the markers that do map, this would place the Fazio et al Dw1 more distal than ours.

[0561] FIG. 3 shows recombinant Dwarf & Semi-Dwarf individuals narrow the genomic interval containing Dw1 to <1.1 Mb. Parents and progeny are listed along the left most column, phenotypes in the next column over, each the remaining columns are genotypes for genetic markers sequentially ordered along LG5. Pink indicates the `M9` allele and green the `R5` allele. Individuals highlighted in yellow are recombinant over the interval. Only dwarfed (D) and semi-dwarfed (SD) individuals are informative, as some intermediate (I) and vigorous (V) individuals carry Dw1.

[0562] FIG. 4 shows the number of trees in each flowering class and composition of classes by Dw1 and Dw2 genotype. Flowering was assessed by estimating the total number of flower clusters on each tree in the spring of year two, and placing them into quartiles relative to the most highly floral trees, ie, 1%-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, 76-100%. Trees with no flowers were also recorded. Data is from 109 trees from the first population, replicate 1.

[0563] FIG. 5 shows the average year seven TCA of trees in each genotypic class. The number of individuals in each class is given in parentheses, error bars indicate standard error. Average TCAs were compared to the group with neither Dw1 nor Dw2 by ANOVA, asterisks indicate the means are significantly different with a p value of .ltoreq.0.001. Data is from 303 trees from the second population.

[0564] FIG. 6 shows the composition of each phenotypic class by Dw1 and Dw2 genotype. Trees from both populations (449 trees in total) were visually assessed after seven years of growth and placed into one of five phenotypic classes, D=dwarf, SD=semi-dwarf, I=intermediate, V=vigorous, and VV=very vigorous.

[0565] FIG. 7 shows quantitative RT-PCR of ARF3. For each time point, RNA was isolated and analysed from vascular-enriched tissue from 4-6 separate biological replicates of each genotype. Error bars indicate standard error for biological replicates.

[0566] FIG. 8 shows an amino acid line up of ARF3 proteins from plants. ARF3 proteins have a highly conserved B3 DNA binding domain, an auxin response element and a tasi-ARF recognition site. `M9` is heterozygous for a non-synonymous SNP that changes a conserved Serine/Proline to a Leucine (indicated by red box)

[0567] FIG. 9 shows a table demonstrating % similarity between ARF 3 proteins. Proteins were aligned using MUSCLE and the phylogenetic tree used to generate this table was constructed with PHYML, using JTT substitution model and 1,000 bootstrap interations

[0568] FIG. 10 shows over-expression of `M9` ARF3 in petunia. a) Non-transformed and b-f) 355:'M9' ARF3 flowers. Three independent lines showed incomplete petal fusion at the tube (b-c), irregular petal margins (d), and vascular patterning defects (e). (f) shows a close up of the abaxial (outside) of the flower, revealing incomplete petal fusion and vascular patterning defects.

[0569] FIG. 11 shows over-expression of `M9` ARF3 in petunia. a) untransfomed and b) 35S:M9 ARF3 flower showing petaloid stamen that appear in two lines.

[0570] FIG. 12 shows over-expression of `M9` ARF3 in tobacco. (a) un-transformed and (b-c) 35S: M9 ARF3. Vascular patterning defects were observed in several lines (arrows in b and c). One line showed an asymmetric leaf phenotype (arrowheads in c).

[0571] FIG. 13 shows the vascular patterning defects in the `M9` ARF3 overexpression tobacco plants.

[0572] FIG. 14 shows `M9` overexpression plants exhibiting reduced height, thick stems, shorter internodes and more axillary outgrowth compared to wild-type tobacco.

[0573] FIG. 15 shows floral phenotypes of 35S:ARF3 in tobacco. Extra petaloid organs are common (arrows in a, c, e) as well as patterning defects, irregular vascular patterning (arrows in a, b) and unfused tube (arrow in d).

[0574] FIG. 16 shows irregular vascular development in 35S:ARF3 in tobacco. Sections of (a) untransformed and (b-d) 35S: M9 ARF3 tobacco petioles. Tobacco has a co-lateral arrangement of xylem surrounded by phloem on both abaxial (AB) and adaxial (AD) sides. The M9 ARF3 over-expression lines show irregular vascular patterning, with more inner phloem cells (red arrows in b-d).

[0575] FIG. 17 shows a summary of Dw1 and Dw2 genotyping of rootstock accessions. SSR makers were used to genotype rootstock accessions for the presence of Dw1 and Dw2. A green square indicates the presence of a single allele of Dw1, yellow represents Dw2. The very dwarfing rootstock `M27` is homozygous for Dw1, suggesting that Dw1 is a semi-dominant mutation.

[0576] FIG. 18 shows that a pear rootstock QTL maps to the same position as Dw1. a) A rootstock QTL affecting scion flowering, shoot growth and TCA (Trunk Cross-sectional Area) was detected on LG5, in the same position as Dw1. One major difference between the two QTLs, the pear QTL controlling early flowering is on the same position, but on the other chromosome, ie derived from the other parent. An HRM marker detecting the ARF3 SNP in apple was screened over the pear population. In b-d, individuals scored as "AA" were statistically different than siblings scored as "AB" for b) flowering, c) primary axis growth and d) TCA. *=p value<0.001, very significant.

[0577] FIG. 19 illustrates a grafting experiment to demonstrate effect on scion. A--illustrates that one apical meristem is allowed to grow out. B--shows the grafted non-transformed wild-type stem. C--shows thwe graft junction. D--shows the "rootstock" which can be 35S:Dw1 (M9 mutant allele), 35S:dw1 (M793 non-dwarf allele) or non-transformed (WT).

[0578] FIG. 20 shows the phenotypic characteristics of scions grafted onto 4 different "rootstocks" as indicated. Panel A (left side) shows shoot length of the grafted scion. Panel B (right side) shows days to flowering of the grafted scion. Values were compared to WT/WT by ANOVA, **=p-value<0.01, *=p-value<0.05.

[0579] FIG. 21 shows the phenotypic characteristics of scions grafted onto 4 different "rootstocks" as indicated. Panel A (left side) shows number of nodes on the grafted scion. Panel B (right side) shows Trunk Cross-sectional Area (TCA) of the grafted scion. Values were compared to WT/WT by ANOVA, **=p-value<0.01, *=p-value<0.05.

[0580] FIG. 22 shows the total scion dry weight of scions grafted onto 4 different "rootstocks" (same root stocks as in FIGS. 21 and 22). Values were compared to WT/WT by ANOVA, **=p-value<0.01, *=p-value<0.05.

[0581] FIG. 23 shows the total leaf area of scions grafted onto 4 different "rootstocks" (same root stocks as in FIGS. 21 and 22). Values were compared to WT/WT by ANOVA, *=p-value<0.05.

[0582] FIG. 24 shows tree dry weight accumulation during the first year of growth. `Royal Gala` scions were grafted to `M793` (vigorous), `M9` (dwarfing) or `M27` (very dwarfing). At each time point, six composite trees of each rootstock genotype were severed at the graft junction, a) scion and b) rootstock were dried and weighed. Values were compared by ANOVA and the only significant differences detected between vigorous and dwarfing rootstocks was at the final time point (*=p-value<0.001). Error bars are SE.

[0583] FIG. 25 shows average primary and total lateral root length of two week old seedlings. Seedlings were germinated on media, grown for two weeks, then harvested for photography. Digital images were measured using Image J. Error bars are standard error.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

TABLE-US-00004

[0584] SEQ ID NO: Sequence type Common name Species Reference 1 Polypeptide Apple Malus domestica MdARF3 2 Polypeptide Apple Malus domestica MdARF3 `M9` 3 Polypeptide Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana ARF3/ETTIN 4 Polypeptide Bean Phaseolus vulgaris PvARF3 5 Polypeptide Tomato Solanum lycopersicum SIARF3 6 Polypeptide Mandarin orange Citrus clemantina CcARF3 7 Polypeptide Strawberry Frageria vesca FvARF3 8 Polypeptide Plum Prunus persica PpARF3 9 Polypeptide Pear Pyrus communis PcARF3 10 Polypeptide Poplar Populus tremula PtARF3 11 Polypeptide Grape Vitis vinefera VvARF3 12 Polynucleotide Apple Malus domestica MdARF3 (cDNA) 13 Polynucleotide Apple Malus domestica MdARF3 (gDNA) 14 Polynucleotide Apple Malus domestica MdARF3 `M9`(cDNA) 15 Polynucleotide Apple Malus domestica MdARF3 `M9`(gDNA) 16 Polynucleotide Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana ARF3/ETTIN (cDNA) 17 Polynucleotide Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana ARF3/ETTIN (gDNA) 18 Polynucleotide Bean Phaseolus vulgaris PvARF3 (cDNA) 19 Polynucleotide Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum LeARF3 (cDNA) 20 Polynucleotide Mandarin orange Citrus clemantina CcARF3 (cDNA) 21 Polynucleotide Strawberry Frageria vesca FvARF3 (cDNA) 22 Polynucleotide Plum Prunus persica PpARF3 (cDNA) 23 Polynucleotide Pear Pyrus communis PcARF3 (cDNA) 24 Polynucleotide Poplar Populus tremula PtARF3 (cDNA) 25 Polynucleotide Grape Vitis vinefera VvARF3 (cDNA) 26 Polynucleotide Apple Malus domestica Hi01C04 marker 27 Polynucleotide Apple Malus domestica Hi04A08 marker

EXAMPLES

[0585] The invention will now be illustrated with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

[0586] It is not the intention to limit the scope of the invention to the present example only. As would be appreciated by a skilled person in the art, many variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.

Example 1: Refining the Genomic Region Containing the Dw1 Loci

BACKGROUND

[0587] In a previous QTL study, the closest genetic markers that defined Dw1 were Hi01c04 and Ch03a09 (FIG. 1), which are located at 4.72 and 7.62 Mb respectively on the reference golden delicious genome (Celton et al 2009). More recently Fazio and co-workers (Fazio et al 2014) found a more distal position for Dw1, between Hi22f12 (2.69 Mb) and Hi04a08 (5.15 Mb) (FIG. 2).

[0588] In the present work, the applicants developed genetic markers based on genomic sequence from the interval between 4.5 Mb and 7.2 Mb on linkage group 5 (LG5). By screening these markers over the parents and progeny of their rootstock population, the applicants were able to identify recombinants within this interval (i.e. had a chromosomal cross over between `M9` and `R5`). Intermediate and vigorous recombinants were not informative, because some of the individuals carried Dw1. However, all dwarfed and semi-dwarfed individuals carried Dw1, so these recombinants were informative in defining the interval that contains Dw1. Based on four dwarfed and two semi-dwarfed recombinant individuals, the applicants were able to narrow the genomic interval containing Dw1 to a smaller region, between 4.75 Mb and 5.80 Mb (FIG. 3).

[0589] This region defines an interval of 1.05 Mb (5.80-4.75 Mb).

[0590] Although this is a smaller interval, this region could still contain over 100 genes. It is also possible that the genetic determinant of dwarfing at the Dw1 locus would be a micro RNA (miRNA) or other non-protein encoding gene. Furthermore, prior to the present application, there were no obvious candidate gene/s, or even classes of candidate genes that might be responsible for the dwarfing effect of the the Dw1 locus.

[0591] Dw1 has a More Significant Effect than Dw2 on Rootstock-Induced Dwarfing

[0592] To elucidate the relative contributions of Dw1 and Dw2 to dwarfing of the scion, the applicants examined three of the most robust phenotypes associated with dwarfing, i.e. early flowering (spring of year two), final TCA (year seven), and overall visual assessment (year seven) of scions grafted to rootstocks carrying various combinations of Dw1 and Dw2.

[0593] Early flowering was assessed in the spring of year two by estimating the number of floral clusters on 109 trees from the first population. The majority of the trees with the highest degree of flowering had been grafted onto rootstocks carrying both Dw1 and Dw2 (50%), or Dw1 alone (41.7%) (FIG. 4). Conversely, the trees with no flowers or the fewest flowers were predominantly grafted onto rootstocks carrying Dw2 alone (33.9%), or neither dwarfing locus (44.6%).

[0594] After seven years of growth, the TCA of 303 trees from the second population were measured. Trees grafted onto rootstocks carrying both Dw1 and Dw2 exhibited the lowest average TCA, only 23% of that of scions on rootstocks with neither loci. Rootstocks with Dw1 alone reduced scion TCA to 73% of those with neither rootstock loci. Surprisingly, trees grafted onto rootstocks with Dw2 alone had the highest TCA of all (FIG. 5).

[0595] As rootstock-induced dwarfing becomes more pronounced over successive growth cycles, an expert visual assessment of the whole tree phenotype after seven years provided an overall measure of scion vigour. When 449 grafted trees from both populations were compared, a clear trend relating rootstock genotype to phenotypic class was observed. All the dwarfed and semi-dwarfed trees were grafted onto rootstocks with Dw1 and Dw2 or Dw1 alone, whereas the vigorous and very vigorous trees had rootstocks carrying Dw2 alone, Dw1 alone, or neither locus (FIG. 6). Nearly 40% of the vigorous trees were on rootstocks carrying Dw2, indicating that this locus alone is not sufficient to dwarf the scion.

[0596] However in contrast to the recent work of Fazio et al (Fazio, Wan et al. 2014) the present study does indicate that the Dw1 loci can influence dwarfing alone (i.e. even in the absence of Dw2).

[0597] Other Dwarfing and Semi-Dwarfing Rootstocks Carry Dw1 and Dw2

[0598] Genetic markers linked to Dw1 and Dw2 were screened over 41 rootstock accessions that confer a range of effects on scion growth. The majority of dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstock accessions screened carried marker alleles linked to both Dw1 and Dw2 (Foster et al, 2015 and FIG. 17). This suggests that most apple dwarfing rootstocks have been derived from the same genetic source.

Example 2: A Pear Rootstock QTL Influencing Scion Size and Flowering

[0599] Pear does not have a true dwarfing rootstock, such as `M9`, although some rootstocks are known to influence scion size and flowering. A pear segregating rootstock population was generated by crossing `Old Home` to `Louis Bon Jersey`. The progeny were grafted with `Cornice`, and scions were phenotyped for 4 years. A QTL influencing scion size and flowering was identified at the top of LG5, in the exact location as Dw1 (FIG. 18, PFR, unpublished). No QTL corresponding to Dw2 was identified. Pear and apple are very closely related and show strong synteny of gene order along their orthologous chromosomes. This finding raises the exciting possibility that Dw1 predates the divergence of apple and pear and that the same gene may be influencing both the apple and pear QTL.

Example 3: Identification of ARF3 as a Candidate Gene for Dw1

[0600] The applicants found that there are approximately 168 annotated genes within the 1.1 Mb interval (unpublished). Based on expressed sequence ESTs from the Plant and Food proprietary Malus database (Newcomb, Crowhurst et al. 2006) and RNA seq experiments (unpublished), the applicants estimated the number of expressed genes is about 100.

[0601] The applicants identified an Auxin Response Factor 3 (ARF3) transcription factor gene present in the refined Dw1 interval, which they showed to be upregulated in M9 rootstock, as a candidate gene for the Dw1 QTL effect.

[0602] Many hypotheses to explain the mechanism of dwarfing rootstocks implicate auxin, but the genetic basis of any auxin effect is completely unknown. ARF3 is a member of a large family of Auxin Response Factors, transcription factors that activate or repress downstream genes in response to auxin. ARF3/ETTIN was first discovered as a gene required for normal patterning of floral organs in Arabidopsis (Sessions and Zambryski 1995; Sessions, Nemhauser et al. 1997). It was later discovered that ARF3 and the transcription factor KANADI mediate both auxin flow and organ polarity, which includes vascular patterning (Pekker, Alvarez et al. 2005; Izhakia and Bowman 2007; Kelley, Arreola et al. 2012). ARF3 also has a key role in promoting phase change (transition to flowering), increased ARF3 expression leads to earlier flowering, loss of ARF3 function delays flowering. (Fahlgren, Montgomery et al. 2006; Hunter, Willmann et al. 2006).

[0603] ARF3 is Up-Regulated in `M9` and `M27` Relative to Vigorous Rootstocks

[0604] The applicants used quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) to compare ARF3 expression in vascular-enriched tissue from `M9` and another dwarfing rootstock `M27` with a vigorous rootstock, `M793` (FIG. 7). ARF3 expression was about four times higher in `M9` than `M793` at all time points. In `M27`, ARF3 expression was 2-4 times higher levels than `M793`.

[0605] `M9` has a Mutation in the ARF3 Gene

[0606] To identify any `M9`-specific DNA changes that might alter gene expression or function/activity the applicants performed genomic sequencing of `M9`. This revealed that the `M9` MdARF3 (MDP000173151) carried a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that changed a conserved Serine to a Leucine. FIG. 8 shows an amino acid line-up with the `M9`, the reference MdARF3 proteins and ARF3 proteins from a variety of plants. This SNP alter the function of the ARF3 protein.

[0607] The `M9` ARF3 SNP as a Genetic Marker in Apple and Pear

[0608] To test if the SNP identified in the `M9`ARF3 segregates with dwarfing individuals, the applicants used primers that amplify the SNP in a High Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis over the entire `M9`.times.`R5` rootstock population. The results showed clear segregation of a distinct melting curve with all individuals that were previously identified as having Dw1. The same marker was also tested on the pear rootstock population and showed clear segregation with one curve associated with high flowering individuals, another with low or no flowering trees.

Example 4: Transgenic Expression of ARF3 in Petunia and Tobacco

[0609] To test if the higher expression and/or the non-synonymous SNP in the `M9` ARF3 cause phenotypes associated with dwarfing rootstocks, the applicants made transgenic lines of both tobacco and petunia that over-express either the `M9` or the reference allele of ARF3. These are hence referred to as M9 ARF3 and wt ARF3 respectively. Petunia and tobacco were chosen as models because they are both amenable to grafting.

[0610] The applicants generated 10 independent lines expressing 35S: M9 ARF3, but the applicants were unable to recover 35S: wt ARF3 petunias. The applicants verified that the plants were expressing the construct by q-RT-PCR. Three independent lines of the 35S:M9 ARF3 had a floral phenotype, ranging from irregular petal margins, incomplete tube fusion, vascular defects, and petaloid stamens (FIGS. 10, 11). Microscopic analysis of the irregular petal margins revealed small patches of inverted petal polarity, which is consistent with the known function of ARF3 in adaxial-abaxial patterning.

[0611] The applicants generated 10 M9 ARF3 and 10 wt ARF3 over-expression lines in tobacco. The applicants verified that all T.sub.0 plants were expressing the construct. Preliminary analysis indicates that several of the plants exhibit irregular vascular patterning in the leaves (FIG. 13). Two plants have asymmetric leaves, with half of the blade missing entirely or double midveins (FIG. 12 b, c). The most extreme line of 35S: M9 ARF 3 (#6) is much shorter than wild-type with thick stems, and decreased apical dominance, creating a bushy phenotype (FIG. 14). The lines with the highest ARF3 expression flowered earlier than the others. Early flowering is also seen in dwarfed scions in apple. Many of the M9 and wt ARF3 plants have floral phenotypes. These include incomplete fusion of the tube, patterning defects, and extra petaloid organs (FIG. 15).

[0612] To examine the vascular patterning defects in more detail, petioles from untransformed and ARF3 over-expression plants were fixed, sectioned and stained with safranin fast green. FIG. 16 shows representative micrographs illustrating that 35S:M9 ARF3 plants have irregular vascular patterning, with more inner phloem cells, consistent with the similar phenotype seen in M9 apple rootstock.

[0613] Phenotypic analysis of the ARF3 over-expression tobacco plants, can also be carried out on plants produced from T.sub.1 seed.

[0614] Plants transformed to express ARF3 and M9 ARF3 can be phenotyped, as can scions grafted onto the transgenic, and control plants.

[0615] Such phenotyping can involve a detailed architectural analysis to document metamer initiation rate, the outgrowth and size of axillary brances, the size and node number of the primary shoot, and time to flowering.

[0616] Growth chambers can also be used to test if the transgenic plants have an altered sensitivity to long days or short days.

[0617] Further histological analysis can also be undertaken to compare vascular development between transgenic lines and untrasformed controls.

Example 5: Transgenic Expression of ARF3 in Apple

[0618] The constructs described in Example 4 above were transformed into apple, to further assess the phenotypic effect of higher expression and/or the non-synonymous SNP.

[0619] Plantlettes generated, can be tested to verify that ARF3 is over-expressed using qRT-PCR. Transgenic lines can be assessed for dwarfing-associated phenotypes by comparing the overall plant architecture (main axis hight, outgrowth of axillary branches, etc) with un-transformed controls. To examine any changes to the vasculature, tissue can be fixed, sectioned, stained and photographed on a microscope to compare with untransformed controls.

[0620] Once plantlettes have generated roots and are large enough, they can be grafted with un-transformed controls. Scions can be assessed for dwarfing-associated phenotypes by comparing the number of growth units on the primary and secondary axis, comparing the number and size of sylleptic and prolleptic shoots, and eventually the number of flowers.

Example 6: Transgenic Expression of ARF3 in Pear

[0621] The constructs described in Example 4 above were transformed into pear, to further assess the phenotypic effect of higher expression and/or the non-synonymous SNP.

[0622] Plantlettes generated, can be tested to verify that ARF3 is over-expressed using qRT-PCR. Transgenic lines can be assessed for dwarfing-associated phenotypes by comparing the overall plant architecture (main axis hight, outgrowth of axillary branches, etc) with un-transformed controls. To examine any changes to the vasculature, tissue can be fixed, sectioned, stained and photographed on a microscope to compare with untransformed controls.

[0623] Once plantlettes have generated roots and are large enough, they can be grafted with un-transformed controls. Scions can be assessed for dwarfing-associated phenotypes by comparing the number of growth units on the primary and secondary axis, comparing the number and size of sylleptic and prolleptic shoots, and eventually the number of flowers.

Example 7: Determine if the `M9` SNP Alters Protein Function

[0624] Transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana (Martin, Kopperud et al. 2009), can be used to further assess the function of the non-synonomous SNP in the `M9` ARF3. First an an auxin responsive reporter line, DR5:LUC (Ulmasov, Murfett et al. 1997) can be generated. This reporter will result in an enzyme that generates fluorescent compound in response to auxin.

