Patent application number | Description | Published |
20080201630 | Storage controlling device and storage controlling method - According to an aspect of an embodiment, a method of storing user data (UD) with parity data (PD) for correcting the UD in a storage apparatus comprising disk units, each of the disk units storing data in data blocks(DBs), each of the DBs storing the UD or associated PD and position information(PI) indicative of the location of the DBs, comprising: obtaining the UD, dividing the UD into UD blocks (UDBs) which are adapted to be stored in the DBs, and determining which UDBs are to be stored into which DBs, respectively; determining PI of the DBs for storing the UDBs; generating PD for a group of UDBs and associated PI by parity operation using a weighting function to the UDBs and the PI; determining PI for the PD for said group by modifying a part of the PD; and storing the group of the UDBs, associated PI, and the PD. | 08-21-2008 |
20090063769 | RAID APPARATUS, CONTROLLER OF RAID APPARATUS AND WRITE-BACK CONTROL METHOD OF THE RAID APPARATUS - A RAID apparatus includes a plurality of recording devices, a first adaptor connected to a first interface which is connected to a high-level apparatus, a controller for controlling processing of data transmitted by the high-level apparatus, and a second adaptor that connects to a second interface connected to a plurality of recording devices. The controller has a first memory area in which said data are stored, a second memory area used for a write-back of the data in said plurality of recording devices, a write-back information control unit controlling a write-back type of data stored in the first memory area and a usage state of the second memory area, a write-back data determination unit for determination of data to be written-back based on the write-back information, and a write-back execution unit for executing a write-back of the data to be written back on the plurality of recording devices. | 03-05-2009 |
20090113236 | DISK MANAGEMENT METHOD, DISK MANAGEMENT DEVICE AND STORAGE SYSTEM - A disk management method for managing a disk management device for writing and reading data to and from a disk drive in which a recording medium is managed in a first control unit. The disk management method includes an error checking operation for checking an error on the recording medium in the first control unit, an error correction operation for correcting the error detected in the error, an error correcting operation for correcting the error detected in the error checking operation after converting data including the error to the second control unit, a data loss registration operation for registering a region in which data are lost due to an inconsistency between the first control unit and second control unit in a data loss region table, and a data loss recovery operation for recovering the loss of data with reference to the data loss region table. | 04-30-2009 |
20090113237 | STORAGE CONTROL DEVICE, STORAGE CONTROL METHOD AND STORAGE CONTROL PROGRAM - A storage control device includes a first rebuilding unit rebuilding information stored in one of a plurality of storages that fails by using information stored in the plurality of storages excluding said failed storage and storing rebuilt information in a spare storage replaced with the failed storage, a second rebuilding unit rebuilding information stored in two of said plurality of storages that fail by using information stored in said plurality of storages excluding the two failed storages and storing rebuilt information in two spare storages replaced with the two failed storages, and a rebuilding control unit for controlling said first rebuilding unit and second rebuilding unit where one of said spare storages fails during rebuilding the data stored in said two failed storages to replace the failed spare storage with other spare storage whereby said second rebuilding unit continues rebuilding the data. | 04-30-2009 |
20090290247 | Abnormality determining apparatus - In a RAID apparatus, an error determining processing unit determines whether an HDD is normal based on an error determining condition obtained from an amount of increase of NON MEDIUM ERROR COUNT and the number of accesses memorized on a control table, and detects the HDD with abnormal performance. | 11-26-2009 |
20090327605 | DISK ARRAY APPARATUS, CONTROLLER AND CONTROLLING METHOD THEREFOR, AND RECORDING MEDIUM IN WHICH CONTROLLING PROGRAM IS STORED - A disk array apparatus includes a first converting unit that performs first conversion on storing object data received in a first control unit from a controller to convert the storing object data into data in a second control unit, the controller including a selecting section that selects, on the basis of the access state monitored by a monitoring section, one from the controller and said first converting unit, and a second converting unit that performs, if the controller is selected by the selecting section, a second conversion, different from the first conversion, on the object data to convert the object data managed in the first control unit into the data in the second control unit. With this configuration, the disk array apparatus accomplishes the object to improve the accessibility to different types of storage units that manage data storing in different control units. | 12-31-2009 |
