| Entries |
| Document | Title | Date |
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| 20080242898 | Process for the preparation of propylene glycol - A process for the preparation of propylene glycol from glycerol by a high pressure and temperature hydrogenation reaction is described. In a particular embodiment, a base is present in the solvent mixture with an alkanol or ether of the alkanol. The reaction progresses over a transition metal catalyst. Propylene glycol is used for antifreeze and deicing compositions. | 10-02-2008 |
| 20090054701 | FLEXIBLE GLYCEROL CONVERSION PROCESS - The present invention relates to a process for converting byproducts of the manufacture of biodiesel into industrially useful oxygenated products of greater commercial value. The process includes a trickle bed reactor in which a glycerol-rich feedstock is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel-tungsten catalyst under typical refining condition of high temperature and pressure, yielding propane synfuel or propanediols. | 02-26-2009 |
| 20090099392 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING 3-METHYL-1,5-PENTANEDIOL - Provided is a method for producing 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol by hydrogenating 2-hydroxy-4-methyltetrahydropyran in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, characterized in that the hydrogenation is further carried out in the presence of a basic compound. By this method, in producing MPD by hydrogenation of MHP, high-purity MPD can be produced by effectively suppressing generation of by-products such as MPAE and MVL even when a known hydrogenation catalyst is used. | 04-16-2009 |
| 20090105509 | METHOD OF PRODUCING LOWER ALCOHOLS FROM GLYCEROL - This invention relates generally to a process for value-added processing of fats and oils to yield glycerol and glycerol derivatives. More particularly, the process converts glycerol to acetol and then acetol to propylene glycol to produce a propylene glycol with ultra-low amounts of ethylene glycol. The propylene glycol thus produced may be used as an antifreeze, deicing compound, or anti-icing compound. | 04-23-2009 |
| 20090137849 | METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF POLYMERIC BY-PRODUCTS FROM 1,4-BUTYNEDIOL - The present invention relates to processes for making 1,4-butanediol, 1,4-butenediol, or a mixture thereof by processing 1,4-butynediol in a dynamic mixing apparatus in an inert gas atmosphere at from 25 to 150° C. at a shear rate in the radial gap between rotor and stator of the mixing apparatus of more than 100 000 sec | 05-28-2009 |
| 20090177018 | Process for Producing Product of Hydrogenolysis of Polyhydric Alcohol - The present invention relates to a process for producing hydrogenolysis products of polyhydric alcohols with a high selectivity as well as hydrogenolysis catalysts used in the hydrogenolysis reaction. The present invention provides a process for producing a hydrogenolysis product of a polyhydric alcohol which includes the step of reacting the polyhydric alcohol with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst containing (A) a platinum-supporting heterogeneous catalyst component and (B) at least one catalyst component selected from the group consisting of tungsten components and molybdenum components, or in the presence of a catalyst containing a heterogeneous catalyst component formed by supporting (A′) platinum and the above catalyst component (B), on a common carrier; as well as catalysts for hydrogenolysis of polyhydric alcohols. | 07-09-2009 |
| 20090216050 | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1,2-PROPANEDIOL - The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2-propanediol, in which a glycerol-containing stream, in particular a stream obtained on an industrial scale in the production of biodiesel, is subjected to a hydrogenation. | 08-27-2009 |
| 20090264686 | Hydrogenolysis processes and hydrogenolysis catalyst preparation methods - Hydrogenolysis processes are provided that can include providing a hydrogenolysis reactor having a catalyst therein. The catalyst can be exposed to a reducing agent in the absence of polyhydric alcohol compound while maintaining a temperature of the catalyst above 290° C. Hydrogenolysis processes can also include providing a passivated catalyst to within a reactor and exposing the catalyst to a reducing atmosphere while maintaining the catalyst at a temperature less than 210° C. | 10-22-2009 |