[0625] The reporter construct can be co-expressed with either the `M9` or wt ARF3 and the fluorescent compound measured after 1-3 days. These experiments can also be repeated with application of exogenous auxin to compare auxin sensitivity.

Example 8: Determine if Pear has Altered ARF3 Sequence and/or Expression

[0626] ARF3 expression in pear can be assessed by qRT-PCR to determine if "dwarfish" individuals from the pear rootstock population have higher expression of ARF3 than vigorous individuals. To determine if the same non-synonomous SNP exists "dwarfish" individuals, the pear ARF3 gene can be amplified and sequenced.

Example 9: Examination of the Phenotype of Apple Seedlings Genotyped for Dw1 and Dw2

[0627] Seedlings derived from controlled crosses can be genotyed for Dw1 and Dw2 to identify individuals that have zero, one or two copies of Dw1, and either zero or one copy of Dw2. ARF3 expression in apple seedlings and young trees can be assessed. Seedlings/trees can be measured for differences in metamer number of primary and secondary axes, the outgrowth of axillary shoots, and the time to flowering. Stem vascular development can also be assessed histologically.

Example 10: Tree Dry Weight Accumulation During the First Year of Growth

[0628] `Royal Gala` scions were grafted to `M793` (vigorous), `M9` (dwarfing) or `M27` (very dwarfing). At each time point (60, 120, 180 and 300 days after bud break [DABB]), four to six composite trees of each rootstock genotype were severed at the graft junction. Scion and rootstock material was oven dried at 60.degree. C. to a constant mass and weighed. Dry weights of scion include scion budwood, primary axis, sylleptic shoots and leaves, whilst dry weights of rootstock include roots and rootstock stem. Values were compared by ANOVA and the only significant differences detected between vigorous and dwarfing rootstocks was at the final time point (*=p-value<0.001). The results are shown in FIG. 24. Error bars are SE.

Example 11: Grafting Experiments

[0629] Methods of Grafting

[0630] Tobacco plants were grown in pots until plants had 10-15 leaves. In this experiment, all scions were wild-type tobacco, the "rootstocks" were wild-type, M9 ARF3 (2 independent lines, 2 and 6) and 35S: 793 (wt) ARF3 (line 4). We note M27 has the same ARF3 allele as M9, thus M27 contains the M9 allele of ARF3. In FIGS. 20 to 23, the M9 ARF3 rootstock lines are labelled M27 2-1 and M27 6-16 and the WT ARF3 rootstock line is labelled M793 4-3.

[0631] At the time of grafting, a horizontal cut was made through the "rootstock" stem at the very top of node 4-5. A "V"-shaped notch was cut vertically into the stem, 5-10 mm deep. The wild-type scion was cut from the base of the plant such that the base was approximately the diameter of the "rootstock". Leaves and shoot tip were removed and a piece of stem containing 2 nodes (each with an axillary meristem) was cut into a wedge shape at the bottom end. The scion was inserted into the "rootstock" notch and the junction was secured with a small piece of parafilm. Plants were placed in a mist tent to recover. After one week, all leaves from the "rootstock" were removed. Once it became apparent that one or more axillary meristems of the scion was growing out, the other was removed.

[0632] The scion shoots were grown until the first flower was fully extended, this date was considered the flowering date. The time between grafting date and the flowering date is the days to flowering. Once plants had flowered, architectural data was collected from the scion. The shoot length and node number was measured from the axil to the uppermost leaf base, this does not include the original scion stem segment, only the shoot that grew from the axillary meristem. The scion shoot diameter was measured at the base of the shoot using an electronic calliper. Trunk circumference area (TCA) was calculated with the formula: (diameter/2).sup.2 and is given in mm.sup.2. The area of each leaf was measured with an electronic leaf scanner, total leaf area is the sum of all leaves on a plant and is given in cm.sup.2. The scions were dried and weighed to determine dry weight (gm). Each line was compared to WT/WT by one way-ANOVA to determine significant differences.

[0633] Results

[0634] As ungrafted plants, 35S: M9 ARF3 line 6, hereafter referred to as line 6, show the most extreme phenotype. 35S: M9 ARF3 line 2 (line 2) has the mildest phenotype and 35S:793 ARF3 line 4 is undistinguishable from wild-type.

[0635] Relative to the WT/WT homografts, the WT scions on line 6 rootstocks were significantly shorter (FIG. 20). Scions on line 2 and line 4 had slightly shorter lengths, but these were not significant.

[0636] Scions on all three transgenic rootstocks flowered slightly earlier than the WT/WT (FIG. 21).

[0637] Line 6 had significantly fewer nodes than WT/WT (FIG. 20).

[0638] Scions on both line 2 and line 6 had a smaller TCA than WT/WT. Line 6 was significantly different than WT/WT (FIG. 21).

[0639] Scions on line 2 and line 6 had a smaller dry weight than WT/WT. Line 6 was significantly different than WT/WT (FIG. 22).

[0640] Although lines 2, 6 and 4 had less total leaf area, only line 6 was significantly different from WT/WT (FIG. 23).

[0641] To our knowledge, there has been no report of dwarfing rootstocks causing smaller leaf size in scions.

[0642] Seedling Root Measurements

[0643] 35S: M9 ARF3, 35S: wt ARF3 and wild-type tobacco seeds were sterilized in 2% bleach for 30 minutes, rinsed in distilled H2O, 3.times., for 10 minutes each, then plated on MS media containing Kanamycin (for the transgenic seeds) or just MS (wild-type). Two weeks after plating, seedlings were removed from the media, excess media was removed and seedlings were photographed on a grid using a stereo microscope equipped with a digital camera. Primary and lateral root length were measured from digital images using Image J, total lateral root length is the sum of all lateral root lengths. (see FIG. 25).

[0644] In terms of shoot length, node number, TCA, scion dry weight, and scion mass, the effect of line 6 on the scion appears to replicate the effect of the `M9` dwarfing rootstock.

[0645] Summary of Data Shown in Transgenic Plants, and Grafted Scions.

[0646] The phenotypes shown in transgenic plants over-expressing M9 ARF1 or WT ARF1, and in WT plants grafted onto transgenic plants over-expressing M9 ARF1 or WT ARF1, in comparison to the known phenotypes in known root stock and dwarfed grafted scions are summarised in the tables below.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2 Phenotypes shown in transgenic plants over-expressing M9 ARF1 or WT ARF1 Known dwarfing- associated phenotypes Shown in plants Shown in plants found in dwarfing over-expressing over-expressing rootstock plants M9 ARF1 WT ARF1 (previous data) (this study) (this study) bushier Yes No altered xylem/phloem ratio Yes No more phloem elements Yes No reduced apical dominance Yes No reduced root mass Yes Yes

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3 Phenotypes shown in WT plants grafted onto transgenic plants over-expressing M9 ARF1 or WT ARF1 Known dwarfing- Shown in WT "scions" Shown in WT "scions" associated phenotypes grafted on to "root- grafted on to "root- found in scions grafted stock" plants over- stock" plants over- onto dwarfing rootstock expressing M9 ARF1 expressing M9 ARF1 plants (previous data) (this study) (this study) reduced vigour Yes Yes less vegetative growth Yes Yes earlier termination of Yes Yes shoot growth smaller canopy Yes No reduced stem Yes No circumference reduced scion mass Yes No

[0647] Materials and Methods

[0648] Plant Material

[0649] A rootstock population derived from crosses between Malus.times.domestica `Malling9` (`M9`) and Malus robusta 5 (`R5`) was used for QTL analysis. For the first population, 135 seedlings were planted in 1998 and grown as stoolbeds to produce multiple rooted stocks of each genotype. The rootstocks were cleft grafted with `Braeburn` scions, grown in the nursery for two years, then transplanted into the Plant & Food Research orchard (Havelock North, New Zealand) as described by Pilcher et al. (Pilcher, Celton et al. 2008) Replicates of the original 135 rootstocks were propagated in 2000 and planted in the orchard as one-year-old grafted trees. Of the replicated trees, 112 individuals from replicate two, and 57 individuals from replicate three were phenotyped for QTL analysis. The second population consisted of 350 seedlings, which were grafted as described above and planted in the orchard as one-year-old trees in 2004. From the second population, 81 individuals were evaluated for the QTL analysis and 314 survived until final phenotypic assessment in year seven. Trees were grown with in-row spacing of 1.5 m between trees and a double wire trellis as support, in a complete randomized block design. Scions grafted onto `M9` and `R5` were planted throughout as controls. Trees were not pruned, to allow full expression of the rootstock effects on scion growth. Once trees began fruiting, chemical thinning sprays were applied to avoid over-cropping and limb breakage.

[0650] Forty-one (41) apple rootstock accessions (Malus spp.) representing rootstock varieties used in major apple-growing regions in the world were used for pedigree analysis of Dw1 and Dw2.

[0651] Phenotypic Analysis

[0652] Rootstock effects on the development of `Braeburn` scions were assessed using multiple methods, over seven years, within the two populations. Table 1 presents the specific traits that were assessed for the QTL analysis in each population/replicate and the sample size phenotyped. Height, internode number, and average internode length of the scion were recorded at the end of the first year of growth after grafting (year one). Flowering was scored by estimating the total number of flower clusters on each tree in the spring of year two, and placing them into quartiles relative to the most highly floral trees, i.e., 1-25% had the fewest flowers, 75-100% had the most flowers. Trees without any flowers in year two were recorded as "0". Trunk Cross-sectional Area (TCA) was measured 20 cm above the graft junction at the end of each year from year two to year seven. From year two to year seven, the overall vigour of each tree was assessed annually by comparing trunk size, crown height and spread, branch density and vigour. For the QTL analysis, an overall dwarfing phenotype (DW %) was assigned in year seven, with 100%=very vigorous, 80%=vigorous, 60%=intermediate, 40%=semi-dwarfed, and 20%=dwarfed.

[0653] The 41 rootstocks accessions used for the pedigree analysis were classified according to their dwarfing effect in accordance with the literature and in-house Plant & Food Research professional expertise.

[0654] DNA Isolation and Genotyping of `M9`.times.`R5` Rootstock Population and Rootstock Accessions

[0655] Total genomic DNA was extracted from leaves and quantified according to Gardiner et al. (Gardiner, Bassett et al. 1996) Leaf material was collected from 135 seedlings from the first `M9`.times.`R5` population and 350 from the second population. Leaves of the rootstock accessions were collected from the Plant & Food Research germplasm collection in Havelock North, NZ, or from the USDA-ARS collection in Geneva, N.Y., USA.

[0656] For Dw1 and Dw2 genotyping of the entire population of `M9`.times.`R5` rootstocks, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products containing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were amplified on a LightCycler480 instrument (Roche Diagnostics) and screened using the High Resolution Melting (HRM) technique as described by Chagne et al. (Chagne, Gasic et al. 2008) Supplementary Table 1 lists the position of markers on the `Golden Delicious` genome (Velasco, Zharkikh et al. 2010) and primer sequence.

[0657] Markers detecting SSRs located on LG5 and LG11 were employed to genotype the 41 rootstock accessions. Hi01c04, Hi04a08, CH03a09 and CH02d08 were developed by Silfverberg-Dilworth et al. (Silfverberg-Dilworth, Matasci et al. 2006) and Liebhard et al. (Liebhard, Gianfranceschi et al. 2002) Two new SSR markers (MDP0000365711 and MDP00024370) located at the top of LG11 were developed using the Plant & Food Research Malus genome database (Newcomb, Crowhurst et al. 2006), with the programmes Sputnik and Primer3. The M13 sequence TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT was added to the 5' end of the forward primer to enable the use of Schuelke's (Schuelke 2000) approach to fluorescent labelling. PCR reactions were performed and analysed on an ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) as described by Hayden et al. (Hayden, Nguyen et al. 2008)

[0658] QTL Analysis

[0659] The parental genetic maps for `M9` and `R5` were constructed using a total of 316 loci amplified from 296 primer pairs as described in Celton et al. (Celton, Tustin et al. 2009) The maps span a total of 1,175.7 and 1,086.7 cM for `M9` and `R5` respectively. (Celton, Tustin et al. 2009) The linkage phase of the markers was determined using JoinMap.RTM. 3.0 (Kyazma, NL). QTL analysis was performed for all growth traits using MapQTL.RTM. 5 Software (Kyazma, NL). Traits evaluated over multiple years and replicates were analysed separately. Interval mapping (IM), followed by multiple QTL model (MQM) analysis using the best markers obtained by IM as co-factors, was used for normally quantitative traits. Only additive models were considered for the QTL analysis. The threshold for QTL genome-wide significance was calculated after 1,000 permutations. Kruskal-Wallis analysis was used for ordinal traits such as the estimated number of flower clusters and expert assessment of dwarfing.

[0660] RNA Purification

[0661] For RNA-seq, tissue was collected from the rootstock stem of two M.793 and two M.9 individuals in November (60 DABB, .about.90 days after grafting). M.27 was not included in the RNA-seq experiment because suitable material was not available. For qRT-PCR expression analysis, 30 `Royal Gala` trees grafted onto M.9, M.27 and M.793 rootstocks were grown as previously described. Tissue was collected for RNA purification in November, January, March and July (60, 120, 180 and 300 DABB respectively). For each time point, four to six trees of each genotype were selected for uniform scion growth to minimize any effects due to differential tree size. RNA was pooled from four shoots from each of the rootstock accessions shown in FIG. 5. For all other experiments, RNA from each individual was extracted and analysed separately. For all collections, the outer bark was removed, vascular tissue was scraped off with a scalpel, and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissue was harvested between four and five hours after sunrise for all time points. Total RNA was isolated and cDNA generated as described in (Janssen et al. 2008). The quality and concentration of the RNA samples was assessed with an RNA Nano kit (Agilent) and only samples with a RIN value of 8 or higher were further analyzed by sequencing or qRT-PCR.

[0662] RNA Sequencing and Data Processing

[0663] RNA was sent to Axeq/Macrogen for library preparation and sequencing using an Illumina Hiseq 2000 instrument. Individual samples were run as a multiplexed sample on one lane to produce 100 nucleotide paired end sequence reads. The first 13 bases of all RNAseq reads were trimmed using an in-house perl script. Adapters were removed using fastq-mcf from the ea-utils package (Aronesty 2011) using a minimum read retention length of 50 and a minimum quality score threshold of 20. Quality score analysis was performed using fastqc (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/) both before and after trimming. Trimmed reads were mapped to the reference using bowtie2 (Langmead and Salzberg 2012) using the following settings: -a--end_to_end--sensitive. SAM file to BAM file conversion was undertaken using samtools (Li et al. 2009). Raw read counts and reads per kilobase per million (RPKM) values were extracted from BAM files using the multicov option of bedtools (Quinlan and Hall 2010) and either an in-house R script or cufflinks (Trapnell et al. 2010). Apple homologues of Arabidopsis flowering genes were determined by BLASP value and tested by reciprocal BLASTP. Differentially expressed genes were selected using the Limma package (Smyth 2005) in BioConductor, genes were selected using an adjusted P value of <0.05 and fold change cutoff>6 (Smyth 2005).

[0664] Transformation of ARF3 into Plants

[0665] Primers were designed to amplify the MdARF3 gene, from from 100 bp upstream of the start codon to 50 bp 5' of the stop codon. Single products were amplified from cDNA derived from `Royal Gala` or `M9` meristem enriched tissue. These products were cloned into an expression vector (pHEX), which uses the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter to drive expression and contains the neomycin phoshotransferase II gene (NPTII) to confer kanamycin resistance. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3-101 transformed with either the `Royal Gala` ("wt") or the `M9` ARF3 was used to transform leaf discs from N. tabacum (`Samsun`), petunia (`Mitchell`) or apple transformation cell lines. Callus formation and regeneration of plantlettes are as described in (Kotoda and Wada 2005).

[0666] Histology

[0667] Stem and petiole sections were fixed overnight in FAA (3.7% Formaldehyde, 50% EtOH, 5% Acetic Acid), processed and embedded in paraffin as described in Ruzin (Ruzin 1999). Tissue was sectioned to 10.quadrature.m on a rotary microtome, and slides were stained using a safranin/fast green procedure to distinguish xylem from phloem.

[0668] Grafting

[0669] Scions can be grafted onto rootstocks using cleft grafting or chip-budding depending on the material (Stoltz and Strang 1982; Webster and Wertheim 2003; Crasweller 2005).

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[0707] Sessions, A., J. L. Nemhauser, et al. (1997). "ETTIN patterns the Arabidopsis floral meristem and reproductive organs." Development 124(22): 4481-4491.

[0708] Sessions, R. A. and P. C. Zambryski (1995). "Arabidopsis gynoecium structure in the wild and in ettin mutants." Development 121(5): 1519-1532.

[0709] Shimizu-Sato, S. and H. Mori (2001). "Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds." Plant Physiology 127(4): 1405-1413.

[0710] Silfverberg-Dilworth, E., C. L. Matasci, et al. (2006). "Microsatellite markers spanning the apple (Malus.times.domestica Borkh.) genome." Tree Genetics & Genomes 2(4): 202-224.

