Class / Patent application number | Description | Number of patent applications / Date published |
361930700 | Resistor sensor | 40 |
20080198526 | SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE - A semiconductor device includes a switching element outputting from a sense terminal a sense current at a fixed rate relative to a main current flowing in the switching element; a sense resistor connected at a first end to the sense terminal and to ground at a second end; a correction current generating circuit that supplies and extracts a correction current to at the first end of the sense resistor; an overcurrent protective circuit that receives a sense voltage generated when the sense current and the correction current flow through the sense resistor, and outputs a stop signal when the sense voltage is larger than a reference voltage; and a driving circuit that stops driving the switching element when the stop signal is received from the overcurrent protective circuit. | 08-21-2008 |
20080232017 | Overcurrent detecting circuit and semiconductor device - A highly precise temperature compensation is applied in the detection of overcurrent. A control circuit detects a potential difference produced across a wire owing to the resistance of the wire and a load current that flows into the wire, which connects an NMOS transistor and an output terminal, and controls the NMOS transistor so as to limit the load current if the potential difference exceeds a prescribed value. The control circuit | 09-25-2008 |
20080253049 | Circuit for load current measurement, limitation and switching - There is described a circuit for measuring, limiting and switching a load current on a load. To achieve a circuit of this type with a high degree of accuracy in the current measurement and with a low dispersion range, it is proposed that a measurement current is generated through a current mirror connected between a first supply line and a load, said measurement current being routed through a measuring resistor and resulting in a measurement voltage which is used for evaluation purposes hereupon. A switching transistor, to which a switching voltage can be applied by way of a resistor, is used to switch the load in a currentless fashion. A limitation of the load current is herewith also achieved by means of the switching transistor and an additional transistor in that when the load current is increased by means of the additional transistor, the voltage at the control electrode of the switching transistor is reduced until a balanced condition is set with a predefinable current value. | 10-16-2008 |
20080259514 | METHOD, APPARATUS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR DETECTING EXCESS CURRENT FLOW IN A PLUGGABLE COMPONENT - Detecting excess current flow in a pluggable component is performed by completing a first current supply path between a power source and a pluggable component, and subsequently completing a second current supply path in parallel with the first current supply path. The first and second current supply paths form a current divider for supplying the pluggable component with electrical power from the power source. The first current supply path includes a current sensing mechanism for sensing current consumption of the pluggable component. The sensed current consumption is used to provide excess current detection for the pluggable component. | 10-23-2008 |
20080291595 | Protection Unit For An Ac/Dc Low-Voltage Power Supply Line - Protection unit for an AC or DC low-voltage power supply line, comprising means for detecting the current circulating in one or more power supply line conductor(s) and at least first electronic protection means operatively coupled to a circuit breaker with at least one pole for inserting along said conductor, characterized in that said detection means comprise at least one resistor suitable for electrical connection in series with said circuit breaker pole and for enabling the passage of the current circulating in said conductor, and at least a first electronic processing circuit that receives a signal indicative of the voltage at the terminals of said resistor and delivers to said first electronic protection means a signal that is indicative of the current circulating in said line conductor. | 11-27-2008 |
20080297966 | CONTROL AND PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR AN OUTPUT OF AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT - The invention relates to an electronic control and protection system for an output channel of automation equipment. It comprises: i) a device for switching ( | 12-04-2008 |
20080304197 | DRIVE CIRCUIT OF VOLTAGE DRIVEN ELEMENT - A protection circuit is installed between a gate terminal (a control terminal) and an emitter terminal (a ground terminal) of a voltage driven element generally called a power device. The protection circuit is structured as a duplex protection system in which a first discharge circuit is configured to perform a discharge from the control terminal at a current value set in accordance with a current flowing between the load terminal and the ground terminal, an overcurrent generation detection device is configured to detect an existence of an overcurrent between the load terminal and the ground terminal, and a second discharge circuit is configured to perform the discharge from the control terminal at a predetermined constant current value after the overcurrent is detected. | 12-11-2008 |