| 20100022807 | CATALYTIC PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS - The invention relates generally to the production of oxygenated hydrocarbons such as lower alcohols and more preferably 1,2-propanediol. More particularly, this invention comprises a single-step catalytic process for the catalytic production of lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol from glycerol in aqueous medium. The catalyst comprises a metal selected from the Group VIII transition metals, preferably platinum, alloys thereof and mixtures thereof and a microporous carrier, preferably a faujasite-type zeolite. | 01-28-2010 |
| 20100094066 | GAS PHASE REACTION PROCESS FOR POLYHYDRIC COMPOUNDS - The present invention provides processes for the gas phase conversion of a polyhydric feedstock into an oxygen-containing product. The polyhydric feedstock comprises water and at least one polyhydric compound having from about four to about twelve carbon atoms and more than three hydroxyl groups. Also provided are processes for the separation of the oxygen-containing product from the reaction product mixture. | 04-15-2010 |
| 20100099924 | METHOD OF PRODUCING LOWER ALCOHOLS FROM GLYCEROL - A reactive-separation process converts glycerin into lower alcohols, having boiling points less than 200° C., at high yields. Conversion of natural glycerin to propylene glycol through an acetol intermediate is achieved at temperatures from 150° to 250° C. at a pressure ranging from 1 and 25 bar. The preferred applications of the propylene glycol are as an antifreeze, deicing compound, or anti-icing compound. The preferred catalyst for this process in a copper-chromium powder. | 04-22-2010 |
| 20100204527 | PROCESS FOR THE HYDROGENATION OF GLYCEROL TO PROPYLENE GLYCOL - A process for the production of propylene glycol by reaction of a feed material comprises glycerol in the presence of hydrogen which comprising the steps of: (a) supplying a stream comprising the feed material to a first vaporisation zone and contacting said feed with cycle gas comprising hydrogen such that at least a portion of the feed is vaporised by and into the cycle gas; (b) supplying at least a portion of the cycle gas and the vaporised feed material to a first reaction zone comprising catalyst and operating under reaction conditions to allow hydrogenation and dehydration to occur such that a major part of the glycerol is converted; (c) recovering from the first reaction zone an intermediate product stream comprising cycle gas, minor amounts of unconverted glycerol, and desired product(s); (d) supplying the intermediate product stream from the preceding reaction zone to a final vaporisation zone and contacting it with additional feed material such that an amount of glycerol, approximately equivalent to that vaporised in the preceding vaporisation zone, is vaporised by and into the intermediate product stream; (e) supplying the stream from step (d) to a final reaction zone comprising catalyst and operating under reaction conditions to allow hydrogenation and dehydration to occur such that a major part of the glycerol is converted; and (f) recovering from the final reaction zone a final product stream comprising cycle gas, minor amounts of unconverted feed glycerol and the desired product(s). | 08-12-2010 |
| 20100240934 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING 1,2-PROPANDIOL BY HYDROGENATING GLYCERINE IN A TWO-STEP REACTOR CASCADE - The present invention relates to a process for preparing 1,2-propanediol, in which a glycerol-containing stream, especially a stream obtained on the industrial scale in the production of biodiesel, is subjected to a hydrogenation in a two-stage reactor cascade. | 09-23-2010 |
| 20100317901 | NANO-METAL CATALYSTS FOR POLYOL HYDROGENOLYSIS - A catalyst composition can include: a support; a ruthenium catalyst (Ru) nanoparticle; and a linker linking the Ru nanoparticle to the support, wherein the linker is stable under hydrogenolysis conditions. In one aspect, the linker can include 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTS) or derivatives thereof, such as those with amine functionality. In another aspect, the linker can include phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or other similar solid acid agents. In another aspect, the support can be selected from alumina, carbon, silica, a zeolite, TiO | 12-16-2010 |
| 20110004029 | POLYOL HYDROGENOLYSIS BY IN-SITU GENERATED HYDROGEN - A catalyst composition/system can include: a platinum catalyst metal (Pt) and/or rhenium catalyst metal (Re) on a first support; and a ruthenium catalyst metal (Ru) and/or rhenium catalyst metal (Re) on a second support or a platinum catalyst metal (Pt) and a ruthenium catalyst metal (Ru) and/or a rhenium catalyst metal (Re) on the same support. The Pt:Ru, Re:Pt and/or Re:Ru weight ratio can be between about 1:4 and about 4:1. The support can be alumina, carbon, silica, a zeolite, TiO | 01-06-2011 |