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Sequence CWU 1

1

291708PRTMalus domesticamisc_feature(106)..(106)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(359)..(359)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(403)..(403)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(405)..(405)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(412)..(412)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(469)..(469)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(540)..(540)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid 1Met Ala Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Ser Ala Thr Glu Asp Glu Glu Thr 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser Ser Val Ser Asp Ala Leu 20 25 30 Gly Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Cys Met Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly 35 40 45 Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Val Ser Asp Phe Pro Thr Ser Ala Tyr Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Pro Pro His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala 85 90 95 Glu Thr Gly Thr Asp Asp Val Phe Ala Xaa Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu 100 105 110 Ser Glu Glu Ile Glu His Arg Leu Arg Glu Gly Val Thr Asp Ala Asp 115 120 125 Ala Glu Glu Asp Val Glu Ala Met Gly Thr Ser Thr Thr Pro His Met 130 135 140 Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr 165 170 175 Thr Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly 180 185 190 Leu Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His 195 200 205 Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val 210 215 220 Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg 225 230 235 240 Leu Gly Ile Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Phe Lys Ser Ser Ala Thr Cys Pro 245 250 255 Thr Leu Cys Ser Gln Gln Leu Asn Tyr Ser Thr Ile Thr Asp Val Val 260 265 270 Asn Ala Ile Phe Ala Lys Asn Ala Phe Asn Val Tyr Tyr Asn Pro Arg 275 280 285 Ser Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Ser His Lys Phe Leu Arg Ser 290 295 300 Leu Asp His Cys Phe Cys Ala Gly Met Arg Ile Lys Met Arg Phe Glu 305 310 315 320 Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly Ile 325 330 335 Ser Glu Leu Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu 340 345 350 Val Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Xaa Asp Thr Ser Lys His Gly Arg Val Ser 355 360 365 Pro Trp Glu Val Glu Arg Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Ser Ser His Thr Leu 370 375 380 Met Thr Thr Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ile Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Lys 385 390 395 400 Pro Glu Xaa Pro Xaa Pro Ser Met Ser Cys Asn Xaa Gly Ile Gly Thr 405 410 415 Ser Asp Phe Gly Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln 420 425 430 Glu Ile Ser Gly Phe Asp Thr Pro Phe Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Leu Asn 435 440 445 Ser His Pro Ser Glu Ala Arg Arg Val Phe His Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser 450 455 460 Gly Ile Ala Ala Xaa Gly Asn Gly Leu Arg Gln Ser Leu Val Asp Ser 465 470 475 480 Glu Ile Ala Ser Lys Gly Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser Phe Arg Phe His 485 490 495 Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Pro Ser Ser Pro Tyr Gly Arg 500 505 510 Ala Pro Ala Ser Asn Glu Ala His Glu Tyr Gly Gly Pro Gly Leu Tyr 515 520 525 Asp Gly Phe Gln Val Pro Gly Phe Arg Asn Gly Xaa Ser Thr Met Met 530 535 540 Gln Ser Asn Asn Thr Asn Val His Ser Ser Ala Pro Ser Val Gln Val 545 550 555 560 Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala Met Asn Pro Val 565 570 575 Ala Glu Phe Asn Ser Val Tyr Asn Gly His Asn Gln Glu Asp His Arg 580 585 590 Val Asn Arg Thr Pro His Val Leu Glu His Asp Gly Gly Arg Gln Thr 595 600 605 Ser Ser Ser Phe Gly Glu Arg Asn Phe Ser Arg Glu Asp Arg Gly Gly 610 615 620 Thr His Ser Tyr Asn Gln His Gly Ile Ser Pro His Pro Val Ile Ser 625 630 635 640 Gln Ser Thr Ile Ser Gly Ser Gln Asp Ser Val Ser Pro Ile Lys Gly 645 650 655 Ser Cys Arg Leu Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Ser Glu Asp Lys Cys Val Pro 660 665 670 Asp Gln Glu Gly Asn Pro Asn Val Gly Val Gln Phe His Ser Lys Pro 675 680 685 Pro Leu Met Thr Ser Thr Val Gly Ile Thr Cys Thr Lys Val Ser Asn 690 695 700 Leu Phe Ala Ala 705 2708PRTMalus domesticamisc_feature(106)..(106)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(359)..(359)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(403)..(403)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(405)..(405)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(412)..(412)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(469)..(469)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acidmisc_feature(540)..(540)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid 2Met Ala Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Ser Ala Thr Glu Asp Glu Glu Thr 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser Ser Val Ser Asp Ala Leu 20 25 30 Gly Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Cys Met Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly 35 40 45 Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Asp Phe Pro Thr Ser Ala Tyr Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Pro Pro His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala 85 90 95 Glu Thr Gly Thr Asp Asp Val Phe Ala Xaa Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu 100 105 110 Ser Glu Glu Ile Glu His Arg Leu Arg Glu Gly Val Thr Asp Ala Asp 115 120 125 Ala Glu Glu Asp Val Glu Ala Met Gly Thr Ser Thr Thr Pro His Met 130 135 140 Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr 165 170 175 Thr Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly 180 185 190 Leu Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His 195 200 205 Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val 210 215 220 Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg 225 230 235 240 Leu Gly Ile Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Phe Lys Ser Ser Ala Thr Cys Pro 245 250 255 Thr Leu Cys Ser Gln Gln Leu Asn Tyr Ser Thr Ile Thr Asp Val Val 260 265 270 Asn Ala Ile Phe Ala Lys Asn Ala Phe Asn Val Tyr Tyr Asn Pro Arg 275 280 285 Ser Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Ser His Lys Phe Leu Arg Ser 290 295 300 Leu Asp His Cys Phe Cys Ala Gly Met Arg Ile Lys Met Arg Phe Glu 305 310 315 320 Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly Ile 325 330 335 Ser Glu Leu Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu 340 345 350 Val Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Xaa Asp Thr Ser Lys His Gly Arg Val Ser 355 360 365 Pro Trp Glu Val Glu Arg Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Ser Ser His Thr Leu 370 375 380 Met Thr Thr Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ile Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Lys 385 390 395 400 Pro Glu Xaa Pro Xaa Pro Ser Met Ser Cys Asn Xaa Gly Ile Gly Thr 405 410 415 Ser Asp Phe Gly Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln 420 425 430 Glu Ile Ser Gly Phe Asp Thr Pro Phe Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Leu Asn 435 440 445 Ser His Pro Ser Glu Ala Arg Arg Val Phe His Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser 450 455 460 Gly Ile Ala Ala Xaa Gly Asn Gly Leu Arg Gln Ser Leu Val Asp Ser 465 470 475 480 Glu Ile Ala Ser Lys Gly Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser Phe Arg Phe His 485 490 495 Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Pro Ser Ser Pro Tyr Gly Arg 500 505 510 Ala Pro Ala Ser Asn Glu Ala His Glu Tyr Gly Gly Pro Gly Leu Tyr 515 520 525 Asp Gly Phe Gln Val Pro Gly Phe Arg Asn Gly Xaa Ser Thr Met Met 530 535 540 Gln Ser Asn Asn Thr Asn Val His Ser Ser Ala Pro Ser Val Gln Val 545 550 555 560 Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala Met Asn Pro Val 565 570 575 Ala Glu Phe Asn Ser Val Tyr Asn Gly His Asn Gln Glu Asp His Arg 580 585 590 Val Asn Arg Thr Pro His Val Leu Glu His Asp Gly Gly Arg Gln Thr 595 600 605 Ser Ser Ser Phe Gly Glu Arg Asn Phe Ser Arg Glu Asp Arg Gly Gly 610 615 620 Thr His Ser Tyr Asn Gln His Gly Ile Ser Pro His Pro Val Ile Ser 625 630 635 640 Gln Ser Thr Ile Ser Gly Ser Gln Asp Ser Val Ser Pro Ile Lys Gly 645 650 655 Ser Cys Arg Leu Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Ser Glu Asp Lys Cys Val Pro 660 665 670 Asp Gln Glu Gly Asn Pro Asn Val Gly Val Gln Phe His Ser Lys Pro 675 680 685 Pro Leu Met Thr Ser Thr Val Gly Ile Thr Cys Thr Lys Val Ser Asn 690 695 700 Leu Phe Ala Ala 705 3608PRTArabidopsis thaliana 3Met Gly Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Val Met Glu Thr Glu Glu Asp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Gln Thr Gln Thr Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Pro Thr 20 25 30 Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Ser Val Val Ser Ser Asn Ser Ala Gly 35 40 45 Gly Gly Val Cys Leu Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly Pro Leu Ile 50 55 60 Ser Leu Pro Lys Arg Gly Ser Leu Val Leu Tyr Phe Pro Gln Gly His 65 70 75 80 Leu Glu Gln Ala Pro Asp Phe Ser Ala Ala Ile Tyr Gly Leu Pro Pro 85 90 95 His Val Phe Cys Arg Ile Leu Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala Glu Thr Thr 100 105 110 Thr Asp Glu Val Tyr Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Leu Pro Glu Ser Glu Asp 115 120 125 Ile Glu Arg Lys Val Arg Glu Gly Ile Ile Asp Val Asp Gly Gly Glu 130 135 140 Glu Asp Tyr Glu Val Leu Lys Arg Ser Asn Thr Pro His Met Phe Cys 145 150 155 160 Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe Ser Val 165 170 175 Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr Ser Gln 180 185 190 Pro Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Leu Ala Arg Asp Leu His Gly Leu Glu 195 200 205 Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His Leu Leu 210 215 220 Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Ser Gly 225 230 235 240 Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Lys Leu Arg Leu Gly 245 250 255 Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Gln Ile Glu Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Gln 260 265 270 Tyr Asn Gln Asn Met Asn His Asn Asn Phe Ser Glu Val Ala His Ala 275 280 285 Ile Ser Thr His Ser Val Phe Ser Ile Ser Tyr Asn Pro Lys Ala Ser 290 295 300 Trp Ser Asn Phe Ile Ile Pro Ala Pro Lys Phe Leu Lys Val Val Asp 305 310 315 320 Tyr Pro Phe Cys Ile Gly Met Arg Phe Lys Ala Arg Val Glu Ser Glu 325 330 335 Asp Ala Ser Glu Arg Arg Ser Pro Gly Ile Ile Ser Gly Ile Ser Asp 340 345 350 Leu Asp Pro Ile Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu Leu Val 355 360 365 Arg Trp Asp Asp Ile Val Ala Asn Gly His Gln Gln Arg Val Ser Pro 370 375 380 Trp Glu Ile Glu Pro Ser Gly Ser Ile Ser Asn Ser Gly Ser Phe Val 385 390 395 400 Thr Thr Gly Pro Lys Arg Ser Arg Ile Gly Phe Ser Ser Gly Lys Pro 405 410 415 Asp Ile Pro Val Ser Glu Gly Ile Arg Ala Thr Asp Phe Glu Glu Ser 420 425 430 Leu Arg Phe Gln Arg Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Pro Gly Phe 435 440 445 Ile Asn Thr Cys Ser Asp Gly Gly Ala Gly Ala Arg Arg Gly Arg Phe 450 455 460 Lys Gly Thr Glu Phe Gly Asp Ser Tyr Gly Phe His Lys Val Leu Gln 465 470 475 480 Gly Gln Glu Thr Val Pro Ala Tyr Ser Ile Thr Asp His Arg Gln Gln 485 490 495 His Gly Leu Ser Gln Arg Asn Ile Trp Cys Gly Pro Phe Gln Asn Phe 500 505 510 Ser Thr Arg Ile Leu Pro Pro Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Val 515 520 525 Leu Leu Thr Asn Ser Asn Ser Pro Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu Asp His His 530 535 540 Gly Gly Ser Gly Arg Cys Arg Leu Phe Gly Phe Pro Leu Thr Asp Glu 545 550 555 560 Thr Thr Ala Val Ala Ser Ala Thr Ala Val Pro Cys Val Glu Gly Asn 565 570 575 Ser Met Lys Gly Ala Ser Ala Val Gln Ser Asn His His His Ser Gln 580 585 590 Gly Arg Asp Ile Tyr Ala Met Arg Asp Met Leu Leu Asp Ile Ala Leu 595 600 605 4 730PRTPhaseolus vulgaris 4Met Val Gly Ile Ile Asp Leu Asn Thr Thr Glu Glu Asp Glu Lys Thr 1 5 10 15 Thr Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Phe Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr 20 25 30 Ser Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Thr Asn Leu Ser Ser Ala Pro Val Ser Gly 35 40 45 Ser Val Cys Leu Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly Pro Leu Ile Ser 50 55 60 Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Phe Pro Gln Gly His Leu 65 70 75 80 Glu Gln Leu Pro Asp Leu Pro Leu Ala Val Tyr Asp Leu Pro Ser Tyr 85 90 95 Ile Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala Glu Thr Ala Asn 100 105 110 Asp Glu Val Tyr Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Asp Ser Glu Gln Ile 115 120 125 Glu Gln Lys Leu Lys Gln Gly Lys Leu Glu Gly His Cys Glu Glu Glu 130 135 140

Asp Val Glu Ala Val Val Lys Ser Thr Thr Thr His Met Phe Cys Lys 145 150 155 160 Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe Ser Val Pro 165 170 175 Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr Ser Gln Gln 180 185 190 Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly Phe Glu Trp 195 200 205 Lys Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His Leu Leu Thr 210 215 220 Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Ser Gly Asp 225 230 235 240 Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg Leu Gly Ile 245 250 255 Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Cys Gly Ala Ser Phe Pro Ala Leu Cys 260 265 270 Ser Gln Gln Leu Asn Gln Ser Thr Leu Thr Asp Val Val His Ala Met 275 280 285 Ser Met Arg Ser Leu Phe Asn Ile Cys Tyr Asn Pro Arg Ala Ser Ser 290 295 300 Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Leu His Lys Phe Leu Lys Ser Leu Asp Tyr 305 310 315 320 Ser Phe Ser Val Gly Met Arg Phe Lys Met Arg Phe Glu Thr Glu Asp 325 330 335 Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Met Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly Ile Ser Asp Leu 340 345 350 Asp Pro Ala Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu Val Val Arg 355 360 365 Trp Asp Asp Met Glu Thr Asn Arg His Ser Arg Val Ser Pro Trp Glu 370 375 380 Ile Glu Pro Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Ser Cys Asn Ser Phe Met Thr Pro 385 390 395 400 Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ser Gly Phe Pro Ser Ser Lys Pro Glu Phe 405 410 415 Pro Val Pro Asp Gly Ile Gly Ala Ser Asp Phe Gly Glu Pro Ser Arg 420 425 430 Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Leu Asn Phe Asn Thr Leu 435 440 445 Tyr Asp Gly Val Asp Gln Asn Arg His Pro Ser Asp Ile Arg Arg Cys 450 455 460 Phe Pro Gly Ser Arg Ser Ser Met Ile Ala Thr Thr Arg Asn Gly Ala 465 470 475 480 Arg Asp Pro Val Val Asn Ser Asp Val Ser Tyr Lys Ser Ile Gly Phe 485 490 495 Ser Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe His Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Ile 500 505 510 Pro Ser Ser Pro Phe Gly Arg Ala Pro Ala Ser Thr Asn Glu Ala Cys 515 520 525 Glu Asn Gly Cys Phe Gly Ile Ser Asp Gly Val Gln Met Thr Ser Ser 530 535 540 Arg Asn Gly Trp Ser Ser Met Met Gln Gly Tyr Asn Thr Arg Ile Arg 545 550 555 560 Pro Pro Ala Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Cys Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln 565 570 575 Ala Ser Asn Gln Val Ser Asn Pro Ser Pro Arg Tyr Gly Phe Asn Asp 580 585 590 Leu Glu Glu Gln Gly Val Asn Thr Gln Ser Trp Phe His Asn Pro Glu 595 600 605 Thr Cys Gly Glu Lys Arg Met Ser Ser Ser Arg Ser Glu His Ile Phe 610 615 620 Arg Arg Asn Asn Gln Trp Gly Met Asp Ser Phe Ser Leu Ser His Glu 625 630 635 640 His Ser Gln His Gly Leu Leu Gln Pro Leu Val Ala Gln Pro Pro Cys 645 650 655 Lys Gly Gly Gln Asp Leu Val Ser Ser Cys Lys Ser Ser Cys Arg Leu 660 665 670 Phe Gly Phe Gln Leu Thr Glu Asp Arg His Val Ala Asn Lys Asp Asp 675 680 685 Ser Ser Ile Pro Met Ala Ser Leu Asn Ala Gly Ser Phe Met Pro His 690 695 700 Ala Gly Glu Gln Phe His Leu Lys Pro Pro Ala Ile Thr Asn Ala Val 705 710 715 720 Gly Ser Ser Cys Thr Lys Val Ser Val Leu 725 730 5747PRTSolanum lycopersicum 5Met Met Cys Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Thr Val Asp Asn Asp Asp Ala 1 5 10 15 Gly Glu Glu Thr Thr Ala Pro Val Ser Leu Asp Ser Pro Ala Ser Ser 20 25 30 Ser Ala Ala Ser Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu Thr Ser Ser Thr Thr Pro Ala 35 40 45 Val Ala Ser Val Cys Met Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly Pro Leu 50 55 60 Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Ala Val Val Tyr Leu Pro Gln Gly 65 70 75 80 His Leu Glu His Leu Ser Glu Tyr Pro Ser Ile Ala Cys Asn Leu Pro 85 90 95 Pro His Val Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu Gln Ala Asp Ala 100 105 110 Ala Thr Asp Glu Val Tyr Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Asp Asn Gln 115 120 125 Gln Ile Glu Gln Lys Trp Lys Asp Gly Asp Ile Asp Ala Asp Ile Glu 130 135 140 Glu Glu Glu Ile Glu Gly Ala Gly Lys Ser Ile Thr Pro His Met Phe 145 150 155 160 Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe Ser 165 170 175 Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Ala Pro Leu Asp Tyr Arg 180 185 190 Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly Ile 195 200 205 Glu Trp Lys Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His Leu 210 215 220 Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Ser 225 230 235 240 Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Thr Gly Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg Leu 245 250 255 Gly Val Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Ala Lys Thr Cys Ser Ser Tyr Leu Ala 260 265 270 Pro Cys Ser Lys Pro Leu Asn Val Ser Gly Ile Val Asp Ala Val Asn 275 280 285 Val Ile Ser Ser Arg Asn Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys Tyr Asn Pro Arg Asp 290 295 300 Ser Ser Ser Asp Phe Ile Val Pro Tyr His Lys Phe Ser Lys Thr Leu 305 310 315 320 Ala His Pro Phe Ser Ala Gly Met Arg Phe Lys Met Arg Val Glu Thr 325 330 335 Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Gln Arg Phe Thr Gly Leu Val Val Gly Val Ser 340 345 350 Asn Val Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu Leu 355 360 365 Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Leu Asp Val Ser Arg His Asn Arg Val Ser Pro 370 375 380 Trp Glu Ile Glu Pro Ser Gly Ser Ala Pro Val Pro Ser Ser Leu Val 385 390 395 400 Met Pro Ser Ala Lys Arg Thr Arg Val Gly Phe Pro Ile Ser Lys Ala 405 410 415 Asp Phe Pro Ile Pro Arg Glu Gly Ile Ala Val Ser Asp Phe Gly Glu 420 425 430 Pro Ser Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Leu Arg Met 435 440 445 His Ala Pro Tyr Gly Gly Leu Asp Ala Arg Ser Pro Arg Pro Ala Gly 450 455 460 Thr Arg Cys Phe Pro Gly Phe Pro Ser Ser Gly Ile Ser Arg Met Gly 465 470 475 480 Asn Ser Ile Arg Pro Leu Phe Gly Asp Thr Asp Lys Ser His Glu Ser 485 490 495 Ile Gly Phe Ser Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Asn Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln 500 505 510 Glu Ile Phe Thr Ser Pro Pro Tyr Gly Arg Ala Gln Ala Gly Ile Gln 515 520 525 Met Gln Glu Lys Ser Arg Thr Gly Ile Phe Val Gly Ile Gln Val Pro 530 535 540 Asn His Gly Asn Arg Trp Pro Ala Pro Asn Gln Asp Asn Asn Thr Pro 545 550 555 560 Cys Lys Pro Ile Asn Pro Val Ser Ala Ser Ser Pro Pro Ser Ala Leu 565 570 575 Asn Phe Gln His Pro Ser Pro Pro Ala Ser Lys Phe Gln Ala Met Phe 580 585 590 Asn His Lys His Asp Leu Val Asn Gln Ala Ser Leu Asp Leu Ser Glu 595 600 605 Asn Cys Cys Arg Tyr Pro Tyr Leu Ser Ser Gly Ser His Thr Glu Asp 610 615 620 Ile Ser Gln Lys Glu Gly Thr Gln Gly Ile Ser Ser Phe Gly Phe Leu 625 630 635 640 Lys Glu Gln Lys Gln Thr Gly Leu Ser Tyr Leu Ser Pro Gly Thr Gln 645 650 655 Ser Ser Phe Lys Gly Asn Gln Asn Leu Val Ser Thr Cys Lys Thr Gly 660 665 670 Cys Arg Ile Phe Gly Phe Pro Leu Thr Glu Ser Lys Ile Ser Ala Thr 675 680 685 Arg Ala Asp Thr Pro Ser Glu Ala Val Tyr Ser His Gly Leu Glu Thr 690 695 700 Thr Phe Leu Pro Ser Ser Asp Gly Lys Leu Gln Pro Gly Pro Pro Leu 705 710 715 720 Met Thr Asn Val Val Gly Thr Asn Phe Thr Lys Val Asn Asp Leu Tyr 725 730 735 Ala Ala Arg Asp Val Leu Leu Asp Ile Ala Leu 740 745 6 743PRTCitrus clemantina 6Met Val Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Thr Thr Glu Asp Asp Glu Asn Pro 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Ser Ala Leu Ser 20 25 30 Ala Ser Gly Phe Ala Leu Ala Pro Ala Ser Ala Ser Ala Ser Gly Val 35 40 45 Ser Leu Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro 50 55 60 Lys Arg Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Phe Pro Gln Gly His Leu Glu His 65 70 75 80 Val Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Tyr Asp Leu Pro Pro 85 90 95 His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Ala Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala Glu Ala Ala 100 105 110 Ser Asp Glu Val Tyr Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Asp Glu Leu Ile 115 120 125 Glu Gln Lys Val Arg Glu Gly Lys Ile Glu Glu Asp Gly Asp Glu Glu 130 135 140 Ser Val Glu Val Val Ala Lys Ser Ser Thr Pro His Met Phe Cys Lys 145 150 155 160 Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe Ser Val Pro 165 170 175 Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr Ser Gln Gln 180 185 190 Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly Leu Glu Trp 195 200 205 Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His Leu Leu Thr 210 215 220 Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Ser Gly Asp 225 230 235 240 Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Glu Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg Leu Gly Ile 245 250 255 Arg Arg Ala Pro His Val Lys Ser Gly Ala Thr Phe Pro Ser Phe Cys 260 265 270 Ser Gln Gln Ser Ser Pro Asn Ser Val Thr Glu Val Val Asp Ala Ile 275 280 285 Ala Arg Lys Arg Ala Phe Ser Ile Ser Tyr Asn Pro Arg Ala Ser Ala 290 295 300 Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Val Asn Lys Phe Leu Lys Ser Leu Gly His 305 310 315 320 Ser Phe Ala Val Gly Met Arg Phe Lys Met Arg Phe Glu Thr Glu Asp 325 330 335 Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Ile Met Gly Val Gly Asp Met 340 345 350 Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu Leu Val Arg 355 360 365 Trp Asp Asp Val Glu Ser Asn Arg His Thr Arg Val Ser Pro Trp Glu 370 375 380 Ile Glu Pro Ser Gly Ser Val Cys Gly Ser Asn Asn Leu Ile Thr Ser 385 390 395 400 Gly Leu Lys Arg Thr Arg Ile Gly Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Pro Glu Phe 405 410 415 Pro Val Pro Asp Gly Ile Gly Val Thr Asp Phe Gly Glu Ser Leu Arg 420 425 430 Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Leu Gly Phe Asn Thr Leu 435 440 445 Tyr Asp Gly Gly Asp Cys Gln Asn Leu His Pro Ser Glu Val Arg Arg 450 455 460 Gly Ile Pro Gly Ser Asn Gly Ser Gly Ile Ala Ala Ile Gly Asp Gly 465 470 475 480 Ser Arg Asn Leu Gln Val Lys Ser Asp Ile Ser Tyr Lys Gly Ile Gly 485 490 495 Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser Phe Arg Phe His Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln 500 505 510 Glu Ile Phe Pro Lys Ser Pro Tyr Gly Arg Ala Pro Thr Asn Asn Glu 515 520 525 Ala Arg Ser Ile Gly Ser Leu Gly Ile Ser Asp Gly Val Pro Val Ser 530 535 540 Gly Ser Arg Asn Arg Trp Ser Ala Val Val Pro Gly Tyr Asn Thr His 545 550 555 560 Met Ser Pro Ser Ala Pro Pro Val Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Val 565 570 575 Leu Met Phe Gln Leu Ala Ser Asn Pro Ile Ser Asn Tyr Asn Pro Pro 580 585 590 Tyr Ser Leu Asn Asp Gln Glu Lys Glu Gln Arg Val Asn Cys Gln Ser 595 600 605 Phe Phe His Asn Ser Glu Ile Tyr Gly Gly Lys His Ala Ser Ser Ser 610 615 620 Phe Leu Asp His Ser Phe Val Gly Gly Asp Gln Glu Val Met Asp Ser 625 630 635 640 Ile Gly Gln Ser Asn Glu His Ile Ser Pro Pro Leu Val Gly Gln Pro 645 650 655 Thr Val Arg Gly Ser Gln Asp Leu Val Ser Ser Cys Lys Gly Ser Cys 660 665 670 Arg Leu Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Glu Glu Arg His Val Ala Asn Ile 675 680 685 Glu Asp Asn Ala Ala Pro Val Ala Ser Pro Leu Asn Pro Arg Ser Ser 690 695 700 Phe Leu Ser His Val Gly Gln Gln Phe His Pro Lys Pro Pro Val Met 705 710 715 720 Ser Lys Ala Thr Gly Ser Asn Cys Thr Asn Gly Ile Met Gln His Cys 725 730 735 Leu Gly Asn Tyr Asp Ile Tyr 740 7 720PRTFragaria vesca 7Met Ala Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Ser Thr Thr Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Ser Asn Ser Ser Gly Ser Asn Gly Leu 20 25 30 Ile Ser Gly Ser Val Cys Leu Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly Pro 35 40 45 Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Leu Pro Gln 50 55 60 Gly His Leu Glu Gln Val Ser Asp Phe Pro Ala Ser Val Tyr Asp Leu 65 70 75 80 Pro Ala His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Leu Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala Glu 85 90 95 Ser Gly Ser Asp Glu Val Tyr Ala Gln Val Gln Leu Val Pro Glu Ser 100 105 110 Glu Glu Phe Glu His Lys Leu Gly Glu Arg Glu Thr Val Ala Asp Gly 115 120 125 Asp Glu Asp Ala Glu Gly Ser Glu Lys Ser Thr Thr Pro His Met Phe 130 135 140 Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe Ser 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr Ser 165 170 175 Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly Leu 180 185 190 Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His Leu 195 200 205 Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Ser 210