20080304198 | POWER SUPPLY APPARATUS, POWER SUPPLY APPARATUS CONTROL METHOD - A power supply apparatus comprises a current limiting unit connected in series between a power source and a power supply circuit that limits output current of the power source; a first switch connected in series with the current limiting unit; a second switch connected in parallel with the current limiting unit; a resistor connected in series between the power source and the current limiting unit; an abnormal current detection unit, connected in parallel with the resistor, that detects the current flowing through the resistor and determines whether or not the detected current is abnormal; and a control unit that turns on the first switch if the abnormal current detection unit detects a current, and, thereafter, turns the second switch on if the detected current is not abnormal, and turns the first switch off if the detected current is abnormal. | 12-11-2008 |
20090161278 | SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION CIRCUIT - A short-circuit protection circuit includes a power supply, a first resistor, and an optocoupler. The optocoupler includes a light-emitting diode and a phototransistor, one end of the first resistor is connected to the anode of the power supply and the other end of the first resistor is connected to the anode of the light-emitting diode, the cathode of the light-emitting diode is grounded, the collector of the phototransistor is connected to the anode of the power supply, and the emitter of the phototransistor is grounded via a load circuit, the cathode of the power supply is grounded, when a short circuit occurs in the load circuit, the light-emitting diode turns off, the phototransistor turns off accordingly, and the voltage of the power supply does not provide voltage to the load circuit. | 06-25-2009 |
20090237851 | Semiconductor integrated circuit device having overcurrent limitation circuit - A semiconductor integrated circuit device includes an output transistor, an overcurrent detection circuit and overcurrent limitation circuit. The overcurrent detection circuit includes a first transistor detecting an overcurrent of the output transistor. The overcurrent limitation circuit is connected between a gate and a source of the output transistor. The overcurrent limitation circuit includes a plurality of resistance elements and a diode connected in series between the gate and the source of the output transistor in series, and a second transistor whose gate is connected to a connection point between the resistance elements and that is cascade connected to the first transistor. | 09-24-2009 |
20090284886 | POWER AMPLIFIER - A power amplifier for driving a load connected to an output terminal having an output transistor connected in parallel with a corresponding current detection path between the output terminal and a power supply. The detection path includes a switching device and a resistor connected in series, the switching device is turned on only during an on-state period of the corresponding output transistor, and the presence or absence of over-current generation is detected at the output transistors on the basis of a sensing signal obtained from a point connecting the switching device and the resistor. When over-current is detected, the operation of the output transistors is stopped to protect the amplifier. | 11-19-2009 |
20090303650 | MONITORING CIRCUIT FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE - Provided is a technology for monitoring the electrical resistance of an element such as a fuse whose resistance is changed due to the electrical stress among internal circuits included in a semiconductor device. The present invention provides a monitoring circuit to monitor the change in the device specification during the device is being programmed and after the device is programmed. The present invention enables the verification of an optimized condition to let the device have a certain electrical resistance, by comparing the load voltage and the fuse voltage with the reference voltage that can sense the range of resistance variation more precisely. Also, it can guarantee device reliability since it is still possible to sense electrical resistance after the electrical stress is being given. Also, the present invention can increase the utility of the fuse by possessing an output to monitor electrical resistance sensed inside of the semiconductor. | 12-10-2009 |
20100134942 | SURFACE-MOUNTED OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE - A surface-mounted over-current protection device with positive temperature coefficient (PTC) behavior is disclosed. The surface-mounted over-current protection device comprises a first metal foil, a second metal foil corresponding to the first metal foil, a PTC material layer stacked between the first metal foil and the second metal foil, a first metal electrode, a first metal conductor electrically connecting the first metal foil to the first metal electrode, a second metal electrode corresponding to the first metal electrode, a second metal conductor electrically connecting the second metal foil to the second metal electrode, and at least one insulated layer to electrically insulate the first metal electrode from the second metal electrode. The surface-mounted over-current protection device, at 25° C., indicates that a hold current thereof divided by the product of a covered area thereof and the number of the conductive composite module is at least 0.16 A/mm | 06-03-2010 |