| 20110040131 | METHOD OF PRODUCING PROPYLENE GLYCOL - Propylene glycol is produced by a method of producing propylene glycol, the method including: obtaining propylene glycol by performing catalytic hydrogenation of glycerol in the presence of a catalyst, the catalyst containing zinc oxide and at least one of copper and copper oxide, and the catalyst, after being reduced at 180° C. to 230° C. in the presence of hydrogen, showing a half width of from 0.4 to 1.1 of a peak having a peak top at a position at which a diffraction angle (2θ±0.2°) is 43.1° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained using CuKα as a radiation source. | 02-17-2011 |
| 20110060168 | IMPROVED HYDROGENATION PROCESS - The present invention provides an improved hydrogenation processes wherein heat is efficiently managed so that catalyst productivity is optimized. More particularly, in the processes of the present invention, a nonaqueous solvent is added to a reactant to provide a nonaqueous solvent/reactant mixture that can act as a heat sink and absorb at least a portion of the heat generated within the reactor. Desirably, a reaction product, or a solvent with a minimal number of hydroxyl groups, is utilized so that the formation of unwanted byproducts can be minimized. | 03-10-2011 |
| 20110112335 | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL - The present invention relates to a process for producing an odorless and colorless industrial grade propylene glycol from glycerol obtained during the manufacturing of biodiesel. The process includes hydrogenating the glycerol to form a hydrogenated product, distilling the hydrogenated product to form a glycol product, and contacting the glycol product with a treatment bed. The propylene glycol may be used in various industrial and consumer applications and products such as personal care products. | 05-12-2011 |
| 20110207972 | CATALYSTS AND PROCESSES FOR THE HYDROGENOLYSIS OF GLYCEROL AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING POLYOLS AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL - Catalysts for replacing rhenium-containing multimetallic catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of organic compounds to desired polyols, including the conversion of glycerol to propylene glycol, are described. The catalysts are carried on carbon supports, as well as carbon supports impregnated with Zirconium Scandium (ZrSc), Zirconium Yttrium (ZrY), Titanium Scandium (TiSc), or Titanium Yttrium (TiY) to texture the carbon support and to create oxygen-ion vacancies that can be used during the desired reactions. Processes for the hydrogenolysis of organic compounds to desired polyols using the disclosed catalysts, including the conversion of glycerol to propylene glycol, are also described. | 08-25-2011 |
| 20110306804 | METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR GENERATING POLYOLS - Disclosed are methods for generating propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and other polyols, diols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and alcohols from biomass using hydrogen produced from the biomass. The methods involve reacting a portion of an aqueous stream of a biomass feedstock solution over a catalyst under aqueous phase reforming conditions to produce hydrogen, and then reacting the hydrogen and the aqueous feedstock solution over a catalyst to produce propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and the other polyols, diols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and alcohols. The disclosed methods can be run at lower temperatures and pressures, and allows for the production of oxygenated hydrocarbons without the need for hydrogen from an external source. | 12-15-2011 |
| 20110313209 | CATALYTIC PROCESS FOR CONTINUOUSLY GENERATING POLYOLS - A catalytic process for generating at least one polyol from a feedstock comprising cellulose is performed in a continuous manner. The process involves, contacting, continuously, hydrogen, water, and a feedstock comprising cellulose, with a catalyst to generate an effluent stream comprising at least one polyol, water, hydrogen, and at least one co-product. The water, hydrogen, and at least one co-product are separated from the effluent stream and recycled to the reaction zone. The polyol is recovered from the effluent stream. | 12-22-2011 |
