Patent application title: DROUGHT-TOLERANT TRANSGENIC PLANT
Inventors:
Paul Verslues (Taipei, TW)
IPC8 Class: AC12N1582FI
USPC Class:
800278
Class name: Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and related processes method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or rearrangement of genetic material within a plant or plant part
Publication date: 2016-03-31
Patent application number: 20160090605
Abstract:
Described herein is a transgenic plant that comprises a recombinant DNA
construct that contains a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a
promoter, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an AFL1 polypeptide, a
recombinant DNA construct for inhibiting expression of a PD15 polypeptide
or a NAI2 polypeptide, or a loss-of-function pdi5 or nai2 mutation,
wherein the transgenic plant exhibits increased growth under drought as
compared to a control plant.Claims:
1. A transgenic plant, comprising: (i) a recombinant DNA construct that
contains a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter, the
nucleic acid sequence encoding an AFL1 polypeptide, (ii) a recombinant
DNA construct for inhibiting expression of a PD15 polypeptide or a NAI2
polypeptide, or (iii) a loss-of-function mutation in a PD15 gene or a
NAI2 gene, wherein the transgenic plant exhibits increased growth under
drought as compared to a control plant.
2. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the AFL1 polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
3. The transgenic plant of claim 2, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
4. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the promoter is a constitutive promoter.
5. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the PD15 polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:4.
6. The transgenic plant of claim 5, wherein the NAI2 polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:6.
7. The transgenic plant of claim 1, further exhibiting increased proline accumulation under drought as compared to the control plant.
8. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the increased growth includes one of more of (i) increased fresh and/or dried plant weight; (ii) increased plant height; (iii) increased leaf area; (iv) increase seed yield, size and/or weight; (v) increased fruit yield, size and/or weight; (vi) increased panicle density and/or length; (vii) increased root elongation; (viii) increased or altered root branching; (ix) increased total root length; and (x) increased fresh and/or dried weight of plant root system.
9. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the transgenic plant is Arabidopsis thaliana.
10. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the transgenic plant is a crop.
11. The transgenic plant of claim 10, wherein the crop is tomato, canola, soybean, cotton, or alfalfa.
12. A method of producing a transgenic plant, the method comprising: introducing into a host plant (i) a recombinant DNA construct that contains a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an AFL1 polypeptide, (ii) a recombinant DNA construct for inhibiting expression of a PD15 polypeptide or a NAI2 polypeptide, or (iii) a loss-of-function mutation in a PD15 gene or a NAI2 gene, and identifying a host plant that exhibits increased growth under drought, whereby the transgenic plant is produced.
13. The transgenic plant of claim 12, wherein the AFL1 polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
14. The transgenic plant of claim 12, wherein the PD15 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
15. The transgenic plant of claim 12, wherein the NAI2 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the increased growth includes one of more of (1) increased fresh and/or dried plant weight; (2) increased plant height; (3) increased leaf area; (4) increase seed yield, size and/or weight; (5) increased fruit yield, size and/or weight; (6) increased panicle density and/or length; (7) increased root elongation; (8) increased or altered root branching; (9) increased total root length; and (10) increased fresh and/or dried weight of plant root system.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein the host plant is a crop.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the crop is tomato, canola, soybean, cotton, or alfalfa.
19. A method of promoting plant growth in an area that is under drought, susceptible to drought, or under limited irrigation, the method comprising cultivating the transgenic plant of claim 1 in the area.
Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/056,099, filed on Sep. 26, 2014, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Even relatively mild water limitation that causes reduced soil water potential (ψw) during drought can dramatically reduce plant growth and agricultural productivity. Detailed physiological analyses have shown that plant growth is actively down regulated during drought and not limited by carbon supply. The sensitivity of growth to low water potential has a wide range of genetic variabilities depending on the drought adaptation strategy employed by a specific plant genotype. Also, there are many specific metabolic pathways, for example proline metabolism, that are highly regulated by stress and contribute to stress tolerance. A strong reduction in growth in response to mild or moderate stress can help ensure survival by conserving water. However, it can be undesirable for agriculture as plant productivity is reduced more than it need be if growth were less sensitive to changes in water status.
SUMMARY
[0003] In one aspect, described below is a transgenic plant, comprising: (i) a recombinant DNA construct that contains a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an AFL1 polypeptide, (ii) a recombinant DNA construct for inhibiting expression of a PD15 polypeptide or a NAI2 polypeptide, or (iii) a loss-of-function mutation in a PD15 gene or a NAI2 gene, wherein the transgenic plant exhibits increased growth under drought as compared to a control plant. The increased growth can include one of more of (i) increased fresh and/or dried plant weight; (ii) increased plant height; (iii) increased leaf area; (iv) increase seed yield, size and/or weight; (v) increased fruit yield, size and/or weight; (vi) increased panicle density and/or length; (vii) increased root elongation; (viii) increased or altered root branching; (ix) increased total root length; and (x) increased fresh and/or dried weight of plant root system. The transgenic plant can further exhibit increased proline accumulation under drought as compared to the control plant.
[0004] In one embodiment, the AFL1 polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. The AFL1 polypeptide can also be a homolog of the AFL1 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the PD15 polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) identical to that of SEQ ID NO:4. The NAI2 polypeptide can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) identical to that of SEQ ID NO:6.
[0005] The transgenic plant can be a crop such as tomato, canola, soybean, cotton, or alfalfa.
[0006] In another aspect, described herein is a method of producing a transgenic plant. The method includes introducing into a host plant (i) a recombinant DNA construct that contains a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an AFL1 polypeptide, (ii) a recombinant DNA construct for inhibiting expression of a PD15 polypeptide or a NAI2 polypeptide, or (iii) a loss-of-function mutation in a PD15 gene or a NAI2 gene, and identifying a host plant that exhibits increased growth under drought, whereby the transgenic plant is produced.
[0007] In yet another aspect, a method of promoting plant growth in an area that is under drought, susceptible to drought, or under limited irrigation is described. The method includes cultivating the transgenic plant described herein in the area.
[0008] The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the embodiments will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a set of graphs showing that AFL1 expression promotes plant growth during low water potential stress. (A): Root elongation and dry weight of AFL1 overexpression and RNAi knockdown plants after transfer to unstressed control media (0.25 MPa), an intermediate stress (-0.7 MPa) or more severe stress (-1.2 MPa). (B): Rosette fresh weight and dry weight of AFL1-overexpressing plants relative to those of wild type in well-watered and controlled drying soil. (C): Proline accumulation in AFL1-overexpressing and knock down lines across a range of low water potential severities. Col--wild type; O.E.--35S-mediated ectopic expression of AFL1; K.D.--DEX-inducible RNAi knockdown of AFL1; EV--empty vector control for K.D.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a set of graphs showing seedling growth of transgenic lines with increased or decreased AFL1 expression. (A): Root elongation, dry weight and fresh weight of EV. Application of DEX to EV had no effect on any of the growth parameters. All growth parameters for EV were essentially identical to those of the Col wild type used to normalize the growth data shown in FIG. 1, panel A. (B): Seedling fresh weight data from the same experiments as the root elongation and dry weight data shown in FIG. 1, panel A.
[0011] FIG. 3 includes blots and graphs showing that AFL1 has stress-enhanced interaction with ER signaling proteins PDI5 and NAI2, which act as negative regulators of growth and proline. (A): Relative BiFC signal for AFL1 interactions. The number by each bar indicates the fold increase of YFP/RFP ratio in stress versus control for each interaction. Data are ±S.E. (n=6 to 11). (B): Immunoblot of samples collected after rBiFC assay. Anti-MYC was used to detect the YFPC-protein fusions while AFL1 specific antisera were used to detect the YFPN-AFL1 fusion proteins. In the AFL1 blot both native AFL1 (47 kDa) and the AFL1 fusion protein (70 kDa) can be seen. For AFL1 interaction with itself, both the YFPN and YFPC fusion proteins were detected. C=unstressed control. S=low ψw (water potential) stress treated. (C): Co-IP of PDI5-FLAG with YFP-AFL1 in control and stress treated seedlings. Three independent Co-IP experiments gave consistent results. (D): Proline accumulation of WT, pdi5 (combined data of pdi5-1 and pdi5-2), nai2 (combined data of nai2-1 and nai2-3) and pdi5-2nai2-3 at 96 h after transfer to -1.2 MPa. Data are means±S.E. (n=6-12 from 2 independent experiments). Significant differences compared to wild type are indicated by * (P≦0.05).
[0012] FIG. 4 is a set of graphs showing growth of pdi5 and nai2 mutants. (A): Root elongation and seedling dry weight data for pdi5 (pdi5-1 and pdi5-2), nai2 (nai2-1 and nai2-3) and pdi5-2nai2-3 mutants under control condition or two low water potential severities (-0.7 and -1.2 MPa). The data for pdi5 and nai2 are combined data from two T-DNA alleles for each gene. Data are means±S.E. (n=6-9 (fresh and dry weight) or 12-18 (root elongation) from 3 independent experiments). Significant differences compared to wild type or between the single versus the double mutant are indicated by * (P≦0.05), (B): Seedling fresh weight data for pdi5 (pdi5-1 and pdi5-2) and nai2 (nai2-1 and nai2-3) mutants under control condition or two low water potential severities (-0.7 and -1.2 MPa). Data are expressed relative to wild type, which was grown on the same agar plate as the mutants. Data are means±S.E. (n=4) combined from two independent experiments.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a set of graphs showing AFL1 co-localization with clathrin light chain. (A): Quantification of YFP-AFL1 and CLC-mOrange co-localization by Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). Boxes contain the 25-75 percentiles of data points, whiskers indicate the 10-90 percentiles and outliers are shown as dots. Lines in the boxes indicate the mean. N=24 (control) and 43 (stress). (B): Proline accumulation in seedlings treated with Tyrphostin A23 or its negative analog A51 and transferred to -1.2 MPa for 96 h. pdi5 and nai2 indicate the combined data of pdi5-1 and pdi5-2 or nai2-1 and nai2-3, respectively. Data are means±S.E., (n=12) from 2-3 independent experiments. Col--wild type; O.E.--35S-mediated ectopic expression of AFL1.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation showing proposed AFL1 interactions and localization. AFL1 was found to be a peripheral membrane protein associated with both plasma membrane and endomembrane. At the plasma membrane, AFL1 interaction with AP2-2a and co-localization with CLC indicates a role in vesicle formation. Structural predictions also suggest that AFL1 may interact with actin microfilaments. In endomembranes, AFL1 interacts with PDI5 and NAI2, which are negative effectors of drought response. In both membranes, AFL1 can also potentially interact with itself to form higher molecular weight complexes. Together, these roles of AFL1 affect plant growth, metabolism and gene expression patterns during drought.
[0015] FIG. 7 includes a schematic representation and a graph showing that AFL1 overexpression changed the transcriptome response to low water potential. (A): Comparison of genes up- or down-regulated in AFL1-overexpressing plants. (B): Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of RD21A expression showing that stress induction of RD21A is blocked by AFL1 overexpression. Data are means±S.E. of four independent samples from two experiments.
[0016] FIG. 8 is a set of graphs showing quantitative RT-PCR validation of AFL1-regulated gene expression. Several genes found by microarray analysis to be repressed by AFL1 overexpression were selected for further validation. In agreement with the microarray data, AFL1 reduced the expression of these test genes in both control and low water potential stress treatments. Data are means±S.E. (n=6) combined from two independent experiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] It was unexpectedly discovered that certain proteins are involved in plant drought tolerance. Therefore, described herein are transgenic plants that exhibit enhanced tolerance to drought.
[0018] Data described below show that overexpression of a membrane associated protein, At14a-like1 (AFL1), increased growth and accumulation of the osmoprotective solute proline and also altered the transcriptome response to low water potential stress in plants. At14a (At3g28300) was first identified by immunoscreening and Arabidopsis expression library with antisera recognizing mammalian β1-Integrin and reported to be a plasma membrane associated protein. A cluster of At14a related genes, including AFL1, are present in Arabidopsis. Like At14a, AFL1 contains a small domain with similarity to integrins (Domain of Unknown Function 677) as well as two hydrophobic helices which presumably mediate its membrane localization.
[0019] Even though subcellular localization suggested a primarily plasma membrane localization of AFL1, it interacted with the endomembrane proteins Protein Disulfide Isomerase5 (PDI5) and the ER-body protein NAI2. These interactions were more prevalent during stress. PDI5 and NAI2 single and double mutants also exhibited increased growth and proline accumulation consistent with roles in the same stress signaling mechanisms as AFL1. AFL1 also interacted with Adaptor protein2-2A (AP2-2A) which is part of a protein complex that recruits proteins for endocytosis. AFL1 could be readily observed in punctae along the plasma membrane consistent with endocytotic vesicles and tyrphostin A21, an endocytosis inhibitor, blocked the increased proline accumulation induced by AFL1 overexpression. Co-localization of AFL1 with Clathrin light chain further indicated a function of AFL1 in endocytosis. AFL1 may be involved in the upstream events in drought sensing and is an attractive target for biotechnology as its overexpression can dramatically improve growth under drought without causing growth inhibition of unstressed plants.
[0020] A transgenic plant that expresses (e.g., overexpresses or constitutively expresses) an AFL1 polypeptide can be generated by introducing into a host plant or a part thereof an expression construct containing a DNA sequence encoding the AFL1 polypeptide. The DNA sequence is operably linked to regulatory sequences which are capable of directing the expression of the AFL1 polypeptide in the plant. These regulatory sequences can also include sequences capable of directing transcription in plants, either constitutively, or stage and/or tissue specific, depending on the use of the plant or parts thereof. The expression constructs can be introduced into the plant using methods known in the art or described below (e.g. via a T-DNA delivered by an Agrobacterium).