20100149713 | Current Limit Control with Current Limit Detector - Devices, such as mobile devices, may be exposed to short circuit and output overload events. To protect against such events, mobile devices typically include circuitry to limit currents so as not to exceed a pre-programmed current limit. Various embodiments of the present invention include devices and methods for detecting pre-programmed current limits and for limiting currents in response to such detection. In some embodiments, both the current limit detector and the current limit controller circuitry include scaled current switches. The scaling may be substantially similar between the programmed-current limit detector and the current limit controller circuitry. | 06-17-2010 |
20110085275 | OVERCURRENT PROTECTION APPARATUS FOR LOAD CIRCUIT - An overcurrent protection apparatus for a load circuit can detect an overcurrent with a high accuracy without being influenced by a deviation ±ΔRon of the on-resistance of a semiconductor element (T | 04-14-2011 |
20110228436 | APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PROTECTING BATTERY PACK BY DETECTING DESTRUCTION OF SENSE RESISTOR IN BATTERY PACK - An apparatus for protecting a battery pack includes a fuse and a sense resistor, connected on a circuit path along which a charging or discharging current flows, and a fuse control switch for controlling the fuse. Also, the apparatus further includes a Schottky diode having one end connected to the sense resistor and the other end connected to the fuse control switch. Thus, destruction of a sense resistor serving an important role in the battery pack protecting apparatus is detected to melt and cut the fuse, thereby preventing any element from being damaged due to overcurrent and thus improving the safety of a battery pack at a low cost. | 09-22-2011 |
20110235225 | OVERCURRENT PROTECTION CIRCUIT - An overcurrent protection circuit includes an operational amplifier, a first resistor, a second resistor, and a switch. A non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to an output of a power supply circuit and an inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to a first terminal of a load of the power supply circuit. A second terminal of the load is grounded. The first and second resistors are connected in parallel and coupled between the inverting input and the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier. The switch is coupled to an enable terminal of the power supply circuit and coupled to an output of the operational amplifier. | 09-29-2011 |
20110261495 | E-fuse System For Supplying Current To A Load Along More Than One Path - An electronic fuse system includes plural current paths, each operable to be coupled between a power source and a load, and each including a switching element and a current sensing resistor in series with the path such that the path passes current when the switching element is turned on and does not pass current when the switching element is turned off. A controller has two sense inputs and a control output. The control output is coupled to the switching elements in each of the plural current paths and is operable to turn them all on or off simultaneously responsive at least in part to the sense inputs. A summing resistor is connected across the two sense inputs, and coupling circuitry is operable to couple voltages appearing across the current sensing resistors to the summing resistor. | 10-27-2011 |
20120069481 | VOLTAGE SWITCHING CIRCUIT, SECONDARY BATTERY PROTECTION CIRCUIT, AND BATTERY PACK - A voltage switching circuit for a secondary battery protection circuit in a battery pack having a negative power supply terminal and a current-detection resistor. The secondary battery protection circuit has a charger negative power supply terminal and a detection circuit. The voltage switching circuit has a first input terminal to which a voltage obtained by converting a current flowing through the current detection resistor is supplied, a second input terminal to which voltages at the negative power supply terminal and at the charger negative power supply terminal are supplied, an output terminal, and a selection terminal. The voltage switching circuit causes an output voltage to switch between the voltages from the first input terminal and the second input terminal according to selection at the selection terminal when an excess current is detected and when the battery pack returns to a chargeable-dischargeable state from a charge-discharge inhibit state. | 03-22-2012 |
20120087053 | CONSTANT VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT - A constant voltage power supply circuit includes an output voltage dependent over-current protection circuit unit and a drooping over-current protection circuit unit. The output voltage dependent over-current protection circuit unit reduces, when an output current which is output from an output terminal of an output control transistor exceeds a first set value which is determined in advance, the output current from the first set value in a manner dependent on a reduction of an output voltage which is output from the output terminal. The drooping over-current protection circuit unit detects, with an external resistor, the output current which is output from the output terminal of the output control transistor, and reduces, when the detected output current exceeds a second set value which is determined in advance and which has a lower value than the first set value, the output voltage while maintaining the output current at the second set value. | 04-12-2012 |