| 20110313210 | CATALYTIC PROCESS FOR CONTINUOUSLY GENERATING POLYOLS - A catalytic process for generating at least one polyol from a feedstock comprising cellulose is performed in a continuous manner. The process involves, contacting, continuously, hydrogen, water, and a feedstock comprising cellulose, with a catalyst to generate an effluent stream comprising at least one polyol, water, hydrogen, and at least one co-product. The water, hydrogen, and at least one co-product are separated from the effluent stream and recycled to the reaction zone. The polyol is recovered from the effluent stream. | 12-22-2011 |
| 20110313211 | PROCESS FOR MAKING 1, 2-PROPANE DIOL FROM HYDROGENATION OF GLYCEROL - This invention is a process for making 1,2-propane diol from glycerol. The process comprises subjecting a glycerol stream to hydrogenation conditions in the presence of a transition metal promoted skeletal copper catalyst to enhance selective production of 1,2-propane diol product. Chromium promoted catalyst is preferred for this invention, and moreover, it is preferred that the skeletal copper catalyst is prepared from copper aluminum alloys that have been subjected to leaching conditions selected to achieve at least 40% leaching of aluminum from the alloy. This process is particularly conducive to conducting the hydrogenation with reactant mixture in the liquid phase. The catalysts used in this invention are particularly suitable for use in a fixed catalyst bed, but can be activated and sized so that the catalyst is also suitable for use in slurry based reactions. | 12-22-2011 |
| 20120142976 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGENOLYSIS PRODUCTS OF POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS - The present invention relates to a process for producing hydrogenolysis products of polyhydric alcohols with a good selectivity and a high yield, as well as hydrogenolysis catalysts used in the production process. The present invention provides (1) a process for producing a hydrogenolysis product of a polyhydric alcohol which includes the step of reacting the polyhydric alcohol with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst containing a copper component, wherein the catalyst is a catalyst (A) containing the copper component, an iron component and an aluminum component, or a catalyst (B) containing the copper component and a silicon component; and (2) a hydrogenolysis catalyst for polyhydric alcohols which includes a copper component, an iron component and an aluminum component, and (3) a hydrogenolysis catalyst for polyhydric alcohols which includes a copper component and a silicon component. | 06-07-2012 |
| 20120172633 | METHODS FOR PREPARING ETHYLENE GLYCOL FROM POLYHYDROXY COMPOUNDS - This invention provides methods for producing ethylene glycol from polyhydroxy compounds such as cellulose, starch, hemicellulose, glucose, sucrose, fructose, fructan, xylose and soluble xylooligosaccharides. The methods uses polyhydroxy compounds as the reactant, a composite catalyst having active components comprising one or more transition metals of Groups 8, 9, or 10, including iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, and platinum, as well as tungsten oxide, tungsten sulfide, tungsten hydroxide, tungsten chloride, tungsten bronze oxide, tungsten acid, tungstate, metatungstate acid, metatungstate, paratungstate acid, paratungstate, peroxotungstic acid, pertungstate, heteropoly acid containing tungsten. Reacting at a temperature of 120-300° C. and a hydrogen pressure of 1-13 MPa under hydrothermal conditions to accomplish one-step catalytic conversion. It realizes efficient, highly selective, high yield preparation of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol from polyhydroxy compounds. The advantage of processes disclosed in this invention include renewable raw material and high atom economy. At the same time, compared with other technologies that converts biomass raw materials into polyols, methods disclosed herein enjoy advantages including simple reaction process, high yield of targeted products, as well as easy preparation and low cost for the catalysts. | 07-05-2012 |