20090327801 | Disk array system, disk controller, and method for performing rebuild process - In a disk array system, when a failure occurs in a disk unit under control, a disk controller performs a rebuild process for rebuilding data stored on the faulty disk unit on a spare disk unit (HS). When a rebuild control section accepts an I/O request from a host before completing the rebuild process in all target areas, the rebuild control section specifies a management unit area including a target area of the I/O request and determines whether the rebuild process is completed in the management unit area. If the rebuild process is not completed in the management unit area, the rebuild control section performs the rebuild process in the management unit area by a rebuild process section and rebuilds data on the HS. After that, an I/O request handling section handles the I/O request. | 12-31-2009 |
20100083005 | Encryption device and encryption method - Even if failure, or the like, occurs during the encryption process, the encryption process is surely resumed. A flag changing unit changes an encryption flag of one disk to being encrypted after an encryption request is received and before the encryption of the data stored on the one disk is started. The flag changing unit changes the encryption flag of the one disk to having been encrypted and changes the encryption flag of the other disk to being encrypted before copying the encrypted data from the one disk to the other disk is started. The flag changing unit changes the encryption flag of the other disk to having been encrypted after copying to the other disk is completed. | 04-01-2010 |
20100095150 | Raid-group converting apparatus and method - A RAID-group converting apparatus converts two RAID groups into one RAID group. The RAID-group converting apparatus includes: a data-reading unit that reads at least non-parity data from data including the non-parity data and parity data, for each stripe from a plurality of recording media belonging to the two RAID groups; a parity-generating unit that generates two parities using the data belonging to a same stripe read by the data-reading unit; and a parity-writing unit that writes the two parities generated by the parity-generating unit into a parity storage area belonging to the same stripe. | 04-15-2010 |
20100205372 | DISK ARRAY CONTROL APPARATUS - A disk array control apparatus controls a disk array having a redundant configuration with two or more disk devices and a spare disk provided for lack of redundancy in the disk array. And the disk array control apparatus includes a failure detecting unit for detecting the lack of redundancy in the disk array, and a rebuilding control unit for performing rebuilding processing on a dedicated spare disk device assigned to the disk array with the lack of redundancy, the dedicated spare disk being the spare disk dedicatedly assigned to the two or more disk arrays including the disk devices having a same characteristic as that of the spare disk. | 08-12-2010 |
20100218038 | STORAGE CONTROL DEVICE, STORAGE CONTROL METHOD, AND STORAGE CONTROL PROGRAM - A storage control device for managing data in a storage while maintaining redundancy of the data includes a formatting management table, a formatting processing section, a recovery management table and a recovery processing section. The formatting management table manages a formatted region and an unformatted region in a management target volume. The formatting processing section executes formatting of the unformatted region in the management target volume on the basis of the formatting management table. The recovery management table retains a content of the formatting management table at a point of occurrence of a redundancy restoration event when a redundancy restoration event has occurred during formatting. The recovery processing section executes recovery of a formatted region, which had been formatted at the point of occurrence of the redundancy restoration event, on the basis of the recovery management table in parallel with the formatting. | 08-26-2010 |
20100228917 | DEVICE MANAGEMENT APPARATUS, DEVICE INITIALIZATION METHOD, AND DEVICE SYSTEM - A device management apparatus that executes an initialization processing to a device that stores user data includes a first initialization processing section for executing a first initialization processing in which a progress status of an initialization is notified to another device management apparatus every time when the initialization equivalent to a processing unit of the initialization processing is executed to the device, a second initialization processing section for executing a second initialization processing in which a progress status of an initialization is notified to the another device management apparatus every time when the initialization for the predetermined number of processing units is executed to the device, a monitoring unit for monitoring a status of access to the device and an operation state of the device, and a changeover section for changing over the first initialization processing and the second initialization processing based on a monitoring result. | 09-09-2010 |