[0021] A transgenic plant that expresses a lower level of a PDI5 or a NAI2 polypeptide (or both) can also be constructed using methods known in the art. For example, a recombinant DNA construct that expresses an RNA molecule containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of a gene that encodes one of PDI5 or NAI2 can be introduced into a host plant. Such an RNA molecule can be an antisense RNA or an interfering RNA (e.g., a small interfering RNA). As used herein, the term "interfering RNA" means an RNA molecule capable of directing the degradation of an RNA transcript having a nucleotide sequence at least a portion of which is substantially the same as that of the interfering RNA, through the mechanism of RNA interference. An interfering RNA can be a small interfering RNA (siRNA), which includes two complementary single-stranded RNAs that form an intermolecular duplex. An interfering RNA can also be a short hairpin RNA (shRNA), which includes a single-stranded RNA with two self-complementary regions that allow the RNA to fold back upon itself and form a stem-loop structure with an intramolecular duplex region and an unpaired loop region. In some circumstances, interfering RNAs can be single-stranded antisense RNAs of 19 to 29 nucleotides that are complementary to a target sequence. See Martinez et al., Cell 110:563-574 (2002). In other instances, interfering RNAs are double-stranded RNAs that, upon cleavage in cells, produce siRNAs.
[0022] A transgenic plant with a loss-of-function mutation in its genomic PDI5 or NAI2 gene sequence can also be generated. For example, such a transgenic plant can have a deletion, insertion, or point mutation in its PDI5 or NAI2 gene. Genome editing technologies are known in the art, e.g., those that involve the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas) system or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). See, e.g., Feng et al., Cell Res., 23(10): 1229-1232 (2013).
[0023] As used herein, each of the terms "AFL1", "PDI5", and "NAI2" can refer to an Arabidopsis polypeptide or a variant or homolog thereof. Arabidopsis AFL1, PDI5, and NAI2 nucleic acid sequences (SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, and 5, respectively) and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, respectively) are provided herewith. Homologs of Arabidopsis AFL1 that can be overexpressed in a plant to enhance its drought tolerance include At3g28300 (SEQ ID Nos:7 and 8) and At3g28290 (SEQ ID Nos:9 and 10).
[0024] Under drought conditions, the transgenic plant described herein (e.g., one that overexpress an AFL1 protein or expresses a lower level of a PDI5 or NAI2 protein), as compared to a wild-type or untransformed host plant, exhibits one of more of the following characteristics: (1) increased fresh and/or dried plant weight; (2) increased plant height; (3) increased leaf area; (4) increase seed yield, size and/or weight; (5) increased fruit yield, size and/or weight; (6) increased panicle density and/or length; (7) increased root elongation; (8) increased or altered root branching; (9) increased total root length; and (10) increased fresh and/or dried weight of plant root system.
[0025] Such a transgenic plant can be used to promote plant growth and yield in suboptimal environments, particularly water limited environments (e.g., those under drought or susceptible to drought). As overexpression of AFL1 was shown not to limit, and may promote, growth in relatively unstressed environments as well as during water limitation, its use is particularly applicable to environments with sporadic drought where water limitation occurs during only part of the growing season or may be highly variable between growing seasons. Transgenic plants that express AFL1 can also be used in the development of "deficit irrigation" systems where plants are given only a limited amount of water to hold them at a moderate level of water limitation and prevent severe drought stress. In this situation, increased AFL1 expression would prevent down regulation of growth of partially irrigated plants. The combination of limited irrigation with water efficient plants can greatly increase the efficiency of water use per unit yield.
[0026] As used herein, the term "drought" can refer to artificially-created or natural drought. Drought conditions can include, for example, depletion of soil water content over the course of several days to a level 30-40% reduced from the water content of fully watered soil, transfer of a plant to agar solidified nutrient media with polyethylene glycol added to reduce water potential to the range of -0.5 to -1.2 MPa, and those conditions described in the examples below.
[0027] Whether an area or region is under drought can be determined by a person skilled in the art using art-recognized methodologies. Whether an area or a region is susceptible to drought can also be determined by a person skilled in the art and/or based on art-accepted criteria.
[0028] The transgenic plant described herein can be a crop. Crops include, but are not limited to, tomato, soy, cotton, canola, maize, wheat, sunflower, sorghum, alfalfa, barley, millet, rice, tobacco, fruit and vegetable crops, and turf grass.
[0029] The specific examples below are to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the description herein, utilize the present disclosure to its fullest extent. All publications cited herein are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Materials and Methods
Transgenic Plants and T-DNA Mutants
[0030] Total RNA RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) was used according to the manufacturer's instructions. AFL1 was amplified using Phusion DNA polymerase (New England BioLabs) and gene specific primers containing part of the Gateway cloning sequences. See primer sequences in Table 1. A second nested PCR was performed to add the remaining Gateway cloning sequence and the PCR product was integrated into pDONOR 207 by BP reaction (Invitrogen). After sequencing, the AFL1 clone was transferred by LR reaction to pGWB412 or pGWB411 to generate N-terminal and C-terminal fusions of AFL1 to the FLAG epitope with expression driven by the 35S promoter. Likewise, 35S:YFP-AFL1 constructs were generated using the pGWB442 vector. pGWB vectors are previously described. These constructs were transferred to Agrobacterium tumefacians GV3101 and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (hereafter referred to as wild type or W.T.) by floral dip transformation. Transgenic plants were selected by Kanamycin (50 μg ml-1). Gene and protein expressions in transgenic lines were assayed using quantitative RT-PCR (QPCR) and immunoblotting using either a commercial antisera recognizing mammalian β-integrin or AFL1 specific antisera (see below). Homozygous T3 lines were used for all further analyses.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Primer sequences for cloning SEQ Gene Forward/ ID NO: Atg# Name Purpose Reverse 11 AT3G28270 AFL1 Cloning full length AFL1 forward 12 AT3G28270 AFL1 Cloning full length AFL1 reverse 11 AT3G28270 AFL1 Cloning full length AFL1- forward (ΔSTOP) no stop codon 13 AT3G28270 AFL1 Cloning full length AFL1- reverse (ΔSTOP) no stop codon 14 AT3G28270 AFL1 Cloning AFL1 N-terminal reverse fragment for protein expression and yeast two hybrid screen 15 AT3G28270 AFL1 Cloning AFL1 gene specific forward tag for RNAi 16 AT3G28270 AFL1 Cloning AFL1 gene specific reverse tag for RNAi 17 AT3G15950 NAI2 Full length clone forward 18 AT3G15950 NAI2 Full length clone reverse 19 AT1G21750 PDI5 Full length clone forward 20 AT1G21750 PDI5 Full length clone reverse 21 AT3G28270 AFL1 mbSUS yeast two hybrid forward clone 22 AT3G28270 AFL1 mbSUS yeast two hybrid reverse clone 23 AT1G52410 TSA1 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Forward clone 24 AT1G52410 TSA1 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Reverse clone 25 AT3G15950 NAI2 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Forward clone 26 AT3G15950 NAI2 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Reverse clone 27 AT1G21750 PDI5 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Forward clone 28 AT1G21750 PDI5 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Reverse clone 29 AT5G22780 AP2 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Forward clone 30 AT5G22780 AP2 mbSUS yeast two hybrid Reverse clone 31 B1- mbSUS cloning adapter Forward linker 32 B2- mbSUS cloning adapter Reverse linker 33 attB1 adapter primer for gateway forward cloning 34 attB2 adapter primer for gateway reverse cloning 35 PDONR207 vector primer for sequencing forward 36 PDONR207 vector primer for sequencing reverse
[0031] To generate AFL1 knock down (K.D.) lines, a 301 bp Gene specific Tag (GST) sequence targeting the C-terminal region of AFL1 was selected using the CATMA database (found at the catma.org website) and an entry clone was made with pDONR 207 as described above. The C-terminal region of AFL1 was targeted for RNAi to maximize the specificity of the RNAi knockdown. This entry clone was initially transferred to the pAgrikola vector (see the agrikola.org website) for constitutive RNAi suppression of AFL1. However, we failed to recover transgenic lines with substantial suppression of AFL1 expression using this method. The same entry clone was then transferred to the pOpOff vector for Dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible RNA suppression of AFL1. Simultaneously, an empty vector was also made without the AFL1 sequence as negative control. After sequencing, the vectors were transferred to Agrobacterium and used to generate transgenic plants as described above. The effectiveness of the RNAi was confirmed by application of 10 μM DEX, transfer of seedlings to low water potential stress (see below) followed by QPCR and immunoblot analysis.
[0032] T-DNA mutants of PDI5 and NAI2 were obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (see Table 2) and homozygous lines confirmed by PCR genotype using primers from the Signal data base (see the signal.salk.edu website). RT-PCR was used to confirm absence of gene expression. All the physiological data described below are the combined data of two T-DNA alleles for pdi5 and nai2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 T-DNA mutants Gene Insertion site Atg# name Mutant ID (based on TAiR) AT3G15950 NAI2 Salk_079469 5' UTR AT3G15950 NAI2 Salk_043149 last exon AT1G21750 PDI5 Salk_015253 third exon AT1G21750 PDI5 Salk_136642 second exon
Plant Growth Conditions, Stress and Inhibitor Treatments, Growth and Proline Assays
[0033] Plants were routinely propagated in a growth room at 23° C. and 16 h light period. For seedling experiments, seed was sterilized, plated on agar plates, stratified for 4 d and the plates incubated vertically in a growth chamber at 23° C. and continuous light (70-90 μmol photons m-2 sec-1) as previously described. See Kesari et al., PNAS 109: 9197-9202 (2012). The growth media consisted of half-strength MS media with 2 mM MES buffer (pH 5.7). No sugar was added to any of the plant growth media. Low water potential stress was imposed by transferring either 7-day-old (for proline and gene expression assays) or 4-day-old (for root elongation, fresh weight and dry weight measurements) to agar plates infused with PEG-8000 as previously described. See Verslues et al., The Plant Journal 45: 523-539 (2006). For root growth and fresh weight measurements, position of the apices was marked and root elongation measured over the subsequent 8 days after transfer. Fresh weight and dry weight were quantified at the end of each experiment. Root elongation (FIG. 1, panel A) was normalized to Col wild type and represents the combined data (means±S.E., n=12 from 2 independent experiments) of four independent overexpression or dexamethasone-inducible RNAi lines. Fresh weight and dry weight data (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) were from the same experiments. Data were combined from four independent transgenic lines expressing either YFP-AFL1 or FLAG-AFL1. Proline was assayed by ninhydrin assay adapted to 96-well plate format. See Bates et al., Plant and Soil 39: 205-207 (1973); and R Sunkar, ed, Plant stress Tolerance. Methods and Protocols, Vol Methods in Molecular Biology Vol 639, Humana Press, New York, pp 301-316 (2010). Proline data in FIG. 1 are means±S.E., n=12-36, combined from two independent experiments. Data were combined from four lines expressing YFP-AFL1 or FLAG-AFL1 or four independent RNAi transgenic lines. Proline data of pdi5 and nai2 (FIG. 3) are combined data of two T-DNA mutant lines having the same phenotype (means±S.E., n=12-24).
[0034] For experiments with AFL1 K.D. lines, DEX pretreatment was performed by transferring 5 or 6 day-old plants to control plates with 10 μM DEX added. Seven day old seedlings were then transferred to either fresh DEX-containing control media or PEG-infused plates with DEX and samples were collected 96 h after transfer. For experiments measuring root elongation and plant weight, 4 day-old plants were transferred directly to 10 μM DEX media and were sprayed with 10 μM DEX on alternate days to maintain repression of AFL1. For inhibitor experiments, stocks of Tyrphostin A23 and its negative analog Tyrphostin A51 (Sigma) were made in DMSO, stored at -20° C. and added to either control or PEG-infused agar plates to a final concentration of 15 μM.
[0035] For soil drying experiments, potting mix was supplemented to 25% Turface (Turface Athletics, USA) to increase porosity, autoclaved, and distributed to 8 cm×8 cm×10 cm (L×W×H) plastic pots (180 g per pot). The soil-Turface mix was watered to saturation and four genotypes (wild type and three transgenic lines) planted in different sectors of the each pot. The pots were incubated in a short day growth chamber (8 h photoperiod; 100 μmol m-2 sec-1 light; 23° C.) and the plants thinned to one plant per sector. The pots were watered with Hyponex nutrient solution (manufacturer) diluted to 0.3 g l-1. On the fifteenth day of growth, the pots were watered to saturation and allowed to drain completely over several hours. The weight of each pot was recorded. The pots were allowed to dry over the subsequent eight days. After eight days of drying, the pots were reweighed and watered (by injecting into the middle of the pot with a syringe) to bring each pot back to 75% of its initial weight. The pots were then allowed to dry for another 10 days. Control pots were maintained at fully saturated water content during this period. At the end of the drying period, rosette fresh weight (F.W.), hydrated. weight (H.W.; measured after floating rosettes on cold water for ˜6 h) and dry weight (D.W.) were measured and relative water content calculated as (F.W.-D.W.)/(H.W.-D.W.)×100. Soil water potential was checked using a Psypro system with c52 sample chambers (Wescor) after collecting and well-mixing of soil samples from several pots. Water potentials at the end of the drying period range were approximately -1.4 MPa with most of the decrease in water potential occurring over the last few days of soil drying. Rosette F.W. and D.W. were normalized using the W.T. plants growing in the same pot. Rosette F.W. and D.W data shown in FIG. 1 represent means±S.E., n=10-12, combined from three independent experiments. Data were combined from three overexpression lines (expressing either YFP-AFL1 or FLAG-AFL1).