215 220 Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Glu Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg Leu 225 230 235 240 Gly Val Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Ala Ser Ala Thr Tyr Pro Thr 245 250 255 Pro Gly Ser Gln His Leu Asn Tyr Asn Ser Val Thr Glu Leu Val Asp 260 265 270 Ala Ile Ser Thr Lys Thr Ala Phe Asn Ala Tyr Tyr Asn Pro Arg Ala 275 280 285 Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Phe Arg Lys Phe Leu Arg Ser Leu 290 295 300 Gly His Ser Phe Cys Ala Gly Met Arg Phe Lys Met Arg Phe Glu Thr 305 310 315 320 Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Gln Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Val Thr Gly Ile Ser 325 330 335 Glu Leu Asp Pro Leu Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Lys Cys Val Ala 340 345 350 Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Ile Asp Thr Ser Lys Gln His Gly Arg Val Ser 355 360 365 Pro Trp Glu Ile Glu Pro Ser Gly Ser Ile Ser Asn Ser Ser Gly Leu 370 375 380 Met Ala Ser Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Met Gly Leu Ser Ala Glu Lys 385 390 395 400 Gln Glu Phe Pro Val Pro His Gly Ile Gly Ala Ser Asp Phe Gly Glu 405 410 415 Ser Leu Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Val Ser Gly Phe 420 425 430 Asp Thr Pro Phe Gly Ser Ile Gly Gly Gln Asn Gln His Pro Ser Glu 435 440 445 Ser Arg Arg Val Phe His Gly Ser Ile Gly Ser Arg Gly Asn Asp Leu 450 455 460 Arg Asn Ser Phe Val Asn Ser Glu Ile Ala Ser Lys Gly Phe Gly Glu 465 470 475 480 Ser Phe Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Pro Ser 485 490 495 Thr Pro Tyr Gly Arg Ala Pro Ala Thr Asn Glu Ala Arg Glu Tyr Gly 500 505 510 Cys Pro Gly Ile Phe Asp Gly Phe Gln Val Pro Ser Phe Arg Asn Gly 515 520 525 Trp Ser Thr Met Met Gln Gly Ser Asn Thr Pro Met His Arg Ala Ala 530 535 540 Pro Val Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala 545 550 555 560 Ile Asn Ala Gly Ala Glu Phe Asn Ser Val Tyr Asn Gly His Asn Gln 565 570 575 Gln Glu Gln Arg Ile Met Gln Arg Thr His Ser Glu Ser Asp Gly Gly 580 585 590 Lys Gln Thr Ser Ala Ser Phe Cys Glu Arg Ser Phe Thr Arg Glu Gly 595 600 605 His Gly Gly Met Asn Ser Phe Asp Gln His Gly Ile Ser His Pro Pro 610 615 620 Leu Leu Ser Gln Ser Ser Leu Arg Gly Ser Gln Asp Met Val Ser Ser 625 630 635 640 Cys Lys Ser Ser Cys Arg Leu Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Ser Glu Glu Thr 645 650 655 His Ala Pro Asn Lys Val Asp Asn Ser Thr Ser Val Thr Ser Ala Leu 660 665 670 Glu Ser Gly Ala Ser Met Phe Pro Asn Val Glu Pro Arg Phe His Ser 675 680 685 Lys Pro Pro Ser Met Ser Ala Ala Val Gly Ile Pro Cys Thr Lys Glu 690 695 700 Trp Ala Phe Asn Trp Arg Gly Glu Arg Met Glu Ser Cys Leu Gln Gly 705 710 715 720 8722PRTPrunus persica 8Met Gly Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Ser Ala Thr Glu Asp Glu Glu Thr 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Ser Thr Ser Ser Ala Ser Asp Ala Ser Ala 20 25 30 Ser Ala Ser Ala Ser Val Cys Leu Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly 35 40 45 Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Val Ser Asp Phe Pro Ala Ser Ala Tyr Asn 65 70 75 80 Leu Pro Pro His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala 85 90 95 Glu Thr Gly Thr Asp Asp Val Tyr Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu 100 105 110 Ser Glu Glu Ile Glu His Lys Leu Arg Glu Gly Glu Thr Asp Ala Tyr 115 120 125 Gly Glu Glu Glu Asp Val Glu Ala Ile Gly Lys Ser Thr Thr Pro His 130 135 140 Met Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly 145 150 155 160 Phe Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp 165 170 175 Tyr Asn Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His 180 185 190 Gly Leu Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg 195 200 205 His Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu 210 215 220 Val Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 Arg Leu Gly Ile Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Gly Ser Ala Thr Tyr 245 250 255 Pro Thr Leu Cys Ser Gln Gln Leu Asn Tyr Asn Thr Ile Thr Asp Val 260 265 270 Val Asn Ala Ile Ser Met Lys Asn Ala Phe Asn Ile Phe Tyr Asn Pro 275 280 285 Arg Ala Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Ser Arg Lys Phe Leu Arg 290 295 300 Ser Leu Asp His Ser Phe Ser Pro Gly Met Arg Phe Lys Met Arg Phe 305 310 315 320 Glu Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly 325 330 335 Ile Ser Glu Leu Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys 340 345 350 Leu Val Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Ile Asp Thr Ser Lys His Gly Arg Val 355 360 365 Ser Pro Trp Glu Ile Glu Pro Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Ser Ser His Ser 370 375 380 Leu Met Ala Ala Gly Leu Lys Arg Ala Arg Ser Gly Leu Ser Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 Lys Thr Glu Phe Pro Val Pro Asn Gly Ile Gly Ala Ser Asp Phe Gly 405 410 415 Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Leu Gly 420 425 430 Phe Asp Thr His Phe Gly Gly Leu Gly Gly Gln Asn Gln His Pro Ser 435 440 445 Glu Pro Arg Arg Gly Phe His Gly Ser Ser Gly Ser Gly Ile Ala Ala 450 455 460 Gly Gly Asn Gly Leu Arg Lys Ser Leu Ala His Ser Glu Ile Thr Ser 465 470 475 480 Thr Gly Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser Phe Arg Phe His Lys Val Leu Gln 485 490 495 Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Pro Ser Pro Pro Tyr Gly Arg Ala Ser Thr Asn 500 505 510 Asn Glu Ala His Glu Tyr Gly Gly Pro Gly Ile Tyr Asp Gly Phe Gln 515 520 525 Val Pro Ser Phe Arg Asn Gly Trp Pro Ala Met Met Gln Ser Asn Asn 530 535 540 Ala His Val Arg Pro Ser Ala Ser Ser Val Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Ser 545 550 555 560 Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala Met Asn Pro Gly Pro Glu Phe Asn 565 570 575 Ser Val Tyr Asn Gly His Asn Gln Glu Glu Gln Arg Val Ile Lys Arg 580 585 590 Thr Pro Tyr Val Ser Glu Ser Asp Gly Gly Lys Gln Ala Ser Ser Ser 595 600 605 Phe Cys Glu Arg Ser Phe Ser Arg Glu Asp His Gly Gly Met Asn Ser 610 615 620 Tyr Asn Gln His Gly Ile Ser Asn His Pro Val Ile Ser Gln Ser Thr 625 630 635 640 Phe Ser Gly Ser Gln Asp Ala Val Ser Pro Tyr Lys Gly Ser Cys Arg 645 650 655 Leu Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Ser Glu Glu Lys Arg Val Pro Asp Arg Glu 660 665 670 Ser Asn Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Ser Thr Leu Asn Pro Gly Val Gln Phe 675 680 685 His Ser Lys Pro Ala Leu Met Thr Ser Ala Val Gly Ile Thr Cys Thr 690 695 700 Lys Glu Trp Ala Phe Asp Trp Arg Gly Glu Arg Met Glu Ser Cys Leu 705 710 715 720 Gln Gly 9704PRTPyrus communis 9Met Ala Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Ser Ala Thr Glu Asp Glu Gln Thr 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser Ser Val Ser Asp Ala Leu 20 25 30 Gly Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Cys Met Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly 35 40 45 Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Val Ser Asp Phe Pro Thr Ser Ala Tyr Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Pro Pro His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala 85 90 95 Glu Thr Gly Thr Asp Asp Val Phe Ala Arg Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu 100 105 110 Ser Glu Glu Ile Glu His Arg Leu Arg Glu Gly Glu Thr Asp Ala Asp 115 120 125 Ala Glu Asp Asp Val Glu Ala Met Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Pro His Met 130 135 140 Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr 165 170 175 Thr Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly 180 185 190 Leu Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His 195 200 205 Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val 210 215 220 Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg 225 230 235 240 Leu Gly Ile Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Phe Lys Ser Ser Ala Thr Cys Pro 245 250 255 Thr Leu Cys Ser Gln Gln Leu Asn Cys Ser Ala Ile Thr Asp Val Leu 260 265 270 Asn Ala Ile Phe Ala Lys Asn Ala Phe Asn Val Tyr Tyr Asn Pro Arg 275 280 285 Ser Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Ser His Lys Phe Leu Arg Ser 290 295 300 Leu Asp His Cys Phe Ser Ala Gly Met Arg Ile Lys Met Arg Phe Glu 305 310 315 320 Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Ile Gly Phe Ile Thr Arg Ile 325 330 335 Ser Glu Leu Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu 340 345 350 Val Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Ile Asp Thr Ser Lys His Ser Arg Val Ser 355 360 365 Pro Trp Glu Val Glu Pro Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Ser Ser His Thr Leu 370 375 380 Met Ala Thr Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ile Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Lys 385 390 395 400 Pro Glu Cys Ser Val Pro Asn Gly Gly Ile Gly Thr Ser Asp Phe Gly 405 410 415 Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Ser Gly 420 425 430 Phe Asp Thr Pro Phe Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Leu Asn Ser Leu Pro Ser 435 440 445 Glu Ala Arg Arg Val Phe His Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Gly Ile Ala Ala 450 455 460 Gly Gly Asn Gly Leu Arg Gln Ser Leu Val Asp Ser Glu Ile Ala Ser 465 470 475 480 Lys Gly Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser Phe Arg Phe Arg Lys Val Leu Gln 485 490 495 Gly Gln Glu Ile Leu Pro Ser Ser Pro Tyr Gly Arg Ala Pro Ala Ser 500 505 510 Asn Glu Ala His Glu Tyr Gly Gly Pro Gly Ile Tyr Asp Gly Phe His 515 520 525 Val Pro Gly Phe Arg Asn Gly Trp Ser Thr Met Met Gln Ser Asn Asn 530 535 540 Thr His Val His Ser Ser Ala Pro Ser Val Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Ser 545 550 555 560 Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala Val Asn Pro Val Val Glu Phe Asn 565 570 575 Ser Val Tyr Asn Gly His Asn Pro Glu Asp His Arg Val Asn Arg Thr 580 585 590 Leu His Val Ser Glu His Asp Gly Gly Arg Gln Thr Ser Ser Ser Phe 595 600 605 Gly Glu Leu Asn Phe Ser Arg Glu Asp Arg Gly Gly Thr His Ser Tyr 610 615 620 Asn Gln His Gly Ile Ser Pro His Pro Gly Thr Ser Gln Ser Thr Ile 625 630 635 640 Ser Gly Ser Gln Asp Ser Ile Ser Pro Ile Lys Gly Ser Cys Arg Leu 645 650 655 Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Ser Glu Asp Lys Cys Val Pro Asp Gln Glu Gly 660 665 670 Asn Pro Asn Val Gly Val Arg Phe His Ser Lys Pro Ser Leu Met Thr 675 680 685 Ser Thr Val Gly Ile Thr Cys Thr Lys Val Ser Asn Leu Phe Ala Ala 690 695 700 10709PRTPopulus tremula 10Met Val Gly Met Ile Asp Leu Asn Thr Thr Glu Glu Asp Glu Thr Thr 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Ala Ser 20 25 30 Ala Leu Ser Ala Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser Pro Val Cys Leu 35 40 45 Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Arg 50 55 60 Gly Ser Ile Val Val Tyr Val Pro Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Leu Pro 65 70 75 80 Asp Leu Pro Leu Gly Ile Tyr Asp Leu Pro Pro His Val Phe Cys Arg 85 90 95 Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala Glu Ala Ala Ser Asp Asp Val Tyr 100 105 110 Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu Ser Glu Glu Ile Glu Gln Lys Leu 115 120 125 Arg Glu Gly Val Phe Glu Gly Asp Gly Glu Glu Glu Asp Val Glu Ala 130 135 140 Thr Val Lys Thr Thr Thr Pro His Met Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala 145 150 155 160 Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala 165 170 175 Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr Thr Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln 180 185 190 Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly Ser Glu Trp Lys Phe Arg His 195 200 205 Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser 210 215 220 Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Arg Gly Glu Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg Leu Gly Val Arg Arg Ala Ala 245 250 255 Gln Val Lys Cys Gly Pro Thr Phe Pro Ala Leu Trp Asn Gln Gln Leu 260 265 270 Asn Gln Ser Ser Leu Ala Asp Val Ala Asn Ala Ile Ser Met Arg Ser 275 280 285 Ala Phe Arg Ile Tyr Tyr Asn Pro Arg Ala Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile 290 295 300 Ile Pro Phe Asn Lys Phe Leu Lys Ser Leu Asp Gln Ser Phe Ser Ala 305 310 315 320 Gly Met Arg Val Lys Met Arg Phe Glu Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Arg 325 330 335 Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly Ile Ser Glu Leu Asp Pro Thr Arg 340 345 350 Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Lys Cys Leu Leu Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Thr 355 360 365