20100229033 | STORAGE MANAGEMENT DEVICE, STORAGE MANAGEMENT METHOD, AND STORAGE SYSTEM - A storage system includes data storage devices, spare storage devices used when a failure occurs in a data storage devices, a group management unit that divides the data storage devices into groups and implements a redundancy, a data storage device restoration unit that assigns the spare storage device as a replacement when a failure occurs, and a configuration change unit changing configuration of the group to which the data storage devices belong. The configuration change unit includes, a spare storage device securing unit that secures the spare storage device, a change processor that writes data concerning the group into the spare storage device, and a change restoration unit that performs continuation of the configuration change, or restoration of the group to a state in a start, using the data written into the spare storage device when the configuration change of the group is interrupted. | 09-09-2010 |
20100262775 | RAID CONTROL APPARATUS AND RAID SYSTEM - A RAID system performs host I/O processing during RAID formatting of a plurality of physical disk drives. The controller executes sequential format processing and one-point format processing. A RAID format writing size (SFS) for sequential format processing is set larger than a RAID format writing size (OFS) for one-point format processing. Delay of host I/O processing is reduced, so that the time required for RAID formatting can be shortened. | 10-14-2010 |
20100325478 | DISK CONTROLLER AND DISK CONTROL METHOD - A disk controller for controlling disk devices for storing redundant data distributed thereacross, the disk devices providing a logical volume, the disk devices including pool volumes allocatable to one of the logical volume. The disk controller includes a memory for storing information indicating a relationship between the pool volumes and the logical volume; and a processor for performing data reconstruction in accordance with a failure of the disk devices, a process of the data reconstruction, the processor being configured to detect an error in a part of the pool volumes included in the other disk devices when reading data from the pool volumes included in the other disk devices, determine whether the detected pool volume is allocated to the logical volume in reference to the information, and initialize the part of the detected pool volume when the detected pool volume is unallocated to the logical volume. | 12-23-2010 |
20110191538 | STORAGE DEVICE, METHOD FOR RESTORING DATA IN STORAGE DEVICE AND STORAGE CONTROLLER - A virtual volume control unit allocates, upon detection of a write request for new data in a virtual volume to be accessed, an actual storage space of a physical medium existing in the same storage group to the virtual volume in accordance with volume capacity of the new data. A storage control unit stores the new data as actual data in the actual storage space of the physical medium allocated to the virtual volume. And a restoration control unit causes, upon detection of a fallback in data redundancy in the storage group, the actual data in a stored space among the actual storage spaces in the physical medium that caused the fallback to be preferentially restored in an actual storage space in a destination physical medium with reference to the physical media other than the physical medium that caused the fallback in the storage group. | 08-04-2011 |
20110191629 | STORAGE APPARATUS, CONTROLLER, AND METHOD FOR ALLOCATING STORAGE AREA IN STORAGE APPARATUS - A storage apparatus for storing data includes a plurality of physical media provided with storage areas to store data, a storage group determining unit configured to determine, upon detecting a request to write new data to a virtual volume to be accessed, a storage group from which to allocate storage area by selecting a storage group from among a plurality of storage groups made up of the plurality of physical media, wherein the selected storage group is other than any storage groups that include a physical medium where a failure has occurred, and a storage area allocator configured to allocate storage area on the physical media existing within the storage group that was determined by the storage group determining unit to the virtual volume, the size of the storage area corresponds to the data size of the new data. | 08-04-2011 |
20110246717 | STORAGE APPARATUS, RECORDING MEDIUM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING STORAGE APPARATUS - A storage apparatus has a plurality of storage media including each storage area in which a stripe is set extending over the storage area of the plurality of storage media. An access unit that writes a format data into the storage area, wherein when the plurality of storage media are formatted, the access unit writes an unformatted-state identifier indicating incompletion of formatting into at least a portion of storage area to be included in the stripe, or when the storage area to be included in the stripe is accessed for writing new data, the access unit reads out existing data stored in the storage area included in the stripe to be accessed. And when the unformatted-state identifier is detected from the existing data that has been read out, the access unit writes the new data or the format data to be written by formatting into the storage area. | 10-06-2011 |
20110264949 | DISK ARRAY - A disk array provided with a RAID group in a Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) configuration with redundancy of two, the disk array includes, a data recovery technique selecting unit to select a technique for recovering data from a first failed disk to be recovered first, the technique being selected from among a plurality of techniques based on the type of storage apparatus included in the RAID group, and I/O conditions with respect to the RAID group, when failures occur in two storage apparatus in the RAID group, a data recovering unit to split recovered data from the first failed storage apparatus and writing the recovered data to two recovery storage apparatus in accordance with the data recovery technique selected by the data recovery technique selecting unit, and an aggregating unit to aggregate the recovered data onto one of the two recovery storage apparatus. | 10-27-2011 |