Recombinant Protein Production and Generation of AFL1 Antisera
[0036] AFL1-N terminal fragment (amino acids 1-208) was cloned into pDONR207 and transferred to pET300 (Invitrogen). His-tagged fusion proteins were produced in Escherichia coli, Rosetta strain (Novagen). Recombinant protein production was inducted by addition of 1 mM IPTG to late log phase cultures and incubation for 3 h at 37° C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and disrupted using Constant Cell disruptor (Constant Systems TS Cell Disruptor, UK.). Recombinant protein was present in the insoluble fraction of the extract and was resolubilized using 8 M urea before being applied to HisPur Cobalt Spin columns (Thermo Scientific, USA) and purified protein eluted following the manufacturer's instructions. Protein purity was checked by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining before being used to generate polyclonal antisera. AFL1 polyclonal antisera was generated in rabbit by LTK Biolaboratories (Taiwan). Antibody titer was checked by immunoblotting blotting using the purified recombinant N-terminal AFL1 fragment as well as total protein extracts from control and stress treated seedlings.
Immunoblot Detection of AFL1
[0037] Samples (50-100 mg of seedlings) were grinded in liquid N2 and 100 μL extraction buffer (125 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.8, 1% SDS, 10% glycerol and 1 mM PMSF, Complete Protease Inhibitor [Roche]) was added. Samples were centrifuged at 7000 g for 10 min and supernatant collected. Protein concentration was checked using Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, USA) and typically 50 μg protein was loaded onto 10% SDS-PAGE gels. Proteins were blotted onto PVDF membranes and probed with AFL1 antisera (1/5000) or an antisera recognizing mammalian β1 integrin (GTX112971, GeneTex) at 1/3000 dilution. Tagged AFL1 from transgenic lines was detected with anti-FLAG (Sigma) or GFP antibodies (AB290 ABCAM). HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody was used and blots were developed with chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Scientific) and exposed to film.
Yeast Two Hybrid Screening
[0038] A yeast two hybrid library was prepared using mRNA from seedlings exposed to -1.2 MPa low water potential stress for 96 h. The library was prepared using the Cloneminer II cDNA construction (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Yeast two hybrid screening was performed using the ProQuest Two-hybrid system (Invitrogen) following manufacturer's instructions with an N-terminal fragment of AFL1 (amino acids 1 to 208) as bait. The bait fragment was cloned into destination vector pDEST23 and co-transformed into MaV203 along with clones from the cDNA library using LiAc X transformation. Transformed yeast cells were plated on SC-Leu-Trp-His with 55 mM 3-AT, as preliminary test found that this 3-AT concentration was sufficient to suppress autoactivation by the bait construct. Colonies that grew on the selective media were re-streaked and subjected to β-galactosidase filter assay to confirm interaction. Out of approximately 8×105 colony forming units screened, clones of PDI5, NAI2, and TSA1 were detected repeatedly. Most of these clones were C-terminal truncations. Full length cDNA clones of PDI5, NAI2 and TSA1 were obtained (using the cloning procedures described above) and confirmed to interact with the AFL1 bait construct in β-galactosidase filter assays.
Split-Ubiquitin Protein Interaction Assays
[0039] Mating-based Split-Ubiquitin System (mbSUS) assays were performed as previously described using vectors and yeast strains obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center. Full length AFL1 as well as putative interactors were expressed in yeast strains THY.AP4 and THY.AP5, respectively, by recombinational in vivo cloning and plated on SC-Leu-Met or SC-Trp-Ura-Met (SC/+AHL) plates for selection. The interaction was tested by X-gal agarose overlay assay.
YFP-AFL Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry Protein Identification
[0040] Seven-day-old seedlings from transgenic lines with stable expression of 35S:YFP-AFL1 were transferred to control or low water potential stress treatments (as described above) and samples were collected at 10 or 96 h after transfer. Samples consisting of approximately 5 g of tissue were homogenized in liquid nitrogen and extracted in lysis buffer consisting of 1 M Tris (pH=7.5), 1 M NaCl, 0.5% TritonX100, 0.5 M EDTA and Complete Protease Inhibitor (Roche). The cell lysate was collected by centrifuging the homogenate at 20,000 g for 10 min. GFP-trap beads (GFP-Trap-A kit, Chromotek) were equilibrated with dilution buffer (same as the extraction buffer except for the omission of TritonX100). Equilibrated GFP-trap beads (20-30 μl) were added to the cell lysate and kept under constant mixing at 4° C. for 2 h. Beads were collected by centrifugation at 2500 g, washed one additional time with lysis buffer and resuspended in 2×SDS-PAGE loading buffer. Proteins were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE gels, stained with a colloidal Coomassie stain and gel regions containing visible staining excised for in-gel trypsin digestion. Tryptic peptides were separated by reverse phase chromatography, analyzed by MS/MS on a Q-Executive mass spectrometer. MS data were processed by Proteome discoverer and Mascot analysis (Mass spectrometry and peptide identification were conducted by the proteomics core facility of the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology). Three independent immunoprecipitation experiments were conducted for both control and stress treated seedlings.
Transient Expression, Bi-Molecular Fluorescence Complementation and Co-Immunoprecipitation
[0041] The full-length sequence of AFL1 was cloned into pSite-CEYFP-C1 and candidate genes (PDI5 and NAI2) cloned into pSite-CEYFP-C1. Alternatively, ratiometric BiFC (rBiFC) was performed using vectors and methods as previously described. Plasmids were transformed in Agrobacterium strain GV3101. Transient expression was performed in seedlings with DEX-inducible AvrPto expression. AvrPto seedlings were grown on agar plates as described above and six-day-old seedlings sprayed with 10 μM DEX to induce AvrPto expression. Concurrently, 24 h A. tumefacians cultures (150 ml) were grown for both BiFC constructs. A. tumefacians cells were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in 10 ml of infiltration media (5% sucrose, 5 mM MES, 200 μM Acetosyringone) and the two cultures mixed together. Seven-day-old AvrPto seedlings (approximately 24 h after DEX application) were overlaid with the mixed A. tumefacians cells in infiltration solution and vacuum infiltrated using two applications of 10 mm Hg for 1 minute each time Infiltration solution was then removed and the plate with seedlings returned to the growth chamber. The next day the seedlings were rinsed with sterile water to remove excess infiltration solution and transferred either to a fresh control plates or PEG-infused agar plates (-1.2 MPa) for low water potential treatment. At 96 h after transfer, seedlings were analyzed by confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 510 Meta 510-2) to detect the BiFC signal.
[0042] For co-immunoprecipitation, infiltration and transient expression using mixed Agrobacterium containing the two tagged protein constructs was performed in the same manner as for BiFC assays. Samples for protein extraction were collected 96 h after transfer of infiltrated seedlings to either control of low water potential stress plates. Tissues were extracted in 50 mM Tris (pH=7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM EDTA and protease inhibitor (Roche). GFP-trap A beads (Chromotek) were used for immunoprecipitation following the manufacturer's instructions. For each sample, 20 μl of bead slurry was washed three times, incubated with a sample volume containing 3 mg of total protein (protein content assayed by Pierce BCA assay kit) for 2 hours at 4° C. under constant mixing. Beads were collected by centrifugation or a magnetic stand and protein eluted by incubation in SDS-PAGE loading buffer at 95° C. for 10 minutes. Immunoblotting was performed as described above.
Aqueous Two-Phase Partitioning
[0043] Aqueous two-phase partitioning was performed as previously described. Seedling tissue (1 g) was collected under control conditions or 10 and 96 h after transfer to low water potential (-1.2 MPa). Samples were grinded and dissolved in 330 mM sucrose, 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 10 mM KCl, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, 5 mM ascorbic acid and protease inhibitor (Roche). The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 15 min to remove the debris. The supernatant was centrifuged at 100,000 g for 1 h to pellet the microsomal membranes. The pellet was resuspended and added to phase mixture 6.2% (w/w) PEG/Dextran. The resulting upper and lower phases were diluted and centrifuged at 100,000 g for 1 hour. The pellets were resuspended and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Membrane fractionation was performed for wild type as well as FLAG-AFL1 overexpression lines.
AFL1 Subcellular Localization and Co-Localization of AFL1 with FM4-64
[0044] Seven day old seedlings were used for co-localization analysis using a confocal microscope (LSM 510-Meta, Carl Zeiss.) with 63× or 40× water immersion lenses. Analysis was done on seedlings under either control conditions or 2-96 h after transfer to -0.7 MPa. The -0.7 MPa treatment was used for these experiments, as the more severe -1.2 MPa stress occasionally caused membrane damage which interfered with microscopy. For AFL1 subcellular localization, T3 homozygous transgenic lines with expression of 35S:YFP-AFL1 were observed at excitation/emission wavelengths of 514/530-590 nm. For FM4-64 (Merck) treatment, roots of intact seedlings were immersed in 2 μM FM4-64 on a glass slide for 3 minutes before observation. FM4-64 was detected with excitation/emission wavelengths of 488/575-610 nm. The same section of the root just behind the cell expansion zone was imaged in all experiments. Images were analyzed using ImageJ software.
Microarray and Gene Expression Analysis
[0045] Microarray analysis using Agilent one color arrays was performed by the microarray core facility of the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology. Seven-day-old seedlings were transferred to either fresh control media or -1.2 MPa low water potential stress media as described above. Samples were collected 10 h after transfer and total RNA were extracted using RNeasy Plant Mini Kits (Qiagen). Quality of RNA was checked using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. For labeling, 15 μs of total RNA was annealed to Oligo dTV DNA primer, and cDNA was synthesized in a reverse transcription reaction with an amino allyl modified dUTP. The amino allyl labeled cDNA was then coupled to Alexa 555 dye (Invitrogen) containing a NHS-ester leaving group. Unreacted NHS-ester Alexa dyes were quenched with addition of 4.5 μl of 4 M hydroxylamine and removed by PCR clean up kit (QIAGEN). For further details, see the microarray protocol web page at ipmb.sinica.edu.tw.
[0046] For array hybridization, a volume of 44 μl of Alexa555-labeled cDNA was denatured at 98° C. for 3 min and cooled to room temperature. The cDNA solution was mixed with 11 μl of 10× Agilent blocking agent followed by 55 μl of 2× Agilent hybridization buffer. The 100 μl of reaction mix was hybridized to Agilent Arabidopsis (V4) Gene Expression Microarrays (G2519F) for 17 hours at 65° C. in a rotating Agilent hybridization oven. After hybridization, microarrays were washed 1 minute at room temperature with GE Wash Buffer 1 (Agilent) and 1 minute with 37° C. GE Wash buffer 2 (Agilent), then dried immediately by brief centrifugation.
[0047] Slides were scanned immediately after washing on the Agilent DNA Microarray Scanner (G2505C) using one color scan setting for 4×44 k array slides. Scan resolution 5 μm, Dye channel is set to Green and Green PMT is set to 100%. The scanned images were analyzed with Feature Extraction Software 10.7.1.1 (Agilent) using default parameters (protocol GE1_107_Sep09 and Grid: 021169_D_F_20100217) to obtain background subtracted and spatially detrended Processed Signal intensities. Features flagged in Feature Extraction as Feature Non-uniform outliers were excluded.
[0048] The scanned images were analyzed with Feature Extraction Software 10.7.1.1 (Agilent) to obtain Processed Signal intensities. Signal intensities were analyzed with Genespring 11.1 software. A 1.5-fold change in expression and corrected P value of 0.05 (false discovery rate of 0.05) were used as cutoffs to determine differentially expressed genes.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Primers for RT-PCR SEQ Forward/ ID NO: Atg# Gene Name Reverse 37 AT5G19110 eukaryotic aspartyl protease forward 38 AT5G19110 eukaryotic aspartyl protease reverse 39 AT1G14960 polyketide cyclase forward 40 AT1G14960 polyketide cyclase reverse 41 AT5G36180 serine carboxy peptidase forward 42 AT5G36180 serine carboxy peptidase reverse 43 AT1G73330 DR4 drought responsive protease forward 44 AT1G73330 DR4 drought responsive protease reverse 45 AT3G25780 allene oxide cyclase3 forward 46 AT3G25780 allene oxide cyclase3 reverse 47 AT1G72060 serine type endopeptidase forward 48 AT1G72060 serine type endopeptidase reverse 49 AT1G21750 PDI5 forward 50 AT1G21750 PDI5 reverse 51 AT3G15950 NAI2 forward 52 AT3G15950 NAI2 reverse 53 AT2G22770 NAI1 forward 54 AT2G22770 NAI1 reverse 55 AT1G47128 RD21 forward 56 AT1G47128 RD21 reverse 57 AT1G18070 ef1a forward 58 AT1G18070 ef1a reverse
[0049] Gene Ontology enrichment of genes up- or down-regulated in the AFL1 overexpression line relative to wild type or genes up or down regulated by low water potential stress in wild type was computed using TopGO elim method using the Gene Ontology Browsing Utility (GOBU) with its MultiView plugin.
[0050] For quantitative RT-PCR, RNA was extracted in the same manner and quantified by Nanodrop spectrophotometer. cDNA was synthesized using 1 μg of total RNA and Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). PCR was performed with gene specific primers (see Table 3) and a SYBR green master mix (Kappa Biosystems). Gene expression difference was quantified by the ΔΔCt method with ELF1α, whose expression is unaffected by abiotic stress, as a reference gene for normalization. Three technical replicates were performed for each sample. Data represent presented are means±S.E. (n=6) for samples combined from two independent biological experiments.
Co-Localization with Clathrin Light Chain
[0051] Co-localization of YFP-AFL1 with mOrange-tagged clathrin light chain (CLC) was observed in similar manner using F2 seedlings obtained from a cross of YFP-AFL1 O.E. line with a CLC-mOrange line (obtained from the laboratory of Sebastian Bednarek, University of Wisconsin-Madison). Co-localization was quantified using the Pearson correlation co-efficient PCC). Areas of interest were selected and PCC calculated using LSM510 expert mode analysis software. PCC ranges from 1 to -1 with Positive PCC values indicating similar location and intensity of the signals while negative values indicate a lack of correspondence in signal location and intensity.