| 20120178974 | MESOPOROUS CARBON SUPPORTED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE CATALYSTS, PREPARATION AND APPLICATIONS THEREOF - A supported tungsten carbide catalyst comprises tungsten carbide as its active component and a mesoporous carbon as its support, wherein tungsten carbide is highly dispersed on the surface and in the channels of the mesoporous carbon, and the content of tungsten element is in the range from 30% to 42% by mass based on the mesoporous carbon. This catalyst can be prepared by impregnation process. This catalyst can be used for the direct catalytic conversion of cellulose to ethylene glycol under the hydrothermal conditions and at a temperature of 245° C. and the hydrogen pressure of 6 MPa with high reactivity, selectivity and stability. | 07-12-2012 |
| 20130217923 | NOVEL STRUCTURED CATALYST - The present invention relates to novel structured catalysts based on sintered metal fibers (SMF) coated by a basic oxide layer with Pd-nanoparticles, to reactions of organic compounds with hydrogen in the presence of said catalyst and an organic base as well as to vitamins, carotinoids, perfume ingredients, and/or food or feed ingredients prepared by using this reaction. | 08-22-2013 |
| 20130225874 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING HIGH-PURITY SORBITOL SYRUPS FROM SUCROSE AND USES THEREOF - The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a sorbitol syrup having a total reducing sugar content no higher than 0.2% and mannitol content of less than 1%, with 70 wt % of dry matter. Said manufacturing method is characterized in that it includes the steps of: (a) hydrolyzing a solution of sucrose in a solution of invert sugars, (b) separating the solution of invert sugar by simulated moving bed chromatography into, on the one hand, a dextrose syrup having at least 99.3%, preferably 99.4%, more preferably at least 99.5%, and even more preferably 99.7% of dextrose content and, on the other hand, a fructose syrup having at least 90%, preferably 92% of fructose content, and (c) hydrogenating said dextrose syrup into a sorbitol syrup having a reducing sugar content no higher than 0.2% and a mannitol content of less than 1%, with 70 wt % of dry matter. | 08-29-2013 |
| 20130253230 | PASSIVATION OF A HOMOGENEOUS HYDROGENATION CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL - A process for making ethylene glycol by feeding reactants including 1,2-dioxygenated organic compounds, an organometallic homogeneous catalyst, and hydrogen to a hydrogenation reactor, reacting at least a portion of the reactants with hydrogen in the presence of the organometallic homogeneous catalyst to produce a reaction product mixture containing ethylene glycol, and passivating the catalyst by contacting the catalyst with a carbon monoxide to thereby suppress the formation of by-product diols other thatn the ethylene glycol primary product, and suppress the formation of by-product tetrols and by-product glycolaldehyde acetals; and separating at least a portion of the ethylene glycol from the reaction product mixture. | 09-26-2013 |
| 20130253231 | Chemical Production Processes and Systems - Hydrogenolysis systems are provided that can include a reactor housing an Ru-comprising hydrogenolysis catalyst and wherein the contents of the reactor is maintained at a neutral or acidic pH. Reactant reservoirs within the system can include a polyhydric alcohol compound and a base, wherein a weight ratio of the base to the compound is less than 0.05. Systems also include the product reservoir comprising a hydrogenolyzed polyhydric alcohol compound and salts of organic acids, and wherein the moles of base are substantially equivalent to the moles of salts or organic acids. Processes are provided that can include an Ru-comprising catalyst within a mixture having a neutral or acidic pH. A weight ratio of the base to the compound can be between 0.01 and 0.05 during exposing. | 09-26-2013 |
| 20130289318 | PRODUCTION OF ALPHA, OMEGA-DIOLS - Disclosed herein are processes for preparing an α,ω-C | 10-31-2013 |
| 20130289319 | PRODUCTION OF ALPHA, OMEGA-DIOLS - Disclosed herein are processes for preparing an α,ω-C | 10-31-2013 |
| 20130310613 | INTEGRATED HYDROLYSIS/HYDROPROCESSING PROCESS FOR CONVERTING FEEDSTOCKS CONTAINING RENEWABLE GLYCERIDES TO PARAFFINS AND POLYOLS - An integrated process for producing paraffins and polyols from renewable feedstocks has been developed in which a hydrolysis process is integrated with the hydroprocessing step, producing products suitable for use as transportation fuels. Integration allows the use of common equipment which minimizes cost, raw material consumption, and energy requirements. | 11-21-2013 |
| 20140005444 | METHODS FOR HYDROTHERMAL DIGESTION OF CELLULOSIC BIOMASS SOLIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF A DISTRIBUTED SLURRY CATALYST | 01-02-2014 |