20120182661 | OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE - An overcurrent protection device includes a power input terminal, a power output terminal, a first signal terminal, a second signal terminal, a testing circuit, and a switch element. The power input terminal and the first signal terminal are connected to a power supply. The power output terminal and the second signal terminal are connected to a computer motherboard. If the first and second terminals are disconnected from each other when the computer motherboard works, the power supply stops working. The testing circuit includes a fixed resistor and a control chip parallel connected between the power input and output terminal. The control chip stores a predetermined voltage threshold, and detects voltage between the two terminals of the fixed resistor, and compares the measured voltage with the predetermined voltage threshold. The switch element disconnects the first and second signal terminals when the measured voltage is greater than the predetermined voltage threshold. | 07-19-2012 |
20120200969 | Resistive Element, Infrared Light Sensor, and Electrical Device - A resistive element which includes an element body that contains, as its main constituent, an oxide conductor represented by RBaMn | 08-09-2012 |
20120243137 | GRADED RESISTANCE SOLID STATE CURRENT CONTROL CIRCUIT - A circuit fault detector and interrupter which consists of parallel current conduction paths, including a path through a mechanical contactor and a path through a power electronics switch having active feedback control. A fault can be detected by a fault detection circuit within 50 μS of the occurrence of the fault, causing the mechanical contactor to be opened and the fault current to be commutated via a laminated, low-inductance bus through the power electronics switch. The power electronics switch is thereafter turned off as soon as possible, interrupting the fault current and absorbing the inductive energy in the circuit. The fault current can be interrupted within 200 microseconds of the occurrence of the fault, and the device reduces or eliminates arcing when the mechanical contactor is opened. | 09-27-2012 |
20120281327 | SELF-ADAPTIVE SURGE-PROOF CIRCUIT - A self-adaptive surge-proof circuit is used in a switching power supply device. The switching power supply device includes an AC input, a filter-rectifier circuit connected to the AC input, and a power converter circuit connected to the filter-rectifier circuit. The self-adaptive surge-proof circuit includes a surge suppression unit connected between the filter-rectifier circuit and the power converter circuit, a switching unit connected in parallel with the surge suppression unit for adjusting an input impedance of the switching power supply device, a sampling unit connected to the filter-rectifier circuit for collecting a surge signal from the filter-rectifier circuit, and a drive-controlling circuit connected to the sampling unit for generating a driving signal for controlling on and off of the switching unit according to the surge signal. | 11-08-2012 |
20120293902 | OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION CIRCUIT AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE WITH THE SAME - An over-current protection circuit for preventing a function module from over-current, the function module obtains power from a power source via an input port. The over-current protection circuit includes a path switch, a current detection circuit, a conductor switch, a first control module, and a second control module. The current detection circuit and the path switch form a loop with the input port and the function module. The current detection circuit detects a value of a current of the loop, and produces a first control signal when detecting the current of the loop is equal to or greater than a predetermined current value. The first control module turns off the conductor switch when receiving the first control signal. The second control module turns off the path switch when the conductor switch is turned off, thereby cutting off the loop. | 11-22-2012 |
20130021703 | OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE - An over-current protection device includes a first conductive member, a second conductive member, a resistive device and a temperature sensing switch. The first conductive member includes a first electrode foil and a second electrode foil those are formed on a same plane. The resistive device is laminated between the first conductive member and the second conductive member and exhibits positive temperature coefficient or negative temperature coefficient behavior. The temperature sensing switch can switch the first electrode foil and the second electrode foil between electrically conductive status and current-restriction status, e.g., open circuit, according to temperature variation. The threshold temperature of the temperature sensing switch is lower than the trip temperature of the resistive device. | 01-24-2013 |
20130083442 | SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE - A semiconductor device includes a sense resistor that converts a sense current flowing through a sense terminal of a switching element to a voltage (sense voltage), and an overcurrent protection circuit that performs a protection operation for the switching element when the sense voltage exceeds a threshold. The overcurrent protection circuit can switch the threshold to a first reference voltage, or to a second reference voltage which is lower than the first reference voltage. The overcurrent protection circuit sets the threshold to the second reference voltage at the time of the switching element being in a steady state, and sets the threshold to the first reference voltage during a mirror period immediately after turning-on of the switching element. | 04-04-2013 |