20110289273 | DISK ARRAY DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING DISK ARRAY DEVICE - A disk array device includes, a cache memory, a plurality of types of disk drives of which data transfer capacity are different, redundant transmission paths that are data transfer paths between the cache memory and the disk drives, and a controller to divide the disk drives into two groups based on the data transfer capacity and allocate each of the two groups to each of the redundant transmission paths when the disk drives have three types. | 11-24-2011 |
20110296103 | STORAGE APPARATUS, APPARATUS CONTROL METHOD, AND RECORDING MEDIUM FOR STORAGE APPARATUS CONTROL PROGRAM - According to an embodiment, a storage apparatus including: a plurality of storage media of which a first RAID is composed, a logical storage area of the first RAID for storing data being set over; a plurality of expansion storage media of which a second RAID is composed; a spare storage medium that is different from in any of the storage media or the expansion storage media; and a configuration control unit that when the spare storage medium is set in the first RAID, sets the logical storage area in the storage media, and when the expansion storage media are set in the storage apparatus, sets the expansion storage media in the second RAID, excludes the spare storage medium that is set in the first RAID, and moves the logical storage area that is set in the first RAID to the second RAID. | 12-01-2011 |
20120011317 | DISK ARRAY APPARATUS AND DISK ARRAY CONTROL METHOD - When executing a sequential process on a volume of disks constituting RAID, a disk array apparatus determines whether a process other than the sequential process is executed in a predetermined period. The disk array apparatus specifies a disk type when the execution determining unit determines that no process other than the sequential process is executed in the predetermined period. The disk array apparatus then determines a multiplicity according to the disk type and executes the sequential process with the determined multiplicity. | 01-12-2012 |
20120233406 | STORAGE APPARATUS, AND CONTROL METHOD AND CONTROL APPARATUS THEREFOR - A control apparatus, coupled to a storage medium via communication links, controls data write operations to the storage medium. A cache memory is configured to store a temporary copy of first data written in the storage medium. A processor receives second data with which the first data in the storage medium is to be updated, and determines whether the received second data coincides with the first data, based on comparison data read out of the storage medium, when no copy of the first data is found in the cache memory. When the second data is determined to coincide with the first data, the processor determines not to write the second data into the storage medium. | 09-13-2012 |
20120236427 | STORAGE APPARATUS AND CONTROLLER - A storage apparatus includes a plurality of first storage mediums in which data is redundantly stored and a controller. The controller includes a formatting section which performs formatting in each of the plurality of first storage mediums, a detection section which detects a failure that has occurred in the plurality of first storage mediums, a control section which makes the formatting section stop the formatting at the time of the detection of the failure by the detection section and which rebuilds the data stored in the plurality of first storage mediums in which the failure has occurred in a second storage medium other than the plurality of first storage mediums, and a rebuild processing section which rebuilds the data stored in the plurality of first storage mediums in the second storage medium in accordance with instructions from the control section. | 09-20-2012 |
20130019122 | STORAGE DEVICE AND ALTERNATIVE STORAGE MEDIUM SELECTION METHODAANM Daikokuya; HidejirouAACI KawasakiAACO JPAAGP Daikokuya; Hidejirou Kawasaki JPAANM Ikeuchi; KazuhikoAACI KawasakiAACO JPAAGP Ikeuchi; Kazuhiko Kawasaki JPAANM Watanabe; TakeshiAACI KawasakiAACO JPAAGP Watanabe; Takeshi Kawasaki JPAANM Kubota; NorihideAACI KawasakiAACO JPAAGP Kubota; Norihide Kawasaki JPAANM Igashira; AtsushiAACI YokohamaAACO JPAAGP Igashira; Atsushi Yokohama JPAANM Kobayashi; KenjiAACI KawasakiAACO JPAAGP Kobayashi; Kenji Kawasaki JPAANM Tsukahara; RyotaAACI KasawakiAACO JPAAGP Tsukahara; Ryota Kasawaki JP - A storage device includes: a determination unit to determine an operation of a storage group including a plurality of storage medium based on an access operation on a logical volume serving as an access target of the storage group; and a selection unit to select based on the operation of the storage group, when a failure of at least one of the plurality of storage medium is detected, an alternative storage medium from the at least one of the plurality of storage medium. | 01-17-2013 |