Glu Ala Asn Arg His Ser Arg Val Ser Pro Trp Glu Val Glu Pro Ser 370 375 380 Gly Ser Val Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Asn Asn 385 390 395 400 Ser Met Ala Pro Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ser Gly Leu Pro Ser Leu 405 410 415 Lys Ala Glu Phe Pro Ile Pro Asp Gly Ile Gly Ala Ser Asp Phe Arg 420 425 430 Val Ser Ser Arg Phe Gln Glu Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Met Arg 435 440 445 Ser Gly Ile Arg Gly Ser Ile Pro Thr Ser Glu Asn Ser Phe Lys Gly 450 455 460 Ile Gly Phe Asn Glu Ser Tyr Arg Phe His Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln 465 470 475 480 Glu Ile Phe Pro Arg Ser Pro Tyr Arg Arg Ile Pro Asn Ala Asn Lys 485 490 495 Ala Arg Glu Asn Cys Gly Leu Gly Leu Ser Asp Gly Val Gln Arg Ser 500 505 510 Ser Ser Arg Asn Gly Trp Ser Thr Met Met Gln Gly Tyr Asn Thr Gln 515 520 525 Met Arg Pro Pro Thr Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Leu Met Phe 530 535 540 Gln His Ala Ser Asn Gln Val Ser Asn Pro Thr Ser Ile Phe Asn Ser 545 550 555 560 Asn Asp His Glu Glu Gln Thr Thr Asn Thr Gln Ser Trp Phe Tyr Pro 565 570 575 Glu Thr His Gly Gly Lys Phe Lys Leu Ser Ser His Ser Asp Pro Gly 580 585 590 Leu Arg Gly Asp Ser Gln Cys Ser Thr Asn Pro Tyr Val Leu Ser His 595 600 605 Glu His Leu Gln His Gly Ile Ser Gln Pro Val Val Ala Gln Ser Ala 610 615 620 Phe Arg Ser Ser Gln Asp Met Val Leu Cys Lys Ser Ser Cys Arg Leu 625 630 635 640 Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Glu Asp Arg His Val Val Asn Lys Glu Asp 645 650 655 Asn Ile Ala Ser Ile Thr Ser Pro Leu Asn Pro Glu Ser Ser Phe Leu 660 665 670 Pro Arg Val Gly Glu Gln Leu His Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala Ile Asn Asn 675 680 685 Ala Val Gly Ser Ser Cys Thr Lys Ala Ile Arg Gln His His Ala Glu 690 695 700 Asn Tyr Arg Ile Tyr 705 11786PRTVitis vinifera 11Met Val Ala Met Ile Asp Leu Asn Thr Val Asp Asp Asp Glu Thr Pro 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Ser Ala Ser Ala 20 25 30 Ser Thr Val Cys Gly Ser Leu Leu Ser Ala Ala Ser Ser Val Cys Leu 35 40 45 Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys 50 55 60 Gly Ser Leu Val Val Tyr Phe Pro Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Leu Ser 65 70 75 80 Asp Tyr Pro Ala Val Ala Tyr Asp Leu Pro Pro His Val Phe Cys Arg 85 90 95 Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala Glu Val Val Thr Asp Glu Val Tyr 100 105 110 Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu Thr Lys Gln Ile Lys Gln Lys Leu 115 120 125 Gln Glu Gly Glu Ile Glu Ala Asp Gly Gly Glu Glu Glu Asp Ile Glu 130 135 140 Gly Ser Ile Lys Ser Met Thr Pro His Met Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr 145 150 155 160 Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala 165 170 175 Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr Lys Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser 180 185 190 Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly Phe Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg 195 200 205 His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp 210 215 220 Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu 225 230 235 240 Phe Leu Arg Gly Gly Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg Leu Gly Ile Arg Arg Ala 245 250 255 Ala Gln Ile Lys Gly Ser Ser Pro Phe Pro Ala Leu Cys Ser Gln Gln 260 265 270 Leu Asn Leu Asn Thr Leu Thr Ala Val Val Asn Ala Ile Ser Thr Arg 275 280 285 Ser Val Phe Asn Ile Cys Tyr Asn Pro Arg Ala Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe 290 295 300 Ile Ile Pro Leu Arg Lys Phe Ser Lys Ser Ile Asp His Ser Phe Ser 305 310 315 320 Ala Gly Met Arg Phe Lys Met Arg Val Glu Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu 325 330 335 Arg Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly Ile Ser Asp Met Asp Pro Val 340 345 350 Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu Leu Val Arg Trp Asp Asp 355 360 365 Ile Glu Ala Asn Arg His Asn Arg Val Ser Pro Trp Glu Ile Glu Leu 370 375 380 Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Leu Thr Val Pro Gly Ser Lys 385 390 395 400 Arg Thr Arg Ile Gly Leu Pro Gly Thr Arg Pro Asp Phe Ser Val Pro 405 410 415 Asn Gly Met Gly Val Ser Asp Phe Gly Glu Ser Ser Arg Phe Gln Lys 420 425 430 Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Gly Phe Asn Thr Pro Tyr Asp Gly 435 440 445 Val Asp Thr Gln Asp His His Pro Ser Glu Ile Arg Cys Phe Pro Gly 450 455 460 Ser Ser Cys Ser Gly Ile Ala Ala Ile Gly Asn Gly Val Arg Asn Pro 465 470 475 480 Leu Gly Asn Ser Asp Ile Ser Tyr Lys Gly Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser 485 490 495 Phe Arg Phe His Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Thr Phe Pro Ser Pro 500 505 510 Pro Cys Gly Arg Ala Leu Ser Ala Asn Gln Ala His Glu Asn Gly Ser 515 520 525 Phe Gly Ile Phe Asp Gly Val Gln Val Pro Thr Ser Arg Asn Gly Trp 530 535 540 Pro Ala Leu Val Gln Gly Tyr Asn Ala His Thr His Leu Ser Thr Pro 545 550 555 560 Ser Val Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala 565 570 575 Ser Thr Ala Ala Pro Asn Ile Tyr Ser Met His Ser Ala Asn Asn Gln 580 585 590 Glu Lys Glu Gln Glu Ile Ser Asn Arg Ser Ser Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu 595 600 605 Val Tyr Gly Glu Lys Leu Thr Pro Ser Arg Cys Glu Leu Ser Val Arg 610 615 620 Gly Gly Gly Gln Gly Gly Met Asn Phe Phe Gly Leu Leu Asn Glu His 625 630 635 640 Asn Gln Leu Ala Val Pro His Pro Leu Val Thr Gln Ser Ala Phe Arg 645 650 655 Gly Ser Gln Asp Leu Val Pro Thr Cys Lys Ser Ser Cys Arg Leu Phe 660 665 670 Gly Phe Ser Leu Thr Glu Glu Arg Ser Ile Gly Asn Lys Val Asp Asn 675 680 685 Pro Thr Pro Val Thr Ser Ser Leu Ile Pro Gly Thr Ser Phe Leu Pro 690 695 700 Gln Gln Leu His Ser Glu Pro Pro Val Met Thr Lys Ala Ile Gly Ser 705 710 715 720 Asn Cys Thr Lys Arg Thr Ala Val Val Arg Ser Lys Leu Gln Phe His 725 730 735 Lys Leu Gly Ser Val Val Asp Gln Ala Ile Asn Arg Trp Lys Leu Asp 740 745 750 Arg His Asp Asp Leu Ile Cys Ala Leu Lys His Leu Phe Asp Met Glu 755 760 765 Gly Gly Leu Leu His Gly Glu Gly Lys Leu Phe Thr Arg Ile Met Arg 770 775 780 Met Leu 785 122127DNAMalus domestica 12atggcgggtc taattgatct gaacagtgcg acggaggacg aggaaacgcc atcgtccggc 60tcgccgtctt cggcttcctc tgtttccgac gctctgggtt cgtcggcgtc ggtgtgcatg 120gagctctggc acgcctgcgc gggcccactg atttcgctgc cgaagaaagg gagtgtggtg 180gtgtatctgc cgcagggcca cctggagcaa gtctcggatt ttccgacctc ggcttatgat 240ctcccgcccc acctcttctg tcgggttgtc gatgtcaagc tccatgctga gactggcact 300gacgatgtct tcgctcrggt ttcccttgtt cctgaaagtg aggaaattga gcacagattg 360cgggaagggg taaccgatgc agatgccgag gaggacgttg aggcaatggg gacgtcaacc 420acaccccaca tgttctgcaa aacccttact gcttctgata ctagcactca cggaggcttc 480tctgtgcctc gtcgtgctgc cgaggattgc tttcctcccc tggattacac tcaacaaagg 540ccttcacaag agcttgtagc aaaggatctg catggcctgg agtggaggtt ccggcatatc 600tatagggggc agccgcggag gcatttgctc accactgggt ggagtgcgtt tgtgaacaag 660aagaagctcg tctctggaga tgcagtgctg tttcttaggg gtgacgatgg agaactgagg 720ctaggaatta gaagggcagc ccagtttaaa agttctgcta cttgtccaac tctttgtagc 780cagcaattga actatagcac tatcactgat gtggtgaatg ctatattcgc gaagaatgct 840tttaatgtgt actacaatcc aaggtccagc tcttctgaat tcataatacc ttcccataag 900tttttgagga gccttgatca ttgtttttgt gctggaatga ggatcaaaat gcgttttgaa 960actgaagatg cagcagagcg aagatacact gggttgataa cggggattag tgaattggat 1020cctgtaagat ggcctggttc aaaatggaga tgcctagttg tcaggtggga tgatrtagac 1080acaagcaagc atggcagggt ttccccatgg gaagttgagc gatctggttc tgtttctagt 1140tcccataccc taatgacaac tggcttgaag cggtccagga ttggcttgtc tgcaacaaaa 1200ccagaatktc cagytcctag tatgtcctgc aatyatggga ttggaacatc agactttggg 1260gaatctttaa ggttccagaa ggtcttgcaa ggtcaagaaa tttcggggtt tgatactcct 1320ttcagtggtt taggtggtct gaattcgcat ccatctgaag caaggagagt cttccacggt 1380tccggtggtt ctgggattgc tgctggrggt aatggtctca gacagtcact tgtggattct 1440gagattgcct caaaaggcat aggctttggt gaatcattcc gattccataa ggtcttgcaa 1500ggtcaagaaa tatttccaag ctcaccatat ggaagagctc ccgcttctaa tgaagctcat 1560gaatatggtg gacctggact ctatgatggt tttcaggtgc ctggctttag gaatggatgs 1620tccaccatga tgcagagcaa taatacaaat gtgcactcat ctgccccatc tgtgcaagtt 1680tcatcacctt cgtctgtgtt aatgttccag caagcaatga atccagttgc ggaattcaac 1740tcggtataca atggccataa ccaagaggac catagagtaa atcggactcc acatgtcttg 1800gaacatgatg gtggaaggca aacatcatcc tcattcggtg aacgtaactt cagcagggaa 1860gatcgtggag gcacacattc ttacaatcag catggtattt cacctcatcc agttataagt 1920caatcaacaa ttagtggcag ccaggattct gtttcaccaa tcaaaggtag ctgtagactc 1980tttggtttct cattgtccga ggacaaatgt gtcccggatc aagagggcaa ccccaatgtt 2040ggagtgcagt ttcattcaaa gcctcctttg atgacctcaa cagttggaat aacctgtact 2100aaagtaagca acctctttgc tgcatga 2127135500DNAMalus domestica 13actctcccac gatacccacc tagcaaatgc taaattytct cgctccccaa atgttctgca 60atcaggcagg cargggttta gtaattagtc gggtcaaaga ctcggataca ctaatttcaa 120aataaagaaa tgttatagat cggagkattg tgccttggca gacaagccct ctttcaacag 180gkttacatat gagggwtaag caatattaaa tatagattct acaaactttt gttctcaaag 240ctgaattaac aatacaaatc aaagtcccct ggagcgctta gttacaactt ctgcctcaaa 300attaagttac ataaatgaca gcacacacat aatcccgaag aaaacctccg cctgtcgaga 360gttttcttca tcggtacaac gcaaaactat tgatattaca gtaacatcgc ctgccaaaag 420cgaaattcaa acaaataaat gaccggaaca caagcatctt cttcatgttc atccggttta 480cttaaaacga ctttggaagg atatagtgcg gcgacaaaca tggccatgat gagttccatg 540ggtagggttt ataagcggac ttcraggcat accatatgta agttttgaca atagacgggc 600aatgaagaat gccatgtaga ttccgatgct aggttgcaaa cagaacaaaa atagrcaaat 660acaataagta aacgtacgag gacttactag ttactgcctc ggatcatctg caacaagcac 720aggatgatca ctatccttgt aaacagcttt ccatcctttc tccgcgccag tcaaaagccc 780aatcctagac ataaacatcc cacttgctaa tcagataatc atttgcttcc gtcaaataga 840agattaaata ccccagtcgt aacatttgaa aattgtattt catgcagcaa agaggttgct 900tactttagta caggttattc caactgttga ggtcatcaaa ggaggctttg aatgaaactg 960cactccaaca ttggggttgc cctcttgatc cgggacacat ttgtcctcgg acaatgagaa 1020accaaagagt ctacagctac ctttgattgg tgaaacagaa tcctggctgc cactaattgt 1080tgattgactt ataactggat gaggtgaaat accatgctga ttgtaagaat gtgtgcctcc 1140acgatcttcc ctgctgaagt tacgttcacc gaatgaggat gatgtttgcc ttccaccatc 1200atgttccaag acatgtggag tccgatttac tctatggtcc tcttggttat ggccattgta 1260taccgagttg aattccgcaa ctggattcat tgcttgctgg aacattaaca cagacgaagg 1320tgatgaaact tgcacagatg gggcagatga gtgcacattt gtattattgc tctgcatcat 1380ggtggascat ccattcctaa agccaggcac ctgaaaacca tcatagagtc caggtccacc 1440atattcatga gcttcattag aagcgggagc tcttccatat ggtgagcttg gaaatatttc 1500ttgaccttgc aagaccttat ggaatcggaa tgattcacca aagcctatgc cttttgaggc 1560aatctcagaa tccacaagtg actgtctgag accattaccy ccagcagcaa tcccagaacc 1620accggaaccg tggaagactc tccttgcttc agatggatgc gaattcagac cacctaaacc 1680actgaaagga gtatcaaacc ccgaaatttc ttgaccttgc aagaccttct ggaaccttaa 1740agattcccca aagtctgatg ttccaatccc atctgaaaag gaaacactca aataaatcaa 1800ttatgttgca gagaccagtg ttatgatgac atgtcgtggt acrattgcag gacatactag 1860garctggama ttctggtttt gttgcagaca agccaatcct ggaccgcttc aagccagttg 1920tcattagggt atgggaacta gaaacagaac cagatcgctc aacttcccat ggggaaaccc 1980tgccatgctt gcttgtgtct ayatcatccc acctgacctg caatagcaaa agaaatgttc 2040aaacctatat atctagtgct aatggcatga gcgaataccg gaagtcaata tggacatgct 2100acagaataga ggaaacatag tttatgatat ttaggtaaac gactttcaag acagtgaaaa 2160ttaactctca ctatcaagac ataattgctc ataaaccctg agtttctact ccgtaggact 2220atgagtaggg tggcttgatc aacaattaag ataaaactgt gtagctaatg cgggagaaaa 2280tttatgcttc cagtttaaat ttagccagaa attctaccaa attgtgacat ttcacatgac 2340atatgaagtg tgcaattcat cctagttaga atacggtgaa gccggctaca ttttttttgt 2400taccttttgc actctcatgc ttcaactatt gttgagaaaa gcttatcata gatttgttca 2460tgacaatggt tttgggaatc tcaaagtaaa ataaccaata cgtatagtaa gtctcccata 2520aagaagataa tacagaattt atggtacgct aaagataact tttggtttag tacattggca 2580ttcaccaccc gaaccttctc aagcagatac ttataagtgc aaacaaaggg gaaaaaatag 2640tacataaaag ttttgtgtag aaaatacgta caactaggca tctccatttt gaaccaggcc 2700atcttacagg atccaattca ctaatccccg ttatcaaccc agtgtatctg ccaaaaagaa 2760aaatttaata aaaattttgc acaaaactac ttcaactatt tcaaaagtaa gaatgccaaa 2820ccttcgctct gctgcatctt cagtttcaaa acgcattttg atcctcattc cagcacaaaa 2880acaatgatca aggctcctca aaaacttatg ggaaggtatt atgaattcag aagagctgga 2940cctacaagat catggacgat tataaggaaa aaagatgcag aaggaagaaa ggtctaaagt 3000ctcaagcacg ataactttca acattacttt aggaacatgt taaatgatga gcaccagatt 3060accttggatt gtagtacaca ttaaaagcat tcttcgcgaa tatagcattc accacatcag 3120tgatagtgct atagttcaat tgctggctac aaagagttgg acaagtagca gaacttttaa 3180actgggctgc ccttctaatt cctagcctca gttctccatc gtcaccccta ttataaatac 3240tggatgagaa ttataaataw ggggatccaa aatctcttca atcgaagggt ttatatacct 3300aagaaacagc actgcatctc cagagacgag cttcttcttg ttcacaaacg cactccaccc 3360agtggtgagc aaatgcctcc gcggctgccc tactcaaacc aattagaaaa aaggaataag 3420aaacagaaaa acgttgaatc taaagcatcc aatttacaaa gttcattata aaactctaat 3480aagattgcta ccgtatcatg gaaagataaa cccccaacta atgaagcaca aaagggatca 3540tattttttgt attaccccta tagatatgcc ggaacctcca ctccaggcca tgcagatcct 3600ttgctacaag ctcttgtgaa ggcctttgtt gagtgtaatc ctaaaagcac aatctattcg 3660tctcaaaaac aaaatactaa tatgtacttg attagactaa taatttagtc tcaaaaaagt 3720tatgcagaag ctaaamcaaa agttggggga gaacatgaac taggaatacc aggggaggaa 3780agcaatcctc ggcagcacga cgaggcacag agaagcctcc gtgagtgcta gtatcagaag 3840cagtaagggt tttgcagaac atgtggggtg tggttgacgt ccccattgcc tcaacgtcct 3900cctcggcatc tgcatcggtt accccttccc gcaatctgtg ctcaatttcc tacaccgatt 3960aaagcattag tgaaatcacc tcaatgtcaa tgtttaacag acaaaaacat cacamgatca 4020ccaggaagag caaagaaaat taaaaaacay caaccccgaa atcgaattgt ataaattata 4080agtaactaat tcataaattt gtgaaatgac taattgtaag garacagaga tgctaacata 4140taatcttcga taatgccaaa gtgggaaaga aagaaagtga aattctaaag cttgcgtttt 4200taattgtttc ggtttctacg gaaagggagg attttctcag aattttttta cttttcgagc 4260attttctcag gaaccaaaca aaaaatcaaa ccttgtacaa ataaacccac ctcactttca 4320ggaacaaggg aaaccygagc gaagacatcg tcagtgccag tctcagcctg cgaccaaaaa 4380agacctcaag aaattgagaa cccagatagc aaaaccccaa aagctatcaa atttcatcaa 4440aaatccaaaa ccccaaaagc atggagaaag agaggctcat tgtatagaga gagactgaca 4500tggagcttga catcgacaac ccgacagaag aggtggggcg ggagatcata agccgaggtc 4560ggaaaatccg agacttgctc caggtggccc tgcggcagat acaccaccac actccctttc 4620ttcggcagcg aaatcagtgg gcccgcgcag gcgtgccaga gctccatgca caccgacgcc 4680gacgaaccca gagcgtcgga aacagaggaa gccgaagacg gcgagccgga cgatggcgtt 4740tcctcgtcct ccgtcgcact gttcagatca attagacccg ccatgtgaaa ttaaacagaa 4800actgtaagga cccaacaagc gaaagaggaa gaagaaggag aaaagcactt tgcttttttg 4860ctttttgctt ctgcttctgc ttaagcttgt ttataatatg gagaagagaa aaaaragagc 4920agatgaggtt tcaattctcc tgcattttga gagatgggtt tgatggcatt tttgctaaaa 4980gaagctcaga aaagcacttc tctctctttt ctgcttaatt cttaactttt atttattttt 5040cttttggacg ggcttttggg tatcaaatca aaagctcaaa gcttttacaa tttgggagat 5100gagaaaaaga aaatggaaat taataccaaa aaaaatcaga taatttaata tgggacttct 5160tttggtgttg aattgaatcc ctttttgggt ttttaaatta caaaagatta aaccttttct 5220ctctgtctgc aggctgaact gcaacactgc aattgctggg tgtgatgtgt ggcagaaaca 5280gtgtgtcaga gagtgagaga gagaggaaga gagagagtgg aggtcttgta cggcaccccc 5340tgtatttccg ggcggatgtc tattctgtcc ccttctactc cgtcaaatcc cactcgtatc 5400cccccccccc tcttccttaa tcttcattct ctccttcctc ccatatttaa tttattttaa 5460ttaaggagga