20130088803 | POWER SUPPLY APPARATUS - The present invention relates to a power supply apparatus including: a converting unit for converting an applied voltage into a predetermined level; a switching unit opened or closed to control current flowing in the converting unit; a detecting unit for detecting occurrence of overcurrent when a voltage applied to the switching unit is higher than a preset reference voltage; and a control unit for performing a protection operation when the overcurrent is detected more than a predetermined number of times within a predetermined time from when the overcurrent is detected and can prevent malfunction due to noises. | 04-11-2013 |
20130094116 | CONDUCTIVE COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE AND OVERCURRENT PROTECTION COMPONENT - A PTC conductive composite material and the overcurrent protection device made of the material are disclosed. The PTC conductive composite material includes: (a) A matrix of crystalline polymer material at least, occupies 20%-70% of the volume fraction of the PTC conductive composite material, (b) One kind of conductive filler occupies 30%-80% of the volume fraction of the material. The solid solution conductive filler is uniformly dispersed in the polymer material, whose average particle size ranges from 0.1 μm to 10 μm, and the volume resistivity is no more than 300 μΩ·cm. The overcurrent protection device prepared by using the PTC conductive composite material as described above includes two metal foils, which are made into a sandwich, separated by a layer of the PTC conductive composite material. | 04-18-2013 |
20130176654 | OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE AND BATTERY PROTECTION CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY CONTAINING THE SAME - An over-current protection device is disposed on a circuit board and configured to protect a battery. The over-current protection device includes a resistive device, at least one insulation layer and a weld electrode layer. The resistive device exhibits positive temperature coefficient behavior. The insulation layer has a thickness of at least 0.03 mm. The weld electrode layer is configured to weld a strip interconnect member to electrically coupled to the battery, and has a thickness of at least 0.03 mm. The insulation layer and the resistive device are disposed between the weld electrode layer and the circuit board. The circuit board, the resistive device and the weld electrode layer are electrically coupled in series. The association of the resistive device and the weld electrode layer has a thermal mass capable of withstanding welding the strip interconnect member without significant damage to the over-current protection device. | 07-11-2013 |
20130215547 | OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE - An over-current protection device comprises a resistance material with positive or negative temperature coefficient and an upper surface and a lower surface; a first electrode layer having a first groove, disposed on the upper surface; a first surface mount pad disposed on the upper surface; a second electrode layer disposed on the lower surface, electrically connecting to the first surface mount pad; a second surface mount pad disposed on the lower surface, electrically connecting to the first electrode layer; a second groove electrically separating the fist surface mount pad from the first electrode layer; and a third groove electrically separating the second electrode layer from the second surface mount pad. The first groove divides the first electrode layer into two connected regions. The first and second surface mount pads are separated from each other and one end of the first groove connects to the second groove. | 08-22-2013 |
20140029149 | SURGE PROTECTION DEVICE - Aspects of the innovations herein relate to surge protection devices. Such surge protection devices may have an arrester. The arrester may produce an equalization between different potentials and arrest a surge current during use. A sensor may be provided on the arrester, said sensor generating an electric switch-off signal. A switching device may receive the switch-off signal and separate the arrester from an electric circuit, the switching device and arrester being arranged in a physically separate manner from each other. | 01-30-2014 |
20140146432 | SURFACE MOUNTABLE OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE - A surface mountable over-current protection device comprises one PTC material layer, first and second conductive layers, first and second electrodes, and an insulating layer. The PTC material layer comprises crystalline polymer and conductive filler dispersed therein. The first and second conductive layers are disposed on first and second planar surfaces of the PTC material layer, respectively. The first and second electrodes are electrically connected to the first and second conductive layers. The insulating layer is disposed between the first and the second electrodes for insulation. At the melting point of the crystalline polymer, the CTE of the crystalline polymer is greater than 100 times the CTE of the first or second conductive layer, and the first and/or second conductive layers has a thickness which is large enough to obtain a resistance jump value R3/Ri less than 1.4. | 05-29-2014 |