Statistical Analysis
[0052] Data typically represent the combined results of 2-3 independent biological experiments. Significant differences were determined by either t-test or two-factor ANOVA (for experiments involving multiple treatments or genotypes) performed using SigmaPlot 11.
Example 2
AFL1 Promotes Continued Plant Growth Under Water Limited Conditions
[0053] Our microarray data showed a 30-fold induction of AFL1 expression at 96 h after transfer or seedlings to -1.2 MPa. RT-PCR verified a strong induction of AFL1 expression at low water potential and a stress-increased band of appropriate size could be detected using a commercial antibody recognizing β-integrin. Closer examination of AFL1 predicted structure revealed an N-terminal domain containing the region of integrin similarity and a C-terminal region. Both the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the protein were connected by flexible linker regions to two predicted hydrophobic helices.
[0054] We predicted that AFL1 contains two predicted helices (amino acids 209-231 and amino acids 235-257) as well as a coiled-coil domain (amino acids 171-210). There are low complexity domains (amino acids 142-159 and 275-289) that may link the N-terminal and C-terminal domains to the helices and coiled-coil domains. The N-terminal domain contains a small region (amino acids 134-144) similar to mammalian β-integrin (this is presumably the sequence recognized by β-integrin antisera). Despite the presence of this integrin-similarity domain, the overall sequence and domain structure of AFL1 clearly differs from known integrins. Because of the very short linker between the two helices, it is unclear if these are transmembrane helices or associated have a peripheral membrane association. Both prediction and our protein interaction data suggested that the N-terminal and C-terminal domains are intracellular and that the N-terminal domain can interact with the C-terminal domain independently of the membrane helices. Our proposed structure is not intended to exclude other possible structures.
[0055] Although clearly different than mammalian integrins, this predicted structure was intriguing as little was known about membrane proteins involved in abiotic stress. We generated antisera recognizing the N-terminal domain of AFL1 and used it for immunoblotting to further confirm that AFL1 protein abundance was dramatically increased by low water potential stress.
[0056] To directly test the involvement of AFL1 in drought response, we generated transgenic lines with 35S-mediated ectopic expression of AFL1 (hereafter referred to as overexpression lines, AFL1 O.E.) as well as lines with DEX-inducible RNAi knockdown of AFL1 (AFL1 K.D.). When seedlings were transferred to either a moderate (-0.7 MPa) or more severe (-1.2 MPa) low water potential stress, AFL1 overexpression lines had dramatically increased root elongation and seedling dry weight (FIG. 1, panel A) as well as fresh weight (FIG. 2) all of which were more than 60% greater than wild type in the low ψw treatments. The plants were also visually larger than wild type. AFL1 overexpression had no apparent negative impact, and even increased growth, in the absence of stress. See FIG. 1. Similar results of increased rosette weight and size were seen in plants subjected to controlled soil drying. See FIG. 1, panel B. Conversely, growth of AFL1 RNAi lines at low water potential was decreased by more than 40% after addition of dexamethasone to activate RNAi suppression of AFL1. See FIG. 1. RNAi suppression of AFL1 had no effect on growth in the high water potential control (FIG. 1, panel A). AFL1 also significantly affected accumulation of the osmoprotective solute proline (FIG. 1, panel C), further indicating a role of AFL1 in regulating drought response.
Example 3
AFL1 Interacts with Endomembrane Proteins PDI5 and NAI2
[0057] To better understand AFL1 molecular function, we identified interacting proteins using several methods (summarized in Table 4). The ER chaperone Protein Disulfide Isomerase5 (PDI5) and the ER-body protein NAI2 were identified by yeast two hybrid library screening using the N-terminal domain of AFL1 as bait and were also identified in AFL1 immunoprecipitates. Yeast two hybrid screening also identified the NAI2-related protein TSK-associating (TSA1). See Table 4. The yeast two hybrid screening using the N-terminal domain of AFL1 as bait also repeated identified partial cDNA clones containing the C-terminal domain of AFL1 but not the two predicted helices. Thus, the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of AFL1 may interact independently of the two hydrophobic helices. Many other proteins were identified as potentially associated with AFL1 in immunoprecipitation experiments including vesicle transport and cytoskeleton related proteins. Split-ubiquitin yeast two hybrid assays with full-length AFL1 as bait confirmed interaction with PDI5, NAI2 and TSA1. These assays also found a strong interaction with the clathrin adaptor complex protein (AP2-2a). In contrast, the ER protein HAP6 and the dynamin DRP1A had no detectable interaction with AFL1 despite being identified in AFL1 immunoprecipitates. These proteins may only indirectly associate with AFL1 via larger protein complexes.
[0058] AFL1 interactions were further assayed in planta using ratiometric Bi-molecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays conducted using intact seedlings. Interestingly, AFL1 interacted with both PDI5 and NAI2 during low water potential but not in unstressed seedlings. See FIG. 3, panels A and B. Co-immunoprecipitation also consistently found more PDI5-AFL1 association after stress treatment. See FIG. 3, panel C. In contrast, with BiFC, we detected the previously reported interaction of PDI5 with RD21 under both control and stress conditions. Both PDI5 and NAI2 are predominantly localized in the ER lumen and performing BiFC together with expression of an ER marker indicated that their interaction with AFL1 occurred predominantly in the ER, although other localizations, such as the Golgi network, cannot be ruled out.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Summary of AFL1 protein interaction assays Yeast two mbSUS hybrid library IP/MS Interaction screen (AFL1 YFP- assay (Full N-terminus) AFL1 Length AFL1) BiFC Co-IP Adaptor X X X protein (AP2-2A) Protein Disulfide Weak Stress Stress Isomerase More More (PDI5) NAI2 Non- Stress specific More binding TSA1 X X N.D. Weak AFL1 N.D. C-terminal Stress clones of AFL1 More and At14a HAP6 N.D. X X N.D. DRP1A (HAP6) Adaptor med subunit, N.D. N.D. N.D. Clathrin, GDI2, ER proteins, proteases, Cytoskeleton proteins N.D. = not determined
[0059] After transfer to low water potential, pdi5 and nai2 mutants showed increased proline accumulation (FIG. 3, panel D) as well as increased root elongation, seedling fresh weight, and dry weight (FIG. 4). The increased growth phenotypes of pdi5 and nai2 mutants were similar to the growth promotion caused by AFL1 overexpression and opposite the growth inhibition seen in AFL1 RNAi lines. These data further indicated that PDI5 and NAI2 are functionally linked with AFL1.
[0060] In addition, crossing and genotyping to isolate a pdi5-2nai2-3 double mutant that lacked expression of both PDI5 and NAI2 revealed an even greater effect on growth at low water potential. The pdi5-2nai2-3 double mutant was more than twice the dry weight of wild type after either -0.7 MPa or -1.2 MPa treatment. See FIG. 4, panel A. This was significantly greater than the effect of either single mutant on dry weight.
Example 4
AFL1 Participated in Endocytosis During Stress and is Localized in Both Plasma Membrane and Endomembrane
[0061] Previous reports on At14a described it as a plasma membrane protein and our initial observations of transgenic plants expressing YFP-AFL1 were also consistent with plasma membrane localization. However, under stress a more complex localization could be observed including the presence of AFL1 in small vesicle like structures. To confirm that these were endocytic vesicles, we treated YFP-AFL1 expressing plants with FM4-64, which is membrane impermeable and can only enter cells by endocytosis, and observed vesicles co-labeled with YFP-AFL1 and FM4-64. These observations were consistent with the strong interaction of AFL1 with the clathrin adaptor complex protein AP2-2A, which is involved in recruiting proteins to clathrin coated vesicles.
[0062] Consistent with this hypothesis, YFP-AFL1 co-localized with mOrange labeled clathrin light chain (CLC) at distinct foci along the plasma membrane. Foci of AFL1 often corresponded to small foci of CLC indicative of the early stages of vesicle formation. In other cases, AFL1-CLC co-localization could be seen at the junction between the CLC-labeled vesicle-like-particles and the plasma membrane. Internalized CLC-labeled structures that had already detached from the plasma membrane had little or no co-localized AFL1. Likewise, the AFL1 that was diffusely localized inside the cell did not co-localize with CLC. Occasionally, small puncta of colocalized AFL1 and CLC could be seen inside the cell, but this was less common. These patterns could be seen in both unstressed and stressed plants; however, AFL1-CLC co-localization (as measured by Pearson Correlation Coefficient, PCC) was significantly increased by stress. See FIG. 5, panel A.
[0063] Tyrphostin A23, a known inhibitor of endocytosis via clathrin coated vesicles, blocked the increased proline accumulation of AFL overexpression plants, indicating that endocytosis is important for AFL1 stress phenotypes. See FIG. 5, panel B. However, it had no effect on the high proline accumulation of pdi5 or nai2 mutants, possibly indicating that their effect on proline accumulation occurs downstream of endocytosis or that they affect AFL1 function by other mechanisms.
[0064] The BiFC assays presented a very different picture of AFL1 localization than transgenic plants with stable expression of YFP-AFL1. To further determine the subcellular localization of AFL1, we used aqueous two phase partitioning along with antisera recognizing the N-terminal domain of AFL1 to examine the distribution of AFL1 between plasma membrane and endomembrane. Under control conditions, the limited expression of AFL1 made it difficult to detect. However, after longer term stress treatment AFL1 protein level increased and AFL1 could be seen in both plasma membrane and endomembrane fractions in roughly equal amounts. Similar results were found in fractionation of transgenic plants expressing FLAG-AFL1. It was noted that the relatively low level of AFL1 detected in the plasma membrane fraction even in AFL1 overexpression plants did not completely match other localization data where AFL1 was predominantly on the plasma membrane. We hypothesized that AFL1 may be dissociated from the plasma membrane during fractionation. Consistent with this idea, AFL1 was found in the supernatant after pelleting of the plasma membrane fraction. Thus AFL1 is not a transmembrane protein as it is described in the current Arabidopsis genome annotation.
[0065] Structural modeling using several publically available resources gave additional clues to AFL1 function. ModWeb found similarity of AFL1 to a bacterial pore forming toxin, amphiphysin and moesin. Amphiphysin contains a Bin-Amphiphysin-RVS (BAR)-domain region that binds to sites of membrane curvature. I-Tasser found similarity to the same bacterial protein as well as actinin, spectrin, another BAR domain protein (Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 Complex) and cell adhesion components. Similarity to actin and clathrin binding sites was also found. The amphiphysin similarity is particularly interesting as amphiphysin associates with AP2-2a at the neck of vesicles in the same complex as dynamin before the vesicle detaches from the plasma membrane. This agrees with our observations of AFL1 interaction with AP2-2a and foci of AFL1 at and around sites of CLC concentration along the plasma membrane. Overall, the experimental and structural modeling observations combined show that AFL1 affects drought signaling via a mechanism distinct from that of previously described plant stress-associated proteins. See FIG. 6.
Example 5
AFL1 Overexpression Modifies the Transcriptional Response to Low Water Potential
[0066] Microarray analysis was conducted to more broadly define how AFL1 has such dramatic effects on drought phenotypes. In wild type more than 5,000 probe sets were up or down regulated by low water potential treatment. AFL1 overexpression modified this transcriptional response. We compared the transcriptional profile of AFL1 overexpression plants at low water potential to the wild type at low water potential to find cases where AFL1 enhanced or antagonized the up or down regulation of gene expression in wild type. See FIG. 7, panel A. Interestingly, the biggest effect of AFL1 overexpression was to further down regulate genes already down regulated in wild type (351 genes down regulated in wild type were further down regulated in AFL1).
[0067] Overall, the predominant effect of AFL1 overexpression was to down regulate gene expression: 525 genes were down regulated by AFL1 overexpression in control and 722 genes in stress compared to 172 genes up-regulated by AFL1 overexpression in control conditions and 398 under stress. Gene Ontology (GO) terms enriched in the down regulated genes include transcription factors, several terms related to cell wall, defense response, oxidative metabolism and membrane/endomembrane proteins. GO terms enriched in genes upregulated by AFL1 overexpression include protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity and redox-related metabolism, lipid metabolism and cytokinin metabolism. The greatly increased growth of AFL1-overexpressing plants seems more related to suppression of negative acting regulatory factors rather than up regulation of new protective functions. Several genes down regulated by AFL1 overexpression were verified by quantitative RT-PCR. See FIG. 8. Interestingly, we also found that AFL1 overexpression blocked the stress induction of RD21. See FIG. 7, panel B. RD21 is a pro-cell death protease whose trafficking and activity are known to be regulated by PDI5.
Other Embodiments
[0068] All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
[0069] From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the described embodiments, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the embodiments to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims.