| 20140005445 | METHODS FOR HYDROTHERMAL DIGESTION OF CELLULOSIC BIOMASS SOLIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF A SLURRY CATALYST AND A DIGESTIBLE FILTER AID | 01-02-2014 |
| 20140121419 | METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING LIGNIN DURING HYDROTHERMAL DIGESTION OF CELLULOSIC BIOMASS SOLIDS - Digestion of cellulosic biomass solids may be complicated by release of lignin therefrom. Methods for digesting cellulosic biomass solids may comprise: providing cellulosic biomass solids in a digestion solvent; at least partially converting the cellulosic biomass solids into a phenolics liquid phase comprising lignin, an aqueous phase comprising an alcoholic component derived from the cellulosic biomass solids, and an optional light organics phase; combining at least the phenolics liquid phase and the aqueous phase with one another, thereby forming a combined phase; and separating at least a portion of the alcoholic component from at least a portion of the combined phase. | 05-01-2014 |
| 20140249335 | Chemical Production Processes and Systems - Hydrogenolysis systems are provided that can include a reactor housing an Ru-comprising hydrogenolysis catalyst and wherein the contents of the reactor is maintained at a neutral or acidic pH. Reactant reservoirs within the system can include a polyhydric alcohol compound and a base, wherein a weight ratio of the base to the compound is less than 0.05. Systems also include the product reservoir comprising a hydrogenolyzed polyhydric alcohol compound and salts of organic acids, and wherein the moles of base are substantially equivalent to the moles of salts or organic acids. Processes are provided that can include an Ru-comprising catalyst within a mixture having a neutral or acidic pH. A weight ratio of the base to the compound can be between 0.01 and 0.05 during exposing. | 09-04-2014 |
| 20150031923 | MANGANESE OXIDE-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA CATALYST SUPPORT MATERIALS - The present disclosure relates generally to catalyst support materials, catalysts and methods for using them, such as methods for converting sugars, sugar alcohols, glycerol, and bio-renewable organic acids to commercially-valuable chemicals and intermediates. One aspect of the invention is catalyst support material including ZrO | 01-29-2015 |
| 20150094498 | PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL FROM GLYCEROL - Processes and systems for converting glycerol to propylene glycol are disclosed. The glycerol feed is diluted with propylene glycol as the primary solvent, rather than water which is typically used. The diluted glycerol feed is sent to a reactor where the glycerol is converted to propylene glycol (as well as other byproducts) in the presence of a catalyst. The propylene glycol-containing product from the reactor is recycled as a solvent for the glycerol feed. | 04-02-2015 |
| 20150099903 | PRODUCTION OF ALPHA, OMEGA-DIOLS - Disclosed herein are processes for preparing an α,ω-C | 04-09-2015 |
| 20160002129 | PROCESS FOR HYDROGENOLYSIS OF GLYCEROL - A process for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to produce propylene glycol as the major product comprising contacting the glycerol with hydrogen in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst under conditions for the formation of propylene glycol is disclosed. In particular, propylene glycol is formed with a selectivity of greater than about 90%. | 01-07-2016 |
| 20160023975 | Production of Alpha, Omega-Diols - Disclosed herein are processes for preparing an α,ω-C | 01-28-2016 |
| 20160083318 | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF GLYCOLS - The invention provides a process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol from starting material comprising one or more saccharides, by contacting said starting material with hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a solvent and a catalyst system with catalytic hydrogenation abilities, wherein the process comprises the steps of: i) introducing a first portion of the starting material into the reactor such that the initial concentration of the saccharide in the solvent in the reactor is no more than 2 wt %; ii) allowing at least 90 wt % of the saccharide in the first portion of the starting material to react; iii) subsequently adding further portions of starting material to the reactor over time; and removing reaction product from the reactor. | 03-24-2016 |
| 20160168061 | METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR GENERATING A POLYOL FROM BIOMASS USING MULTIPLE REACTION ZONES AND CATALYSTS | 06-16-2016 |