20140347776 | PACKAGE MODULE OF BATTERY PROTECTION CIRCUIT - The present invention pertains to a package module of a battery protection circuit, and the package module of the battery protection circuit according to the present invention comprises: a first internal connection terminal area and a second internal connection terminal area, which are respectively disposed at both edge parts thereof, and in which first and second internal connection terminals connected to a battery can provided with a bare cell are respectively disposed; an external connection terminal area, which is adjacent to the first internal connection terminal area, and in which a plurality of external connection terminals are disposed; and a protection circuit area comprising a device area in which a plurality of passive devices forming the battery protection circuit are disposed and a chip area, which is adjacent to the device area, and in which a protection IC and a dual FET chip forming the battery protection circuit are disposed, are disposed between the external connection terminal area and the second internal connection terminal area, and has a packaged structure to expose the plurality of external connection terminals on the upper surface thereof and expose the first internal connection terminal and the second internal connection terminal on the lower surface thereof. According to the present invention, a manufacturing process is minimized when compared with existing methods requiring a separate module manufacturing process, and a battery pack is easily formed and is able to be miniaturized and integrated. | 11-27-2014 |
20150022927 | PROTECTION CIRCUIT FOR FAN - A fan with a protection circuit includes a connector, a fan operation circuit, and a protection circuit. The protection circuit includes a first resistor, a controller, and an electronic switch. The controller controls the electronic switch to be turned off when a current flowing through the first resistor is greater than a preset current. The controller controls the electronic switch to be turned on when the current flowing through the first resistor is less than the preset current, then the fan resumes normal working. | 01-22-2015 |
20150022928 | HYBRID DC CIRCUIT BREAKING DEVICE - A dc breaker is connected in a main current path between a first dc circuit and a second dc circuit. The dc breaker has a primary current path connected to the main current path. A mechanical interrupter switch and an electronic breaker switch are connected in series in the primary current path. A secondary current path is provided in parallel with the primary current path. A capacitor is arranged in the secondary current path so as to be connected in parallel with the series-connected switches of the primary current path. | 01-22-2015 |
20150055264 | CURRENT-LIMITING CIRCUIT AND APPARATUS - Embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of electronic technologies, and provide a current-limiting circuit and apparatus to reduce costs of the current-limiting circuit and an occupied PCB board area. The circuit comprises a detecting resistor, a current-limiting resistor, a precise current unit, a power metal oxide MOS transistor, an operational amplifier OP and an input voltage end. | 02-26-2015 |
20150138681 | SOLID STATE POWER CONTROLLER FOR AN AIRCRAFT - A solid state power controller for an aircraft. The solid state power controller includes a solid state switching device for activating an electrical power output bus, a control unit for controlling the solid state switching device, and a current sensing circuit for monitoring current flowing in the electrical power output bus. The current sensing circuit includes a sensing fuse. | 05-21-2015 |
20150380924 | OVERCURRENT DETECTION CIRCUIT, HOST USING THE SAME, AND METHOD OF DETECTING OVERCURRENT - An overcurrent detection circuit installed in a host for supplying power to a device is disclosed. The overcurrent detection circuit includes: a detection resistor disposed on a power supply line; a current monitoring unit that compares a detected voltage that is a voltage drop across the detection resistor with a variable threshold voltage and asserts an overcurrent detection signal if the detected voltage exceeds the threshold voltage; and a control unit including a timer. The control unit is switchable among (i) a first state where the threshold voltage is set to a first value that is in accord with a reference value for overcurrent protection, (ii) a second state where the threshold voltage is set to a second value that is greater than the first value, and (iii) a third state where the threshold voltage is set to a third value that is less than the first value. | 12-31-2015 |
20160026160 | COORDINATION OF VARIABLE GROUPINGS OF CONTROL CHANNELS - A system for dynamically controlling the functionality of control channels in an electrical system includes a plurality of control channels, each operatively connected to at least one state change device connected to an electrical component. Each control channel is operatively connected to at least one adjacent control channel by a control channel communication line. Each control channel is configured to store grouping information of the state change device. A controller is operatively connected to each control channel such that each control channel can receive the grouping information from the controller. The controller is configured to selectively send grouping information to allow each control channel to directly communicate with adjacent control channels within their respective grouping such that each control channel in a grouping functions together in unison when the at least one state change device in a grouping changes state. | 01-28-2016 |