tgtagttaaa ctaagatttt aaaagatttt 5500142127DNAMalus domestica 14atggcgggtc taattgatct gaacagtgcg acggaggacg aggaaacgcc atcgtccggc 60tcgccgtctt cggcttcctc tgtttccgac gctctgggtt cgtcggcgtc ggtgtgcatg 120gagctctggc acgcctgcgc gggcccactg atttcgctgc cgaagaaagg gagtgtggtg 180gtgtatctgc cgcagggcca cctggagcaa gtcttggatt ttccgacctc ggcttatgat 240ctcccgcccc acctcttctg tcgggttgtc gatgtcaagc tccatgctga gactggcact 300gacgatgtct tcgctcrggt ttcccttgtt cctgaaagtg aggaaattga gcacagattg 360cgggaagggg taaccgatgc agatgccgag gaggacgttg aggcaatggg gacgtcaacc 420acaccccaca tgttctgcaa aacccttact gcttctgata ctagcactca cggaggcttc 480tctgtgcctc gtcgtgctgc cgaggattgc tttcctcccc tggattacac tcaacaaagg 540ccttcacaag agcttgtagc aaaggatctg catggcctgg agtggaggtt ccggcatatc 600tatagggggc agccgcggag gcatttgctc accactgggt ggagtgcgtt tgtgaacaag 660aagaagctcg tctctggaga tgcagtgctg tttcttaggg gtgacgatgg agaactgagg 720ctaggaatta gaagggcagc ccagtttaaa agttctgcta cttgtccaac tctttgtagc 780cagcaattga actatagcac tatcactgat gtggtgaatg ctatattcgc gaagaatgct 840tttaatgtgt actacaatcc aaggtccagc tcttctgaat tcataatacc ttcccataag 900tttttgagga gccttgatca ttgtttttgt gctggaatga ggatcaaaat gcgttttgaa 960actgaagatg cagcagagcg aagatacact gggttgataa cggggattag tgaattggat 1020cctgtaagat ggcctggttc aaaatggaga tgcctagttg tcaggtggga tgatrtagac 1080acaagcaagc atggcagggt ttccccatgg gaagttgagc gatctggttc tgtttctagt 1140tcccataccc taatgacaac tggcttgaag cggtccagga ttggcttgtc tgcaacaaaa 1200ccagaatktc cagytcctag tatgtcctgc aatyatggga ttggaacatc agactttggg 1260gaatctttaa ggttccagaa ggtcttgcaa ggtcaagaaa tttcggggtt tgatactcct 1320ttcagtggtt taggtggtct gaattcgcat ccatctgaag caaggagagt cttccacggt 1380tccggtggtt ctgggattgc tgctggrggt aatggtctca gacagtcact tgtggattct 1440gagattgcct caaaaggcat aggctttggt gaatcattcc gattccataa ggtcttgcaa 1500ggtcaagaaa tatttccaag ctcaccatat ggaagagctc ccgcttctaa tgaagctcat 1560gaatatggtg gacctggact ctatgatggt tttcaggtgc ctggctttag gaatggatgs 1620tccaccatga tgcagagcaa taatacaaat gtgcactcat ctgccccatc tgtgcaagtt 1680tcatcacctt cgtctgtgtt aatgttccag caagcaatga atccagttgc ggaattcaac 1740tcggtataca atggccataa ccaagaggac catagagtaa atcggactcc acatgtcttg 1800gaacatgatg gtggaaggca aacatcatcc tcattcggtg aacgtaactt cagcagggaa 1860gatcgtggag gcacacattc ttacaatcag catggtattt cacctcatcc agttataagt 1920caatcaacaa ttagtggcag ccaggattct gtttcaccaa tcaaaggtag ctgtagactc 1980tttggtttct cattgtccga ggacaaatgt gtcccggatc aagagggcaa ccccaatgtt 2040ggagtgcagt ttcattcaaa gcctcctttg atgacctcaa cagttggaat aacctgtact 2100aaagtaagca acctctttgc tgcatga 2127155500DNAMalus domestica 15aaaatctttt aaaatcttag tttaactaca tcctccttaa ttaaaataaa ttaaatatgg 60gaggaaggag agaatgaaga ttaaggaaga gggggggggg gatacgagtg ggatttgacg 120gagtagaagg ggacagaata gacatccgcc cggaaataca gggggtgccg tacaagacct 180ccactctctc tcttcctctc tctctcactc tctgacacac tgtttctgcc acacatcaca 240cccagcaatt gcagtgttgc agttcagcct gcagacagag agaaaaggtt taatcttttg 300taatttaaaa acccaaaaag ggattcaatt caacaccaaa agaagtccca tattaaatta 360tctgattttt tttggtatta atttccattt tctttttctc atctcccaaa ttgtaaaagc 420tttgagcttt tgatttgata cccaaaagcc cgtccaaaag aaaaataaat aaaagttaag 480aattaagcag aaaagagaga gaagtgcttt tctgagcttc ttttagcaaa aatgccatca 540aacccatctc tcaaaatgca ggagaattga aacctcatct gctctytttt ttctcttctc 600catattataa acaagcttaa gcagaagcag aagcaaaaag caaaaaagca aagtgctttt 660ctccttcttc ttcctctttc gcttgttggg tccttacagt ttctgtttaa tttcacatgg 720cgggtctaat tgatctgaac agtgcgacgg aggacgagga aacgccatcg tccggctcgc 780cgtcttcggc ttcctctgtt tccgacgctc tgggttcgtc ggcgtcggtg tgcatggagc 840tctggcacgc ctgcgcgggc ccactgattt cgctgccgaa gaaagggagt gtggtggtgt 900atctgccgca gggccacctg gagcaagtct tggattttcc gacctcggct tatgatctcc 960cgccccacct cttctgtcgg gttgtcgatg tcaagctcca tgtcagtctc tctctataca 1020atgagcctct ctttctccat gcttttgggg ttttggattt ttgatgaaat ttgatagctt 1080ttggggtttt gctatctggg ttctcaattt cttgaggtct tttttggtcg caggctgaga 1140ctggcactga cgatgtcttc gctcrggttt cccttgttcc tgaaagtgag gtgggtttat 1200ttgtacaagg tttgattttt tgtttggttc ctgagaaaat gctcgaaaag taaaaaaatt 1260ctgagaaaat cctccctttc cgtagaaacc gaaacaatta aaaacgcaag ctttagaatt 1320tcactttctt tctttcccac tttggcatta tcgaagatta tatgttagca tctctgtytc 1380cttacaatta gtcatttcac aaatttatga attagttact tataatttat acaattcgat 1440ttcggggttg rtgtttttta attttctttg ctcttcctgg tgatcktgtg atgtttttgt 1500ctgttaaaca ttgacattga ggtgatttca ctaatgcttt aatcggtgta ggaaattgag 1560cacagattgc gggaaggggt aaccgatgca gatgccgagg aggacgttga ggcaatgggg 1620acgtcaacca caccccacat gttctgcaaa acccttactg cttctgatac tagcactcac 1680ggaggcttct ctgtgcctcg tcgtgctgcc gaggattgct ttcctcccct ggtattccta 1740gttcatgttc tcccccaact tttgktttag cttctgcata acttttttga gactaaatta 1800ttagtctaat caagtacata ttagtatttt gtttttgaga cgaatagatt gtgcttttag 1860gattacactc aacaaaggcc ttcacaagag cttgtagcaa aggatctgca tggcctggag 1920tggaggttcc ggcatatcta taggggtaat acaaaaaata tgatcccttt tgtgcttcat 1980tagttggggg tttatctttc catgatacgg tagcaatctt attagagttt tataatgaac 2040tttgtaaatt ggatgcttta gattcaacgt ttttctgttt cttattcctt ttttctaatt 2100ggtttgagta gggcagccgc ggaggcattt gctcaccact gggtggagtg cgtttgtgaa 2160caagaagaag ctcgtctctg gagatgcagt gctgtttctt aggtatataa acccttcgat 2220tgaagagatt ttggatcccc wtatttataa ttctcatcca gtatttataa taggggtgac 2280gatggagaac tgaggctagg aattagaagg gcagcccagt ttaaaagttc tgctacttgt 2340ccaactcttt gtagccagca attgaactat agcactatca ctgatgtggt gaatgctata 2400ttcgcgaaga atgcttttaa tgtgtactac aatccaaggt aatctggtgc tcatcattta 2460acatgttcct aaagtaatgt tgaaagttat cgtgcttgag actttagacc tttcttcctt 2520ctgcatcttt tttccttata atcgtccatg atcttgtagg tccagctctt ctgaattcat 2580aataccttcc cataagtttt tgaggagcct tgatcattgt ttttgtgctg gaatgaggat 2640caaaatgcgt tttgaaactg aagatgcagc agagcgaagg tttggcattc ttacttttga 2700aatagttgaa gtagttttgt gcaaaatttt tattaaattt ttctttttgg cagatacact 2760gggttgataa cggggattag tgaattggat cctgtaagat ggcctggttc aaaatggaga 2820tgcctagttg tacgtatttt ctacacaaaa cttttatgta ctattttttc ccctttgttt 2880gcacttataa gtatctgctt gagaaggttc gggtggtgaa tgccaatgta ctaaaccaaa 2940agttatcttt agcgtaccat aaattctgta ttatcttctt tatgggagac ttactatacg 3000tattggttat tttactttga gattcccaaa accattgtca tgaacaaatc tatgataagc 3060ttttctcaac aatagttgaa gcatgagagt gcaaaaggta acaaaaaaaa tgtagccggc 3120ttcaccgtat tctaactagg atgaattgca cacttcatat gtcatgtgaa atgtcacaat 3180ttggtagaat ttctggctaa atttaaactg gaagcataaa ttttctcccg cattagctac 3240acagttttat cttaattgtt gatcaagcca ccctactcat agtcctacgg agtagaaact 3300cagggtttat gagcaattat gtcttgatag tgagagttaa ttttcactgt cttgaaagtc 3360gtttacctaa atatcataaa ctatgtttcc tctattctgt agcatgtcca tattgacttc 3420cggtattcgc tcatgccatt agcactagat atataggttt gaacatttct tttgctattg 3480caggtcaggt gggatgatrt agacacaagc aagcatggca gggtttcccc atgggaagtt 3540gagcgatctg gttctgtttc tagttcccat accctaatga caactggctt gaagcggtcc 3600aggattggct tgtctgcaac aaaaccagaa tktccagytc ctagtatgtc ctgcaatygt 3660accacgacat gtcatcataa cactggtctc tgcaacataa ttgatttatt tgagtgtttc 3720cttttcagat gggattggaa catcagactt tggggaatct ttaaggttcc agaaggtctt 3780gcaaggtcaa gaaatttcgg ggtttgatac tcctttcagt ggtttaggtg gtctgaattc 3840gcatccatct gaagcaagga gagtcttcca cggttccggt ggttctggga ttgctgctgg 3900rggtaatggt ctcagacagt cacttgtgga ttctgagatt gcctcaaaag gcataggctt 3960tggtgaatca ttccgattcc ataaggtctt gcaaggtcaa gaaatatttc caagctcacc 4020atatggaaga gctcccgctt ctaatgaagc tcatgaatat ggtggacctg gactctatga 4080tggttttcag gtgcctggct ttaggaatgg atgstccacc atgatgcaga gcaataatac 4140aaatgtgcac tcatctgccc catctgtgca agtttcatca ccttcgtctg tgttaatgtt 4200ccagcaagca atgaatccag ttgcggaatt caactcggta tacaatggcc ataaccaaga 4260ggaccataga gtaaatcgga ctccacatgt cttggaacat gatggtggaa ggcaaacatc 4320atcctcattc ggtgaacgta acttcagcag ggaagatcgt ggaggcacac attcttacaa 4380tcagcatggt atttcacctc atccagttat aagtcaatca acaattagtg gcagccagga 4440ttctgtttca ccaatcaaag gtagctgtag actctttggt ttctcattgt ccgaggacaa 4500atgtgtcccg gatcaagagg gcaaccccaa tgttggagtg cagtttcatt caaagcctcc 4560tttgatgacc tcaacagttg gaataacctg tactaaagta agcaacctct ttgctgcatg 4620aaatacaatt ttcaaatgtt acgactgggg tatttaatct tctatttgac ggaagcaaat 4680gattatctga ttagcaagtg ggatgtttat gtctaggatt gggcttttga ctggcgcgga 4740gaaaggatgg aaagctgttt acaaggatag tgatcatcct gtgcttgttg cagatgatcc 4800gaggcagtaa ctagtaagtc ctcgtacgtt tacttattgt atttgyctat ttttgttctg 4860tttgcaacct agcatcggaa tctacatggc attcttcatt gcccgtctat tgtcaaaact 4920tacatatggt atgcctygaa gtccgcttat aaaccctacc catggaactc atcatggcca 4980tgtttgtcgc cgcactatat ccttccaaag tcgttttaag taaaccggat gaacatgaag 5040aagatgcttg tgttccggtc atttatttgt ttgaatttcg cttttggcag gcgatgttac 5100tgtaatatca atagttttgc gttgtaccga tgaagaaaac tctcgacagg cggaggtttt 5160cttcgggatt atgtgtgtgc tgtcatttat gtaacttaat tttgaggcag aagttgtaac 5220taagcgctcc aggggacttt gatttgtatt gttaattcag ctttgagaac aaaagtttgt 5280agaatctata tttaatattg cttawccctc atatgtaamc ctgttgaaag agggcttgtc 5340tgccaaggca caatmctccg atctataaca tttctttatt ttgaaattag tgtatccgag 5400tctttgaccc gactaattac taaacccytg cctgcctgat tgcagaacat ttggggagcg 5460agaraattta gcatttgcta ggtgggtatc gtgggagagt 5500162367DNAArabidopsis thaliana 16taatgtctct ctctccacgc acaaaaggtc taaaagccac accacacaca tcagtcacca 60gacgtagcag agagcctcac tgttgcagag agcactcagt actgttctgt ttctctgata 120cctctctctc tcctctctct tttaacattg tccaaattaa aaatctaaac tttttttcta 180gttttttttt tttctttaat agaaaagttt tttttctcca cggcttaaag actcactcat 240cactgtgcta ctactctctc ttcttttggc tgagagggta aaagtcatga agaaactcct 300ctgagttttt tttctttctt tcttataata aagctcttat ctttatctct gtttctctct 360ctttaatggg tggtttaatc gatctgaacg tgatggagac ggaggaagac gaaacgcaaa 420cgcaaacacc gtcttcagct tctgggtctg tctctcctac ttcgtcttct tcagcttctg 480tgtctgtggt gtcttcgaat tctgctggtg gaggggtttg tttggagctg tggcatgctt 540gtgctggacc ccttatctct ctaccaaaaa gaggaagcct tgtgttgtat ttccctcagg 600gacatttgga acaagccccc gatttctccg ccgcgattta cgggctccct cctcacgtgt 660tctgtcgtat tctcgatgtt aagcttcacg cagagacgac tacagatgaa gtttatgctc 720aagtctctct tcttcctgag tcagaggaca ttgagaggaa ggtgcgtgaa ggaattatag 780atgttgatgg tggagaggaa gattatgaag tgcttaagag gtctaatact cctcacatgt 840tttgcaaaac ccttactgct tctgatacaa gcacccatgg tggtttctct gttcctcgcc 900gagctgctga ggattgcttc cctcctctgg actatagcca gccccggcct tctcaggagc 960ttcttgctag ggatcttcat ggcctggagt ggcgatttcg ccacatttat cgagggcaac 1020ctaggaggca tttgctcact accgggtgga gtgcgtttgt gaacaagaag aagcttgtct 1080ctggtgatgc tgtgcttttc cttagaggag atgatggcaa actgcgactg ggagttagaa 1140gagcttctca aatcgaaggc accgctgctc tctcggctca atataatcag aatatgaacc 1200acaacaattt ctctgaagta gctcatgcca tatcgaccca tagcgttttc agcatttcct 1260acaaccccaa ggcaagctgg tcaaacttca taatccctgc accaaagttc ttgaaggttg 1320ttgactatcc cttttgcatt gggatgagat ttaaagcgag ggttgaatct gaagatgcat 1380ctgagagaag atcccctggg attataagtg gtatcagcga cttggatcca atcaggtggc 1440ctggttcaaa atggagatgc cttttggtaa ggtgggacga cattgtggca aatgggcatc 1500aacagcgtgt ctcgccatgg gagatcgaac catctggttc catctccaat tcaggcagct 1560tcgtaacaac tggtcccaag agaagcagga ttggcttttc ctcaggaaag cctgatatcc 1620ctgtctctga ggggattcgc gccacagact ttgaggaatc attgagattc cagagggtct 1680tgcaaggtca agaaattttt ccgggtttta tcaacacttg ttcggatggt ggagccggtg 1740ccaggagagg ccgcttcaaa ggaacagaat ttggtgactc ttatggtttc cataaggtct 1800tgcaaggtca agaaacagtt cccgcctact caataaccga tcatcggcag cagcacgggt 1860tgagccagag gaacatttgg tgtgggccgt tccagaactt tagtacacgt atcctccccc 1920catctgtatc atcatcaccc tcttccgtct tgcttaccaa ctcgaacagt cctaacggac 1980gtctggaaga ccatcacgga ggttcaggca gatgcaggct gtttggtttc ccattaaccg 2040acgaaaccac agcagttgca tctgcgacgg ctgtcccctg cgttgaaggg aattccatga 2100aaggtgcgtc agctgttcaa agcaatcatc atcattcgca aggaagggac atctatgcaa 2160tgagagacat gttgctagac attgctctct agaagggttc tttggtttct gtgttttatt 2220tgcttgtggc ttaagtaaag ttcttatttt agttgatgat gacttgctgc taacttttgg 2280aatgtcacaa gttgtgactt atgagagact tgtaaacttg gttcaagaat gttctgtgtt 2340aggttcaatt taaaaagtgt ttgcatc 2367173710DNAArabidopsis thaliana 17taatgtctct ctctccacgc acaaaaggtc taaaagccac accacacaca tcagtcacca 60gacgtagcag agagcctcac tgttgcagag agcactcagt actgttctgt ttctctgata 120cctctctctc tcctctctct tttaacattg tccaaattaa aaatctaaac tttttttcta 180gttttttttt tttctttaat agaaaagttt tttttctcca cggcttaaag actcactcat 240cactgtgcta ctactctctc ttcttttggc tgagagggta aaagtcatga agaaactcct 300ctgagttttt tttctttctt tcttataata aagctcttat ctttatctct gtttctctct 360ctttaatggg tggtttaatc gatctgaacg tgatggagac ggaggaagac gaaacgcaaa 420cgcaaacacc gtcttcagct tctgggtctg tctctcctac ttcgtcttct tcagcttctg 480tgtctgtggt gtcttcgaat tctgctggtg gaggggtttg tttggagctg tggcatgctt 540gtgctggacc ccttatctct ctaccaaaaa gaggaagcct tgtgttgtat ttccctcagg 600gacatttgga acaagccccc gatttctccg ccgcgattta cgggctccct cctcacgtgt 660tctgtcgtat tctcgatgtt aagcttcacg tatgtaacta actctctctt tctttctatt 720ttttgttttg ttttgttttc ttcatttatg ttttctcctc tgctctcaaa gcagagagat 780atgggttttg ttctgttttt ctgattcttt gattttttta attgtttgtt tggtgaatct 840gagttgggtt ttcgatacaa gtatggagat ttgtgccttt ggtttattga attgtttgag 900acaaacgaat ttatgttggg agaaaagttt cctcttttgc tccatttgca tttcttctcg 960tggcattttg atgacgaata cttgaaatcc ccataaatta tcttcagttt tttctttgat 1020gataatgaat ttgatttcaa agtttcgcct tttgctccat tttgatgaca attgatttca 1080gaacaattca attctctgta aaggtttaaa ctttttttgt tgttgtgagg attaataaac 1140aaaatgtggg ggattttgat ttcgtaggca gagacgacta cagatgaagt ttatgctcaa 1200gtctctcttc ttcctgagtc agaggtgagt ttttctttag gctcttgagt tttgtaacaa 1260agagagagaa atttgctcga gcttaggggg tttgagttga tttgttacag gacattgaga 1320ggaaggtgcg tgaaggaatt atagatgttg atggtggaga ggaagattat gaagtgctta 1380agaggtctaa tactcctcac atgttttgca aaacccttac tgcttctgat acaagcaccc 1440atggtggttt ctctgttcct cgccgagctg ctgaggattg cttccctcct ctggtactaa 1500tccactctct gtagattctg taatcagctt tgtacattgc acattgtgtt ctagagttct 1560cttattagct catattgaga gattttaact acataatcat tttgttatgt aggactatag 1620ccagccccgg ccttctcagg agcttcttgc tagggatctt catggcctgg agtggcgatt 1680tcgccacatt tatcgaggta agtttgttgc cttatgttgc aatttttctt gcctggattt 1740agtagatgga aaatttgaat ggtttgagtg acttttaggg caacctagga ggcatttgct 1800cactaccggg tggagtgcgt ttgtgaacaa gaagaagctt gtctctggtg atgctgtgct 1860tttccttagg tagttaaaaa tgcttctatg ttttctcact acacaacctc tttgattttc 1920tgtaagaggt tttgtgatat atgggtttct ctgatacaga ggagatgatg gcaaactgcg 1980actgggagtt agaagagctt ctcaaatcga aggcaccgct gctctctcgg ctcaatataa 2040tcagaatatg aaccacaaca atttctctga agtagctcat gccatatcga cccatagcgt 2100tttcagcatt tcctacaacc ccaagtaagc cccaaccaca atgacctttt ttcgttttca 2160gcatttaaaa tttcatttca gaatcataat tagaatctcc tgaagcctta agttgtgtat 2220tgttctagtt gattgttcct tagaagtttg ttaactccaa taaatatcag gaatttagca 2280ttaatactag ttcactggta aaacattttc agggcaagct ggtcaaactt cataatccct 2340gcaccaaagt tcttgaaggt tgttgactat cccttttgca ttgggatgag atttaaagcg 2400agggttgaat ctgaagatgc atctgagaga aggttactta tagacttata attcaagctt 2460taagataacc ttgcacacct gtgttttata tgcccaactt tctaacatgt ttcacctgtt 2520ttgtcagatc ccctgggatt ataagtggta tcagcgactt ggatccaatc aggtggcctg 2580gttcaaaatg gagatgcctt ttggtaagct atgaattatg ttcttaagtc attagtttgg 2640tctgagaggt cttctataag attgttgcct tttctatatc cgtaagctca ctgctctgaa 2700actatgtttt gacgtcatat tcaggtaagg tgggacgaca ttgtggcaaa tgggcatcaa 2760cagcgtgtct cgccatggga gatcgaacca tctggttcca tctccaattc aggcagcttc 2820gtaacaactg gtcccaagag aagcaggatt ggcttttcct caggaaagcc tgatatccct 2880gtctctggta cacatctact tagccaaaga cattgtacca ctcatataac catttatcgc 2940ctgtaatata acgttttctg ctattattgc agaggggatt cgcgccacag actttgagga 3000atcattgaga ttccagaggg tcttgcaagg tcaagaaatt tttccgggtt ttatcaacac 3060ttgttcggat ggtggagccg gtgccaggag aggccgcttc aaaggaacag aatttggtga 3120ctcttatggt ttccataagg tcttgcaagg tcaagaaaca gttcccgcct actcaataac 3180cgatcatcgg cagcagcacg ggttgagcca gaggaacatt tggtgtgggc cgttccagaa 3240ctttagtaca cgtatcctcc ccccatctgt atcatcatca ccctcttccg tcttgcttac 3300caactcgaac agtcctaacg gacgtctgga agaccatcac ggaggttcag gcagatgcag 3360gctgtttggt ttcccattaa ccgacgaaac cacagcagtt gcatctgcga cggctgtccc 3420ctgcgttgaa gggaattcca tgaaaggtgc gtcagctgtt caaagcaatc atcatcattc 3480gcaaggaagg gacatctatg caatgagaga catgttgcta gacattgctc tctagaaggg 3540ttctttggtt tctgtgtttt atttgcttgt ggcttaagta aagttcttat tttagttgat 3600gatgacttgc tgctaacttt tggaatgtca caagttgtga cttatgagag acttgtaaac 3660ttggttcaag aatgttctgt gttaggttca atttaaaaag tgtttgcatc 3710182935DNAPhaseolus vulgaris 18ccatgataaa ataacatttt gcttgtgaaa tgttactggt tgttttggtt acatccaact 60tcattgatgg tgtcagtgtt ctgtaagtga gaaaattgaa ttttggagtg gtttggttaa 120gagagatggt taaatgtgga ggataacggt agagtgagtt ggtaagagag tgggaatgaa 180agggtttccc aaaaagcgaa ccccataatt gtgtgaggag tgaagagccc aaaaagggtg 240ggaaaaatga agagagagtg attggtcagt gggagagaaa gacagagaca gagaaagcgg 300gtctctttct ttttggagta ttgggtcagg ttcttttggc aatgccaaag ttggtcacgc 360tctctgaaaa tgcaggaggc atgaaaccac tccttcaaat atctcccacc actcactcgc 420tcctgtgctg cttcttcttc tccttctgtt tctgttcctt ctctctctat ctccctcttt 480tctcctcctc ctcctcatgc ctgccctcat cgatctcaac agcgccaccg aggaccatga 540aacgccgtcg tctcgcccat cctccgtctg cctcgaactc tggcacgcct gcgcgggtcc 600tatgatctcc ttgcccaaga aagggaccct tgtcgtgtac ttccctcaag gacacttgga 660acaacacctt cacgattttc cgctccctgc ttctgctaac atcccctccc atctcttctg 720tcgcgttctc gatgtcaagc tccattctga ggaagggagc gatgaggtgt attgccaggt 780ggtgctggtt cccgaaagtg agcaagggca tcagaagttg cgggaagggg aaattgatgc 840tgatggtgaa gaggaggatg ctgaagctgt gatgaagtcc accacacccc acatgttctg 900caagactttg acagcttctg atactagcac tcatggcgga ttctctgtgc ctcgtcgtgc 960tgcggaagat tgttttccac ctctggatta cagtcaacag agaccttcac aggagcttgt 1020ggcgaaggat ctgcatggcc aagaatggag