20130024730 | DISK CONTROL APPARATUS, METHOD OF DETECTING FAILURE OF DISK APPARATUS, AND RECORDING MEDIUM FOR DISK DIAGNOSIS PROGRAM - A disk control apparatus includes a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor in which executes a process as follows. The process includes diagnosing whether or not a failure has occurred on each of a plurality of disk apparatuses, determining, when the failure has occurred, whether or not the failure is a pre-defined failure, and excluding from diagnosis targets, when the failure is the pre-defined failure, a disk apparatus group included in a RAID together with a failed disk apparatus that is determined to have the pre-defined failure in the plurality of disk apparatuses. | 01-24-2013 |
20130047028 | STORAGE SYSTEM, STORAGE CONTROL DEVICE, AND STORAGE CONTROL METHOD - A control device manages a plurality of storage devices so that data to be recorded is redundantly recorded in different storage devices. An error monitoring unit monitors an occurrence of an error in each of the plurality of storage devices to register information indicative of error occurrence conditions in an error information storage unit for each storage device. When the use of one of the plurality of storage devices is stopped, a rebuild controller determines a timing to perform rebuild processing based on past error occurrence conditions in the storage devices other than the one storage device of the plurality of storage devices by referring to information registered in the error information storage unit. | 02-21-2013 |
20130047029 | STORAGE SYSTEM, STORAGE CONTROL APPARATUS, AND STORAGE CONTROL METHOD - A storage control apparatus manages a plurality of storage devices which belong to an RLU such that data is made redundant between different storage devices. If a first storage device fails, a rebuild controller executes a rebuild process to store the same data as recorded in the first storage device in a spare storage device. When the rebuild controller executing the rebuild process has failed in reading out data from a second storage device, a data recovery controller restarts the first storage device, and reads out data to be stored in the spare storage device from the restarted first storage device. | 02-21-2013 |
20130054907 | STORAGE SYSTEM, STORAGE CONTROL APPARATUS, AND STORAGE CONTROL METHOD - A storage system including first storage devices constituting a first logical storage area, second storage devices constituting a second logical storage area; and a storage control apparatus. The storage control apparatus manages the first and second logical storage areas so that the data stored in the first and second logical storage areas have redundancy, and parity data for the data stored in the second logical storage area are stored in parity storage areas arranged in part of the second storage devices. When part of the first storage devices constituting part of the first logical storage area fail, the storage control apparatus generates part of the data stored, before the failure, in the part of the first storage devices, and stores the generated part of the data in at least part of the second parity storage areas in the second logical storage area. | 02-28-2013 |
20130054913 | STORAGE SYSTEM, AND APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING STORAGE - A rebuild control unit splits a rebuild process into partial processes and instructs an access processing unit to execute the partial processes. In the rebuild process, data identical to data recorded in a first storage device that constitutes RLU #1 is generated based on data read from, among storage devices constituting RLU #1, storage devices other than the first storage device and written to a spare storage device included in a storage system. Each partial process includes a combination of an operation of reading data from a split range created by splitting a data readout target range into fixed-size intervals and an operation of writing data in another storage device based on the data read from the split range. In response to the instruction from the rebuild control unit to execute the multiple partial processes, the access processing unit executes the instructed partial processes in parallel. | 02-28-2013 |
20130067165 | DISK ARRAY DEVICE AND DISK ARRAY DEVICE CONTROL METHOD - A disk array device includes hard disks from which RAID groups are configured. Therein, a volume setting unit sets one or more used areas. A data check control unit determines, on the basis of the state into which the used areas have been set, which areas in the RAID groups are subject to a diagnosis. A data check execution unit that executes a cyclical diagnosis on the areas determined, by the data check control unit, to be those subject to a diagnosis. | 03-14-2013 |
20130151771 | DISK ARRAY DEVICE, CONTROL DEVICE AND DATA WRITE METHOD - A disk array device includes: a plurality of disk devices including a strip that stores divided data or a parity; a control device to divide the stripe for each of the plurality of disk devices into the divided data having a size of the strip and write the divided data; and a memory to store new data that corresponds to the divided data stored in the strip, wherein the control device detects whether or not the new data is discrete and performs a first write operation or a second write operation when the new data is discrete. | 06-13-2013 |
20130246862 | INFORMATION PROCESSING APPARATUS AND MAINTENANCE METHOD OF AN INFORMATION PROCESSING APPARATUS - An information processing apparatus includes: processing units to perform information processing, the processing units being capable of continuing the information processing even if a processing unit in the processing units stops its operation; and a control unit to perform a potential failure detection process of restarting the processing units one by one and outputting information requesting replacement or repair of a processing unit that is not restarted up. | 09-19-2013 |