Sequence CWU
1
1
5811125DNAArabidopsis thalianaCDS(1)..(1125)gene(1)..(1125)AFL1 1atg gcg
tta tcc aaa gat ttg atg ttg aaa tgc tcg gaa gac atg atg 48Met Ala
Leu Ser Lys Asp Leu Met Leu Lys Cys Ser Glu Asp Met Met 1
5 10 15 agt gct tac
aaa tct gct tgt gaa gaa cac cca aaa cta aaa tcc ttt 96Ser Ala Tyr
Lys Ser Ala Cys Glu Glu His Pro Lys Leu Lys Ser Phe
20 25 30 gat gct tcc
ctt cag cag cga acc aac aaa atg ata gac tca ctc acc 144Asp Ala Ser
Leu Gln Gln Arg Thr Asn Lys Met Ile Asp Ser Leu Thr 35
40 45 gtt gaa gac aag
aat ggt tcg tcc tcc cca cac gac gca cac atg gag 192Val Glu Asp Lys
Asn Gly Ser Ser Ser Pro His Asp Ala His Met Glu 50
55 60 ctc tcc aag cac cta
gtt gaa gtt acc caa ggt gtg gca gac ttc att 240Leu Ser Lys His Leu
Val Glu Val Thr Gln Gly Val Ala Asp Phe Ile 65
70 75 80 acc gaa atc gaa gac
gat gtg tgg gac aac caa gct cta aag tat ttg 288Thr Glu Ile Glu Asp
Asp Val Trp Asp Asn Gln Ala Leu Lys Tyr Leu 85
90 95 gtc ctg gcc tat ttt gaa
aat act aaa aag act tta gag att ttc aaa 336Val Leu Ala Tyr Phe Glu
Asn Thr Lys Lys Thr Leu Glu Ile Phe Lys 100
105 110 act ata gag aac tgc gtc gag
aac gca gaa atg ggc caa ctt ctc att 384Thr Ile Glu Asn Cys Val Glu
Asn Ala Glu Met Gly Gln Leu Leu Ile 115
120 125 cga gag gcc ttg gcc gag ttt
gag aaa gag tcg gca gaa aaa gat gtt 432Arg Glu Ala Leu Ala Glu Phe
Glu Lys Glu Ser Ala Glu Lys Asp Val 130 135
140 ggt ggg aaa aag aag aag tat gaa
aaa aca ttg gag gac ctc aag agt 480Gly Gly Lys Lys Lys Lys Tyr Glu
Lys Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Lys Ser 145 150
155 160 ttt aaa gag atg gga gat ccc ttt gac
ggc aaa gtt ctc aca act cag 528Phe Lys Glu Met Gly Asp Pro Phe Asp
Gly Lys Val Leu Thr Thr Gln 165
170 175 ttc gag cgg atc aaa aag cag caa gaa
tcc ctt ctg gag gaa gtg agt 576Phe Glu Arg Ile Lys Lys Gln Gln Glu
Ser Leu Leu Glu Glu Val Ser 180 185
190 gag act aga aaa aag att cag gac gaa att
agt aat cta gag aaa aaa 624Glu Thr Arg Lys Lys Ile Gln Asp Glu Ile
Ser Asn Leu Glu Lys Lys 195 200
205 act tta att acg aac gtg gtt ttc ggc gct gcg
ttt gct att gtt gcg 672Thr Leu Ile Thr Asn Val Val Phe Gly Ala Ala
Phe Ala Ile Val Ala 210 215
220 gtt gca tcc ata gct cta att gca aca ggc gtg
ggt gcg gct gcc ggc 720Val Ala Ser Ile Ala Leu Ile Ala Thr Gly Val
Gly Ala Ala Ala Gly 225 230 235
240 ttt ggg gct cta gcc gca cca ctg ctt gcg gca gga
tgg gct gga gtc 768Phe Gly Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly
Trp Ala Gly Val 245 250
255 tac act acc ttg gat aaa aag aag gat gct ctg aac aaa
cag tta gaa 816Tyr Thr Thr Leu Asp Lys Lys Lys Asp Ala Leu Asn Lys
Gln Leu Glu 260 265
270 ggt cta aag aaa gtg gaa gag ata gaa gaa tcg gtg gag
aaa ggt ata 864Gly Leu Lys Lys Val Glu Glu Ile Glu Glu Ser Val Glu
Lys Gly Ile 275 280 285
aaa acc aac gaa gaa gcg acg gag acc gta tcg att tta gtc
gac ggg 912Lys Thr Asn Glu Glu Ala Thr Glu Thr Val Ser Ile Leu Val
Asp Gly 290 295 300
cta gaa gac cgt atc aaa aat atg ttg aaa ctt gta gat aat gct
att 960Leu Glu Asp Arg Ile Lys Asn Met Leu Lys Leu Val Asp Asn Ala
Ile 305 310 315
320 gac cat gaa gat aat gag gcg gcc acg aga att gtc cta act cag
atc 1008Asp His Glu Asp Asn Glu Ala Ala Thr Arg Ile Val Leu Thr Gln
Ile 325 330 335
agt aag aaa gta gag aaa tta aca aag aaa atc acg gag gtt ggt gaa
1056Ser Lys Lys Val Glu Lys Leu Thr Lys Lys Ile Thr Glu Val Gly Glu
340 345 350
agt gtg gaa gat cat agc aag ttg att gca aag gcc aga ctt caa gtt
1104Ser Val Glu Asp His Ser Lys Leu Ile Ala Lys Ala Arg Leu Gln Val
355 360 365
ctg caa aag atc aac cgt taa
1125Leu Gln Lys Ile Asn Arg
370
2374PRTArabidopsis thaliana 2Met Ala Leu Ser Lys Asp Leu Met Leu Lys Cys
Ser Glu Asp Met Met 1 5 10
15 Ser Ala Tyr Lys Ser Ala Cys Glu Glu His Pro Lys Leu Lys Ser Phe
20 25 30 Asp Ala
Ser Leu Gln Gln Arg Thr Asn Lys Met Ile Asp Ser Leu Thr 35
40 45 Val Glu Asp Lys Asn Gly Ser
Ser Ser Pro His Asp Ala His Met Glu 50 55
60 Leu Ser Lys His Leu Val Glu Val Thr Gln Gly Val
Ala Asp Phe Ile 65 70 75
80 Thr Glu Ile Glu Asp Asp Val Trp Asp Asn Gln Ala Leu Lys Tyr Leu
85 90 95 Val Leu Ala
Tyr Phe Glu Asn Thr Lys Lys Thr Leu Glu Ile Phe Lys 100
105 110 Thr Ile Glu Asn Cys Val Glu Asn
Ala Glu Met Gly Gln Leu Leu Ile 115 120
125 Arg Glu Ala Leu Ala Glu Phe Glu Lys Glu Ser Ala Glu
Lys Asp Val 130 135 140
Gly Gly Lys Lys Lys Lys Tyr Glu Lys Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Lys Ser 145
150 155 160 Phe Lys Glu Met
Gly Asp Pro Phe Asp Gly Lys Val Leu Thr Thr Gln 165
170 175 Phe Glu Arg Ile Lys Lys Gln Gln Glu
Ser Leu Leu Glu Glu Val Ser 180 185
190 Glu Thr Arg Lys Lys Ile Gln Asp Glu Ile Ser Asn Leu Glu
Lys Lys 195 200 205
Thr Leu Ile Thr Asn Val Val Phe Gly Ala Ala Phe Ala Ile Val Ala 210
215 220 Val Ala Ser Ile Ala
Leu Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Ala Ala Ala Gly 225 230
235 240 Phe Gly Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro Leu Leu Ala
Ala Gly Trp Ala Gly Val 245 250
255 Tyr Thr Thr Leu Asp Lys Lys Lys Asp Ala Leu Asn Lys Gln Leu
Glu 260 265 270 Gly
Leu Lys Lys Val Glu Glu Ile Glu Glu Ser Val Glu Lys Gly Ile 275
280 285 Lys Thr Asn Glu Glu Ala
Thr Glu Thr Val Ser Ile Leu Val Asp Gly 290 295
300 Leu Glu Asp Arg Ile Lys Asn Met Leu Lys Leu
Val Asp Asn Ala Ile 305 310 315
320 Asp His Glu Asp Asn Glu Ala Ala Thr Arg Ile Val Leu Thr Gln Ile
325 330 335 Ser Lys
Lys Val Glu Lys Leu Thr Lys Lys Ile Thr Glu Val Gly Glu 340
345 350 Ser Val Glu Asp His Ser Lys
Leu Ile Ala Lys Ala Arg Leu Gln Val 355 360
365 Leu Gln Lys Ile Asn Arg 370
31464DNAArabidopsis thalianaCDS(1)..(1464)gene(1)..(1464)PDI5 3atg gcg
atg agg ggc ttc acg ttg ttt tcg atc ctt gtg ttg tct ttg 48Met Ala
Met Arg Gly Phe Thr Leu Phe Ser Ile Leu Val Leu Ser Leu 1
5 10 15 tgc gct tcg
tct atc aga agc gaa gag acg gag acg aag gag ttc gtg 96Cys Ala Ser
Ser Ile Arg Ser Glu Glu Thr Glu Thr Lys Glu Phe Val
20 25 30 ttg acc ttg
gat cac act aac ttc acc gat acc atc aac aaa cac gat 144Leu Thr Leu
Asp His Thr Asn Phe Thr Asp Thr Ile Asn Lys His Asp 35
40 45 ttc atc gtc gtc
gag ttc tac gcc cca tgg tgt gga cac tgc aag cag 192Phe Ile Val Val
Glu Phe Tyr Ala Pro Trp Cys Gly His Cys Lys Gln 50
55 60 ctt gct cct gag tat
gag aag gct gcg tca gct ttg agc agt aac gtc 240Leu Ala Pro Glu Tyr
Glu Lys Ala Ala Ser Ala Leu Ser Ser Asn Val 65
70 75 80 cca cca gtg gtt ctt
gct aag att gat gcc agt gag gaa aca aac aga 288Pro Pro Val Val Leu
Ala Lys Ile Asp Ala Ser Glu Glu Thr Asn Arg 85
90 95 gaa ttt gca act caa tac
gag gtt cag ggt ttc cca aca atc aag att 336Glu Phe Ala Thr Gln Tyr
Glu Val Gln Gly Phe Pro Thr Ile Lys Ile 100
105 110 ttc aga aac gga gga aag gct
gtt caa gaa tac aac gga cct cgt gaa 384Phe Arg Asn Gly Gly Lys Ala
Val Gln Glu Tyr Asn Gly Pro Arg Glu 115
120 125 gct gag ggt att gtt act tac
ttg aag aaa caa agt gga cct gct tct 432Ala Glu Gly Ile Val Thr Tyr
Leu Lys Lys Gln Ser Gly Pro Ala Ser 130 135
140 gct gaa att aag tca gct gat gat
gct tct gag gtt gtt agt gac aag 480Ala Glu Ile Lys Ser Ala Asp Asp
Ala Ser Glu Val Val Ser Asp Lys 145 150
155 160 aag gtt gtt gtg gtt ggg att ttc cct
aaa cta tct ggc tcc gag ttt 528Lys Val Val Val Val Gly Ile Phe Pro
Lys Leu Ser Gly Ser Glu Phe 165
170 175 gat tct ttc atg gcc att gct gag aaa
ttg cgc tct gag tta gat ttc 576Asp Ser Phe Met Ala Ile Ala Glu Lys
Leu Arg Ser Glu Leu Asp Phe 180 185
190 gca cat acc tcg gat gcc aag ctt ctt ccc
cgt gga gag tca tct gta 624Ala His Thr Ser Asp Ala Lys Leu Leu Pro
Arg Gly Glu Ser Ser Val 195 200
205 aca gga cct gtg gtc agg cta ttc aaa ccc ttt
gat gaa caa ttt gtt 672Thr Gly Pro Val Val Arg Leu Phe Lys Pro Phe
Asp Glu Gln Phe Val 210 215
220 gat tcc aag gat ttc gat ggt gaa gct ctg gag
aaa ttt gtc aaa gaa 720Asp Ser Lys Asp Phe Asp Gly Glu Ala Leu Glu
Lys Phe Val Lys Glu 225 230 235
240 tcc agc att cca ctt atc acc gtc ttt gac aaa gat
cca aac aac cac 768Ser Ser Ile Pro Leu Ile Thr Val Phe Asp Lys Asp
Pro Asn Asn His 245 250
255 cca tat gtt atc aag ttc ttt gaa agc act aat acc aag
gcg atg ttg 816Pro Tyr Val Ile Lys Phe Phe Glu Ser Thr Asn Thr Lys
Ala Met Leu 260 265
270 ttc att aac ttc act gga gaa gga gct gag tct ctt aaa
tca aag tac 864Phe Ile Asn Phe Thr Gly Glu Gly Ala Glu Ser Leu Lys
Ser Lys Tyr 275 280 285
cgt gaa gtt gct aca tcc aac aag gga cag ggt ctt agc ttc
ctt cta 912Arg Glu Val Ala Thr Ser Asn Lys Gly Gln Gly Leu Ser Phe
Leu Leu 290 295 300
ggt gat gct gag aac agc caa ggt gca ttc cag tac ttt gga ctc
gaa 960Gly Asp Ala Glu Asn Ser Gln Gly Ala Phe Gln Tyr Phe Gly Leu
Glu 305 310 315
320 gag agc caa gtt cct ctc atc atc atc cag act gct gac gac aag
aaa 1008Glu Ser Gln Val Pro Leu Ile Ile Ile Gln Thr Ala Asp Asp Lys
Lys 325 330 335
tac ctg aaa aca aat gtt gag gtt gac cag att gaa tca tgg gtc aag
1056Tyr Leu Lys Thr Asn Val Glu Val Asp Gln Ile Glu Ser Trp Val Lys
340 345 350
gac ttc aag gat gga aaa att gct ccc cac aaa aaa tct caa cct atc
1104Asp Phe Lys Asp Gly Lys Ile Ala Pro His Lys Lys Ser Gln Pro Ile
355 360 365
cca gcc gaa aac aac gag cca gtg aag gtt gtt gtt tct gac agc ctt
1152Pro Ala Glu Asn Asn Glu Pro Val Lys Val Val Val Ser Asp Ser Leu
370 375 380
gac gac att gtc tta aac tct gga aag aac gtt ttg ctt gaa ttc tat
1200Asp Asp Ile Val Leu Asn Ser Gly Lys Asn Val Leu Leu Glu Phe Tyr
385 390 395 400
gct cca tgg tgt gga cac tgc caa aag ctt gct cca atc ttg gac gaa
1248Ala Pro Trp Cys Gly His Cys Gln Lys Leu Ala Pro Ile Leu Asp Glu
405 410 415
gtt gct gtg tcg tac caa agc gac tca agt gta gtc atc gct aag cta
1296Val Ala Val Ser Tyr Gln Ser Asp Ser Ser Val Val Ile Ala Lys Leu
420 425 430
gat gca acc gca aac gac ttc cca aaa gat acc ttt gat gtg aag gga
1344Asp Ala Thr Ala Asn Asp Phe Pro Lys Asp Thr Phe Asp Val Lys Gly
435 440 445
ttc ccg acc att tac ttc aaa tca gcg agc gga aac gtt gtg gtt tac
1392Phe Pro Thr Ile Tyr Phe Lys Ser Ala Ser Gly Asn Val Val Val Tyr
450 455 460
gaa gga gac aga cag aga gaa tct ctt tat cta ttc att agg ttt tta
1440Glu Gly Asp Arg Gln Arg Glu Ser Leu Tyr Leu Phe Ile Arg Phe Leu
465 470 475 480
tat gtg cac tct tca gaa caa taa
1464Tyr Val His Ser Ser Glu Gln
485