gttccgacat atttataggg ggcaaccacg 1080acgacacttg cttaccactg ggtggagtgc atttgtgaac aagaagaaac ttgtatctag 1140agatgctgtt ctgtttctta ggggtgagga tggagaactg agattgggaa ttcgtagggc 1200tgctcaattg aaaagtggca gtaccatttc aacttttgct ggccagcaat tgaatcatag 1260cagtcttctg gatgtggtta atgctttatc agcaagatgt gcctttagtg ttcactataa 1320tccaagggtc agttcatctg agttcatcat acccattaag aaattcttga ggagccttga 1380ttattcttat tcagttggaa caagatttag gatgcgtttt gaaactgaag atgctgcaga 1440gcgaagattt acaggattga ttgttggaat tactgatgtg gatcctgtta gatggcctgg 1500atcaaaatgg agatgcctaa tggtaaggtg ggatgacctg gaagccacaa ggcataatag 1560ggtttcaccc tgggagattg agccatctgg ttctgcatct actgcaaata acatgatatc 1620agctggtttg aagaggacca agattggatt gccttcaacc aagctagatt ttcaagtttc 1680caatgcaatt ggagcatcag actttggcga atcactaagg ttccagaagg tcttgcaagg 1740tcaagaaatg ttgggtgtta acacaacttt tgatagtact aatggtcagg gtcaccagct 1800atcagatttg aggagatgct atcctggctc aaactgttct aggattgctg caaccggaaa 1860cagcattgga attccgcaag tgagttccaa tgtttcctgc aatggcatag gcttcagtga 1920atctttcaga ttccagaagg tcttgcaagg tcaagaaata cttccaagcc aaccatatgg 1980aagggccctg tctgttgatg aggcttgtgg aaatggtcgc tttggacctt ttgatggtta 2040ccatacactg agatccagaa atggatggtc ttcccacttg agtaacagtt cttcacattt 2100gcatccacct gttccatctg ggcaagtttc atctccatca tctgtgttaa tgttccagca 2160agcacacaat ccagtttcaa actctgatta caacagcaaa attagtcagg tgatggaagg 2220taaagtccag caacgatcat catacacttc tgaagctaaa ggtggaaaat ttgtatcaac 2280cccttatgag cctcttcgtg gactagctca ggaaggcaca aattcttatg gggtctcaaa 2340cttgcacaat cagtttgaaa cttcacgttc acacgattct atttcagcac ttcgggctac 2400tcaagagttg gttcccacat gtaaaagtcg atgcagagtc tttggcttct cattaactga 2460gggtgctcct gttgcaagta aagaagtagc cggcaccgac ccatcggccg tcacatgttc 2520tggaccttcc tttgcaagac acgctgaaga tgatttccat ccagtgcata gcaaggcagt 2580gggaagttat tgcaccaaag gtgtgctgca atattgactt gaaaatcatg gtgtatggta 2640gtagttatgc tgtcataagg tggcagaaga gaatgttcac tgttgtacta atgtggagaa 2700tatgataact attcgcctaa ctagatattt atcttgttaa attggctgtg acacaatcaa 2760tttctgtatt aatctatgta ctctttattg acttgtaaaa cgatgcatgt gtgttcactg 2820ttatggccat atgaggctct ggtggcactg cataaccctt catttatctt gaattgggca 2880tgattacttt agggaactat agctcatcat gtttcatgac cttaagttat ctcca 2935192762DNALycopersicum esculentum 19aattcgccct tgagtgcgca gttgaactag caaaagggtt taaagatgat gtgtggactt 60attgatctga atactgtgga taacgatgat gccggagaag aaacgacggc gccggtgtca 120ttggattcac cggcgtcgtc gtcggcggca tcaggaagtt cggatttaac gtcgtcaact 180acgccagcgg tggcatcggt gtgtatggag ctttggcatg cgtgtgctgg accgttgatt 240tcgctgccga agaaaggaag tgcggttgtg tacctgcctc aaggtcactt ggaacattta 300tctgagtacc cgtccatagc ctgtaatctc cctcctcatg tgttttgtcg cgttgtagat 360gtgaagctac aagcagatgc ggctactgat gaggtctatg cacaagtctc actagttcct 420gacaatcagc agattgagca gaaatggaag gatggagaca ttgatgctga tattgaagaa 480gaggaaatag aaggtgctgg aaaatcaata acaccacaca tgttctgcaa aactcttact 540gcatcggata ccagcactca tggtggtttc tctgtccctc ggcgggcagc agaagattgt 600tttgctccct tggattacag acaacagagg ccctcgcagg agctggtagc caaagatcta 660catggtatag agtggaaatt tcggcatatc tatcggggtc agccacggcg gcatctgctc 720actacaggat ggagtgcatt tgtaaacaag aagaagcttg tttctggtga cgctgttctt 780ttcttgagga ctggtgatgg agagcttagg ttaggagtga gacgagctgc ccaagcaaaa 840acatgttcta gttatctggc tccttgtagc aaaccgttga atgttagtgg cattgtagat 900gctgttaacg ttatatctag cagaaatgct ttcaacattt gttacaaccc aagggatagc 960tcatcggatt tcattgtacc ttaccacaaa ttctctaaga ctcttgcaca tcccttttca 1020gctggaatga ggtttaaaat gcgtgtcgaa acagaagatg cagctgagca aaggttcact 1080ggactagttg tgggagtcag caatgtagat ccagttcgat ggccaggttc taaatggagg 1140tgcctattgg tcagatggga tgatcttgat gtttctagac ataatagggt ttcaccatgg 1200gagattgagc catctggttc agctcctgtg cccagcagct tggtgatgcc ttctgctaag 1260aggaccaggg ttggcttccc tatttcaaag gcagattttc caattcctag agaaggaatt 1320gcagtatcag actttgggga accttctagg ttccagaagg tcttgcaagg tcaagaaatt 1380ttgaggatgc atgctcctta tggcggactt gatgctcgga gtcctcgtcc agcaggcaca 1440agatgctttc ctggttttcc tagttctggg atatctagaa tgggaaacag catcagaccc 1500ctgtttggtg acactgacaa gtcccatgaa agcattggct ttagtgaatc tcttcgattc 1560aataaggtct tgcaaggtca agaaattttt acaagccctc cttatgggag agctcaagct 1620ggtatccaaa tgcaggagaa aagtaggacc ggtatttttg tcggtattca ggttccaaac 1680catggaaaca ggtggcctgc tccaaatcag gataataaca ctccttgcaa gccaattaat 1740cctgtctcag catcatcacc gccttctgca ctcaattttc agcatccgag ccctccagca 1800tcaaagttcc aggctatgtt caatcataaa catgatcttg ttaaccaggc ttcgttagat 1860ctgtctgaga actgttgtag gtatccgtat ctctcatctg gttcacatac cgaggacatc 1920agtcagaagg aaggtactca aggaatcagc tcgtttggtt tcttaaagga gcaaaagcaa 1980acaggacttt catatctttc tcctgggaca cagtcgtcat tcaaaggcaa tcaaaactta 2040gtttccactt gtaaaactgg ttgcaggatc tttgggttcc ccttgaccga gagtaaaata 2100agtgcaacta gagcggatac tccctctgaa gctgtatact cacatggtct agaaactaca 2160tttctccctt ccagtgatgg aaagttgcag ccggggccac cattgatgac taacgttgtg 2220gggacaaatt ttaccaaagt aaatgacctc tatgcagcaa gagatgtgct tcttgatatt 2280gctctgtagc aggtgtttgt tgtgaggttg tgctagaata tgtagactga aggatgtgtg 2340tgcagcatta ttgattatta gcttttagtt ggcgttgtaa tcttctggct gttgagtgcg 2400caagcatttg gttgccagta gaatgcttat ccagagatga gaattgagag ttattaatga 2460agattgatac cgttgaggaa cgtatgttct tgaaaatttg gtgtatatgt tcctgtgacg 2520ctgatgtact atgtaacaat tggaagctgt gtttgctgca tcaaagatgt ctgtatgata 2580gttgtactct acttgagatg acttctgtat ttgtatattt acctagtcta gatttgctgt 2640gaactaactc gagctcctat aaatcggtaa gtttgttgta ggagctctcg tctcaggaac 2700acaatactgt actgaatttt gtaaggaatt gtcatgtata ttcctgcaat taagggcgaa 2760tt 2762202622DNACitrus clemantina 20ttgacgaagt tgcagcagcc agcagcactt aaaacacttg cctctaaaat gcagtcatga 60aactctctct ccttctcgct ctcaaaagca cttgtttttc acaacttttt cttctcagct 120tccactacaa caccattgta tcgttctaag catctctcta aaatggtggg tttgattgat 180cttaacacaa cagaagacga tgagaatccg tcatcgggat ctttatctcc gtcctcttct 240tctgcttctg ccttgagtgc ttctggtttc gctttagctc ctgcttctgc ttctgcttct 300ggggtgtctt tagagctatg gcacgcatgt gcagggccac taatatctct gcccaagaga 360ggcagtgtgg tcgtttactt ccctcaggga catttggagc atgtctccga tttttccgcc 420gctgcttcag ctgcttatga tctcccccct catctgtttt gtcgggttgc tgatgtcaag 480ctccatgcag aggcggcaag tgatgaggtt tatgcgcagg tctcactggt tccagatgag 540ctaattgagc agaaggtgcg tgaagggaaa attgaggagg atggtgatga ggagagtgtt 600gaggtggttg ctaagtcttc aacaccccac atgttctgca agaccctcac ggcttctgat 660actagcactc atggaggctt ctctgtacct cgtcgagctg cagaagactg cttccctccc 720ctggactata gtcaacagag gccttcacag gagcttgtgg caaaggatct ccatggcctg 780gaatggaggt tccggcacat ttacaggggg caaccacgga ggcatttgct gactactgga 840tggagtgcat ttgttaataa gaagaagctt gtttctggag atgctgtgct tttccttagg 900ggtgaagatg gtgaattgag acttggaatc cgaagagcac ctcatgtaaa aagtggtgct 960actttccctt ctttctgcag ccaacagtcg agtcccaatt ctgtcacaga ggtggttgat 1020gccatagcta ggaagcgtgc tttcagcatt tcctacaatc caagggccag cgcctcagag 1080ttcataattc ctgtcaataa gtttttgaag agccttggtc attctttcgc tgttggaatg 1140aggttcaaaa tgcgttttga aacagaagat gcagcagagc gaagatacac tggagtgatt 1200atgggagtcg gtgacatgga tcctgtgaga tggcctggtt caaaatggag atgcctgttg 1260gtgagatggg atgatgttga gtccaacagg cacaccaggg tatctccatg ggaaattgag 1320ccatctggtt ctgtttgtgg ttccaataac ctgatcacat ctggtttgaa gaggaccagg 1380attggattgc cttctgggaa accagaattt ccagttcctg atggaattgg agtgacagac 1440tttggggaat ctttgaggtt ccagaaggtc ttgcaaggtc aagaaatatt aggttttaac 1500actctttatg atggtggtga ttgtcagaat ctgcatccat ctgaagtaag gaggggcatt 1560cctggttcaa atggttctgg gattgctgct ataggagatg gtagcagaaa cctgcaggtg 1620aaatctgaca tttcctacaa aggcataggc ataggctttg gtgaatcatt ccgattccat 1680aaggtcttgc aaggtcaaga aatatttccg aagtctccat atggaagagc ccctactaat 1740aatgaggctc gtagtattgg cagccttgga atctctgatg gtgttccggt atctggatca 1800agaaatagat ggtctgctgt ggtgccgggc tataacactc atatgagccc atctgcaccg 1860cctgtacaag tgtcatcacc ttcttcggtg ttaatgtttc agctggcaag caatccaatt 1920tctaactata atcctcctta tagcttgaac gatcaggaga aagagcaacg tgtcaactgt 1980caaagctttt ttcataattc tgaaatatat ggaggaaagc atgcatcatc ttcatttctt 2040gaccatagtt tcgtgggggg tgatcaggag gtcatggatt ctataggtca gtcaaatgag 2100catatttcac cacctcttgt aggtcagcca acagttaggg gcagccaaga tttagtttcc 2160tcgtgtaagg gtagctgcag actctttggt ttttcattga ctgaggaaag acatgttgcc 2220aacatagagg acaatgcagc tccagttgcg tctcctttga atcctagatc ttcttttctg 2280tctcatgttg gacagcagtt ccatccaaag cctccagtaa tgtctaaggc aactggaagc 2340aactgtacca atggaatcat gcaacattgt cttggaaatt atgatatata ctaaccaagg 2400tgcagaggta gcacctgggc ttgcagaaga aaatgcttgt aattgctcta attatacata 2460tgctgtagta aatgatacaa tttaattagc tggtgagaaa accaagtgta agtatttttt 2520tcaaagtaac ttgatgtcat gattatgctt aactccacta tggaaagcaa acaacatatg 2580tattgtatta atctattaag tttccagcgg atgttgtcta tt 2622212917DNAFragaria vesca 21ctttcactgt ctttctctgc cacacatcac acccagcagt tgcagcgttg cagaggctgc 60agcactgcag cagagctgca gagagagaca gactcaaaga aataatataa aaattcgcaa 120ggaaaaagat aaaagagaaa gaattcttta aaaaaaacaa atttttaagt cttttgagta 180ttctattggg ttgggtttgg gtctgtcaaa gtttttaaga ttaaagctct gagcttttta 240ttcacataca ccaaaaaaga gtgtgtcttg gtttcttttg ggtgtgtttc ttttagcaaa 300tgccttaaaa atgcacaagt gaaaccagtt gggttgtagt ttgagctttg acacataaaa 360aggcttgagc tttagctttg tctgttgtgt tgtttagagt tttgggttat ggcgggtctg 420atcgatctga acagcacgac ggaggaggag gaggagacgc cgtcatctgg gtcgtcgtcc 480aattcgtctg gctcaaatgg tttgatttct gggtctgttt gcttggagct gtggcacgcc 540tgtgctgggc cactgatttc tttgcccaag aaaggtagtg tggtggttta tcttccacaa 600gggcacttgg agcaagtgag tgattttcca gcctcggttt atgatctccc tgctcatctg 660ttttgccgag ttctggatgt taagcttcat gcggagagtg gtagtgatga agtgtacgca 720caggttcagt tggttcctga aagtgaggaa tttgagcaca aactagggga aagagaaact 780gttgcagatg gggacgagga tgctgagggt tcagagaaat caactacacc ccatatgttc 840tgcaaaaccc ttactgcttc tgatactagc actcatgggg gcttctctgt ccctcgccgt 900gctgctgagg attgttttcc tcccctggat tacagtcaac aaaggccttc acaggagcta 960gtggcaaagg atctgcatgg cctggaatgg aggttcagac atatctatag ggggcagcca 1020cgcaggcatt tgcttaccac tggatggagt gcctttgtga acaagaagaa gctcgtttct 1080ggagatgctg tgttgtttct caggggtgag gatggagaac tgagacttgg agttagaagg 1140gcagcccaag taaaagcttc tgccacttat ccaactcctg gtagccagca tttaaactat 1200aactctgtca cagagctggt ggatgctata tctacgaaga ctgcttttaa cgcctattac 1260aatccaagag ccagctcatc agaatttata atacctttcc gtaagttttt gaggagcctt 1320ggtcattcct tctgtgctgg aatgagattt aaaatgcgct ttgaaacaga agacgccgca 1380gagcaaagat acactggact ggtaacgggg attagtgagt tggatcccct aagatggcct 1440ggttccaagt ggaaatgtgt agctgtacgg tgggatgata tagatactag caagcagcat 1500ggccgggttt ccccatggga aattgagcca tctggttcta tttctaattc cagtggctta 1560atggcatctg gtctgaagag gtccaggatg ggcttatctg cagaaaagca agaatttcca 1620gttcctcatg ggattggagc ctcagacttt ggggaatctt taagattcca gaaggtcttg 1680caaggtcaag aagtttcggg ttttgatact ccttttggtt ctataggggg tcaaaatcag 1740catccctctg aatcgaggag agtctttcac ggctctattg gttctagagg taatgatctc 1800agaaactcat ttgtgaattc tgagattgcc tcaaaaggct ttggtgaatc tttccgattc 1860cagaaggtct tgcaaggtca agaaatattt ccaagcacac catacggaag agctccagct 1920actaatgagg ctcgtgaata tggttgccct ggaatctttg atggttttca ggtgccaagc 1980tttagaaatg gatggtctac gatgatgcag ggcagtaata cacctatgca ccgagctgcc 2040cctgtacagg tgtcatcacc atcatctgtg ctgatgttcc agcaagcaat aaatgcagga 2100gccgagttca attcagtata caatggtcat aaccaacagg aacagagaat aatgcaacgc 2160actcattctg aatcagatgg tgggaagcaa acatcagcct cgttctgtga acgaagcttc 2220accagggagg gtcatggtgg catgaattct tttgatcaac atggtatttc acatcctcct 2280cttttgagtc agtcttcatt gagaggcagt caagatatgg tttcatcatg caaaagtagc 2340tgcagactgt ttggtttctc actgtctgag gaaacacatg ccccaaataa agtggacaac 2400tccacctcag ttacatctgc attagagtct ggagcttcta tgttccccaa tgttgaacca 2460cggtttcatt caaagccgcc ttcgatgtct gcagctgttg ggattccttg taccaaagaa 2520tgggcattta actggcgtgg agaaaggatg gaaagttgtt tacaaggata gtgacaacga 2580cacagagctt gttgtgacgt tccacccaga aatgctacca caatattatg taagaaacac 2640taggctagaa gatgtagtct ttgcgcccga ggattttcgc aggttatgcg tgtgttgtat 2700tttatgtaac tgaactacat ttgaaggtaa aaaaaaagaa aaaaagaaga aggtttgatt 2760aagcgcttct gggtgacttg attgtattat gatgaattaa gctgtaagaa acggtttgca 2820gaatctatga ttgcctcttg aaaaaggggc ctatccgaaa ctgaacaaat tgtaccgatt 2880tgcaattgtt aaataatgtt attacttatc gtcccta 2917222215DNAPrunus persica 22atggggggtc taatcgatct gaacagtgca acggaggacg aggaaacgcc gtcgtctggt 60tcgtcttcaa cttcctctgc ttctgacgct tcggcttcgg cttcggcttc ggtgtgcttg 120gagctgtggc acgcgtgtgc gggcccactg atttcgctgc caaagaaagg gagtgtggta 180gtgtatcttc cacagggcca cttggagcaa gtctctgatt ttccagcttc ggcttataat 240ctcccacctc accttttctg tcgcgttgtt gatgtcaagc tccatgctga gactggtacc 300gacgatgtgt atgcgcaggt ttcacttgtt cctgaaagtg aggaaattga acacaaactg 360cgggaagggg aaactgatgc atatggtgag gaggaggatg tcgaagcaat tgggaagtca 420accacacccc atatgttctg caaaaccctt actgcttctg atactagcac tcatggaggc 480ttctccgtcc ctcgtcgtgc tgctgaggat tgttttcctc ccctggatta caatcaacaa 540aggccttcac aagaactcgt agcaaaggat ctgcatggcc tggagtggag gttcagacat 600atttataggg ggcagccacg aaggcatttg ctcaccactg gatggagtgc atttgtgaac 660aagaagaagc tcgtctctgg agatgcagtg ctgtttctca ggggtgatga tggagaactg 720aggctaggaa ttagaagggc agcccaggtt aaagggtccg ctacttatcc aactctttgt 780agccagcaat taaactataa cactatcacg gacgtggtga atgctatatc catgaagaat 840gcatttaaca tcttctacaa tccaagagcc agctcatcag aattcataat accttcccgt 900aaatttttga ggtcccttga tcattccttt tcacctggaa tgcggttcaa aatgcgtttt 960gaaacagaag atgcagcaga gcgaagatac actgggctga taactggaat tagtgaattg 1020gatcctgtaa gatggcctgg ttcaaaatgg agatgtctag ttgtaaggtg ggatgatata 1080gacacaagta agcatggcag ggtttcccca tgggaaatcg agccatctgg ttctgtttca 1140agttcccata gcttaatggc agctggtttg aagagggcca ggagtggctt gtctgcagca 1200aaaacagaat ttccagttcc taatgggatt ggagcatcag actttgggga atctttaagg 1260ttccagaagg tcttgcaagg tcaagaaatt ttaggttttg atactcattt tggtggttta 1320ggtggtcaga atcaacatcc atctgaacca aggaggggtt ttcatggttc tagtggttct 1380gggattgctg ctggaggtaa tggtctcaga aagtcacttg cgcactctga gattacctca 1440accggcatag gctttggtga atcattccga ttccataagg tcttgcaagg tcaagaaata 1500tttccaagcc caccatatgg aagagcttcc actaataacg aggctcatga atatggtggc 1560cctggaattt atgatggttt tcaggtgcca agctttagaa atgggtggcc tgccatgatg 1620cagagcaata atgcacacgt gcgcccatct gcctcgtctg tgcaagtttc atcaccatcg 1680tctgtgttaa tgttccagca agcaatgaat ccaggcccgg aattcaattc agtatacaat 1740ggtcataacc aggaggaaca gagagttata aaacggactc catatgtctc tgaatcagat 1800ggcggaaagc aagcatcatc ctcattttgt gaacgtagct tcagcaggga agatcatgga 1860ggcatgaatt cttacaatca acatggtatc tcaaatcatc ctgtaataag tcaatcaaca 1920tttagtggca gtcaggatgc ggtttcacca tacaaaggca gctgtagact ctttggtttc 1980tcattgtctg aggaaaaacg tgtcccagac agagagagca actccacctc aactgcatct 2040acattaaatc ctggagtgca gtttcattca aagcctgcat tgatgacatc agcagttgga 2100attacctgta ccaaagaatg ggcttttgac tggcgtggag aaaggatgga aagctgttta 2160caaggatagc gatgatacaa tggcttgttg cagaagatca aaggcagggt cttaa 221523669DNAPyrus communis 23attgcctcaa aaggcatagg ctttggtgaa tcactccgat tccataaggt cttgcaaggt 60caagaaatat ttccaagctc accatatgga agagctccca cttctaacaa agctcatgaa 120tatggtggac ctggagtcta tgatggtttt caggtgcccg gctttagaaa tggatggtcc 180accatgatgc agagcaataa tacacatgtg cacccatctg ccacatctgt gcaagtttca 240tcaccatcgt ctgtgttaat gttccagcaa gcaatcaacc cagttatgga attcaattcg 300gtatacaatg gtcataacca agaggaacat acagttataa atcgaactcc atatgtctct 360gaatatgacg gtggaaggca aacatcatcc tcatttggtg aacgtaactt cagcagggaa 420gataatggtg gcacgcattc ttacagtatt tcaaacgatc cagttataag tcgatcaaca 480tttagtggca gtcaggattc agtttcacca accaaaggta gctgtagact ctttggtttc 540tcattgtctg aggacaaatg tgtcccggat caagccccta ctgctggagt gcggtttcat 600tcaaagcctc ctttgatgac ttcagcagtt ggaattacct gtactaaagt aagcaacctc 660tttgctgca 669243045DNAPopulus tremula 24atggaaagga agaagcactt gaaaaagaaa agataagaga gacagatata gttcccatta 60atatctcttt ttctgtctct ctctctaaca ctactgccac acatcgcatc cttgcagggt 120cttcacagca tggcagcatt gcggcaggca ctgcatctca gttttgcaga tcatgagcaa 180ggaaagaaac ccatgaaaaa ttgagaagaa aataaataaa aagttgaaag ctttaattta 240atttaattta atactagtac cctttaaagc ctttgatttg atatcttaaa aaagcagaga 300gagacaaagg gtctctcttt ttaagagtct tgactctaat ctccttttag gcaattgcca 360aagttgcact ataatgcagt catgaaatct ctcctcgctc acaaaagcac ttgtctttta 420ataaaccttc attattgtta tcaacagtta ctccttgtta ttcttcaaga actctacact 480gttcctgttg ttactgcctt tgtttaggaa aggctataga gctgatcaag gctaaaaatg 540gtgggtatga tagatctcaa cactattgaa gaagatgaaa ctacaccgtc ttgtgggtct 600ttatcttctc catcatcatc ctctgctgct tctgctttga gtgcttctgg ctctggttct 660agtacctctt ctgtttgttt ggagctttgg catgcttgtg ctggcccact aatatctttg 720ccaaagagag ggagtgttgt tgtgtatttc cctcaaggcc acttggaaca actccctgat 780ttgcctcttg cagtttatga tctcccttct catgtcttct gtcgagttgt tgatgtcaag 840ctccatgccg aggcagcaag tgatgaggtg tatgcacagg tctccctggt tcctgagagt 900gaggaaattg agcagaagtt gagggagggg atatttgagg gggatggtga ggaggaggat 960ggtgaagcca ctgtgaagat gacaacaccc catatgttct gtaagaccct aactgcttct 1020gacactagca ctcatggagg cttttcagtc cctcgtcgag ctgctgagga ctgcttccct 1080cctctggatt atactcaaca aaggccttca caagagcttg tggcaaagga tcttcatggc 1140tctgagtgga agtttcgaca tatctacagg ggtcagccac ggaggcattt gctcactact 1200ggatggagtg cgtttgtcaa taagaaaaaa cttgtctctg gggatgccgt tctctttctc 1260aggggtgagg atggggaatt gagactggga gttcgaagag cagcacaagt taaatgtggc 1320cctacatttc cagctcaatg gaatcatcag ctgaatcaga tctctcctgg ggatgtagct 1380aatgctattt ctactagaag ttttttccac atttactaca atccaagggc cagctcatca 1440gagttcataa taccttttaa taaattcttg aagagccttg atcaatcctt ctcttctgga 1500atgagattca aaatgcgttt tgaaacagaa gatgcagcag agagaagata cactggaata 1560ataactggag tcagtgagct agatcctgct agatggcctg gttcaaaatg gaaatgcctg 1620ttggtaaggt gggatgatat ggaggctaac aggctcagca