20130262762 | STORAGE SYSTEM AND STORAGE CONTROL METHOD - A storage system includes a storage device having a command reordering function and a storage control apparatus that controls access to the storage device. Commands are issued to the storage device for reading or writing data. The storage control apparatus sets an upper limit to write data size or read data size specified in the commands during a predetermined period after a timeout of an issued command, so as to make it less likely for the storage device to postpone some of the issued commands. | 10-03-2013 |
20140009850 | CONTROL METHOD AND SYSTEM - A control method of controlling a disk storage unit, includes: obtaining, by a computer, for a plurality of sectors allocated on a disk included in the disk storage unit, track identifying information that identifies a track to which sectors belong, in a first order starting from a first start sector; and storing, if first track identifying information obtained in a first sector of the plurality of sectors does not match second track identifying information obtained in a second sector of the plurality of sectors immediately before the first sector, a data length from the first start sector to the second sector in a storage unit. | 01-09-2014 |
20140075240 | STORAGE APPARATUS, COMPUTER PRODUCT, AND STORAGE CONTROL METHOD - A storage controller detects a failure of any one of storage units making up a RAID group. The storage controller incorporates plural hot spares HS into the RAID group, as substitute storage units for the detected failed storage. The storage controller restores the memory contents of the failed storage unit onto each of the hot spares incorporated into the RAID group. Upon detecting replacement of the failed storage unit in the RAID group, the storage controller incorporates into the RAID group, a replacement storage unit that has replaced the failed storage unit. | 03-13-2014 |
20140089730 | STORAGE CONTROL DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING STORAGES - A processor copies first information stored in a first storage to a backup volume. The processor stores management information when a first piece of the first information is updated to second information after the copy. The processor executes, when a failure occurs in the first storage, first restoration based on the management information and reference information stored in reference storages other than the first storage. The first restoration restores the second information to a spare storage. The processor executes second restoration based on the management information and the reference information. The second restoration restores third information to the spare storage. The processor stops the second restoration when a failure occurs in a second storage while the second restoration is being executed. The processor executes third restoration based on the first information stored in the backup volume and the management information. The third restoration restores fourth information to the spare storage. | 03-27-2014 |
20140289478 | CONTROL DEVICE, AND STORAGE SYSTEM - A control device that controls a reading process of information stored in a unit storage area under control of the control device and a unit storage area under control of a different control device in a distributed manner, the control device includes a processor. The processor executes a procedure including determining whether or not the reading process is a sequential reading process that reads information stored in a unit storage area under control of the control device in an order of logical addresses and whether or not a reading target area of the sequential reading process includes a last address in the unit storage area, and reporting to the different control device control information related to a sequential reading process including the last address determined by the first determination unit. | 09-25-2014 |
20140380090 | STORAGE CONTROL DEVICE AND STORAGE CONTROL METHOD - A storage control device includes a processor. The processor is configured to detect medium error regions in a first memory device. A medium error has occurred in each of the medium error regions. The processor is configured to conduct, on a first medium error region, data recovery processing for recovering data stored therein. The processor is configured to conduct copy processing for copying first data of a peripheral region of the first medium error region from the first memory device to a second memory device other than the first memory device. | 12-25-2014 |
20150074452 | STORAGE CONTROL DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING STORAGE DEVICES - A storage control device includes a storage unit and a processor. The storage unit is configured to store therein a first score calculated for a first storage device. The processor is configured to add, upon detecting an event occurred in the first storage device, points corresponding to the event to the first score. The processor is configured to determine upon the addition, based on the first score and a second score, whether a sign of failure of the first storage device is detected. The second score is calculated for a first redundant unit of storage devices including the first storage device. | 03-12-2015 |