4487PRTArabidopsis thaliana 4Met Ala Met Arg Gly Phe Thr Leu Phe Ser Ile
Leu Val Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10
15 Cys Ala Ser Ser Ile Arg Ser Glu Glu Thr Glu Thr Lys Glu Phe Val
20 25 30 Leu Thr
Leu Asp His Thr Asn Phe Thr Asp Thr Ile Asn Lys His Asp 35
40 45 Phe Ile Val Val Glu Phe Tyr
Ala Pro Trp Cys Gly His Cys Lys Gln 50 55
60 Leu Ala Pro Glu Tyr Glu Lys Ala Ala Ser Ala Leu
Ser Ser Asn Val 65 70 75
80 Pro Pro Val Val Leu Ala Lys Ile Asp Ala Ser Glu Glu Thr Asn Arg
85 90 95 Glu Phe Ala
Thr Gln Tyr Glu Val Gln Gly Phe Pro Thr Ile Lys Ile 100
105 110 Phe Arg Asn Gly Gly Lys Ala Val
Gln Glu Tyr Asn Gly Pro Arg Glu 115 120
125 Ala Glu Gly Ile Val Thr Tyr Leu Lys Lys Gln Ser Gly
Pro Ala Ser 130 135 140
Ala Glu Ile Lys Ser Ala Asp Asp Ala Ser Glu Val Val Ser Asp Lys 145
150 155 160 Lys Val Val Val
Val Gly Ile Phe Pro Lys Leu Ser Gly Ser Glu Phe 165
170 175 Asp Ser Phe Met Ala Ile Ala Glu Lys
Leu Arg Ser Glu Leu Asp Phe 180 185
190 Ala His Thr Ser Asp Ala Lys Leu Leu Pro Arg Gly Glu Ser
Ser Val 195 200 205
Thr Gly Pro Val Val Arg Leu Phe Lys Pro Phe Asp Glu Gln Phe Val 210
215 220 Asp Ser Lys Asp Phe
Asp Gly Glu Ala Leu Glu Lys Phe Val Lys Glu 225 230
235 240 Ser Ser Ile Pro Leu Ile Thr Val Phe Asp
Lys Asp Pro Asn Asn His 245 250
255 Pro Tyr Val Ile Lys Phe Phe Glu Ser Thr Asn Thr Lys Ala Met
Leu 260 265 270 Phe
Ile Asn Phe Thr Gly Glu Gly Ala Glu Ser Leu Lys Ser Lys Tyr 275
280 285 Arg Glu Val Ala Thr Ser
Asn Lys Gly Gln Gly Leu Ser Phe Leu Leu 290 295
300 Gly Asp Ala Glu Asn Ser Gln Gly Ala Phe Gln
Tyr Phe Gly Leu Glu 305 310 315
320 Glu Ser Gln Val Pro Leu Ile Ile Ile Gln Thr Ala Asp Asp Lys Lys
325 330 335 Tyr Leu
Lys Thr Asn Val Glu Val Asp Gln Ile Glu Ser Trp Val Lys 340
345 350 Asp Phe Lys Asp Gly Lys Ile
Ala Pro His Lys Lys Ser Gln Pro Ile 355 360
365 Pro Ala Glu Asn Asn Glu Pro Val Lys Val Val Val
Ser Asp Ser Leu 370 375 380
Asp Asp Ile Val Leu Asn Ser Gly Lys Asn Val Leu Leu Glu Phe Tyr 385
390 395 400 Ala Pro Trp
Cys Gly His Cys Gln Lys Leu Ala Pro Ile Leu Asp Glu 405
410 415 Val Ala Val Ser Tyr Gln Ser Asp
Ser Ser Val Val Ile Ala Lys Leu 420 425
430 Asp Ala Thr Ala Asn Asp Phe Pro Lys Asp Thr Phe Asp
Val Lys Gly 435 440 445
Phe Pro Thr Ile Tyr Phe Lys Ser Ala Ser Gly Asn Val Val Val Tyr 450
455 460 Glu Gly Asp Arg
Gln Arg Glu Ser Leu Tyr Leu Phe Ile Arg Phe Leu 465 470
475 480 Tyr Val His Ser Ser Glu Gln
485 52319DNAArabidopsis
thalianaCDS(1)..(2319)gene(1)..(2319)NAI2 5atg gga aca aag ttt tta gct
ctg ggt ttg tct ctg tgt ctt gtt ctc 48Met Gly Thr Lys Phe Leu Ala
Leu Gly Leu Ser Leu Cys Leu Val Leu 1 5
10 15 tca agc ttc tat caa gtt tct tgc
cag gat gaa gga act gga agt ttg 96Ser Ser Phe Tyr Gln Val Ser Cys
Gln Asp Glu Gly Thr Gly Ser Leu 20
25 30 agt act tta gat cta att gag cat
gaa tat caa act agt gtc aat tct 144Ser Thr Leu Asp Leu Ile Glu His
Glu Tyr Gln Thr Ser Val Asn Ser 35 40
45 ctc caa ggc aat gaa gca gta gat caa
act gag acc agt ggt cag aaa 192Leu Gln Gly Asn Glu Ala Val Asp Gln
Thr Glu Thr Ser Gly Gln Lys 50 55
60 aac agt aca gtg tct gat aac aac act att
tct ttg tct cta tct gaa 240Asn Ser Thr Val Ser Asp Asn Asn Thr Ile
Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Glu 65 70
75 80 gaa cct gca ttg gaa act ctt aaa gaa tct
gtt gat aca tca gct gag 288Glu Pro Ala Leu Glu Thr Leu Lys Glu Ser
Val Asp Thr Ser Ala Glu 85 90
95 tta gga gct gtt act gat gaa gtc gat aaa cct
tca agt atg ttg gac 336Leu Gly Ala Val Thr Asp Glu Val Asp Lys Pro
Ser Ser Met Leu Asp 100 105
110 cat att gaa ctt gag ttc gaa gca cat atc aat gaa
ctt aaa gaa gct 384His Ile Glu Leu Glu Phe Glu Ala His Ile Asn Glu
Leu Lys Glu Ala 115 120
125 gga tct gat ggt atc aac aaa gtt gag gaa tct aaa
gat gat gaa gaa 432Gly Ser Asp Gly Ile Asn Lys Val Glu Glu Ser Lys
Asp Asp Glu Glu 130 135 140
gct gca agg aga cat aaa atg ttg gaa gcc att gaa cgt
gaa ttt gaa 480Ala Ala Arg Arg His Lys Met Leu Glu Ala Ile Glu Arg
Glu Phe Glu 145 150 155
160 gct gct cat gct gga ttt gaa caa cta aag act gat gat tcc
gcc caa 528Ala Ala His Ala Gly Phe Glu Gln Leu Lys Thr Asp Asp Ser
Ala Gln 165 170
175 gga tta gat gat gaa caa tct gca aag aga caa agc atg ttg
gac gag 576Gly Leu Asp Asp Glu Gln Ser Ala Lys Arg Gln Ser Met Leu
Asp Glu 180 185 190
att gaa cgt gat ttt gaa gct gct aca aaa ggt ctt gag caa cta
aag 624Ile Glu Arg Asp Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr Lys Gly Leu Glu Gln Leu
Lys 195 200 205
gct gat gat tta act gga atc aac gat gaa gaa cac gct gca aag aga
672Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Gly Ile Asn Asp Glu Glu His Ala Ala Lys Arg
210 215 220
caa aag atg ctt gaa gag atc gaa aga gag ttt gaa gaa gct aca aaa
720Gln Lys Met Leu Glu Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Thr Lys
225 230 235 240
ggt ctt gaa gaa cta agg cat tct acc tca agc aca gat gat gaa gca
768Gly Leu Glu Glu Leu Arg His Ser Thr Ser Ser Thr Asp Asp Glu Ala
245 250 255
caa tct gca aag aga cag aat atg cta gat gag atc gaa cgg gag ttt
816Gln Ser Ala Lys Arg Gln Asn Met Leu Asp Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe
260 265 270
gaa gct gct aca agt ggt ctt aaa gag cta aag att aat gct cac act
864Glu Ala Ala Thr Ser Gly Leu Lys Glu Leu Lys Ile Asn Ala His Thr
275 280 285
gtc aaa gat gat gtt gat gat aaa gaa caa gat gcc aaa aga caa agt
912Val Lys Asp Asp Val Asp Asp Lys Glu Gln Asp Ala Lys Arg Gln Ser
290 295 300
atg cta gat gca att gaa cgt gag ttt gaa gcc gtt acc gag agt ttt
960Met Leu Asp Ala Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala Val Thr Glu Ser Phe
305 310 315 320
aaa caa ctt gaa gat atc gcc gat aac aaa gct gaa gga gac gac gaa
1008Lys Gln Leu Glu Asp Ile Ala Asp Asn Lys Ala Glu Gly Asp Asp Glu
325 330 335
tct gca aag agg caa agt atg ttg gat gag att gaa cgt gaa ttt gaa
1056Ser Ala Lys Arg Gln Ser Met Leu Asp Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu
340 345 350
gct gct aca aat agt ctt aag caa cta aac ctt gac gat ttc agt gaa
1104Ala Ala Thr Asn Ser Leu Lys Gln Leu Asn Leu Asp Asp Phe Ser Glu
355 360 365
gga gat gac agt gca gaa tct gca agg aga aat agt atg ctt gaa gct
1152Gly Asp Asp Ser Ala Glu Ser Ala Arg Arg Asn Ser Met Leu Glu Ala
370 375 380
atc gaa cgc gag ttt gaa gct gct aca aaa ggt ctt gaa gag cta aag
1200Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr Lys Gly Leu Glu Glu Leu Lys
385 390 395 400
gct aat gat tca acc ggc gac aag gat gat gat gaa cac gtt gca agg
1248Ala Asn Asp Ser Thr Gly Asp Lys Asp Asp Asp Glu His Val Ala Arg
405 410 415
aga aaa att atg ctt gaa gct att gaa cgc gag ttt gaa gcc gcg aca
1296Arg Lys Ile Met Leu Glu Ala Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr
420 425 430
aaa ggc ctt gaa gag tta aag aat gaa tca gaa caa gct gaa aac aag
1344Lys Gly Leu Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Glu Ser Glu Gln Ala Glu Asn Lys
435 440 445
aga aac agt atg ttg gaa gca ttc gaa cgc gaa ttt gaa gct gct aca
1392Arg Asn Ser Met Leu Glu Ala Phe Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr
450 455 460
aat gca aag gct aat gga gaa aac tct gca aag aat cca tca acc ata
1440Asn Ala Lys Ala Asn Gly Glu Asn Ser Ala Lys Asn Pro Ser Thr Ile
465 470 475 480
agt act aca gtg cag aaa tct tct ggc gga tac aat gct ggt tta gaa
1488Ser Thr Thr Val Gln Lys Ser Ser Gly Gly Tyr Asn Ala Gly Leu Glu
485 490 495
ggt ctt cta aag cct gca gat ggt gta tgt ggt tgt ttc aac aag gat
1536Gly Leu Leu Lys Pro Ala Asp Gly Val Cys Gly Cys Phe Asn Lys Asp
500 505 510
aaa gat ggt ctt cag gca gac act gat tct tcg att aac ata gcg gag
1584Lys Asp Gly Leu Gln Ala Asp Thr Asp Ser Ser Ile Asn Ile Ala Glu
515 520 525
ata ctc gca gaa gaa tcc aaa tta cag ggc tca ggg acc tct cgg ctc
1632Ile Leu Ala Glu Glu Ser Lys Leu Gln Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser Arg Leu
530 535 540
acc aca tca ttg aac aat ctt gtt gat act cat aga aaa gaa acg tcc
1680Thr Thr Ser Leu Asn Asn Leu Val Asp Thr His Arg Lys Glu Thr Ser
545 550 555 560
tca aag gta ggc tca gtc ctt ggc tca tct tca tca gtt act tct acc
1728Ser Lys Val Gly Ser Val Leu Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Val Thr Ser Thr
565 570 575
aca agc gaa tca gcg gct aca tca gag agc ata gag agc tta aag caa
1776Thr Ser Glu Ser Ala Ala Thr Ser Glu Ser Ile Glu Ser Leu Lys Gln
580 585 590
aca cta agg aag cta cgc ggt cta agc gca cgt gat ctc gta aac cac
1824Thr Leu Arg Lys Leu Arg Gly Leu Ser Ala Arg Asp Leu Val Asn His
595 600 605
ccg aat ttc gat gcg att ata gca gcc ggt aca cgt tac gag gta ctc
1872Pro Asn Phe Asp Ala Ile Ile Ala Ala Gly Thr Arg Tyr Glu Val Leu
610 615 620
agc tca gct tct att ggt tac atc tct ttg cta gcc aaa tac aaa acc
1920Ser Ser Ala Ser Ile Gly Tyr Ile Ser Leu Leu Ala Lys Tyr Lys Thr
625 630 635 640
gtc att aaa gaa gga ctc gag gct tct cag aga gtc cag att gct caa
1968Val Ile Lys Glu Gly Leu Glu Ala Ser Gln Arg Val Gln Ile Ala Gln
645 650 655
acc cga gcc aaa ctg cta aaa gaa acc gca atg gag aag cag aga acc
2016Thr Arg Ala Lys Leu Leu Lys Glu Thr Ala Met Glu Lys Gln Arg Thr
660 665 670
gta gac tcg gtt ttc gca gca gca aag acc act gct caa aga gga gac
2064Val Asp Ser Val Phe Ala Ala Ala Lys Thr Thr Ala Gln Arg Gly Asp
675 680 685
gcg ttg cac atc aga atc gta gcg atc aag aaa ctg ttg gca aag cta
2112Ala Leu His Ile Arg Ile Val Ala Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu Ala Lys Leu
690 695 700
gaa gca gag aaa gtg gac gtt gat tca aag ttc acc tct tta acg acg
2160Glu Ala Glu Lys Val Asp Val Asp Ser Lys Phe Thr Ser Leu Thr Thr
705 710 715 720
agt ctg tca gag ctt ctc aag gag gcg tca cag gct tac gaa gag tat
2208Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ser Gln Ala Tyr Glu Glu Tyr
725 730 735
cac gag gcg gtg cat aag gca aag gac gag caa gcg gct gag gaa ttt
2256His Glu Ala Val His Lys Ala Lys Asp Glu Gln Ala Ala Glu Glu Phe
740 745 750
gcg gtg gag acg aca aag aga gca gaa cat att tgg gtt gag ttt ctt
2304Ala Val Glu Thr Thr Lys Arg Ala Glu His Ile Trp Val Glu Phe Leu
755 760 765
agt tca ctt aat tga
2319Ser Ser Leu Asn
770