gggtttctcc ttgggaagtt 1680gagccttctg gttctggttc tttttccagt tccaataact ttacggcacc tggtttgaag 1740aggagcaggt ctggattgcc ttcatcaaag gcagaatttc caattcctga tgggatagga 1800gcaccagact ttagggaatc ttcaaggtcc caggaggtct tgcaaggtca agaaattatg 1860agttttaatg ctctttatga tggtgttgat ggtcagaacc agcacccatc tgaaataagg 1920agttgttttc ctggttacca cagttctggg attgctgcat taggaagtgg tatcagagac 1980tcgattgcca cttcaaataa ctcctacaag ggcataggct ttaacgaatc ttatagattc 2040cataaggtct tccaaggtca agaaattttt ccaagctcac catatggaag aatcccaaat 2100gctaatgagg ctcgtgaaaa ttgtagtctt ggattctctg atggtgtcca aaggtcaagc 2160tcaagctcaa gaaatggatg gtctacattg atgcagggct ataatactca aattcgacct 2220cctgcacaag tatcatcacc atcttcggtg ttaatgtttc agcatgctag caatccagtt 2280ccaaagccat cttccaattt taatttcaat gatcatgtgc agcagacagc taccacccga 2340agttggtttt gtggtcctga aatgcagggg ggggatttca agttgcctgc acattctgag 2400cccagtgtaa aaagaggcgg ccagtggagc aatagtcctt ttggtctgtc ccatgagcat 2460cttcaacatg gtgtttcaca acctattgta gctcaatcag cctttagggg tagtcaagat 2520ttggtgtcgt gcaaaagcag ctgcagactc tttggtttct cattgactga ggataaatgc 2580cttgttaata aggaggacaa tatgacctta ataacatctc cattgaatcc tggatcctcc 2640tttctgcctc gcgcaggaga gcacttccat ccaaagcctc cagcaataaa taatgcagtt 2700gggagcagtt gtaccgaagc aattctgcaa acccgtgctg aaaattatcg aatatactaa 2760tgaggctcgc acaagggatg cttcctgttg cttggtttta tatgtattag cttgtgagag 2820aatataatta ttctcctaag gtaacttggc tatatcctaa ctcctttgac tatgcaacag 2880agctgtttgt acctggtact aatctctgtt agatttccca tgataaccca cattcaagaa 2940tgttctcttc atacagtgca caatccaatc tggaaatgta gttgtaatag cgccagatat 3000tttatatggt tgtcatctct caatatgttt tgttctatgc tagcc 3045252790DNAVitis vinifera 25atggtggcta tgatcgatct caacaccgtc gacgacgacg agacaccctc gtctgggtcg 60tcgtcttcct cctcctcatc cgcctctgct tctgcttcca cagtttgtgg ttctttgttg 120tcggcggcgt cgtcggtatg tttggagctg tggcacgcgt gtgctggccc gctcatatcg 180cttccgaaga aaggcagcct tgtggtgtac tttccacagg gccacctgga gcagctttct 240gattatccgg ccgtagccta tgatctcccg cctcacgtct tctgtcgagt ggttgatgtc 300aagctccatg ccgaggtagt tacggatgaa gtttacgcac aggtctcgct ggttcctgaa 360accaagcaga ttaagcagaa actgcaggaa ggggaaattg aagcagatgg tggtgaagaa 420gaggatattg agggttctat caagtccatg acaccccaca tgttctgcaa aactcttact 480gcttcagata ctagcaccca tgggggtttt tctgtccccc gccgagctgc agaggactgt 540tttcctcccc tggattacaa acagcagaga ccttcacaag agcttgtggc caaagatttg 600catggcttcg aatggagatt ccggcatatc tacagggggc agccaaggcg gcatttgctt 660actactggtt ggagtgcatt tgtaaacaag aagaagcttg tgtctggaga tgctgtactc 720tttcttaggg gtggggatgg agaactaaga ctgggaatcc gaagagcagc tcaaattaaa 780ggttcgtctc ctttcccagc tctttgtagc caacagttga atctcaacac ccttacagct 840gtggtcaatg ctatatccac aagaagtgtt ttcaacatat gctacaatcc gagggctagc 900tcatcagagt tcataatacc gctccgtaaa ttctcaaaga gcattgatca ttcattttct 960gctgggatga ggttcaaaat gcgtgttgaa acagaagatg cagcagaacg aagatatact 1020ggactgataa ctgggatcag tgacatggat cctgttagat ggcctggttc taaatggagg 1080tgcctattgg taaggtggga cgatatagag gctaatcgac ataacagggt ttctccatgg 1140gaaattgagc tatctggttc gctttctggt tctggcagct tgacagttcc tggctcaaag 1200aggaccagga ttggtttgcc gggaactaga ccagattttt cagttcccaa tgggatggga 1260gtgtcagact ttggggaatc ttcaaggttc cagaaggtct tgcaaggtca agaaattttt 1320ggttttaaca ctccttatga tggtgttgat acccaggatc atcatccatc tgaaataagg 1380tgttttcctg gttcaagttg ttctgggatt gctgcaatag gaaatggtgt tagaaaccct 1440cttgggaatt ctgatatttc ctataaaggc ataggctttg gtgaatcttt tcgattccat 1500aaggtcttgc aaggtcaaga aacatttcca agcccaccat gtggaagagc tctgtctgct 1560aaccaggctc atgaaaatgg tagctttgga atctttgatg gtgttcaagt gccgacttct 1620agaaatggat ggcctgccct tgtgcaggga tataatgccc acactcacct gtccacacca 1680tcagtgcaag tgtcgtcacc atcatcggtg ttaatgttcc agcaagcaag cactgctgct 1740cctaacattt actcaatgca tagcgccaat aatcaggaga aggagcaaga aattagtaac 1800cggagttcat ttgatattcc tgaagtgtat ggtgaaaagc tcacaccatc acgttgtgag 1860cttagtgtca ggggaggagg tcagggaggt atgaatttct ttggtctgtt aaacgagcat 1920aatcaactag ctgttccaca tcctcttgta actcaatcag catttagagg cagtcaagat 1980ttagttccta catgtaaaag tagctgcagg ctctttggct tttccttaac ggaggaaaga 2040agcattggaa ataaagtgga caaccccact cctgttacat cttcattgat tcctggaacc 2100tcttttctgc cccagcagtt gcactcagag cctccggtga tgaccaaggc aattggaagc 2160aattgtacca aagtaagtga cttctatgct gtaagggata tgctttttga tattgcgctg 2220tagcgtactg ctgttgtaag atcaaaattg caatttcaca agctggggag tgttgtagac 2280caggcaatta atcgctggaa gcttgatagg catgatgatt tgatttgtgc attgaagcat 2340ttatttgata tggagggagg gcttctgcat ggtgagggaa agttgtttac caggatcatg 2400aggatgttgt gatgcttgtt cgagatgact catggcagga aatctgcagc atttgatgaa 2460aaattatgat atttactaat gaagacgtag tgatggcacc aaacatagat gcttatagtt 2520gctgagaggc acacatggca tcattgatat gtttttagct cttgggcgaa agaactgtaa 2580ttattgccat aacagtaatg tatcttaacc tcccttgcta tggagaacaa tttaaactaa 2640tttactaggt tccttggaat actcagttaa gaaattactt ttaaaactgt atcaaaatat 2700tactctatgt tgttcatcag ttgtgttact gtattgcagc tattgcttct gtatctctgc 2760ttaacattgt tggcttaagg ctgtttccca 279026656DNAMalus domestica 26aacaatgcgc ggctgccgtt gacgttagag tctacgctcc tctctctcct ctctctcctc 60tctctctctc tctaccgttt ataaatcccg tcctcaaacg ccacttctac atcaccgccc 120ctccctctga aatcctctcc ctctctacgc tcctctctct cctctctctt ctctctcttc 180tctctctcta ccgtttataa atcccctgtc ctcaaacgcc acttctacat caccaccccc 240ccctctgaaa atcctctttc tctctctctc tctctctctc tctctgtgaa aaagctctct 300ctctctctct ctgtgaaaaa gttaaacttt aattgcaata tgcaatcaca aactatccca 360tatggaacat ggattccggg cacccgagcc ggccacgcga cgccgtcctc acgcgacgcc 420tcacgtgagc aacacctagc ggcggccagc gtacaaaaaa tggtgtcgga gaatgctgtc 480acggttgtcg gacgacgtgg ctgctgcatg tgccacgtcg tcaagcggct gctcctcggt 540cacggggtca accctacggt tttcggcgat gagccagatc tgaaacaagg gcgaattctg 600cagatatcca tcacactggc ggccgctcga gcatgcatct agagggccca attcgc 65627421DNAMalus domestica 27actctcgctc ccggagctcc tcaaccagtc ggagcagctc cgtcacgtcc ggcggcttag 60gctgcacctg cgcggaggtg cgtgggaagt atacaccaaa ggagcgcgag aacaccgccc 120ccttctgggg tgtcttccca gagctcaacg aaggcgacgg agactttgaa ggagtttccg 180gtttgggatt cgccggcgat ttctgtagcc ccattgccac cctcaccttc ccagcaacca 240ttgcaaaacc ccctctccct ttcactcaac accctgtttc tctcactctc tctctctctc 300tctctctctc tctctctctc tctctctctc tctctctctc tctaaaagtg tgatgttcct 360ctctcaagga tttggggtgt gtgattagct tgcataatcc agcacagagt gaaggggtta 420c 42128707PRTMalus domestica 28Met Ala Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Ser Ala Thr Glu Asp Glu Glu Thr 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser Ser Val Ser Asp Ala Leu 20 25 30 Gly Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Cys Met Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly 35 40 45 Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Val Ser Asp Phe Pro Thr Ser Ala Tyr Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Pro Pro His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala 85 90 95 Glu Thr Gly Thr Asp Asp Val Phe Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu 100 105 110 Ser Glu Glu Ile Glu His Arg Leu Arg Glu Gly Val Thr Asp Ala Asp 115 120 125 Ala Glu Glu Asp Val Glu Ala Met Gly Thr Ser Thr Thr Pro His Met 130 135 140 Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr 165 170 175 Thr Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly 180 185 190 Leu Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His 195 200 205 Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val 210 215 220 Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg 225 230 235 240 Leu Gly Ile Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Phe Lys Ser Ser Ala Thr Cys Pro 245 250 255 Thr Leu Cys Ser Gln Gln Leu Asn Tyr Ser Thr Ile Thr Asp Val Val 260 265 270 Asn Ala Ile Phe Ala Lys Asn Ala Phe Asn Val Tyr Tyr Asn Pro Arg 275 280 285 Ser Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Ser His Lys Phe Leu Arg Ser 290 295 300 Leu Asp His Cys Phe Cys Ala Gly Met Arg Ile Lys Met Arg Phe Glu 305 310 315 320 Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly Ile 325 330 335 Ser Glu Leu Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu 340 345 350 Val Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Ile Asp Thr Ser Lys His Gly Arg Val Ser 355 360 365 Pro Trp Glu Val Glu Arg Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Ser Ser His Thr Leu 370 375 380 Met Thr Thr Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ile Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Lys 385 390 395 400 Pro Glu Phe Pro Val Pro Ser Met Ser Cys Asn Gly Ile Gly Thr Ser 405 410 415 Asp Phe Gly Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu 420 425 430 Ile Ser Gly Phe Asp Thr Pro Phe Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Leu Asn Ser 435 440 445 His Pro Ser Glu Ala Arg Arg Val Phe His Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Gly 450 455 460 Ile Ala Ala Gly Gly Asn Gly Leu Arg Gln Ser Leu Val Asp Ser Glu 465 470 475 480 Ile Ala Ser Lys Gly Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser Phe Arg Phe His Lys 485 490 495 Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Pro Ser Ser Pro Tyr Gly Arg Ala 500 505 510 Pro Ala Ser Asn Glu Ala His Glu Tyr Gly Gly Pro Gly Leu Tyr Asp 515 520 525 Gly Phe Gln Val Pro Gly Phe Arg Asn Gly Trp Ser Thr Met Met Gln 530 535 540 Ser Asn Asn Thr Asn Val His Ser Ser Ala Pro Ser Val Gln Val Ser 545 550 555 560 Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala Met Asn Pro Val Ala 565 570 575 Glu Phe Asn Ser Val Tyr Asn Gly His Asn Gln Glu Asp His Arg Val 580 585 590 Asn Arg Thr Pro His Val Leu Glu His Asp Gly Gly Arg Gln Thr Ser 595 600 605 Ser Ser Phe Gly Glu Arg Asn Phe Ser Arg Glu Asp Arg Gly Gly Thr 610 615 620 His Ser Tyr Asn Gln His Gly Ile Ser Pro His Pro Val Ile Ser Gln 625 630 635 640 Ser Thr Ile Ser Gly Ser Gln Asp Ser Val Ser Pro Ile Lys Gly Ser 645 650 655 Cys Arg Leu Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Ser Glu Asp Lys Cys Val Pro Asp 660 665 670 Gln Glu Gly Asn Pro Asn Val Gly Val Gln Phe His Ser Lys Pro Pro 675 680 685 Leu Met Thr Ser Thr Val Gly Ile Thr Cys Thr Lys Val Ser Asn Leu 690 695 700 Phe Ala Ala 705 29707PRTMalus domestica 29Met Ala Gly Leu Ile Asp Leu Asn Ser Ala Thr Glu Asp Glu Glu Thr 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ser Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser Ser Val Ser Asp Ala Leu 20 25 30 Gly Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Cys Met Glu Leu Trp His Ala Cys Ala Gly 35 40 45 Pro Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Val Val Val Tyr Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gln Gly His Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Asp Phe Pro Thr Ser Ala Tyr Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Pro Pro His Leu Phe Cys Arg Val Val Asp Val Lys Leu His Ala 85 90 95 Glu Thr Gly Thr Asp Asp Val Phe Ala Gln Val Ser Leu Val Pro Glu 100 105 110 Ser Glu Glu Ile Glu His Arg Leu Arg Glu Gly Val Thr Asp Ala Asp 115 120 125 Ala Glu Glu Asp Val Glu Ala Met Gly Thr Ser Thr Thr Pro His Met 130 135 140 Phe Cys Lys Thr Leu Thr Ala Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr His Gly Gly Phe 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Pro Arg Arg Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Pro Leu Asp Tyr 165 170 175 Thr Gln Gln Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Asp Leu His Gly 180 185 190 Leu Glu Trp Arg Phe Arg His Ile Tyr Arg Gly Gln Pro Arg Arg His 195 200 205 Leu Leu Thr Thr Gly Trp Ser Ala Phe Val Asn Lys Lys Lys Leu Val 210 215 220 Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Arg Gly Asp Asp Gly Glu Leu Arg 225 230 235 240 Leu Gly Ile Arg Arg Ala Ala Gln Phe Lys Ser Ser Ala Thr Cys Pro 245 250 255 Thr Leu Cys Ser Gln Gln Leu Asn Tyr Ser Thr Ile Thr Asp Val Val 260 265 270 Asn Ala Ile Phe Ala Lys Asn Ala Phe Asn Val Tyr Tyr Asn Pro Arg 275 280 285 Ser Ser Ser Ser Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Ser His Lys Phe Leu Arg Ser 290 295 300 Leu Asp His Cys Phe Cys Ala Gly Met Arg Ile Lys Met Arg Phe Glu 305 310 315 320 Thr Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Arg Arg Tyr Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr Gly Ile 325 330 335 Ser Glu Leu Asp Pro Val Arg Trp Pro Gly Ser Lys Trp Arg Cys Leu 340 345 350 Val Val Arg Trp Asp Asp Ile Asp Thr Ser Lys His Gly Arg Val Ser 355 360 365 Pro Trp Glu Val Glu Arg Ser Gly Ser Val Ser Ser Ser His Thr Leu 370 375 380 Met Thr Thr Gly Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ile Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Lys 385 390 395 400 Pro Glu Phe Pro Val Pro Ser Met Ser Cys Asn Gly Ile Gly Thr Ser 405 410 415 Asp Phe Gly Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Gln Lys Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu 420 425 430 Ile Ser Gly Phe Asp Thr Pro Phe Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Leu Asn Ser 435 440 445 His Pro Ser Glu Ala Arg Arg Val Phe His Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Gly 450 455 460 Ile Ala Ala Gly Gly Asn Gly Leu Arg Gln Ser Leu Val Asp Ser Glu 465 470 475 480 Ile Ala Ser Lys Gly Ile Gly Phe Gly Glu Ser Phe Arg Phe His Lys 485 490 495 Val Leu Gln Gly Gln Glu Ile Phe Pro Ser Ser Pro Tyr Gly Arg Ala 500 505 510 Pro Ala Ser Asn Glu Ala His Glu Tyr Gly Gly Pro Gly Leu Tyr Asp 515 520 525 Gly Phe Gln Val Pro Gly Phe Arg Asn Gly Trp Ser Thr Met Met Gln 530 535 540 Ser Asn Asn Thr Asn Val His Ser Ser Ala Pro Ser Val Gln Val Ser 545 550 555 560 Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Leu Met Phe Gln Gln Ala Met Asn Pro Val Ala 565 570 575 Glu Phe Asn Ser Val Tyr Asn Gly His Asn Gln Glu Asp His Arg Val 580 585 590 Asn Arg Thr Pro His Val Leu Glu His Asp Gly Gly Arg Gln Thr Ser 595 600 605 Ser Ser Phe Gly Glu Arg Asn Phe Ser Arg Glu Asp Arg Gly Gly Thr 610 615 620 His Ser Tyr Asn Gln His Gly Ile Ser Pro His Pro Val Ile Ser Gln 625 630 635 640 Ser Thr Ile Ser Gly Ser Gln Asp Ser Val Ser Pro Ile Lys Gly Ser 645 650 655 Cys Arg Leu Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Ser Glu Asp Lys Cys Val Pro Asp 660 665 670 Gln Glu Gly Asn Pro Asn Val Gly Val Gln Phe His Ser Lys Pro Pro 675 680 685 Leu Met Thr Ser Thr Val Gly Ile Thr Cys Thr Lys Val Ser Asn Leu 690 695 700 Phe Ala Ala 705

Claims

1-47. (canceled)

48. A method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype the method comprising altering the expression, or activity, of an ARF3 poypeptide in the plant, wherein the dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from: i) one of the following phenotypes in the plant: a) altered auxin transport, b) slower auxin transport, c) reduced apical dominance, d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio, e) an increased number of phloem elements, f) smaller phloem elements, g) thicker bark, h) a bushier habit, i) reduced root mass, and ii) competence to induce one of the following phenotypes in a scion grafted on to the plant: j) reduced vigour, k) less vegetative growth, l) earlier termination of shoot growth, m) earlier competence to flower, n) precocity, o) earlier phase change, p) smaller canopy, q) reduced stem circumference, r) reduced branch diameter, s) fewer sylleptic branches, t) shorter sylleptic branches, u) more axillary flowers, v) an earlier teminating primary axis, w) earlier teminating secondary axes, and x) shorter intenode length y) reduced scion mass.

49. The method of claim 48 comprising increasing the expression of the ARF3 poypeptide in the plant.

50. The method of claim 48 comprising transforming the plant to express the ARF3 poypeptide in the plant.

51. The method of claim 50 comprising transforming the plant with polynucleotide encoding the ARF3 polypeptide.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous promoter.

53. The method of claim 48 comprising modifying the sequence of an endogenous polynucleotide encoding the ARF3 polypeptide in the plant.

54. The method of claim 53 wherein modifying the endogenous polynucleotide alters the activity of the ARF3 polypeptide in the plant to induce the dwarfing-associated phenotype.

55. The method of claim 48 wherein the dwarfing-associated phenotype in the plant is at least one of reduced apical dominance, a bushier habit, an altered xylem/phloem ratio, an increased number of phloem elements and reduced root mass.

56. The method of claim 48 wherein the dwarfing-associated phenotype is the competence to induce at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass, in a scion grafted on to the plant.

57. The method of claim 48 wherein the method includes the step of grafting a scion on to a plant produced by the method.

58. A method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype selected from: j) reduced vigour, k) less vegetative growth l) earlier termination of shoot growth m) earlier competence to flower n) precocity o) earlier phase change p) smaller canopy, q) reduced stem circumference r) reduced branch diameter s) fewer sylleptic branches t) shorter sylleptic branches u) more axillary flowers v) an earlier teminating primary axis, w) earlier teminating secondary axes, x) shorter intenode length y) reduced scion mass the method comprising the steps: A. providing a plant with altered the expression or activity of a ARF3 poypeptide produced by the method of claim 48, B. grafting a scion onto the plant in A wherein at least one of j) to y) is exhibited in the scion grafted on to the plant in A.

59. The method of claim 58 wherein the phenotype exhibited in the scion is at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass.

60. The method of claim 48 in which the ARF3 polypeptide has a sequence with at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:1 to 11, 28 and 29.

61. The method of claim 60 in which the ARF3 polypeptide has a sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

62. The method of claim 60 in which the ARF3 polypeptide comprises a Leucine residue at the position corresponding amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

63. The method of claim 60 in which the ARF3 polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 29 (M9 MdARF3)

64. The method of claim 48 in which the alteration results in expression of an ARF3 polypeptide with a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

65. A construct, cell or plant comprising a polynucleotide encoding an ARF3 polypeptide, or a fragment or variant thereof with ARF3 activity, comprising a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

66. The construct, cell or plant of claim 65 wherein the ARF3 polypeptide comprises at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:2 or 29 (MdARF3).

67. The construct, cell or plant of claim 65 wherein the polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 29 (M9 MdARF3).

68. The construct, cell or plant of claim 65 wherein the polynucleotide has at least 70% identity to at least one of SEQ ID NO:14 and 15.

69. An isolated polynucleotide comprising the sequence with at least 70% identity to at least one of SEQ ID NO:14 or 15, or a fragment thereof, encoding a polypeptide with ARF3 activity.

70. An isolated ARF3 polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of claim 65, or a fragment thereof with ARF3 activity, comprising a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28.

71. A construct comprising the polynucleotide of claim 65 operably linked to a heterologous promoter.

72. A construct comprising the polynucleotide of claim 69 operably linked to a heterologous promoter.

73. A cell plant, plant part, propagule or progeny comprising the polynucleotide of claim 65.

74. A cell plant, plant part, propagule or progeny comprising the polynucleotide of claim 69.

75. A method for identifying a plant with a genotype indicative of at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype, the method comprising testing a plant for at least one of: a) altered expression of at least one ARF3 polypeptide, b) altered expression of at least one ARF3 polynucleotide, c) presence of a marker associated with altered expression of at least one ARF3 polypeptide, d) presence of a marker associated with altered expression of at least one ARF3 polynucleotide, e) presence of a marker associated with altered activity of at least one ARF3 polypeptide, wherein presence of any of A) to E) indicates that the plant has at least one dwarfing--associated phenotype, and wherein the dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from: i) one of the following phenotypes in the plant: a) altered auxin transport, b) slower auxin transport, c) reduced apical dominance, d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio, e) an increased number of phloem elements, f) smaller phloem elements, g) thicker bark, h) a bushier habit, i) reduced root mass, and ii) competence to induce one of the following phenotypes in a scion grafted on to the plant: j) reduced vigour, k) less vegetative growth, l) earlier termination of shoot growth, m) earlier competence to flower, n) precocity, o) earlier phase change, p) smaller canopy, q) reduced stem circumference, r) reduced branch diameter, s) fewer sylleptic branches, t) shorter sylleptic branches, u) more axillary flowers, v) an earlier teminating primary axis, w) earlier teminating secondary axes, and x) shorter intenode length y) reduced scion mass.

76. The method of claim 75 in which the marker associated with altered activity of at least one ARF3 polypeptide is presence of a Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

77. The method of claim 76 in which the method involves detection of a polynucleotide encoding the Leucine residue at a position corresponding the amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).

78. The method of claim 75 including an additional step of at least one of: a) cultivating the identified plant, and b) breeding from the identified plant.

79. A method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype, the method comprising crossing a plant produced by a method of claim 48 with another plant, wherein the off-spring produced by the crossing is a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype.

80. A method of producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype selected from: j) reduced vigour, k) less vegetative growth, l) earlier termination of shoot growth, m) earlier competence to flower, n) precocity, o) earlier phase change, p) smaller canopy, q) reduced stem circumference, r) reduced branch diameter, s) fewer sylleptic branches, t) shorter sylleptic branches, u) more axillary flowers, v) an earlier teminating primary axis, w) earlier teminating secondary axes, x) shorter intenode length, y) reduced scion mass, the method comprising grafting a scion onto a plant produced by a method of claim 48.

81. The method of claim 80 in which the at least one dwarfing associated phenotype is exhibited in the grafted scion.

82. The method of claim 81 in which the grafted scion exhibits at least one of reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference and reduced scion mass.

83. A plant that has been altered from the wild type to include a Leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 28.

84. The plant of claim 83 that has at least one dwarfing associated phenotype selected from: i) one of the following phenotypes in the plant: a) altered auxin transport, b) slower auxin transport, c) reduced apical dominance, d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio, e) an increased number of phloem elements, f) smaller phloem elements, g) thicker bark, h) a bushier habit, i) reduced root mass, and ii) competence to induce one of the following phenotypes in a scion grafted on to the plant: j) reduced vigour, k) less vegetative growth, l) earlier termination of shoot growth, m) earlier competence to flower, n) precocity, o) earlier phase change, p) smaller canopy, q) reduced stem circumference, r) reduced branch diameter, s) fewer sylleptic branches, t) shorter sylleptic branches, u) more axillary flowers, v) an earlier teminating primary axis, w) earlier teminating secondary axes, and x) shorter intenode length y) reduced scion mass.