6772PRTArabidopsis thaliana 6Met Gly Thr Lys Phe Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu Ser
Leu Cys Leu Val Leu 1 5 10
15 Ser Ser Phe Tyr Gln Val Ser Cys Gln Asp Glu Gly Thr Gly Ser Leu
20 25 30 Ser Thr
Leu Asp Leu Ile Glu His Glu Tyr Gln Thr Ser Val Asn Ser 35
40 45 Leu Gln Gly Asn Glu Ala Val
Asp Gln Thr Glu Thr Ser Gly Gln Lys 50 55
60 Asn Ser Thr Val Ser Asp Asn Asn Thr Ile Ser Leu
Ser Leu Ser Glu 65 70 75
80 Glu Pro Ala Leu Glu Thr Leu Lys Glu Ser Val Asp Thr Ser Ala Glu
85 90 95 Leu Gly Ala
Val Thr Asp Glu Val Asp Lys Pro Ser Ser Met Leu Asp 100
105 110 His Ile Glu Leu Glu Phe Glu Ala
His Ile Asn Glu Leu Lys Glu Ala 115 120
125 Gly Ser Asp Gly Ile Asn Lys Val Glu Glu Ser Lys Asp
Asp Glu Glu 130 135 140
Ala Ala Arg Arg His Lys Met Leu Glu Ala Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu 145
150 155 160 Ala Ala His Ala
Gly Phe Glu Gln Leu Lys Thr Asp Asp Ser Ala Gln 165
170 175 Gly Leu Asp Asp Glu Gln Ser Ala Lys
Arg Gln Ser Met Leu Asp Glu 180 185
190 Ile Glu Arg Asp Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr Lys Gly Leu Glu Gln
Leu Lys 195 200 205
Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Gly Ile Asn Asp Glu Glu His Ala Ala Lys Arg 210
215 220 Gln Lys Met Leu Glu
Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Thr Lys 225 230
235 240 Gly Leu Glu Glu Leu Arg His Ser Thr Ser
Ser Thr Asp Asp Glu Ala 245 250
255 Gln Ser Ala Lys Arg Gln Asn Met Leu Asp Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu
Phe 260 265 270 Glu
Ala Ala Thr Ser Gly Leu Lys Glu Leu Lys Ile Asn Ala His Thr 275
280 285 Val Lys Asp Asp Val Asp
Asp Lys Glu Gln Asp Ala Lys Arg Gln Ser 290 295
300 Met Leu Asp Ala Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala
Val Thr Glu Ser Phe 305 310 315
320 Lys Gln Leu Glu Asp Ile Ala Asp Asn Lys Ala Glu Gly Asp Asp Glu
325 330 335 Ser Ala
Lys Arg Gln Ser Met Leu Asp Glu Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu 340
345 350 Ala Ala Thr Asn Ser Leu Lys
Gln Leu Asn Leu Asp Asp Phe Ser Glu 355 360
365 Gly Asp Asp Ser Ala Glu Ser Ala Arg Arg Asn Ser
Met Leu Glu Ala 370 375 380
Ile Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr Lys Gly Leu Glu Glu Leu Lys 385
390 395 400 Ala Asn Asp
Ser Thr Gly Asp Lys Asp Asp Asp Glu His Val Ala Arg 405
410 415 Arg Lys Ile Met Leu Glu Ala Ile
Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr 420 425
430 Lys Gly Leu Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Glu Ser Glu Gln Ala
Glu Asn Lys 435 440 445
Arg Asn Ser Met Leu Glu Ala Phe Glu Arg Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Thr 450
455 460 Asn Ala Lys Ala
Asn Gly Glu Asn Ser Ala Lys Asn Pro Ser Thr Ile 465 470
475 480 Ser Thr Thr Val Gln Lys Ser Ser Gly
Gly Tyr Asn Ala Gly Leu Glu 485 490
495 Gly Leu Leu Lys Pro Ala Asp Gly Val Cys Gly Cys Phe Asn
Lys Asp 500 505 510
Lys Asp Gly Leu Gln Ala Asp Thr Asp Ser Ser Ile Asn Ile Ala Glu
515 520 525 Ile Leu Ala Glu
Glu Ser Lys Leu Gln Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser Arg Leu 530
535 540 Thr Thr Ser Leu Asn Asn Leu Val
Asp Thr His Arg Lys Glu Thr Ser 545 550
555 560 Ser Lys Val Gly Ser Val Leu Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser
Val Thr Ser Thr 565 570
575 Thr Ser Glu Ser Ala Ala Thr Ser Glu Ser Ile Glu Ser Leu Lys Gln
580 585 590 Thr Leu Arg
Lys Leu Arg Gly Leu Ser Ala Arg Asp Leu Val Asn His 595
600 605 Pro Asn Phe Asp Ala Ile Ile Ala
Ala Gly Thr Arg Tyr Glu Val Leu 610 615
620 Ser Ser Ala Ser Ile Gly Tyr Ile Ser Leu Leu Ala Lys
Tyr Lys Thr 625 630 635
640 Val Ile Lys Glu Gly Leu Glu Ala Ser Gln Arg Val Gln Ile Ala Gln
645 650 655 Thr Arg Ala Lys
Leu Leu Lys Glu Thr Ala Met Glu Lys Gln Arg Thr 660
665 670 Val Asp Ser Val Phe Ala Ala Ala Lys
Thr Thr Ala Gln Arg Gly Asp 675 680
685 Ala Leu His Ile Arg Ile Val Ala Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu Ala
Lys Leu 690 695 700
Glu Ala Glu Lys Val Asp Val Asp Ser Lys Phe Thr Ser Leu Thr Thr 705
710 715 720 Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu
Leu Lys Glu Ala Ser Gln Ala Tyr Glu Glu Tyr 725
730 735 His Glu Ala Val His Lys Ala Lys Asp Glu
Gln Ala Ala Glu Glu Phe 740 745
750 Ala Val Glu Thr Thr Lys Arg Ala Glu His Ile Trp Val Glu Phe
Leu 755 760 765 Ser
Ser Leu Asn 770 71158DNAArabidopsis
thalianamisc_featureAT3G28300 7atg gtg cta tcc aaa gag aat atg ttg aaa
tac tcg gca cac ctt cgt 48Met Val Leu Ser Lys Glu Asn Met Leu Lys
Tyr Ser Ala His Leu Arg 1 5 10
15 gct tac aat tcc gca tgt gga gac cat cca gaa
ctc aaa tcc ttt gat 96Ala Tyr Asn Ser Ala Cys Gly Asp His Pro Glu
Leu Lys Ser Phe Asp 20 25
30 tct gag ctt cag cag aaa acc tca aat ctg ata aac
tcg ttc acc tct 144Ser Glu Leu Gln Gln Lys Thr Ser Asn Leu Ile Asn
Ser Phe Thr Ser 35 40
45 gat gcc aaa act ggg ttg gtg cca ctg ccc caa cac
gca gca tac aag 192Asp Ala Lys Thr Gly Leu Val Pro Leu Pro Gln His
Ala Ala Tyr Lys 50 55 60
gag ttc acc aag cac cta gct gaa gta aac caa cag gtg
tca gac tac 240Glu Phe Thr Lys His Leu Ala Glu Val Asn Gln Gln Val
Ser Asp Tyr 65 70 75
80 atc att gga tat gga gaa gta gtg tgg gag aac tca act ctg
aga tct 288Ile Ile Gly Tyr Gly Glu Val Val Trp Glu Asn Ser Thr Leu
Arg Ser 85 90
95 ttg gtc gaa acc tat ttt gaa agt gcc aag aag act ttg gac
att gcc 336Leu Val Glu Thr Tyr Phe Glu Ser Ala Lys Lys Thr Leu Asp
Ile Ala 100 105 110
gag aat gta aca gaa tac gtc gat gaa gca aaa agg ggc gaa cgt
tac 384Glu Asn Val Thr Glu Tyr Val Asp Glu Ala Lys Arg Gly Glu Arg
Tyr 115 120 125
att gta gcg gcc gtg gca cag ttt gaa aaa gac aaa gaa aat gat gtt
432Ile Val Ala Ala Val Ala Gln Phe Glu Lys Asp Lys Glu Asn Asp Val
130 135 140
ggc aaa aaa acg aag agg tat gaa aat acc ttg agg gag ctg aag aag
480Gly Lys Lys Thr Lys Arg Tyr Glu Asn Thr Leu Arg Glu Leu Lys Lys
145 150 155 160
ttt gaa gcc atg gga aat cct ttt gat ggc gat aag ttc acg act ctg
528Phe Glu Ala Met Gly Asn Pro Phe Asp Gly Asp Lys Phe Thr Thr Leu
165 170 175
ttc aag ttg atg cac aag gag caa gaa tcc ctt ctg gaa aga gtg agg
576Phe Lys Leu Met His Lys Glu Gln Glu Ser Leu Leu Glu Arg Val Arg
180 185 190
gag act aag gaa aag ctt gat gag gaa ctt aaa aat att gag atg gaa
624Glu Thr Lys Glu Lys Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Ile Glu Met Glu
195 200 205
ata agt agt cga aag aaa tgg agt ata att tcg aat gtg ctt ttc atc
672Ile Ser Ser Arg Lys Lys Trp Ser Ile Ile Ser Asn Val Leu Phe Ile
210 215 220
ggt gcg ttt gtt gct gtt gcc gtc gga tcc atg gtt cta gta tgt aca
720Gly Ala Phe Val Ala Val Ala Val Gly Ser Met Val Leu Val Cys Thr
225 230 235 240
ggc gtg ggt gcg ggc gtg ggc gtt gca ggg ctt cta tca tta cca ctg
768Gly Val Gly Ala Gly Val Gly Val Ala Gly Leu Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu
245 250 255
att gcg ata gga tgg gta ggc gtc cac act att tta gag aac aag att
816Ile Ala Ile Gly Trp Val Gly Val His Thr Ile Leu Glu Asn Lys Ile
260 265 270
caa gct cga gag aaa cag gaa gaa gct ctg aag aaa gcg cac cgt ata
864Gln Ala Arg Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Ala His Arg Ile
275 280 285
gca aac gaa atg gat aag ggt atg gaa acc gac aaa gta gat atg aat
912Ala Asn Glu Met Asp Lys Gly Met Glu Thr Asp Lys Val Asp Met Asn
290 295 300
tcc ata tct gga aaa gtc cac gcg cta aaa agc aag atc acg tct atg
960Ser Ile Ser Gly Lys Val His Ala Leu Lys Ser Lys Ile Thr Ser Met
305 310 315 320
ttg aat gct gtg aag gat gct act gag gat gga gca aat gag gtg gac
1008Leu Asn Ala Val Lys Asp Ala Thr Glu Asp Gly Ala Asn Glu Val Asp
325 330 335
acg aaa caa gta atg gaa acc ctt acg ggg gac gtg gtg gaa tta aca
1056Thr Lys Gln Val Met Glu Thr Leu Thr Gly Asp Val Val Glu Leu Thr
340 345 350
gag gat atc aaa gca gtt ggt gat gat gtg gca aaa tat agc aaa atg
1104Glu Asp Ile Lys Ala Val Gly Asp Asp Val Ala Lys Tyr Ser Lys Met
355 360 365
atc gaa gag acg agt tat cac gtt ttg caa aag atc act ggt tct gga
1152Ile Glu Glu Thr Ser Tyr His Val Leu Gln Lys Ile Thr Gly Ser Gly
370 375 380
aaa taa
1158Lys
385
8385PRTArabidopsis thaliana 8Met Val Leu Ser Lys Glu Asn Met Leu Lys Tyr
Ser Ala His Leu Arg 1 5 10
15 Ala Tyr Asn Ser Ala Cys Gly Asp His Pro Glu Leu Lys Ser Phe Asp
20 25 30 Ser Glu
Leu Gln Gln Lys Thr Ser Asn Leu Ile Asn Ser Phe Thr Ser 35
40 45 Asp Ala Lys Thr Gly Leu Val
Pro Leu Pro Gln His Ala Ala Tyr Lys 50 55
60 Glu Phe Thr Lys His Leu Ala Glu Val Asn Gln Gln
Val Ser Asp Tyr 65 70 75
80 Ile Ile Gly Tyr Gly Glu Val Val Trp Glu Asn Ser Thr Leu Arg Ser
85 90 95 Leu Val Glu
Thr Tyr Phe Glu Ser Ala Lys Lys Thr Leu Asp Ile Ala 100
105 110 Glu Asn Val Thr Glu Tyr Val Asp
Glu Ala Lys Arg Gly Glu Arg Tyr 115 120
125 Ile Val Ala Ala Val Ala Gln Phe Glu Lys Asp Lys Glu
Asn Asp Val 130 135 140
Gly Lys Lys Thr Lys Arg Tyr Glu Asn Thr Leu Arg Glu Leu Lys Lys 145
150 155 160 Phe Glu Ala Met
Gly Asn Pro Phe Asp Gly Asp Lys Phe Thr Thr Leu 165
170 175 Phe Lys Leu Met His Lys Glu Gln Glu
Ser Leu Leu Glu Arg Val Arg 180 185
190 Glu Thr Lys Glu Lys Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Ile Glu
Met Glu 195 200 205
Ile Ser Ser Arg Lys Lys Trp Ser Ile Ile Ser Asn Val Leu Phe Ile 210
215 220 Gly Ala Phe Val Ala
Val Ala Val Gly Ser Met Val Leu Val Cys Thr 225 230
235 240 Gly Val Gly Ala Gly Val Gly Val Ala Gly
Leu Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu 245 250
255 Ile Ala Ile Gly Trp Val Gly Val His Thr Ile Leu Glu Asn Lys
Ile 260 265 270 Gln
Ala Arg Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Ala His Arg Ile 275
280 285 Ala Asn Glu Met Asp Lys
Gly Met Glu Thr Asp Lys Val Asp Met Asn 290 295
300 Ser Ile Ser Gly Lys Val His Ala Leu Lys Ser
Lys Ile Thr Ser Met 305 310 315
320 Leu Asn Ala Val Lys Asp Ala Thr Glu Asp Gly Ala Asn Glu Val Asp
325 330 335 Thr Lys
Gln Val Met Glu Thr Leu Thr Gly Asp Val Val Glu Leu Thr 340
345 350 Glu Asp Ile Lys Ala Val Gly
Asp Asp Val Ala Lys Tyr Ser Lys Met 355 360
365 Ile Glu Glu Thr Ser Tyr His Val Leu Gln Lys Ile
Thr Gly Ser Gly 370 375 380
Lys 385 91158DNAArabidopsis thalianamisc_featureAT3G28290 9atg gtg
cta tcc aaa gag aat atg ttg aaa tac tcg gca cac ctt cgt 48Met Val
Leu Ser Lys Glu Asn Met Leu Lys Tyr Ser Ala His Leu Arg 1
5 10 15 gct tac aat
tcc gca tgt gga gac cat cca gaa ctc aaa tcc ttt gat 96Ala Tyr Asn
Ser Ala Cys Gly Asp His Pro Glu Leu Lys Ser Phe Asp
20 25 30 tct gag ctt
cag cag aaa acc tca aat ctg ata aac tcg ttc acc tct 144Ser Glu Leu
Gln Gln Lys Thr Ser Asn Leu Ile Asn Ser Phe Thr Ser 35
40 45 gat gcc aaa act
ggg ttg gtg cca ctg ccc caa cac gca gca tac aag 192Asp Ala Lys Thr
Gly Leu Val Pro Leu Pro Gln His Ala Ala Tyr Lys 50
55 60 gag ttc acc aag cac
cta gct gaa gta aac caa cag gtg tca gac tac 240Glu Phe Thr Lys His
Leu Ala Glu Val Asn Gln Gln Val Ser Asp Tyr 65
70 75 80 atc att gga tat gga
gaa gta gtg tgg gag aac tca act ctg aga tct 288Ile Ile Gly Tyr Gly
Glu Val Val Trp Glu Asn Ser Thr Leu Arg Ser 85
90 95 ttg gtc gaa acc tat ttt
gaa agt gcc aag aag act ttg gac att gcc 336Leu Val Glu Thr Tyr Phe
Glu Ser Ala Lys Lys Thr Leu Asp Ile Ala 100
105 110 gag aat gta aca gaa tac gtc
gat gaa gca aaa agg ggc gaa cgt tac 384Glu Asn Val Thr Glu Tyr Val
Asp Glu Ala Lys Arg Gly Glu Arg Tyr 115
120 125 att gta gcg gcc gtg gca cag
ttt gaa aaa gac aaa gaa aat gat gtt 432Ile Val Ala Ala Val Ala Gln
Phe Glu Lys Asp Lys Glu Asn Asp Val 130 135
140 ggc aaa aaa acg aag agg tat gaa
aat acc ttg agg gag ctg aag aag 480Gly Lys Lys Thr Lys Arg Tyr Glu
Asn Thr Leu Arg Glu Leu Lys Lys 145 150
155 160 ttt gaa gcc atg gga aat cct ttt gat
ggc gat aag ttc acg act ctg 528Phe Glu Ala Met Gly Asn Pro Phe Asp
Gly Asp Lys Phe Thr Thr Leu 165
170 175 ttc aag ttg atg cac aag gag caa gaa
tcc ctt ctg gaa aga gtg agg 576Phe Lys Leu Met His Lys Glu Gln Glu
Ser Leu Leu Glu Arg Val Arg 180 185
190 gag act aag gaa aag ctt gat gag gaa ctt
aaa aat att gag atg gaa 624Glu Thr Lys Glu Lys Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu
Lys Asn Ile Glu Met Glu 195 200
205 ata agt agt cga aag aaa tgg agt ata att tcg
aat gtg ctt ttc atc 672Ile Ser Ser Arg Lys Lys Trp Ser Ile Ile Ser
Asn Val Leu Phe Ile 210 215
220 ggt gcg ttt gtt gct gtt gcc gtc gga tcc atg
gtt cta gta tgt aca 720Gly Ala Phe Val Ala Val Ala Val Gly Ser Met
Val Leu Val Cys Thr 225 230 235
240 ggc gtg ggt gcg ggc gtg ggc gtt gca ggg ctt cta
tca tta cca ctg 768Gly Val Gly Ala Gly Val Gly Val Ala Gly Leu Leu
Ser Leu Pro Leu 245 250
255 att gcg ata gga tgg gta ggc gtc cac act att tta gag
aac aag att 816Ile Ala Ile Gly Trp Val Gly Val His Thr Ile Leu Glu
Asn Lys Ile 260 265
270 caa gct cga gag aaa cag gaa gaa gct ctg aag aaa gcg
cac cgt ata 864Gln Ala Arg Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Ala
His Arg Ile 275 280 285
gca aac gaa atg gat aag ggt atg gaa acc gac aaa gta gat
atg aat 912Ala Asn Glu Met Asp Lys Gly Met Glu Thr Asp Lys Val Asp
Met Asn 290 295 300
tcc ata tct gga aaa gtc cac gcg cta aaa agc aag atc acg tct
atg 960Ser Ile Ser Gly Lys Val His Ala Leu Lys Ser Lys Ile Thr Ser
Met 305 310 315
320 ttg aat gct gtg aag gat gct act gag gat gga gca aat gag gtg
gac 1008Leu Asn Ala Val Lys Asp Ala Thr Glu Asp Gly Ala Asn Glu Val
Asp 325 330 335
acg aaa caa gta atg gaa acc ctt acg ggg gac gtg gtg gaa tta aca
1056Thr Lys Gln Val Met Glu Thr Leu Thr Gly Asp Val Val Glu Leu Thr
340 345 350
gag gat atc aaa gca gtt ggt gat gat gtg gca aaa tat agc aaa atg
1104Glu Asp Ile Lys Ala Val Gly Asp Asp Val Ala Lys Tyr Ser Lys Met
355 360 365
atc gaa gag acg agt tat cac gtt ttg caa aag atc act ggt tct gga
1152Ile Glu Glu Thr Ser Tyr His Val Leu Gln Lys Ile Thr Gly Ser Gly
370 375 380
aaa taa
1158Lys
385
10385PRTArabidopsis thaliana 10Met Val Leu Ser Lys Glu Asn Met Leu Lys
Tyr Ser Ala His Leu Arg 1 5 10
15 Ala Tyr Asn Ser Ala Cys Gly Asp His Pro Glu Leu Lys Ser Phe
Asp 20 25 30 Ser
Glu Leu Gln Gln Lys Thr Ser Asn Leu Ile Asn Ser Phe Thr Ser 35
40 45 Asp Ala Lys Thr Gly Leu
Val Pro Leu Pro Gln His Ala Ala Tyr Lys 50 55
60 Glu Phe Thr Lys His Leu Ala Glu Val Asn Gln
Gln Val Ser Asp Tyr 65 70 75
80 Ile Ile Gly Tyr Gly Glu Val Val Trp Glu Asn Ser Thr Leu Arg Ser
85 90 95 Leu Val
Glu Thr Tyr Phe Glu Ser Ala Lys Lys Thr Leu Asp Ile Ala 100
105 110 Glu Asn Val Thr Glu Tyr Val
Asp Glu Ala Lys Arg Gly Glu Arg Tyr 115 120
125 Ile Val Ala Ala Val Ala Gln Phe Glu Lys Asp Lys
Glu Asn Asp Val 130 135 140
Gly Lys Lys Thr Lys Arg Tyr Glu Asn Thr Leu Arg Glu Leu Lys Lys 145
150 155 160 Phe Glu Ala
Met Gly Asn Pro Phe Asp Gly Asp Lys Phe Thr Thr Leu 165
170 175 Phe Lys Leu Met His Lys Glu Gln
Glu Ser Leu Leu Glu Arg Val Arg 180 185
190 Glu Thr Lys Glu Lys Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Ile
Glu Met Glu 195 200 205
Ile Ser Ser Arg Lys Lys Trp Ser Ile Ile Ser Asn Val Leu Phe Ile 210
215 220 Gly Ala Phe Val
Ala Val Ala Val Gly Ser Met Val Leu Val Cys Thr 225 230
235 240 Gly Val Gly Ala Gly Val Gly Val Ala
Gly Leu Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu 245 250
255 Ile Ala Ile Gly Trp Val Gly Val His Thr Ile Leu Glu Asn
Lys Ile 260 265 270
Gln Ala Arg Glu Lys Gln Glu Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Ala His Arg Ile
275 280 285 Ala Asn Glu Met
Asp Lys Gly Met Glu Thr Asp Lys Val Asp Met Asn 290
295 300 Ser Ile Ser Gly Lys Val His Ala
Leu Lys Ser Lys Ile Thr Ser Met 305 310
315 320 Leu Asn Ala Val Lys Asp Ala Thr Glu Asp Gly Ala
Asn Glu Val Asp 325 330
335 Thr Lys Gln Val Met Glu Thr Leu Thr Gly Asp Val Val Glu Leu Thr
340 345 350 Glu Asp Ile
Lys Ala Val Gly Asp Asp Val Ala Lys Tyr Ser Lys Met 355
360 365 Ile Glu Glu Thr Ser Tyr His Val
Leu Gln Lys Ile Thr Gly Ser Gly 370 375
380 Lys 385 1132DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 11aaaaagcagg cttcatggcg ttatccaaag at
321231DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
12agaaagctgg gtcttaacgg ttgatctttt g
311328DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 13agaaagctgg
gtcacggttg atcttttg
281433DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 14agaaagctgg
gtctattttt tctctagatt act
331532DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 15aaaaagcagg
cttcccatga agataatgag gc
321631DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 16agaaagctgg
gttcacgaat atacgggata g
311722DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 17caccatggga
acaaagtttt ta
221827DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 18tcaattaagt
gaactaagaa actcaac
271932DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 19aaaaagcagg
cttcatggcg atgaggggct tc
322030DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 20agaaagctgg
gttcagagct catccttgac
302121DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 21tctccaacca
ccatggcgtt a
212224DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 22gaaagctggg
taacggttga tctt
242321DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 23tctccaacca
ccatggaaat c
212424DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 24gaaagctggg
taaagagaac taag
242518DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 25tccaaccacc
atgggaac
182627DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 26gaaagctggg
taattaagtg aactaag
272721DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 27tctccaacca
ccatggcgat g
212827DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 28gaaagctggg
tagagctcat ccttgac
272920DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 29tctccaacca
ccatgaccgg
203027DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 30gaaagctggg
taaagtaagc cagcaag
273136DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 31acaagtttgt
acaaaaaagc aggctctcca accacc
363239DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 32tccgccacca
ccaaccactt tgtacaagaa agctgggta
393329DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 33ggggacaagt
ttgtacaaaa aagcaggct
293429DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 34ggggaccact
ttgtacaaga aagctgggt
293525DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 35tcgcgttaac
gctagcatgg atctc
253624DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 36gtaacatcag
agattttgag acac
243720DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 37gcgaatacgg
tggtgaaagt
203820DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 38gcagcttgtg
ttatggagca
203920DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 39gagaatatgg
cggtgacgat
204020DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 40gatgtggtcg
tccatgtgag
204120DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 41tgttgactct
gcctcaatcg
204220DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 42cagccaggtc
ctccagttag
204320DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 43ggtggttcat
caaacccaag
204420DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 44cttttggagt
tgctgccttc
204520DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 45gaccgaaaac
tccagaccaa
204620DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 46ttcaggaacg
tgttggatca
204722DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 47tttgggtgat
gtctttcatc at
224820DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 48cttggaggaa
gcttgtcagc
204920DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 49gaaaaattgc
tccccacaaa
205020DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 50gctttggtac
gacacagcaa
205120DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 51tgcaaagaat
ccatcaacca
205220DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 52cctgagccct
gtaatttgga
205320DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 53gcctcaaaaa
gacggacaag
205420DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 54gacgcagcag
agcaagtaga
205520DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 55ccgtggacat
gtcaatcatc
205620DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 56tgttcatcga
cgaaacgaag
205721DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 57attggaaacg
gatatgctcc a
215821DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 58tccttacctg
aacgcctgtc a 21
User Contributions:
Comment about this patent or add new information about this topic: