Method for Increasing Seed Yield or Biomass by Expressing RNA Binding Proteins in Transgenic Plants

Abstract

The invention concerns a method for improving growth characteristics of plants by increasing activity in a plant of an RNA-binding protein which is: (i) a polypeptide having RNA-binding activity and comprising 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and a motif having at least 75% identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13); or (ii) an RBP1 polypeptide having (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having at least 20% identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. Also provided is transgenic plants introduced with an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid having improved growth characteristics and constructs useful in the methods.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/660,395 filed Feb. 15, 2007, which is a national stage application (under 35 U.S.C. 371) of PCT/EP2005/054034 filed Aug. 16, 2005, which claims benefit of European application 04103926.4 filed Aug. 16, 2004 and U.S. Provisional application 60/602,680 filed Aug. 19, 2004. The entire contents of each of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] The Sequence Listing associated with this application is filed in electronic format via EFS-Web and hereby incorporated by reference into the specification in its entirety. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is Sequence_Listing_--32279_--00059. The size of the text file is 127 KB, and the text file was created on May 3, 2013.

[0003] The present invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology and concerns a method for improving plant growth characteristics. More specifically, the present invention concerns a method for improving plant growth characteristics, in particular yield, by increasing activity in a plant of an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof. The present invention also concerns plants having increased activity of an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, which plants have improved growth characteristics relative to corresponding wild type plants. The RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof useful in the methods of the invention is one having RNA binding activity and having either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13). The RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof useful in the methods of the invention may also be an RBP1 or homologue thereof having the following: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15. The invention also provides constructs useful in the methods of the invention.

[0004] The ever-increasing world population and the dwindling supply of arable land available for agriculture fuel agricultural research towards improving the efficiency of agriculture. Conventional means for crop and horticultural improvements utilise selective breeding techniques to identify plants having desirable characteristics. However, such selective breeding techniques have several drawbacks, namely that these techniques are typically labour intensive and result in plants that often contain heterogeneous genetic components that may not always result in the desirable trait being passed on from parent plants. Advances in molecular biology have allowed mankind to modify the germplasm of animals and plants. Genetic engineering of plants entails the isolation and manipulation of genetic material (typically in the form of DNA or RNA) and the subsequent introduction of that genetic material into a plant. Such technology has the capacity to deliver crops or plants having various improved economic, agronomic or horticultural traits. A trait of particular economic interest is yield. Yield is normally defined as the measurable produce of economic value from a crop. This may be defined in terms of quantity and/or quality. Yield is directly dependent on several factors, for example, the number and size of the organs, plant architecture (for example, the number of branches), seed production and more. Root development, nutrient uptake and stress tolerance may also be important factors in determining yield. Crop yield may therefore be increased by optimizing one of the abovementioned factors.

[0005] The ability to improve various growth characteristics of a plant would have many applications in areas such as crop enhancement, plant breeding, in the production of ornamental plants, aboriculture, horticulture and forestry. Improving growth characteristics, such as yield may also find use in the production of algae for use in bioreactors (for the biotechnological production of substances such as pharmaceuticals, antibodies, or vaccines, or for the bioconversion of organic waste) and other such areas.

[0006] It has now been found that increasing activity in a plant of an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof gives plants having improved growth characteristics relative to corresponding wild type plants, which RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof has RNA binding activity and either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13). It has also now been found that increasing activity in a plant of an RBP1 polypeptide or homologue thereof gives plants having improved growth characteristics relative to corresponding wild type plants. The RBP1 or homologue thereof refers to a polypeptide having the following: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0007] RNA-binding proteins have an important role to play in the regulation of gene expression both at a transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. The level of regulation extends over all steps in the synthesis, processing and turnover of RNA molecules, including pre-mRNA splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA transport, translation and stability/decay. Regulation is mainly achieved either directly by RNA-binding proteins or indirectly, whereby RNA-binding proteins modulate the function of other regulatory factors. RNA-protein interactions are central to many aspects of cellular metabolism, cell differentiation and development, as well as to the replication of infectious pathogens. RNA recognition motifs or RRMs are typically present in a large variety of RNA-binding proteins and are involved in all post-transcriptional processes, whereby the number of RRMs per protein varies from one to four copies. The RRM is a region of around eighty amino acids containing several well conserved residues, some of which cluster into two short submotifs, RNP-1 (octamer) and RNP-2 (hexamer) (Birney et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, Vol. 21, No. 25, 5803-5816).

[0008] The Arabidopsis genome encodes 196 RRM-containing proteins, an example of which is RBP1 (Lorkovic et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2002, Vol. 30, No. 3, 623-635). They report that the RRMs of AtRBP1 are most similar to those of the metazoan Musashi proteins. In addition to AtRBP1, Lorkovic et al. describe three proteins having similarity to AtRBP1 and Musashi proteins. RBP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana was first isolated by Suzuki et al. (Plant Cell Physiol. 41(3): 282-288 (2000)) and was found to be expressed in rapidly dividing tissue. RBP1, an RNA-binding protein (as shown by Suzuki et al. 2000) comprises two RRMs.

[0009] According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for improving the growth characteristics of a plant, comprising increasing activity in a plant of an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, which RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof has RNA binding activity and either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13).

[0010] According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for improving the growth characteristics of a plant, comprising increasing activity in a plant of an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof having the following: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0011] Advantageously, performance of the methods according to the present invention result in plants having a variety of improved growth characteristics, especially increased yield, particularly seed yield.

[0012] The term "increased yield" as defined herein is taken to mean an increase in any one or more of the following, each relative to corresponding wild type plants: (i) increased biomass (weight) of one or more parts of a plant, particularly aboveground (harvestable) parts, increased root biomass or increased biomass of any other harvestable part; (ii) increased seed yield, which includes an increase in seed biomass (seed weight) and which may be an increase in the seed weight per plant or on an individual seed basis; (iii) increased number of (filled) seeds; (iv) increased seed size, which may also influence the composition of seeds; (v) increased seed volume, which may also influence the composition of seeds; (vi) increased harvest index, which is expressed as a ratio of the yield of harvestable parts, such as seeds, over the total biomass; and (vii) increased thousand kernel weight (TKW), which is extrapolated from the total weight of the number of filled seeds. An increased TKW may result from an increased seed size and/or seed weight.

[0013] Taking corn as an example, a yield increase may be manifested as one or more of the following: increase in the number of plants per hectare or acre, an increase in the number of ears per plant, an increase in the number of rows, number of kernels per row, kernel weight, thousand kernel weight, ear length/diameter, among others. Taking rice as an example, a yield increase may be manifested by an increase in one or more of the following: number of plants per hectare or acre, number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number of flowers per panicle, increase in the seed filling rate, increase in thousand kernel weight, among others. An increase in yield may also result in modified architecture, or may occur as a result of modified architecture.

[0014] According to a preferred feature, performance of the methods of the invention result in plants having increased yield. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing plant yield, which method comprises increasing activity in a plant of an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, which RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof has RNA binding activity and either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13). According to another preferred feature of the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing plant yield, which method comprises increasing activity in a plant of an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof having the following: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0015] Since the transgenic plants according to the present invention have increased yield, it is likely that these plants exhibit an increased growth rate (during at least part of their life cycle), relative to the growth rate of corresponding wild type plants at a corresponding stage in their life cycle. The increased growth rate may be specific to one or more parts of a plant (including seeds), or may be throughout substantially the whole plant. A plant having an increased growth rate may even exhibit early flowering. The increase in growth rate may take place at one or more stages in the life cycle of a plant or during substantially the whole plant life cycle. Increased growth rate during the early stages in the life cycle of a plant may reflect enhanced vigour. The increase in growth rate may alter the harvest cycle of a plant allowing plants to be sown later and/or harvested sooner than would otherwise be possible. If the growth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the sowing of further seeds of the same plant species (for example sowing and harvesting of rice plants followed by sowing and harvesting of further rice plants all within one conventional growing period). Similarly, if the growth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the sowing of further seeds of different plants species (for example the sowing and harvesting of rice plants followed by, for example, the sowing and optional harvesting of soy bean, potato or any other suitable plant). Harvesting additional times from the same rootstock in the case of some plants may also be possible. Altering the harvest cycle of a plant may lead to an increase in annual biomass production per acre (due to an increase in the number of times (say in a year) that any particular plant may be grown and harvested). An increase in growth rate may also allow for the cultivation of transgenic plants in a wider geographical area than their wild-type counterparts, since the territorial limitations for growing a crop are often determined by adverse environmental conditions either at the time of planting (early season) or at the time of harvesting (late season). Such adverse conditions may be avoided if the harvest cycle is shortened. The growth rate may be determined by deriving various parameters from growth curves plotting growth experiments, such parameters may be: T-Mid (the time taken for plants to reach 50% of their maximal size) and T-90 (time taken for plants to reach 90% of their maximal size), amongst others.

[0016] Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants having an increased growth rate. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing the growth rate of plants, which method comprises increasing activity in a plant of an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, which RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof has RNA binding activity and either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13). There is also provided a further method for increasing the growth rate of plants, which method comprises increasing activity in a plant of an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof having the following: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0017] An increase in yield and/or growth rate occurs whether the plant is under non-stress conditions or whether the plant is exposed to various mild stresses compared to control plants. Plants typically respond to exposure to stress by growing more slowly. In conditions of severe stress, the plant may even stop growing altogether. Mild stress on the other hand is defined herein as being any stress to which a plant is exposed which does not result in the plant ceasing to grow altogether without the capacity to resume growth. Due to advances in agricultural practices (irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments) severe stresses are not often encountered in cultivated crop plants. As a consequence, the compromised growth induced by mild stress is often an undesirable feature in agriculture. Mild stresses are the typical stresses to which a plant may be exposed. These stresses may be the everyday biotic and/or abiotic (environmental) stresses to which a plant is exposed. Typical abiotic or environmental stresses include temperature stresses caused by atypical hot or cold/freezing temperatures; salt stress; water stress (drought or excess water). Abiotic stresses may also be caused by chemicals. Biotic stresses are typically those stresses caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and insects.

[0018] The abovementioned growth characteristics may advantageously be modified in any plant.

[0019] The term "plant" as used herein encompasses whole plants, ancestors and progeny of plants and plant parts, including seeds, shoots, stems, leaves, roots, flowers (including tubers), and tissues and organs, wherein each of the aforementioned comprise the gene/nucleic acid of interest. The term "plant" also encompasses suspension cultures, callus tissue, embryos, meristematic regions, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores, again wherein each of the aforementioned comprise the gene/nucleic acid of interest.

[0020] Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the invention include all plants which belong to the superfamily Viridiplantae, in particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants including fodder or forage legumes, ornamental plants, food crops, trees or shrubs selected from the list comprising Acacia spp., Acer spp., Actinidia spp., Aesculus spp., Agathis australis, Albizia amara, Alsophila tricolor, Andropogon spp., Arachis spp, Areca catechu, Astelia fragrans, Astragalus cicer, Baikiaea plurijuga, Betula spp., Brassica spp., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Burkea africana, Butea frondosa, Cadaba farinosa, Calliandra spp, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Capsicum spp., Cassia spp., Centroema pubescens, Chaenomeles spp., Cinnamomum cassia, Coffea arabica, Colophospermum mopane, Coronillia varia, Cotoneaster serotina, Crataegus spp., Cucumis spp., Cupressus spp., Cyathea dealbata, Cydonia oblonga, Cryptomeria japonica, Cymbopogon spp., Cynthea dealbata, Cydonia oblonga, Dalbergia monetaria, Davallia divaricata, Desmodium spp., Dicksonia squarosa, Diheteropogon amplectens, Dioclea spp, Dolichos spp., Dorycnium rectum, Echinochloa pyramidalis, Ehrartia spp., Eleusine coracana, Eragrestis spp., Erythrina spp., Eucalyptus spp., Euclea schimperi, Eulalia villosa, Fagopyrum spp., Feijoa sellowiana, Fragaria spp., Flemingia spp, Freycinetia banksii, Geranium thunbergii, Ginkgo biloba, Glycine javanica, Gliricidia spp, Gossypium hirsutum, Grevillea spp., Guibourtia coleosperma, Hedysarum spp., Hemarthia altissima, Heteropogon contortus, Hordeum vulgare, Hyparrhenia rufa, Hypericum erectum, Hyperthelia dissoluta, Indigo incarnata, Iris spp., Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, Lespediza spp., Lettuca spp., Leucaena leucocephala, Loudetia simplex, Lotonus bainesii, Lotus spp., Macrotyloma axillare, Malus spp., Manihot esculenta, Medicago sativa, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Musa sapientum, Nicotianum spp., Onobrychis spp., Ornithopus spp., Oryza spp., Peltophorum africanum, Pennisetum spp., Persea gratissima, Petunia spp., Phaseolus spp., Phoenix canariensis, Phormium cookianum, Photinia spp., Picea glauca, Pinus spp., Pisum sativum, Podocarpus totara, Pogonarthria fleckii, Pogonarthria squarrosa, Populus spp., Prosopis cineraria, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pterolobium stellatum, Pyrus communis, Quercus spp., Rhaphiolepsis umbellata, Rhopalostylis sapida, Rhus natalensis, Ribes grossularia, Ribes spp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa spp., Rubus spp., Salix spp., Schyzachyrium sanguineum, Sciadopitys verticillata, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia spp., Sporobolus fimbriatus, Stiburus alopecuroides, Stylosanthos humilis, Tadehagi spp, Taxodium distichum, Themeda triandra, Trifolium spp., Triticum spp., Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium spp., Vicia spp., Vitis vinifera, Watsonia pyramidata, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Zea mays, amaranth, artichoke, asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cauliflower, celery, collard greens, flax, kale, lentil, oilseed rape, okra, onion, potato, rice, soybean, strawberry, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, tomato, squash, tea and algae, amongst others. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plant is a crop plant such as soybean, sunflower, canola, alfalfa, rapeseed, cotton, tomato, potato or tobacco. Further preferably, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant, such as sugar cane. More preferably the plant is a cereal, such as rice, maize, wheat, barley, millet, rye, sorghum or oats.

[0021] The activity of an RNA-binding protein, or of a homologue thereof, may be increased by increasing levels of the RNA-binding protein. Alternatively, activity may also be increased without increase in levels of an RNA-binding protein, or even when there is a reduction in levels of an RNA-binding protein. This may occur when the intrinsic properties of the polypeptide are altered, for example, by making a mutant form that is more active that the wild type. Similarly, the activity of an RBP1 polypeptide or homologue thereof may be increased by increasing levels of the RBP1 polypeptide protein. Alternatively, activity may also be increased when there is no change in levels of an RBP1, or even when there is a reduction in levels of an RBP1 polypeptide. This may occur when the intrinsic properties of the polypeptide are altered, for example, by making mutant that is more active that the wild type.

[0022] The term "RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof" as defined herein refers to a polypeptide with RNA binding activity and having either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13). The term also refers to an amino acid sequence having in increasing order of preference at least 13%, 15%, 17%, 19%, 21%, 23%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.

[0023] An "RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof" falling within the above definition may readily be identified using routine techniques well known to persons skilled in the art. For example, RNA-binding activity may readily be determined in vitro or in vivo using techniques well known in the art. Examples of in vitro assays include: nucleic acid binding assays using North-Western and/or South-Western analysis (Suzuki et al. Plant Cell Physiol. 41(3): 282-288 (2000)); RNA binding assays using UV cross linking; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay for RNA Binding Proteins (Smith, RNA-Protein Interactions--A Practical Approach 1998, University of Cambridge). Examples of in vivo assays include: TRAP (translational repression assay procedure) (Paraskeva E, Atzberger A, Hentze M W: A translational repression assay procedure (TRAP) for RNA-protein interactions in vivo. PNAS 1998 Feb. 3; 95(3): 951-6).

[0024] Whether a polypeptide has at least 13% identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 may readily be established by sequence alignment. Methods for the alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art, such methods include GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, 1970) to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximises the number of matches and minimises the number of gaps. The BLAST algorithm calculates percent sequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information. An RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof having at least 13% identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 may readily be identified by aligning a query sequence (preferably a protein sequence) with known RNA-binding protein sequences (see for example the alignment shown in FIG. 1) using, for example, the VNTI AlignX multiple alignment program, based on a modified clustal W algorithm (InforMax, Bethesda, Md., informaxinc.com), with default settings for gap opening penalty of 10 and a gap extension of 0.05.

[0025] A person skilled in the art will also readily be able to identify motifs having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or motifs having at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13). This may easily be achieved by making an alignment and searching for homologous regions.

[0026] Table 1 below shows motif I and II as found in the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and the percentage sequence identity with corresponding motifs in homologous RNA-binding proteins. RNA-binding proteins useful in the methods of the invention may contain motif I or II, or motifs I and II.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Motifs found in RNA binding proteins and homologues thereof % Sequence Gene name and identity with Accession the motifs SEQ number Conserved Motif ID NO: 2 Motif I Tobacco CDS701 PYEAAWALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 2) Rice CDS701 PYEAAVVSLPSAVKELLLRILRLRIGTRYD Identity: homologue 23/30 (76.7%) (AL731884) #Similarity: SEQ ID NO: 4 25/30 (83.3%) Rice predicted PYEAAVVSLPSAVKELLLRILRLRIGTRYD Identity: fragment 23/30 (76.7%) AK059444 #Similarity: SEQ ID NO: 6 25/30 (83.3%) Corn predicted PYESAVNSLPSAVKEVLLRILRLRIGTRYD Identity: fragment 21/30 (70.0%) AY105295 #Similarity: SEQ ID NO: 8 24/30 (80.0%) Consensus PYE A/S AV V/N A/S LP V/S V/A VKE 30, 9 Motif I L/R/V L V/L RILRL G/R I A/G TRYD substitutions Motif II Tobacco CDS701 RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 2) Rice CDS701 RFDPFTGEPYKFDP Identity: homologue 14/14 (100.0%) (AL731884) #Similarity: SEQ ID NO: 4 14/14 (100.0%) Rice predicted RFDPFTGEPYKFDP Identity: fragment 14/14 (100.0%) AK059444 #Similarity: SEQ ID NO: 6 14/14 (100.0%) Corn predicted RFDPFTGEPYKFXP Identity: fragment 13/14 (92.9%) AY105295 #Similarity: SEQ ID NO: 8 13/14 (92.9%) Rice BAC83046 RYPPHLGEAIKFSP Identity: SEQ ID NO: 10 7/14 (50.0%) #Similarity: 8/14 (57.1%) Consensus M2 R F/Y D/P P F/H T/L GE P/A Y/I KF D/X/S 14, 7 substitutions

[0027] Examples of polypeptides falling under the definition of an "RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof" include the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 2 from tobacco; SEQ ID NO: 4 is a protein prediction of a BAC clone from rice (NCBI Accession number AL731884); SEQ ID NO: 6 is a rice protein prediction (fragment) from cDNA (NCBI Accession number AK059444); SEQ ID NO: 8 is a corn protein prediction (fragment) from cDNA (NCBI Accession number AY105295); and SEQ ID NO: 10 is a full length rice sequence (NCBI Accession number BAC83046).

[0028] It is to be understood that the term RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof is not to be limited to the sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 10, but that any polypeptide meeting the criteria of having RNA-binding activity and having either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13) may also be useful in performing the methods of the invention.

[0029] The term "RBP1 or homologue thereof" as defined herein refers to a polypeptide having the following: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15. Conservative substitution tables are well known in the art (see for example Creighton (1984) Proteins. W.H. Freeman and Company and see Table 4 below).

[0030] An "RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof" falling within the above definition may readily be identified using routine techniques well known to persons skilled in the art. For example, RNA-binding activity may readily be determined as described above.

[0031] Furthermore, RRM domains are well known in the art and consist of around 80-90 amino acids; they have a structure consisting of four strands and two helices arranged in an alpha/beta sandwich, with a third helix sometimes being present during RNA binding. RRM domain-containing proteins have a modular structure. RRM domains may be identified using SMART (a Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool: Identification of signaling domains, Schultz et al. PNAS, 95, 5857-5864 (1998)) (smart.embl-heidelberg.de/). See also Letunic et al., Recent improvements to the SMART domain-based sequence annotation resource (Nucleic Acids Res. 30(1), 242-244).

[0032] Whether a polypeptide has at least 20% identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 may readily be established by sequence alignment using the methods for alignment as described above.

[0033] Since RBP1 polypeptides comprise highly conserved regions, a person skilled in the art would readily be able to identify other RBP1 sequences by comparing any conserved regions of the query sequence against those of the known RBP1 sequences. Examples of these conserved regions include the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs.

[0034] Examples of polypeptides falling under the definition of an "RBP1 or a homologue thereof" include: At1g58470 (SEQ ID NO: 15), At4g26650 (SEQ ID NO: 17), At5g55550 (SEQ ID NO: 19), At4g14300 (SEQ ID NO: 21), At3g07810 (SEQ ID NO: 23), At2g33410 (SEQ ID NO: 25) and At5g47620 (SEQ ID NO: 27) all from Arabidopsis thaliana; NP_--921939.1 (SEQ ID NO: 29) from rice; AK067725 (SEQ ID NO: 31) and AK070544 (SEQ ID NO: 33) which correspond to rice mRNAs encoding RBP1 polypeptides; CK210974 (SEQ ID NO: 35) from wheat and CA124210 (SEQ ID NO: 37) from sugarcane are partial protein predictions from ESTs (expressed sequence tags).

[0035] Despite what may appear to be a relatively low sequence homology (as low as approximately 25%), RPB1 proteins are highly conserved in structure with all full-length proteins having 2 RRM domains. rbp1 genes in other plant species may therefore easily be found (see the above examples from rice, sugarcane and wheat which have herein been identified for the first time as RBP1 proteins). Table 2 below shows the percentage identities for some of the sequences shown in the alignment of FIG. 3.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Homology of RBP1 protein sequences with SEQ ID NO: 2 based on overall global sequence alignment MIPs Accession Global homology Number Identifier RRM VNTI align (mips.gsf.de/) SEQ ID NO domains program (informax) At4g26650 SEQ ID NO: 17 2X RRM 28.4% At5g55550 SEQ ID NO: 19 2X RRM 28.9% At4g14300 SEQ ID NO: 21 2X RRM 31.9% At3g07810 SEQ ID NO: 23 2X RRM 24.9% At2g33410 SEQ ID NO: 25 2X RRM 29.2% At5g47620 SEQ ID NO: 27 2X RRM 26.7% 2X RRM AK070544-Os SEQ ID NO: 33 2X RRM 26.8% (DNA sequence corresponding to mRNA). Chromosomic location: BAC AC125782.2 (138541-142744) AK067725-OS SEQ ID NO: 31 2X RRM 26.3% (DNA sequence corresponding to mRNA). Chromosomic location: BAC AP003747 (103016-107790)

[0036] It is to be understood that the term RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof is not to be limited to the sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25 or SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35 and SEQ ID NO: 37, but that any polypeptide meeting the criteria of having: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15 may be useful in performing the methods of the invention.

[0037] A nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof may be any natural or synthetic nucleic acid. An RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof as defined hereinabove is encoded by an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid/gene. Therefore the term "RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid/gene" as defined herein is any nucleic acid/gene encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, as defined hereinabove. Examples of RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids include those represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9. RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids/genes and functional variants thereof may be suitable in practising the methods of the invention. Functional variant RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid/genes include portions of an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid/gene and/or nucleic acids capable of hybridising with an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid/gene. The term "functional" in the context of a functional variant refers to a variant (i.e. a portion or a hybridising sequence) which encodes a polypeptide having RNA-binding activity and preferably and additionally at least one RRM, preferably either 2 or 3 RRMs and further preferably at least one of the following motifs: a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13). The term "functional may also refer to a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof, as defined hereinabove, which when introduced and expressed in a plant gives plants having improved growth characteristics.

[0038] The nucleic acid encoding an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof may be any natural or synthetic nucleic acid. An RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof as defined hereinabove is encoded by an rbp1 nucleic acid/gene. Therefore the term "rbp1 nucleic acid/gene" as defined herein is any nucleic acid/gene encoding an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof as defined hereinabove. Examples of rbp1 nucleic acids include those represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 36. rbp1 nucleic acids/genes and functional variants thereof may be suitable in practising the methods of the invention. Functional variant rbp1 nucleic acid/genes include portions of an rbp1 nucleic acid/gene and/or nucleic acids capable of hybridising with an rbp1 nucleic acid/gene. The term "functional" in the context of a functional variant refers to a variant (i.e. a portion or a hybridising sequence) which encodes a polypeptide having RNA-binding activity and at least one RRM domain, preferably two RRM domains and further preferably the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41) and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs. The term "functional may also refer to a nucleic acid encoding an RBP1 polypeptide or homologue thereof, as defined hereinabove, which when introduced and expressed in a plant gives plants having improved growth characteristics.

[0039] The term portion as defined herein refers to an RNA binding protein-encoding piece of DNA of, in increasing order of preference, at least 180, 300, 500 or 700 nucleotides in length and which portion encodes a polypeptide having RNA binding activity and at least 1 RRM, preferably two or three RRMs and at least one, preferably both, of motifs I or II. A portion may be prepared, for example, by making one or more deletions to an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid. The portions may be used in isolated form or they may be fused to other coding (or non coding) sequences in order to, for example, produce a protein that combines several activities, one of them being RNA binding activity. When fused to other coding sequences, the resulting polypeptide produced upon translation may be larger than that predicted for the RNA-binding protein portion. Preferably, the functional portion is a portion of a nucleic acid as represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9.

[0040] The term portion with reference to an rbp1 nucleic acid refers to a piece of DNA comprising at least 80 nucleotides and which portion encodes a polypeptide having RNA binding activity and having at least one RRM domain, preferably two RRM domains and further preferably the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41) and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42). A portion may be prepared, for example, by making one or more deletions to an rbp1 nucleic acid. The portions may be used in isolated form or they may be fused to other coding (or non coding) sequences in order to, for example, produce a protein that combines several activities, one of them being RNA binding activity. When fused to other coding sequences, the resulting polypeptide produced upon translation could be bigger than that predicted for the rbp1 fragment. Preferably, the functional portion is a portion of a nucleic acid as represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22 SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 36.

[0041] Another type of variant RNA-binding protein is a nucleic acid capable of hybridising under reduced stringency conditions, preferably under stringent conditions, with an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid/gene as hereinbefore defined, which hybridising sequence encodes a polypeptide having RNA binding activity and having at least 1 RRM, preferably two or three RRMs, and at least one, preferably two, of motifs I or II. The hybridising sequence is, in increasing order of preference, at least 180, 300, 500 or 700 nucleotides in length. Preferably, the hybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to a nucleic acid as represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9.

[0042] Similarly, another type of variant rbp1 is a nucleic acid capable of hybridising under reduced stringency conditions, preferably under stringent conditions, with an rbp1 nucleic acid/gene as hereinbefore defined, which hybridising sequence encodes a polypeptide having RNA binding activity and at least one RRM domain, preferably two RRM domains and further preferably the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41) and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42). The hybridising sequence is preferably at least 80 nucleotides in length. Preferably, the hybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to a nucleic acid as represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 36.

[0043] The term "hybridisation" as defined herein is a process wherein substantially homologous complementary nucleotide sequences anneal to each other. The hybridisation process can occur entirely in solution, i.e. where both complementary nucleic acids are in solution. The hybridisation process can also occur with one of the complementary nucleic acids immobilised to a matrix such as magnetic beads, Sepharose beads or any other resin. The hybridisation process can furthermore occur with one of the complementary nucleic acids immobilised to a solid support such as a nitro-cellulose or nylon membrane or immobilised by e.g. photolithography to, for example, a siliceous glass support (the latter known as nucleic acid arrays or microarrays or as nucleic acid chips). In order to allow hybridisation to occur, the nucleic acid molecules are generally thermally or chemically denatured to melt a double strand into two single strands and/or to remove hairpins or other secondary structures from single stranded nucleic acids. The stringency of hybridisation is influenced by conditions such as temperature, salt concentration, ionic strength and hybridisation buffer composition. Hybridisation occurs under reduced stringency conditions, preferably under stringent conditions. Examples of stringency conditions are shown in Table 3 below. Stringent conditions are those that are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions A-L; and reduced stringency conditions are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions M-R.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Examples of stringency conditions Hybridization Wash Stringency Polynucleotide Hybrid Length Temperature Temperature Condition Hybrid ± (bp) .dagger-dbl. and Buffer† and Buffer† A DNA:DNA > or equal to 50 65° C.; 1 × SSC- 65° C.; 0.3 × SSC or -42° C.; 1 × SSC, 50% formamide B DNA:DNA <50 Tb*; 1 × SSC Tb*; 1 × SSC C DNA:RNA > or equal to 50 67° C.; 1 × SSC- 67° C.; 0.3 × SSC or -45° C.; 1 × SSC, 50% formamide D DNA:RNA <50 Td*; 1 × SSC Td*; 1 × SSC E RNA:RNA > or equal to 50 70° C.; 1 × SSC- 70° C.; 0.3 × SSC or -50° C.; 1 × SSC, 50% formamide F RNA:RNA <50 Tf*; 1 × SSC Tf*; 1 × SSC G DNA:DNA > or equal to 50 65° C.; 4 × SSC- 65° C.; 1 × SSC or -45° C.; 4 × SSC, 50% formamide H DNA:DNA <50 Th*; 4° SSC Th*; 4 × SSC I DNA:RNA > or equal to 50 67° C.; 4 × SSC- 67° C.; 1 × SSC or -45° C.; 4 × SSC, 50% formamide J DNA:RNA <50 Tj*; 4 × SSC Tj*; 4 × SSC K RNA:RNA > or equal to 50 70° C.; 4 × SSC- 67° C.; 1 × SSC or -40° C.; 6 × SSC, 50% formamide L RNA:RNA <50 Tl*; 2 × SSC Tl*; 2 × SSC M DNA:DNA > or equal to 50 50° C.; 4 × SSC- 50° C.; 2 × SSC or -40° C.; 6 × SSC, 50% formamide N DNA:DNA <50 Tn*; 6 × SSC Tn*; 6 × SSC O DNA:RNA > or equal to 50 55° C.; 4 × SSC- 55 × C.; 2 × SSC or -42° C.; 6 × SSC, 50% formamide P DNA:RNA <50 Tp*; 6 × SSC Tp*; 6 × SSC Q RNA:RNA > or equal to 50 60° C.; 4 × SSC- 60° C.; 2 × SSC or -45° C.; 6 × SSC, 50% formamide R RNA:RNA <50 Tr*; 4 × SSC Tr*; 4 × SSC .dagger-dbl. The "hybrid length" is the anticipated length for the hybridising nucleic acid. When nucleic acids of known sequence are hybridised, the hybrid length may be determined by aligning the sequences and identifying the conserved regions described herein. †SSPE (1 × SSPE is 0.15M NaCl, 10 mM NaH2PO4, and 1.25 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) may be substituted for SSC (1 × SSC is 0.15M NaCl anmd 15 mM sodium citrate) in the hybridisation and wash buffers; washes are performed for 15 minutes after hybridisation is complete. The hybridisations and washes may additionally include 5 × Denhardt's reagent, .5-1.0% SDS, 100 ug/ml denatured, fragmented salmon # sperm DNA, 0.5% sodium pyrophosphate, and up to 50% formamide. *Tb-Tr: The hybridization temperature for hybrids anticipated to be less than 50 base pairs in length should be 5-10° C. less than the melting temperature Tm of the hybrids there Tm is determined according to the following equations. For hybrids less than 18 base pairs in length, Tm (° C.) = 2 (# of A + T bases) + 4 (# of G + C bases). For hybrids between 18 # and 49 base pairs in length, Tm (° C.) = 81.5 + 16.6 (log₁₀[Na+]) + 0.41 (% G + C) - (600/N), where N is the number of bases in the hybrid, and [Na+] is the concentration of sodium ions in the hybridization buffer ([NA+] for 1 × SSC = .165M). ± The present invention encompasses the substitution of any one or more DNA or RNA hybrid partners with either a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) or a modified nucleic acid.

[0044] The RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof may be derived from any natural or artificial source. The nucleic acid/gene or variant thereof may be isolated from a microbial source, such as bacteria, yeast or fungi, or from a plant, algae or animal (including human) source. This nucleic acid may be modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic environment through deliberate human manipulation. The nucleic acid is preferably of plant origin, whether from the same plant species (for example to the one in which it is to be introduced) or whether from a different plant species. The nucleic acid may be isolated from a dicotyledonous species, preferably from the family Nicotianae, further preferably from tobacco. More preferably, the RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid isolated from tobacco is represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 and the RNA-binding protein amino acid sequence is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.

[0045] The rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof may be derived from any natural or artificial source. The nucleic acid/gene or variant thereof may be isolated from a microbial source, such as bacteria, yeast or fungi, or from a plant, algae or animal (including human) source. This nucleic acid may be modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic environment through deliberate human manipulation. The nucleic acid is preferably of plant origin, whether from the same plant species (for example to the one in which it is to be introduced) or whether from a different plant species. The nucleic acid may be isolated from a dicotyledonous species, preferably from the family Brassicaceae, further preferably from Arabidopsis thaliana. More preferably, the rbp1 isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana is represented by SEQ ID NO: 14 and the RBP1 amino acid sequence is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0046] The activity of an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof may be increased by introducing a genetic modification (preferably in the locus of an RNA-binding protein-encoding gene). Similarly, the activity of an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof may be increased by introducing a genetic modification (preferably in the locus of an rbp1 gene). The locus of a gene as defined herein is taken to mean a genomic region which includes the gene of interest and 10 KB up- or downstream of the coding region.

[0047] The genetic modification may be introduced, for example, by any one (or more) of the following methods: TDNA activation, TILLING, site-directed mutagenesis, homologous recombination or by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof or by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof. Following introduction of the genetic modification there follows a step of selecting for increased activity of an RNA-binding protein or selecting for increased activity of an RBP1 polypeptide, which increase in activity gives plants having improved growth characteristics.

[0048] T-DNA activation tagging (Hayashi et al. Science (1992) 1350-1353) involves insertion of T-DNA usually containing a promoter (may also be a translation enhancer or an intron), in the genomic region of the gene of interest or 10 KB up- or down stream of the coding region of a gene in a configuration such that the promoter directs expression of the targeted gene. Typically, regulation of expression of the targeted gene by its natural promoter is disrupted and the gene falls under the control of the newly introduced promoter. The promoter is typically embedded in a T-DNA. This T-DNA is randomly inserted into the plant genome, for example, through Agrobacterium infection and leads to overexpression of genes near to the inserted T-DNA. The resulting transgenic plants show dominant phenotypes due to overexpression of genes close to the introduced promoter. The promoter to be introduced may be any promoter capable of directing expression of a gene in the desired organism, in this case a plant. For example, constitutive, tissue-preferred, cell type-preferred and inducible promoters are all suitable for use in T-DNA activation.

[0049] A genetic modification may also be introduced in the locus of an RNA-binding protein-encoding gene using the technique of TILLING (Targeted Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes). This is a mutagenesis technology useful to generate and/or identify, and to eventually isolate mutagenised variants of an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid (or rbp1-encoding nucleic acid) having RNA-binding protein activity. TILLING also allows selection of plants carrying such mutant variants. These mutant variants may even exhibit higher RNA-binding protein activity than that exhibited by the gene in its natural form. TILLING combines high-density mutagenesis with high-throughput screening methods. The steps typically followed in TILLING are: (a) EMS mutagenesis (Redei and Koncz, 1992; Feldmann et al., 1994; Lightner and Caspar, 1998); (b) DNA preparation and pooling of individuals; (c) PCR amplification of a region of interest; (d) denaturation and annealing to allow formation of heteroduplexes; (e) DHPLC, where the presence of a heteroduplex in a pool is detected as an extra peak in the chromatogram; (f) identification of the mutant individual; and (g) sequencing of the mutant PCR product. Methods for TILLING are well known in the art (McCallum Nat. Biotechnol. 2000 April; 18(4):455-7, reviewed by Stemple 2004 (TILLING--a high-throughput harvest for functional genomics. Nat Rev Genet. 2004 February; 5(2):145-50)).

[0050] Site directed mutagenesis may be used to generate variants of RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or portions thereof that retain activity, namely, RNA binding activity. Several methods are available to achieve site directed mutagenesis, the most common being PCR based methods (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Wiley Eds.). Site directed mutagenesis may be used to generate variants of RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or portions thereof that retain activity, namely, RNA binding activity. Similarly, site directed mutagenesis may be used to generate variants of RBP1-encoding nucleic acids or portions thereof that retain activity, namely, RNA binding activity. Site directed mutagenesis may also be used to generate variants of RBP1-encoding nucleic acids or portions thereof that retain activity, namely, RNA binding activity.

[0051] TDNA activation, TILLING and site-directed mutagenesis are examples of technologies that enable the generation of novel alleles and RNA-binding protein variants that retain RNA-binding protein function or that enable the generation novel alleles and rbp1 variants that retain RBP1 function and which are therefore useful in the methods of the invention.

[0052] Homologous recombination allows introduction in a genome of a selected nucleic acid at a defined selected position. Homologous recombination is a standard technology used routinely in biological sciences for lower organisms such as yeast or moss (e.g. physcomitrella). Methods for performing homologous recombination in plants have been described not only for model plants (Offringa et al. Extrachromosomal homologous recombination and gene targeting in plant cells after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. 1990 EMBO J. 1990 October; 9(10):3077-84) but also for crop plants, for example rice (Terada R, Urawa H, Inagaki Y, Tsugane K, lida S. Efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination in rice. Nat Biotechnol. 2002. lida and Terada: A tale of two integrations, transgene and T-DNA: gene targeting by homologous recombination in rice. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2004 April; 15(2):132-8). The nucleic acid to be targeted (which may be an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof as hereinbefore defined or which may be an rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof as hereinbefore defined) need not be targeted to the locus of an RNA-binding protein gene or targeted to the locus of an rbp1 gene, but may be introduced in, for example, regions of high expression. The nucleic acid to be targeted may be an improved allele used to replace the endogenous gene or may be introduced in addition to the endogenous gene.

[0053] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, plant growth characteristics may be improved by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding polypeptide or a homologue thereof, which has RNA binding activity and either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and which comprises a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13).

[0054] A preferred method for introducing a genetic modification (which in this case need not be in the locus of an RNA-binding protein gene) is to introduce and express in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, as defined hereinabove.

[0055] According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, plant growth characteristics may be improved by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof.

[0056] One preferred method for introducing a genetic modification (which in this case need not be in the locus of an rbp1 gene) is to introduce and express in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof. An RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof as mentioned above is one having: (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having, in increasing order of preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0057] "Homologues" of a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived. To produce such homologues, amino acids of the protein may be replaced by other amino acids having similar properties (such as similar hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, antigenicity, propensity to form or break α-helical structures or β-sheet structures). Conservative substitution tables are well known in the art (see for example Creighton (1984) Proteins. W.H. Freeman and Company). The table below gives examples of conserved amino acid substitutions.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Examples of conserved amino acid substitutions Residue Conservative Substitutions Ala Ser Arg Lys Asn Gln; His Asp Glu Gln Asn Cys Ser Glu Asp Gly Pro His Asn; Gln Ile Leu, Val Leu Ile; Val Lys Arg; Gln Met Leu; Ile Phe Met; Leu; Tyr Ser Thr; Gly Thr Ser; Val Trp Tyr Tyr Trp; Phe Val Ile; Leu

[0058] Also encompassed by the term "homologues" are two special forms of homology, which include orthologous sequences and paralogous sequences, which encompass evolutionary concepts used to describe ancestral relationships of genes. The term "paralogous" relates to gene-duplications within the genome of a species leading to paralogous genes. The term "orthologous" relates to homologous genes in different organisms due to speciation.

[0059] Othologues in, for example, monocot plant species may easily be found by performing a so-called reciprocal blast search. This may be done by a first blast involving blasting the sequence in question (for example, SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 or SEQ ID NO: 14 or 15) against any sequence database, such as the publicly available NCBI database which may be found at: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. If orthologues in rice were sought, the sequence in question would be blasted against, for example, the 28,469 full-length cDNA clones from Oryza sativa Nipponbare available at NCBI. BLASTn or tBLASTX may be used when starting from nucleotides or BLASTP or TBLASTN when starting from the protein, with standard default values. The blast results may be filtered. The full-length sequences of either the filtered results or the non-filtered results are then blasted back (second blast) against the sequences of the organism from which the sequence in question is derived. The results of the first and second blasts are then compared. An orthologue is found when the results of the second blast give as hits with the highest similarity an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or RNA-binding protein polypeptide, for example, if one of the organisms is tobacco then a paralogue is found. For RBP1, an orthologue is found when the results of the second blast give as hits with the highest similarity an rbp1 nucleic acid or RBP1 polypeptide, for example, if one of the organisms is Arabidopsis thaliana then a paralogue is found. In the case of large families, ClustalW may be used, followed by a neighbour joining tree, to help visualize the clustering.

[0060] A homologue may be in the form of a "substitutional variant" of a protein, i.e. where at least one residue in an amino acid sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues, but may be clustered depending upon functional constraints placed upon the polypeptide; insertions will usually be of the order of about 1 to 10 amino acid residues. Preferably, amino acid substitutions comprise conservative amino acid substitutions.

[0061] A homologue may also be in the form of an "insertional variant" of a protein, i.e. where one or more amino acid residues are introduced into a predetermined site in a protein. Insertions may comprise amino-terminal and/or carboxy-terminal fusions as well as intra-sequence insertions of single or multiple amino acids. Generally, insertions within the amino acid sequence will be smaller than amino- or carboxy-terminal fusions, of the order of about 1 to 10 residues. Examples of amino- or carboxy-terminal fusion proteins or peptides include the binding domain or activation domain of a transcriptional activator as used in the yeast two-hybrid system, phage coat proteins, (histidine)6-tag, glutathione S-transferase-tag, protein A, maltose-binding protein, dihydrofolate reductase, Tag100 epitope, c-myc epitope, FLAG®-epitope, lacZ, CMP (calmodulin-binding peptide), HA epitope, protein C epitope and VSV epitope.

[0062] Homologues in the form of "deletion variants" of a protein are characterised by the removal of one or more amino acids from a protein.

[0063] Amino acid variants of a protein may readily be made using peptide synthetic techniques well known in the art, such as solid phase peptide synthesis and the like, or by recombinant DNA manipulations. Methods for the manipulation of DNA sequences to produce substitution, insertion or deletion variants of a protein are well known in the art. For example, techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA are well known to those skilled in the art and include M13 mutagenesis, T7-Gen in vitro mutagenesis (USB, Cleveland, Ohio), QuickChange Site Directed mutagenesis (Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.), PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis or other site-directed mutagenesis protocols.

[0064] The RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof may be a derivative or the RBP1 polypeptide or homologue thereof may be a derivative. "Derivatives" include peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes which may comprise substitutions, deletions or additions of naturally and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues compared to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring form of the protein, for example, as presented in SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 15 in the case of RBP1. "Derivatives" of a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes which may comprise naturally occurring altered, glycosylated, acylated or non-naturally occurring amino acid residues compared to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring form of the polypeptide. A derivative may also comprise one or more non-amino acid substituents compared to the amino acid sequence from which it is derived, for example a reporter molecule or other ligand, covalently or non-covalently bound to the amino acid sequence, such as a reporter molecule which is bound to facilitate its detection, and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues relative to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring protein.

[0065] The RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof may be encoded by an alternative splice variant of an RNA-binding protein nucleic acid/gene. The RBP1 polypeptide or homologue thereof may be encoded by an alternative splice variant of an rbp1 nucleic acid/gene. The term "alternative splice variant" as used herein encompasses variants of a nucleic acid sequence in which selected introns and/or exons have been excised, replaced or added. Such variants will be ones in which the biological activity of the protein is retained, which may be achieved by selectively retaining functional segments of the protein. Such splice variants may be found in nature or may be manmade. Methods for making such splice variants are well known in the art. Preferred splice variants are splice variants of the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9. Further preferred are splice variants encoding a polypeptide retaining RNA-binding activity and having at least 1 RRM, preferably two or three RRMs and at least one, preferably both, of motifs I or II. Preferred splice variants of RBP1 are splice variants of the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25 or SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35 and SEQ ID NO: 37. Further preferred are splice variants encoding a polypeptide retaining RNA-binding activity and having one, preferably two RRM domains and further preferably the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs.

[0066] The homologue may also be encoded by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, preferably an allelic variant of the nucleic acid represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9. Further preferably, the polypeptide encoded by the allelic variant has RNA-binding activity and at least 1 RRM, preferably two or three RRMs and at least one, preferably both, of motifs I or II. The homologue may also be encoded by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an RBP1 polypeptide or a homologue thereof, preferably an allelic variant of the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25 or SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35 and SEQ ID NO: 37. Further preferably, the polypeptide encoded by the allelic variant has RNA-binding activity and one, preferably two RRM domains and the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs. Allelic variants exist in nature and encompassed within the methods of the present invention is the use of these natural alleles. Allelic variants encompass Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as Small Insertion/Deletion Polymorphisms (INDELs). The size of INDELs is usually less than 100 bp. SNPs and INDELs form the largest set of sequence variants in naturally occurring polymorphic strains of most organisms.

[0067] According to a preferred aspect of the present invention, enhanced or increased expression of the RNA-binding protein encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof is envisaged. According to a preferred aspect of the present invention, enhanced or increased expression of the rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof is envisaged. Methods for obtaining enhanced or increased expression of genes or gene products are well documented in the art and include, for example, overexpression driven by appropriate promoters, the use of transcription enhancers or translation enhancers. Isolated nucleic acids which serve as promoter or enhancer elements may be introduced in an appropriate position (typically upstream) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide so as to upregulate expression of an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof. For example, endogenous promoters may be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/or substitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., PCT/US93/03868), or isolated promoters may be introduced into a plant cell in the proper orientation and distance from a gene of the present invention so as to control the expression of the gene.

[0068] If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable to include a polyadenylation region at the 3'-end of a polynucleotide coding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3' end sequence to be added may be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

[0069] An intron sequence may also be added to the 5' untranslated region or the coding sequence of the partial coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusion of a spliceable intron in the transcription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs has been shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels up to 1000-fold, Buchman and Berg, Mol. Cell. biol. 8:4395-4405 (1988); Callis et al., Genes Dev. 1:1183-1200 (1987). Such intron enhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed near the 5' end of the transcription unit. Use of the maize introns Adh1-S intron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. See generally, The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994).

[0070] The invention also provides genetic constructs and vectors to facilitate introduction and/or expression of the nucleotide sequences useful in the methods according to the invention.

[0071] Therefore, there is provided a gene construct comprising:

[0072] (i) An RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof;

[0073] (ii) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression of the nucleic acid sequence of (i); and optionally

[0074] (iii) a transcription termination sequence.

[0075] There is also provided, a gene construct comprising:

[0076] (i) An rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof;

[0077] (ii) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression of the nucleic acid sequence of (i); and optionally

[0078] (iii) a transcription termination sequence.

[0079] Constructs useful in the methods according to the present invention may be constructed using recombinant DNA technology well known to persons skilled in the art. The gene constructs may be inserted into (commercially available) vectors suitable for transforming into plants cells and suitable for expression of the gene of interest in the transformed cells.

[0080] Plants are transformed with a vector comprising the sequence of interest (i.e., an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof or an rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof). The sequence of interest is operably linked to one or more control sequences (at least to a promoter). The terms "regulatory element", "control sequence" and "promoter" are all used interchangeably herein and are to be taken in a broad context to refer to regulatory nucleic acid sequences capable of effecting expression of the sequences to which they are ligated. Encompassed by the aforementioned terms are transcriptional regulatory sequences derived from a classical eukaryotic genomic gene (including the TATA box which is required for accurate transcription initiation, with or without a CCAAT box sequence) and additional regulatory elements (i.e. upstream activating sequences, enhancers and silencers) which alter gene expression in response to developmental and/or external stimuli, or in a tissue-specific manner. Also included within the term is a transcriptional regulatory sequence of a classical prokaryotic gene, in which case it may include a -35 box sequence and/or -10 box transcriptional regulatory sequences. The term "regulatory element" also encompasses a synthetic fusion molecule or derivative which confers, activates or enhances expression of a nucleic acid molecule in a cell, tissue or organ. The term "operably linked" as used herein refers to a functional linkage between the promoter sequence and the gene of interest, such that the promoter sequence is able to initiate transcription of the gene of interest.

[0081] Advantageously, any type of promoter may be used to drive expression of the nucleic acid sequence. The promoter may be an inducible promoter, i.e. having induced or increased transcription initiation in response to a developmental, chemical, environmental or physical stimulus. An example of an inducible promoter being a stress-inducible promoter, i.e. a promoter activated when a plant is exposed to various stress conditions. Additionally or alternatively, the promoter may be a tissue-preferred promoter, i.e. one that is capable of predominantly initiating transcription in certain tissues, such as the leaves, roots, seed tissue etc.

[0082] Preferably, the RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof is operably linked to a seed-preferred promoter. A seed-preferred promoter is one that preferentially, but not necessarily exclusively, drives expression in seed-tissue. Preferably, the seed-tissue is the endosperm. Preferably, the promoter is a prolamin promoter, such as the prolamin promoter from rice (SEQ ID NO: 11). It should be clear that the applicability of the present invention is not restricted to the RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, nor is the applicability of the invention restricted to expression of an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid when driven by a prolamin promoter.

[0083] Preferably, the rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof is operably linked to a promoter capable of preferentially expressing the nucleic acid in shoots. Preferably, the promoter capable of preferentially expressing the nucleic acid in shoots has a comparable expression profile to a beta-expansin promoter, for example as shown in FIG. 5. Most preferably, the promoter capable of preferentially expressing the nucleic acid in shoots is the beta-expansin promoter from rice (SEQ ID NO: 38). It should be clear that the applicability of the present invention is not restricted to the rbp1 nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 14, nor is the applicability of the invention restricted to expression of an rbp1 nucleic acid when driven by a beta expansin promoter.

[0084] Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may also be used in the construct introduced into a plant. The term "terminator" encompasses a control sequence which is a DNA sequence at the end of a transcriptional unit which signals 3' processing and polyadenylation of a primary transcript and termination of transcription. Additional regulatory elements may include transcriptional as well as translational enhancers. Those skilled in the art will be aware of terminator and enhancer sequences which may be suitable for use in performing the invention

[0085] The genetic constructs of the invention may further include an origin of replication sequence which is required for maintenance and/or replication in a specific cell type. One example is when a genetic construct is required to be maintained in a bacterial cell as an episomal genetic element (e.g. plasmid or cosmid molecule). Preferred origins of replication include, but are not limited to, the f1-ori and colE1

[0086] The genetic construct may optionally comprise a selectable marker gene. As used herein, the term "selectable marker gene" includes any gene that confers a phenotype on a cell in which it is expressed to facilitate the identification and/or selection of cells that are transfected or transformed with a nucleic acid construct of the invention. Suitable markers may be selected from markers that confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance, that introduce a new metabolic trait or that allow visual selection. Examples of selectable marker genes include genes conferring resistance to antibiotics (such as nptII that phosphorylates neomycin and kanamycin, or hpt, phosphorylating hygromycin), to herbicides (for example bar which provides resistance to Basta; aroA or gox providing resistance against glyphosate), or genes that provide a metabolic trait (such as manA that allows plants to use mannose as sole carbon source). Visual marker genes result in the formation of colour (for example β-glucuronidase, GUS), luminescence (such as luciferase) or fluorescence (Green Fluorescent Protein, GFP, and derivatives thereof).

[0087] The present invention also encompasses plants obtainable by the methods according to the present invention. The present invention therefore provides plants obtainable by the method according to the present invention, which plants have introduced therein an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof or an rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof.

[0088] The invention also provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having improved growth characteristics, comprising introduction and expression in a plant of an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or a variant thereof.

[0089] More specifically, the present invention provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having improved growth characteristics, which method comprises:

[0090] (i) introducing into a plant or plant cell an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof; and

[0091] (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

[0092] The invention also provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having improved growth characteristics, comprising introduction and expression in a plant of an rbp1 nucleic acid or a variant thereof.

[0093] More specifically, the present invention provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having improved growth characteristics, which method comprises:

[0094] (iii) introducing into a plant or plant cell an rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof; and

[0095] (iv) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

[0096] The nucleic acid may be introduced directly into a plant cell or into the plant itself (including introduction into a tissue, organ or any other part of a plant). According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the nucleic acid is preferably introduced into a plant by transformation.

[0097] The term "transformation" as referred to herein encompasses the transfer of an exogenous polynucleotide into a host cell, irrespective of the method used for transfer. Plant tissue capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with a genetic construct of the present invention and a whole plant regenerated therefrom. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include leaf disks, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristem, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyl meristem). The polynucleotide may be transiently or stably introduced into a host cell and may be maintained non-integrated, for example, as a plasmid. Alternatively, it may be integrated into the host genome. The resulting transformed plant cell may then be used to regenerate a transformed plant in a manner known to persons skilled in the art.

[0098] Transformation of plant species is now a fairly routine technique. Advantageously, any of several transformation methods may be used to introduce the gene of interest into a suitable ancestor cell. Transformation methods include the use of liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake, injection of the DNA directly into the plant, particle gun bombardment, transformation using viruses or pollen and microprojection. Methods may be selected from the calcium/polyethylene glycol method for protoplasts (Krens, F. A. et al., 1882, Nature 296, 72-74; Negrutiu I. et al., June 1987, Plant Mol. Biol. 8, 363-373); electroporation of protoplasts (Shillito R. D. et al., 1985 Bio/Technol 3, 1099-1102); microinjection into plant material (Crossway A. et al., 1986, Mol. Gen. Genet. 202, 179-185); DNA or RNA-coated particle bombardment (Klein T. M. et al., 1987, Nature 327, 70) infection with (non-integrative) viruses and the like. Transgenic rice plants expressing an RNA-binding protein are preferably produced via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using any of the well known methods for rice transformation, such as described in any of the following: published European patent application EP 1198985 A1, Aldemita and Hodges (Planta, 199, 612-617, 1996); Chan et al. (Plant Mol. Biol. 22 (3) 491-506, 1993), Hiei et al. (Plant J. 6 (2) 271-282, 1994), which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. In the case of corn transformation, the preferred method is as described in either Ishida et al. (Nat. Biotechnol. 1996 June; 14(6): 745-50) or Frame et al. (Plant Physiol. 2002 May; 129(1): 13-22), which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth.

[0099] Generally after transformation, plant cells or cell groupings are selected for the presence of one or more markers which are encoded by plant-expressible genes co-transferred with the gene of interest, following which the transformed material is regenerated into a whole plant.

[0100] Following DNA transfer and regeneration, putatively transformed plants may be evaluated, for instance using Southern analysis, for the presence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomic organisation. Alternatively or additionally, expression levels of the newly introduced DNA may be monitored using Northern and/or Western analysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art.

[0101] The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfed to give homozygous second generation (or T2) transformants, and the T2 plants further propagated through classical breeding techniques.

[0102] The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. For example, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformed cells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain the expression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues (e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformed scion).

[0103] The present invention clearly extends to any plant cell or plant produced by any of the methods described herein, and to all plant parts and propagules thereof. The present invention extends further to encompass the progeny of a primary transformed or transfected cell, tissue, organ or whole plant that has been produced by any of the aforementioned methods, the only requirement being that progeny exhibit the same genotypic and/or phenotypic characteristic(s) as those produced in the parent by the methods according to the invention. The invention also includes host cells containing an isolated RNA-binding protein nucleic acid or variant thereof. Preferred host cells according to the invention are plant cells. The invention also extends to harvestable parts of a plant, such as but not limited to seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, stem cultures, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs.

[0104] The present invention also encompasses the use of RNA-binding protein nucleic acids or variants thereof and to the use of RNA-binding proteins or homologues thereof.

[0105] One such use relates to improving the growth characteristics of plants, in particular in improving yield, especially seed yield. The seed yield may include one or more of the following: increased number of (filled) seeds, increased seed weight, increased harvest index, among others.

[0106] RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or variants thereof or RNA-binding proteins or homologues thereof may find use in breeding programmes in which a DNA marker is identified which may be genetically linked to an RNA-binding protein-encoding gene or variant thereof. The RNA-binding protein or variants thereof or RNA-binding proteins or homologues thereof may be used to define a molecular marker. This DNA or protein marker may then be used in breeding programs to select plants having altered growth characteristics. The RNA-binding protein-encoding gene or variant thereof may, for example, be a nucleic acid as represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9.

[0107] Allelic variants of an RNA-binding protein-encoding gene/nucleic acid may also find use in marker-assisted breeding programmes. Such breeding programmes sometimes require introduction of allelic variation by mutagenic treatment of the plants, using for example EMS mutagenesis; alternatively, the programme may start with a collection of allelic variants of so called "natural" origin caused unintentionally. Identification of allelic variants then takes place by, for example, PCR. This is followed by a selection step for selection of superior allelic variants of the sequence in question and which give improved growth characteristics in a plant. Selection is typically carried out by monitoring growth performance of plants containing different allelic variants of the sequence in question, for example, different allelic variants of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9. Growth performance may be monitored in a greenhouse or in the field. Further optional steps include crossing plants, in which the superior allelic variant was identified, with another plant. This could be used, for example, to make a combination of interesting phenotypic features.

[0108] RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or variants thereof may also be used as probes for genetically and physically mapping the genes that they are a part of, and as markers for traits linked to those genes. Such information may be useful in plant breeding in order to develop lines with desired phenotypes. Such use of RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or variants thereof requires only a nucleic acid sequence of at least 15 nucleotides in length. The RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or variants thereof may be used as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Maniatis) of restriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or variants thereof. The resulting banding patterns may then be subjected to genetic analyses using computer programs such as MapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1:174-181) in order to construct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acids may be used to probe Southern blots containing restriction endonuclease-treated genomic DNAs of a set of individuals representing parent and progeny of a defined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNA polymorphisms is noted and used to calculate the position of the RNA-binding protein encoding nucleic acid or variant thereof in the genetic map previously obtained using this population (Botstein et al. (1980) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

[0109] The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in genetic mapping is described in Bematzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 4:37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping of specific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variations thereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations, randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets of individuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0110] The nucleic acid probes may also be used for physical mapping (i.e., placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In: Non-mammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996, pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

[0111] In another embodiment, the nucleic acid probes may be used in direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favor use of large clones (several to several hundred KB; see Laan et al. (1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allow performance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

[0112] A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods of genetic and physical mapping may be carried out using the nucleic acids. Examples include allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS; Sheffield et al. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation (Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extension reactions (Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation Hybrid Mapping (Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping (Dear and Cook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For these methods, the sequence of a nucleic acid is used to design and produce primer pairs for use in the amplification reaction or in primer extension reactions. The design of such primers is well known to those skilled in the art. In methods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, it may be necessary to identify DNA sequence differences between the parents of the mapping cross in the region corresponding to the instant nucleic acid sequence. This, however, is generally not necessary for mapping methods.

[0113] RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acids or variants thereof or RNA-binding proteins or homologues thereof may also find use as growth regulators. Since these molecules have been shown to be useful in improving the growth characteristics of plants, they would also be useful growth regulators, such as herbicides or growth stimulators. The present invention therefore provides a composition comprising an RNA-binding protein-encoding nucleic acid/gene or variant thereof or an RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof, together with a suitable carrier, diluent or excipient, for use as a growth regulator.

[0114] The present invention also encompasses the use of rbp1 nucleic acids or variants thereof and to the use of RBP1 polypeptides or homologues thereof.

[0115] One such use relates to improving the growth characteristics of plants, in particular in improving yield, especially seed yield. The seed yield may include one or more of the following: increased number of (filled) seeds, increased seed weight, among others.

[0116] Rbp1 nucleic acids or variants thereof or RPB1 polypeptides or homologues thereof may find use in breeding programmes in which a DNA marker is identified which may be genetically linked to an rbp1 gene or variant thereof. The rbp1 or variants thereof or RBP1 or homologues thereof may be used to define a molecular marker. This DNA or protein marker may then be used in breeding programs to select plants having altered growth characteristics. The rbp1 gene or variant thereof may, for example, be a nucleic acid as represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 36.

[0117] Allelic variants of an rbp1 may also find use in marker-assisted breeding programmes. Such breeding programmes sometimes require introduction of allelic variation by mutagenic treatment of the plants, using for example EMS mutagenesis; alternatively, the programme may start with a collection of allelic variants of so called "natural" origin caused unintentionally. Identification of allelic variants then takes place by, for example, PCR. This is followed by a selection step for selection of superior allelic variants of the sequence in question and which give rise improved growth characteristics in a plant. Selection is typically carried out by monitoring growth performance of plants containing different allelic variants of the sequence in question, for example, different allelic variants of any one of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 36. Growth performance may be monitored in a greenhouse or in the field. Further optional steps include crossing plants, in which the superior allelic variant was identified, with another plant. This could be used, for example, to make a combination of interesting phenotypic features.

[0118] An rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof may also be used as probes for genetically and physically mapping the genes that they are a part of, and as markers for traits linked to those genes. Such information may be useful in plant breeding in order to develop lines with desired phenotypes. Such use of rbp1 nucleic acids or variants thereof requires only a nucleic acid sequence of at least 15 nucleotides in length. The rbp1 nucleic acids or variants thereof may be used as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Maniatis) of restriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the rbp1 nucleic acids or variants thereof. The resulting banding patterns may then be subjected to genetic analyses using computer programs such as MapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1:174-181) in order to construct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acids may be used to probe Southern blots containing restriction endonuclease-treated genomic DNAs of a set of individuals representing parent and progeny of a defined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNA polymorphisms is noted and used to calculate the position of the rbp1 nucleic acid or variant thereof in the genetic map previously obtained using this population (Botstein et al. (1980) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

[0119] The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in genetic mapping is described in Bematzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 4:37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping of specific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variations thereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations, randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets of individuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0120] The nucleic acid probes may also be used for physical mapping (i.e., placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In: Nonmammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996, pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

[0121] In another embodiment, the nucleic acid probes may be used in direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favor use of large clones (several to several hundred KB; see Laan et al. (1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allow performance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

[0122] A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods of genetic and physical mapping may be carried out using the nucleic acids. Examples include allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS; Sheffield et al. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation (Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extension reactions (Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation Hybrid Mapping (Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping (Dear and Cook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For these methods, the sequence of a nucleic acid is used to design and produce primer pairs for use in the amplification reaction or in primer extension reactions. The design of such primers is well known to those skilled in the art. In methods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, it may be necessary to identify DNA sequence differences between the parents of the mapping cross in the region corresponding to the instant nucleic acid sequence. This, however, is generally not necessary for mapping methods.

[0123] rbp1 nucleic acids or variants thereof or RBP1 polypeptides or homologues thereof may also find use as growth regulators. Since these molecules have been shown to be useful in improving the growth characteristics of plants, they would also be useful growth regulators, such as herbicides or growth stimulators. The present invention therefore provides a composition comprising an rbp1 or variant thereof or an RBP1 polypeptide or homologue thereof, together with a suitable carrier, diluent or excipient, for use as a growth regulator.

[0124] The methods according to the present invention result in plants having improved growth characteristics, as described hereinabove. These advantageous growth characteristics may also be combined with other economically advantageous traits, such as further yield-enhancing traits, tolerance to various stresses, traits modifying various architectural features and/or biochemical and/or physiological features.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

[0125] The present invention will now be described with reference to the following figures in which:

[0126] FIG. 1 shows a CLUSTAL multiple alignment of plant RNA-binding proteins. Motifs I and II are boxed (M2 is absent from BAC83046) and RRM domains are underlined. The sequences are: "newriceCDS701homologue": SEQ ID NO: 4; "rice" SEQ ID NO: 8; "maize": SEQ ID NO: 6; "CDS701Proteinprediction": SEQ ID NO: 2; and "BAC83046.1": SEQ ID NO: 10.

[0127] FIG. 2 shows a binary vector for expression in Oryza sativa of a tobacco RNA-binding protein under the control of a prolamin promoter.

[0128] FIG. 3 shows a multiple alignment of plant RBP1 polypeptides. Genebank protein or their encoding nucleic acids are indicated. At denotes Arabidopsis thaliana and Os denotes oryza sativa. The sequences are: "Translation of AK067725-Os-RBP1": 31; "Translation of AK070544-Os-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 33; "Translation of NM 196957-Os-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 29; "NP_--176143-At-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 15; "NP_--567753-At-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 17; "NP_--974937-At-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 19; "NP_--193166-At-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 43; "NP_--850539-At-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 44; "NP_--180899-At-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 25; and "NP_--974899-At-RBP1": SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0129] FIG. 4 shows a binary vector for expression in Oryza sativa of an Arabidopsis thaliana RBP1 (internal reference CDS0078) under the control of a beta expansin promoter (internal reference PRO0061).

[0130] FIG. 5 shows photographs of GUS expression driven by a beta expansin promoter. The photograph of the "C plant" is of a rice plant GUS stained when it had reached a size of about 5 cm. The photograph of the "B plant" is of a rice plant GUS stained when it had reached a size of about 10 cm. Promoters with comparable expression profiles may also be useful in the methods of the invention.

[0131] FIG. 6 details examples of sequences useful in performing the methods according to the present invention. From SEQ ID NO: 14 onwards, the At number given refers to the MIPs Accession number (mips.gsf.de/); other identifiers refer to Genbank accession numbers. Capital letters represent the coding sequence and small letters refer to non-translated regions, including 5' leader sequences, 3' untranslated regions and introns. Chromosomic location of the gene is indicated by the contig number and coordinates of the ORF in the contig.

EXAMPLES

[0132] The present invention will now be described with reference to the following examples, which are by way of illustration alone.

[0133] DNA manipulation: unless otherwise stated, recombinant DNA techniques are performed according to standard protocols described in (Sambrook (2001) Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd Edition Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CSH, New York) or in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al. (1994), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols. Standard materials and methods for plant molecular work are described in Plant Molecular Biology Labfase (1993) by R. D. D. Croy, published by BIOS Scientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications (UK).

Example 1

Gene Cloning--Tobacco RNA-Binding Protein-Encoding Gene

[0134] A gene encoding an RNA-binding protein was first identified as an expressed sequence tag from Tobacco BY2 cells and was isolated as a partial sequence in a cDNA-AFLP experiment performed with cDNA made from a synchronized tobacco BY2 cell culture (Nicotiniana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2). Based on this cDNA-AFLP experiment, BY2 tags that were cell cycle modulated were identified and selected for further cloning. The expressed sequence tags were used to screen a Tobacco cDNA library and to isolate the full length cDNA.

[0135] Synchronization of BY2 Cells

[0136] Tobacco BY2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2) cultured cell suspension was synchronized by blocking cells in early S-phase with aphidicolin as follows. A cultured cell suspension of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2 was maintained as described (Nagata et al. Int. Rev. Cytol. 132, 1-30, 1992). For synchronization, a 7-day-old stationary culture was diluted 10-fold in fresh medium supplemented with aphidicolin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.; 5 mg/l), a DNA-polymerase a inhibiting drug. After 24 h, the cells were released from the block by several washings with fresh medium and they resumed their cell cycle progression.

[0137] RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis

[0138] Total RNA was prepared using LiCl precipitation (Sambrook et al., 2001) and poly(A.sup.+) RNA was extracted from 500 μg of total RNA using Oligotex columns (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturers instructions. Starting from 1 μg of poly(A.sup.+) RNA, first-strand cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription with a biotinylated oligo-dT₂₅ primer (Genset, Paris, France) and Superscript II (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Second-strand synthesis was done by strand displacement with Escherichia coli ligase (Life Technologies), DNA polymerase I (USB, Cleveland, Ohio) and RNAse-H (USB).

[0139] cDNA-AFLP Analysis

[0140] Five hundred ng of double-stranded cDNA was used for AFLP analysis as described (Vos et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (21) 4407-4414, 1995; Bachem et al., Plant J. 9 (5) 745-53, 1996) with modifications. The restriction enzymes used were BstYI and MseI (Biolabs) and the digestion was done in two separate steps. After the first restriction digest with one of the enzymes, the 3' end fragments were collected on Dyna beads (Dynal, Oslo, Norway) by means of their biotinylated tail, while the other fragments were washed away. After digestion with the second enzyme, the released restriction fragments were collected and used as templates in the subsequent AFLP steps. For preamplifications, a MseI primer without selective nucleotides was combined with a BstYI primer containing either a T or a C as 3' most nucleotide. PCR conditions were as described (Vos et al., 1995). The obtained amplification mixtures were diluted 600-fold and 5 μl was used for selective amplifications using a P³³-labeled BstYI primer and the Amplitaq-Gold polymerase (Roche Diagnostics, Brussels, Belgium). Amplification products were separated on 5% polyacrylamide gels using the Sequigel system (Biorad). Dried gels were exposed to Kodak Biomax films as well as scanned in a phospholmager (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont, UK).

[0141] Characterization of AFLP Fragments

[0142] Bands corresponding to differentially expressed transcripts, among which was the transcript corresponding to SEQ ID NO 1, were isolated from the gel and eluted DNA was reamplified under the same conditions as for selective amplification. Sequence information was obtained either by direct sequencing of the reamplified polymerase chain reaction product with the selective BstYI primer or after cloning the fragments in pGEM-T easy (Promega, Madison, Wis.) or by sequencing individual clones. The obtained sequences were compared against nucleotide and protein sequences present in the publicly available databases by BLAST sequence alignments (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (17) 3389-3402 1997). When available, tag sequences were replaced with longer EST or isolated cDNA sequences to increase the chance of finding significant homology. The physical cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO 1 was subsequently amplified from a commercial Tobacco cDNA library as follows.

[0143] Gene Cloning

[0144] A c-DNA library with average inserts of 1,400 bp was made with poly(A.sup.+) isolated from actively dividing, non-synchronized BY2 tobacco cells. These library-inserts were cloned in the vector pCMVSPORT6.0, comprising a attB gateway cassette (Life Technologies). From this library 46,000 clones were selected, arrayed in 384-well microtiter plates, and subsequently spotted in duplicate on nylon filters. The arrayed clones were screened by using pools of several hundreds of radioactively labeled tags as probes (among which was the BY2-tag corresponding to the sequence of SEQ ID NO 1). Positive clones were isolated (among which the clone reacting with the BY2-tag corresponding to the sequence of SEQ ID NO 1), sequenced, and aligned with the tag sequence. In cases where hybridisation with the tag failed, the full-length cDNA corresponding to the tag was selected by PCR amplification as follows. Tag-specific primers were designed using primer3 program (genome.wi.mit.edu/genome_software/other/primer3.html) and used in combination with the common vector primer to amplify partial cDNA inserts. Pools of DNA, from 50,000, 100,000, 150,000, and 300,000 cDNA clones were used as templates in PCR amplifications. Amplification products were isolated from agarose gels, cloned, sequenced and aligned with tags.

[0145] Subsequently, the full-length cDNA corresponding to SEQ ID NO 1 was cloned from the pCMVsport6.0 library vector into a suitable plant expression vector via an LR Gateway reaction.

[0146] LR Gateway Reaction to Clone CDS0701 into a Plant Expression Vector

[0147] The pCMV Sport 6.0 p2461 was subsequently used in an LR reaction with a Gateway destination vector suitable for rice transformation. This vector contains as functional elements within the T-DNA borders a plant selectable marker and a Gateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the sequence of interest already cloned in the donor vector. Upstream of this Gateway cassette is the rice prolamin promoter for seed specific expression of the gene.

[0148] After the recombination step, the resulting expression vector (see FIG. 2) was transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 and subsequently into rice plants.

Example 2

Rice Transformation

[0149] Mature dry seeds of the rice japonica cultivar Nipponbare (NB) were dehusked. Sterilization was carried out by incubating for one minute in 70% ethanol, followed by 30 minutes in 0.2% HgCl2, followed by a 6×15 minute wash with sterile distilled water. The sterile seeds were then germinated on a medium containing 2,4-D (callus induction medium). After incubation in the dark for four weeks, embryogenic, scutellum-derived calli were excised and propagated on the same medium. After two weeks, the calli were multiplied or propagated by subculture on the same medium for another 2 weeks. Embryogenic callus pieces were sub-cultured on fresh medium 3 days before co-cultivation (to boost cell division activity). Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harbouring binary T-DNA vectors were used for co-cultivation. Agrobacterium was inoculated on AB medium with the appropriate antibiotics and cultured for 3 days at 28° C. The bacteria were then collected and suspended in liquid co-cultivation medium to a density (OD600) of about 1. The suspension was then transferred to a petri dish and the calli immersed in the suspension for 15 minutes. The callus tissues were then blotted dry on a filter paper and transferred to solidified, co-cultivation medium and incubated for 3 days in the dark at 25° C. Co-cultivated calli were grown on 2,4-D-containing medium for 4 weeks in the dark at 28° C. in the presence of a suitable concentration of the selective agent. During this period, rapidly growing resistant callus islands developed. After transfer of this material to a regeneration medium and incubation in the light, the embryogenic potential was released and shoots developed in the next four to five weeks. Shoots were excised from the calli and incubated for 2 to 3 weeks on an auxin-containing medium from which they were transferred to soil. Hardened shoots were grown under high humidity and short days in a greenhouse. Seeds were then harvested three to five months after transplanting. The method yielded single locus transformants at a rate of over 50 (Aldemita and Hodges, Planta, 199 612-617, 1996; Chan et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 22 (3) 491-506, 1993, Hiei et al., Plant J., 6 (2) 271-282, 1994).

Example 3

Evaluation and Results

[0150] Approximately 15 to 20 independent T0 rice transformants were generated. The primary transformants were transferred from tissue culture chambers to a greenhouse for growing and harvest of T1 seed. 5 events, of which the T1 progeny segregated 3:1 for presence/absence of the transgene, were retained. For each of these events, approximately 10 T1 seedlings containing the transgene (hetero- and homo-zygotes), and in the same number, approximately 10 T1 seedlings lacking the transgene (nullizygotes), were selected by monitoring visual marker expression. 4 T1 events were further evaluated in the T2 generation following the same evaluation procedure as for the T1 generation but with more individuals per event.

[0151] Statistical Analysis: F-Test

[0152] A two factor ANOVA (analysis of variants) was used as a statistical model for the overall evaluation of plant phenotypic characteristics. An F-test was carried out on all the parameters measured of all the plants of all the events transformed with the gene of the present invention. The F-test was carried out to check for an effect of the gene over all the transformation events and to verify for an overall effect of the gene, also known as a global gene effect. The threshold for significance for a true global gene effect was set at a 5% probability level for the F-test. A significant F-test value points to a gene effect, meaning that it is not only the presence or position of the gene that is causing the differences in phenotype.

[0153] 3.1 Seed-Related Parameter Measurements

[0154] The mature primary panicles were harvested, bagged, barcode-labelled and then dried for three days in the oven at 37° C. The panicles were then threshed and all the seeds were collected and counted. The filled husks were separated from the empty ones using an air-blowing device. The empty husks were discarded and the remaining fraction was counted again. The filled husks were weighed on an analytical balance. The total seed yield was measured by weighing all filled husks harvested from a plant. The harvest index in the present invention is defined as a ratio of total seed yield and the aboveground area (mm²) multiplied by a factor 10⁶.

[0155] The Table of results below show the p values from the F test for T1 and T2 evaluations. The percentage difference between the transgenics and the corresponding nullizygotes is also shown. For example, for total seed weight in the T1 generation, 3 out of 4 lines were positive for total seed weight (i.e., showed an increase in total seed weight (of greater than 32%) compared to the seed weight of corresponding nullizygote plants). 2 out of 4 of these lines showed a significant increase in total seed weight with a p value from the F test of 0.061.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Results of the T1 generation Number of Number of lines lines showing p value showing an a significant of F T1 increase Difference increase test Total weight 3 out 4 >32% 2 out 4 <0.061 seeds Harvest index 2 out 4 >32% 2 out 4 <0.09

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 results of the T2 generation Number of Number of lines lines showing p value showing an a significant of F T2 increase Difference increase test Total weight 1 out 4 >30% 1 out 4 <0.064 seeds Harvest index 1 out 4 >40% 1 out 4 <0.001

Example 4

Gene Cloning AtRBP1

[0156] The Arabidopsis AtRBP1 (CDS0078) was amplified by PCR using as template an Arabidopsis thaliana seedling cDNA library (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK). After reverse transcription of RNA extracted from seedlings, the cDNAs were cloned into pCMV Sport 6.0. Average insert size of the bank was 1.5 kb, and original number of clones was of 1.59×10⁷ cfu. Original titer was determined to be 9.6×10⁵ cfu/ml, after first amplification of 6×10¹¹ cfu/ml. After plasmid extraction, 200 ng of template was used in a 50 μl PCR mix. Primers prm00405 (sense 5' ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttcacaatggattatgatcggtacaagttat 3', SEQ ID NO: 39) and prm00406 (reverse, complementary: 5' ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggtttaaaagagtccaaagaatttcact 3', SEQ ID NO: 40), which include the AttB sites for Gateway recombination, were used for PCR amplification. PCR was performed using Hifi Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions. A PCR fragment of 1209 bp was amplified and purified also using standard methods. The first step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was then performed, during which the PCR fragment recombines in vivo with the pDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway terminology, an "entry clone", p00733. Plasmid pDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, as part of the Gateway® technology.

Example 5

Vector Construction AtRBP1

[0157] The entry clone p00733 was subsequently used in an LR reaction with p03069, a destination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. This vector contained as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plant selectable marker; a visual marker expression cassette; and a Gateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A Beta-Expansin promoter for expression in shoots was located upstream of this Gateway cassette.

[0158] After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vector p04280 (FIG. 2) was transformed into the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 and subsequently to Oryza sativa plants.

[0159] Transformed rice plants were allowed to grow and were then examined for the parameters described in Example 6.

Example 6

Evaluation and Results AtRBP1

[0160] Approximately 15 to 20 independent T0 rice transformants were generated. The primary transformants were transferred from tissue culture chambers to a greenhouse for growing and harvest of T1 seed. 5 events, of which the T1 progeny segregated 3:1 for presence/absence of the transgene, were retained. For each of these events, approximately 10 T1 seedlings containing the transgene (hetero- and homo-zygotes), and in the same number, approximately 10 T1 seedlings lacking the transgene (nullizygotes), were selected by monitoring visual marker expression. 4 T1 events were further evaluated in the T2 generation following the same evaluation procedure as for the T1 generation but with more individuals per event. One line that was neutral in the first round was not taken along. In the T2 evaluation, 15T2 seedlings containing the transgene are compared to the same number of plants lacking the transgene (nullizygotes).

[0161] Statistical Analysis: F-Test

[0162] A two factor ANOVA (analysis of variants) was used as a statistical model for the overall evaluation of plant phenotypic characteristics. An F-test was carried out on all the parameters measured of all the plants of all the events transformed with the gene of the present invention. The F-test was carried out to check for an effect of the gene over all the transformation events and to verify for an overall effect of the gene, also known as a global gene effect. The threshold for significance for a true global gene effect was set at a 5% probability level for the F-test. A significant F-test value points to a gene effect, meaning that it is not only the presence or position of the gene that is causing the differences in phenotype.

[0163] 6.1 Seed-Related Parameter Measurements

[0164] The mature primary panicles were harvested, bagged, barcode-labelled and then dried for three days in the oven at 37° C. The panicles were then threshed and all the seeds were collected and counted. The filled husks were separated from the empty ones using an air-blowing device. The empty husks were discarded and the remaining fraction was counted again. The filled husks were weighed on an analytical balance. This procedure resulted in the set of seed-related parameters described below.

[0165] The Table of results below show the p values from the F test for the T1 evaluations, the T2 evaluations and the combined p values from the F tests for the T1 and T2 evaluations. A combined analysis may be considered when two experiments have been carried out on the same events. This may be useful to check for consistency of the effects over the two experiments and to increase confidence in the conclusion. The method used is a mixed-model approach that takes into account the multilevel structure of the data (i.e. experiment--event--segregants). P-values are obtained by comparing likelihood ratio test to chi square distributions. Each of the tables also gives the % difference between the transgenics and the corresponding nullizygotes for each generation.

[0166] 6.1.1 Aboveground Area

[0167] Plant aboveground area was determined by counting the total number of pixels from aboveground plant parts discriminated from the background. This value was averaged for the pictures taken on the same time point from the different angles and was converted to a physical surface value expressed in square mm by calibration. Experiments show that the aboveground plant area measured this way correlates with the biomass of plant parts above ground. The results of the T1 and T2 evaluation are shown in Table 7 below. As shown in the table below, the p value from the F test for the T2 evaluation (p value of 0.0011) and the combined data (with a p value of 0.0287) were significant indicating that the presence of the construct in the plants has a significant positive effect on aboveground area of transgenic plants.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Aboveground Area Aboveground area % Difference P value T1 Overall 8 0.1779 T2 Overall 15 0.0011 Combined 0.0012

[0168] 6.1.2 Total Seed Yield Per Plant

[0169] The total seed yield was measured by weighing all filled husks harvested from a plant. As shown in Table 8 below, the p value from the F test for the T1 and T2 evaluation combined was significant (with a p value of 0.0287) indicating that the presence of the construct in the plants has a significant effect on the total seed weight of transgenic plants.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Total Seed Weight % Difference P value T1 12 0.3397 T2 16 0.1356 Combined 0.0287

[0170] 6.1.3 Total Number of Seeds

[0171] As shown in Table 9 below, the p value from the F test for the T1 and T2 evaluation combined (and T2 individually) was significant (with a p value of 0.0006) indicating that the presence of the construct in the plants has a significant effect on the total number of seeds of transgenic plants.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Total Number of seeds % Difference P value T1 6 0.4044 T2 23 0.0003 Combined 0.0006

Example 7

GUS Expression Driven by Beta Expansin Promoter

[0172] The beta-expansin promoter was cloned into the pDONR201 entry plasmid of the Gateway® system (Life Technologies) using the "BP recombination reaction". The identity and base pair composition of the cloned insert was confirmed by sequencing and additionally, the resulting plasmid was tested via restriction digests.

[0173] In order to clone the promoter in front of a reporter gene, each entry clone was subsequently used in an "LR recombination reaction" (Gateway®) with a destination vector. This destination vector was designed to operably link the promoter to the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene via the substitution of the Gateway recombination cassette in front of the GUS gene. The resulting reporter vectors, comprising the promoter operably linked to GUS were subsequently transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4044 and subsequently into rice plants using standard transformation techniques.

[0174] Transgenic rice plants were generated from transformed cells. Plant growth was performed under normal conditions.

[0175] The plants or plant parts to be tested were covered with 90% ice-cold acetone and incubated for 30 min at 4° C. After 3 washes of 5 min with Tris buffer [15.76 g Trizma HCl (Sigma T3253)+2,922 g NaCl in 1 litre bi-distilled water, adjusted to pH 7.0 with NaOH], the material was covered by a Tris/ferricyanate/X-Gluc solution [9.8 ml Tris buffer+0.2 ml ferricyanate stock (0.33 g Potassium ferricyanate (Sigma P3667) in 10 ml Tris buffer)+0.2 ml X-Gluc stock (26.1 mg X-Gluc (Europa Bioproducts ML 113A) in 500 μl DMSO)]. Vacuum infiltration was applied for 15 to 30 minutes. The plants or plant parts were incubated for up to 16 hours at 37° C. until development of blue colour was visible. The samples were washed 3 times for 5 minutes with Tris buffer. Chlorophyll was extracted in ethanol series of 50%, 70% and 90% (each for 30 minutes).

Sequence CWU 1

1

4512098DNANicotiana tabacum 1ccacgcgtcc gcttagggtt ccaaattgct ctaaattccc gcggattgag agttcattgg 60agacttccat tgttcccagc ggctaagatg agccggttga ttgagcatca cctagcaaat 120aataaacagg acatgaaagg gacagaggtt tttgttggtg gtttggcccg tactactact 180gaaagcaaaa ttcatgaggt attttcttca tgtggtgaga ttgtggaaat acggttgata 240aaagaccaga caggcgttcc taaggggttt tgctttgtac gatttgcaac aaaatatgct 300gctgacaaag ctctgaagga aaaatctgga tatgtgctgg atgggaagaa actcggggtt 360cgcccctcag ttgagcagga cactttattt cttggaaatc ttaacaaagg ttggggtgcg 420gaggaatttg agagtattgt gcgccaggtt tttccagatg ttgtatctgt tgatcttgca 480cttcttggag atgtccaacc tggtcagaag caacggaatc ggggttttgc tttcgtgaaa 540ttcccatctc atgctgctgc ggctcgtgct tttcgggtag gctcccaatc tgattttctc 600attgatggca agttacatcc atctgtacag tgggctgagg aacctgatcc caatgaactt 660gctcagatca aagcagcctt cgttagaaat gtacctcctg gtgctgatga agattacttg 720aagaagctct ttcagccctt tggcaatgta gagaggatag ctctatccag gaaaggtagc 780tccaccattg gattcgttta cttcgataag cgatctgatc ttgacaatgc tattatggcg 840ttgaatgaga aaactgtaca agggccaatg ggaggtccct catgcaagct tcaggtcgaa 900gttgctaggc caatggacaa gaacaggaaa cgaggtcgtg aggatccaaa catgtccagt 960accattgaga gtcattccaa gcttttgaag gatgatccag atgttgagat gattagggct 1020cctaaatcaa ctgctcaact ggagatggat tattcggatc cttatgaagc tgctgtagtt 1080gcattacctg tggttgtcaa ggagcgttta gttcggatct tgcggcttgg tattgctact 1140agatatgata tagatgttga aagtttaacc agtcttaaga tattgcccca gtcagctgcc 1200atatctattc ttgaccagtt catgttgtct ggagctgata tgcagaacaa gggaggatat 1260ctagcttcat taatttctaa gcaggttgaa aaactgggac cgaaacaatt cgatagtagg 1320tcaaggatag aagatgttgg cttgagggtg ccagaaccag acaggttctc tacaagagtt 1380cgtttgccag atctagattc atatgcctca cgagtaccct tgcccatgcc taggactgat 1440gtttacacat ctcactattc agcgtattta gatccccatc tgtctggtcg gatgacagca 1500aagaggatgg aggaagcaag ttcccatttg caggcgactt cacttctgtc tagtcgggtg 1560gcaacgagga tggaggaggc aggttccact ttgcagtcgc tcctatctgg tggggtgacg 1620acaagaagga tggaggaagc aagtccgatt ttgcaggcaa cactccttcc atctggtcgg 1680gtatcaagga tggatgaagc aagtcccaat ttgcaggcaa catggagccc ttctcctact 1740aatgacagaa ttggacttca ttcacacatt accgcaactg ctgatcatca acatactcga 1800ccacggatca ggtttgatcc cttcactggt gagccataca aatttgaccc cttcactggc 1860gagccaattg ttcccaagag ctcaagtcat catcgaagcc tgtactgaac gttctgagca 1920ttctaattta caaatggctt attgccaaac ctatgtaaca taatgatgcg tatttttgtt 1980catccgcagc tgtaaaatag tagctgttag caggattatt tggttatgtt tctcattgac 2040ttcattgatt gcgaaggtgc atttggaatc tcggcaatca caatttatag ccggtgca 20982606PRTNicotiana tabacum 2Met Ser Arg Leu Ile Glu His His Leu Ala Asn Asn Lys Gln Asp Met 1 5 10 15 Lys Gly Thr Glu Val Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Ala Arg Thr Thr Thr Glu 20 25 30 Ser Lys Ile His Glu Val Phe Ser Ser Cys Gly Glu Ile Val Glu Ile 35 40 45 Arg Leu Ile Lys Asp Gln Thr Gly Val Pro Lys Gly Phe Cys Phe Val 50 55 60 Arg Phe Ala Thr Lys Tyr Ala Ala Asp Lys Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Ser 65 70 75 80 Gly Tyr Val Leu Asp Gly Lys Lys Leu Gly Val Arg Pro Ser Val Glu 85 90 95 Gln Asp Thr Leu Phe Leu Gly Asn Leu Asn Lys Gly Trp Gly Ala Glu 100 105 110 Glu Phe Glu Ser Ile Val Arg Gln Val Phe Pro Asp Val Val Ser Val 115 120 125 Asp Leu Ala Leu Leu Gly Asp Val Gln Pro Gly Gln Lys Gln Arg Asn 130 135 140 Arg Gly Phe Ala Phe Val Lys Phe Pro Ser His Ala Ala Ala Ala Arg 145 150 155 160 Ala Phe Arg Val Gly Ser Gln Ser Asp Phe Leu Ile Asp Gly Lys Leu 165 170 175 His Pro Ser Val Gln Trp Ala Glu Glu Pro Asp Pro Asn Glu Leu Ala 180 185 190 Gln Ile Lys Ala Ala Phe Val Arg Asn Val Pro Pro Gly Ala Asp Glu 195 200 205 Asp Tyr Leu Lys Lys Leu Phe Gln Pro Phe Gly Asn Val Glu Arg Ile 210 215 220 Ala Leu Ser Arg Lys Gly Ser Ser Thr Ile Gly Phe Val Tyr Phe Asp 225 230 235 240 Lys Arg Ser Asp Leu Asp Asn Ala Ile Met Ala Leu Asn Glu Lys Thr 245 250 255 Val Gln Gly Pro Met Gly Gly Pro Ser Cys Lys Leu Gln Val Glu Val 260 265 270 Ala Arg Pro Met Asp Lys Asn Arg Lys Arg Gly Arg Glu Asp Pro Asn 275 280 285 Met Ser Ser Thr Ile Glu Ser His Ser Lys Leu Leu Lys Asp Asp Pro 290 295 300 Asp Val Glu Met Ile Arg Ala Pro Lys Ser Thr Ala Gln Leu Glu Met 305 310 315 320 Asp Tyr Ser Asp Pro Tyr Glu Ala Ala Val Val Ala Leu Pro Val Val 325 330 335 Val Lys Glu Arg Leu Val Arg Ile Leu Arg Leu Gly Ile Ala Thr Arg 340 345 350 Tyr Asp Ile Asp Val Glu Ser Leu Thr Ser Leu Lys Ile Leu Pro Gln 355 360 365 Ser Ala Ala Ile Ser Ile Leu Asp Gln Phe Met Leu Ser Gly Ala Asp 370 375 380 Met Gln Asn Lys Gly Gly Tyr Leu Ala Ser Leu Ile Ser Lys Gln Val 385 390 395 400 Glu Lys Leu Gly Pro Lys Gln Phe Asp Ser Arg Ser Arg Ile Glu Asp 405 410 415 Val Gly Leu Arg Val Pro Glu Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Thr Arg Val Arg 420 425 430 Leu Pro Asp Leu Asp Ser Tyr Ala Ser Arg Val Pro Leu Pro Met Pro 435 440 445 Arg Thr Asp Val Tyr Thr Ser His Tyr Ser Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro His 450 455 460 Leu Ser Gly Arg Met Thr Ala Lys Arg Met Glu Glu Ala Ser Ser His 465 470 475 480 Leu Gln Ala Thr Ser Leu Leu Ser Ser Arg Val Ala Thr Arg Met Glu 485 490 495 Glu Ala Gly Ser Thr Leu Gln Ser Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Val Thr Thr 500 505 510 Arg Arg Met Glu Glu Ala Ser Pro Ile Leu Gln Ala Thr Leu Leu Pro 515 520 525 Ser Gly Arg Val Ser Arg Met Asp Glu Ala Ser Pro Asn Leu Gln Ala 530 535 540 Thr Trp Ser Pro Ser Pro Thr Asn Asp Arg Ile Gly Leu His Ser His 545 550 555 560 Ile Thr Ala Thr Ala Asp His Gln His Thr Arg Pro Arg Ile Arg Phe 565 570 575 Asp Pro Phe Thr Gly Glu Pro Tyr Lys Phe Asp Pro Phe Thr Gly Glu 580 585 590 Pro Ile Val Pro Lys Ser Ser Ser His His Arg Ser Leu Tyr 595 600 605 31103DNAOryza sativa 3atggtgcgtg ctcgagactc aatccgcgaa atcctccctg ttttttcgat tcaatccgcc 60ctggggacgg cggattcggc gccggcgatc cggccggtcg ccgccgcgtc cgatttggtg 120cggatttcgt cggagaaatc gcgtcttgac cttcctgtgc ctcttttttt ttttgttgct 180cgtgggggat ttcaggagaa gaggggggcg gcgtcgcatg gcgactacga cgagcaaggt 240tattggatgg gtttcttctc tttgatacct cgagcgagtc ttgcgttgcg tgggtgaaag 300gcgccgaggt gttcgtcggc gggttgccgc ggtcggtgac ggagcgggcg ctccgagagg 360ttggtgttct tccgagaggt gtaatctcaa caggtatttt ctccttgtgg agagattgtt 420gatttgcgga taatgaaaga tcagaatggc atttcaaagt ggttctctgc cagcttcaag 480gaaagagact tgctgttgat ctttcgttgg atcaagatac actcttcttt gggaatcttt 540gcaaaggtag tcagactggg gcatcgaaga atttgaagaa ttgattcgca aggtaagacc 600tgtaggttga ccttgcaatg gctcgaaacc atgactcttc agttgggaaa agacgtctaa 660atcgaggctt tgcatttgtg cgattttctt ctcatgcagt aagtgttgac atgataaccc 720ttttctgcca attttctttt ttgcaggtgt ctgatacgga cccctatgaa gcagctgttg 780tttcactacc ttcagccgtc aaggaactcc tacttcgtat tctacgtctt agaattggca 840ctcgatatga tgtaagtaat ctgtacataa ggtctctact tgtgcagctc caggtcatct 900gctgaatact ctactgctcg ccaacaagta aggtttgatc cattcacagg ggaaccatac 960aagtttgatc cctacaccgg tgaacccatc aggccagaat cgaacccacg tcgctcagga 1020agcttatact gactttgatt gattgaagca acagtttgga tatggtagat tagatttaca 1080tccctgaacc aaaaggacca tat 11034680PRTOryza sativa 4Met Val Arg Ala Arg Asp Ser Ile Arg Glu Ile Leu Pro Val Phe Ser 1 5 10 15 Ile Gln Ser Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Asp Ser Ala Pro Ala Ile Arg Pro 20 25 30 Val Ala Ala Ala Ser Asp Leu Val Arg Ile Ser Ser Glu Lys Ser Arg 35 40 45 Leu Asp Leu Pro Val Pro Leu Phe Phe Phe Val Ala Arg Gly Gly Phe 50 55 60 Gln Glu Lys Arg Gly Ala Ala Ser His Gly Asp Tyr Asp Glu Gln Gly 65 70 75 80 Tyr Trp Met Gly Phe Phe Ser Leu Ile Pro Arg Ala Ser Leu Ala Leu 85 90 95 Arg Gly Arg Arg Val Lys Gly Ala Glu Val Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Pro 100 105 110 Arg Ser Val Thr Glu Arg Ala Leu Arg Glu Val Gly Val Leu Pro Arg 115 120 125 Ser Gln Gln Val Phe Ser Pro Cys Gly Glu Ile Val Asp Leu Arg Ile 130 135 140 Met Lys Asp Gln Asn Gly Ile Ser Lys Val Leu Cys Gln Leu Gln Gly 145 150 155 160 Lys Arg Leu Ala Val Asp Leu Ser Leu Asp Gln Asp Thr Leu Phe Phe 165 170 175 Gly Asn Leu Cys Lys Gly Ser Asp Trp Gly Ile Glu Glu Phe Glu Glu 180 185 190 Leu Ile Arg Lys Val Arg Pro Val Val Asp Leu Ala Met Ala Arg Asn 195 200 205 His Asp Ser Ser Val Gly Lys Arg Arg Leu Asn Arg Gly Phe Ala Phe 210 215 220 Val Arg Phe Ser Ser His Ala Val Ser Gln Val Lys Thr Ala Phe Val 225 230 235 240 Gly Asn Leu Pro Ala Asn Val Thr Glu Glu Tyr Leu Arg Lys Leu Phe 245 250 255 Glu His Cys Gly Glu Val Cys Tyr Ala Val Val Arg Val Ala Val Ser 260 265 270 Arg Lys Gly Gln Tyr Pro Val Gly Phe Val His Phe Ala Ser Arg Thr 275 280 285 Trp Lys Glu Leu Asp Asn Ala Ile Lys Glu Met Asp Gly Glu Thr Val 290 295 300 Arg Gly Pro Asp Arg Gly Ala Thr Phe Arg Ile Gln Val Ser Val Ala 305 310 315 320 Arg Pro Val Val Glu Asn Asp Lys Lys Arg Ile Arg Glu Glu Val Lys 325 330 335 Thr Arg Arg Ser Asn Val Ser Thr Asp Lys Pro Asp His Ser Tyr Gly 340 345 350 Arg Arg Gly His Asp Ser Tyr Asp Arg Gln Ala Lys Ala Pro Arg Leu 355 360 365 Tyr Asn Glu Val Leu His Thr Asn Asp Lys Val Asp Met Ile Thr Leu 370 375 380 Phe Cys Gln Phe Ser Phe Leu Gln Val Ser Asp Thr Asp Pro Tyr Glu 385 390 395 400 Ala Ala Val Val Ser Leu Pro Ser Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Leu Leu Arg 405 410 415 Ile Leu Arg Leu Arg Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr Asp Val Ser Asn Leu Tyr 420 425 430 Ile Arg Ser Leu Leu Val Ser Ile Leu Leu Phe Gln Ile Asp Ile His 435 440 445 Cys Ile Arg Ser Leu Asn Glu Leu Pro Glu Lys Ala Ala Val Ala Val 450 455 460 Leu Asn Gln Cys Ser Gln Phe Leu Ile Ser Gly Ala Asp Lys His Asn 465 470 475 480 Lys Gly Asp Tyr Phe Ala Ser Leu Ile Ala Lys Glu Thr Phe Ser Ser 485 490 495 Ala Leu Arg Leu Gln Gly Ser Thr Tyr Leu Pro Arg Asn Pro Glu Ile 500 505 510 Gln Asn Lys Arg Phe Pro His Ser Ser Arg Tyr Ser Ser Leu Gly Asp 515 520 525 Tyr Pro Ser Ser Ser Tyr Val Asp Asp Pro Ala Ser Ser Gln Ser Arg 530 535 540 Asn Arg Arg Tyr Asp Glu Tyr Arg Pro Asp Leu Val Arg Tyr Pro Asp 545 550 555 560 Ser Arg Ser Arg Gln Glu Glu Ile Val Arg Ile Glu Arg Tyr Pro Glu 565 570 575 Pro Arg Phe Ala His Glu Pro Arg Gln Asp Thr Gly Arg His Leu Asp 580 585 590 Leu Gly Tyr Val Gln Glu Arg Asn Ser Asn Ile Glu Arg Ser Ala Gln 595 600 605 Val Ala Phe Ser Ser Arg Glu Gly Gly Tyr Leu Ser Ala Ser Arg Tyr 610 615 620 Asn Thr Asn Ile Val Pro Glu Phe Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser Ala Glu Tyr 625 630 635 640 Ser Thr Ala Arg Gln Gln Val Arg Phe Asp Pro Phe Thr Gly Glu Pro 645 650 655 Tyr Lys Phe Asp Pro Tyr Thr Gly Glu Pro Ile Arg Pro Glu Ser Asn 660 665 670 Pro Arg Arg Ser Gly Ser Leu Tyr 675 680 51758DNAZea maysmisc_feature(1632)..(1632)n is a, c, g, or t 5tctagctgtg ttcttgtggc tgtgaaatta tatctcccat gctgatactt gattccctta 60tctttgcttc attactacac cacagtaatt tggatctgcc attatgttac tatgtaactc 120tcatttgata tcaatcacag ctgccacata caaaatacaa gtatgtttat ctagataaga 180tcttgattca tcaatcacca ctgatctgag ttttcgccac tgcgatgcga ggaaaagaca 240gatatctaat aacatcttgg tgaagatgtt cttaggtcct ttgctttctc ttcaagtcag 300cttcctttga tttcattcct caaactatca atcacaggct gcagcacgtg taatccgcat 360cggttcaaga acagatttca tgcttggtga tattttgcat cctgcgataa attgggctga 420taaagagtct catctggatc ctgatgaaat ggccaagatg aagtctgctt ttattggtaa 480cctgccagaa gatgttaatg aggagtactt gagaaagctt tttggacagt tcggtgaggt 540agtacgggtt gctatctcaa gaaaaggaca atgtccagtt gcttttgttc acttcgccaa 600acgttcagag cttgagaatg ctatagaaga aatggatggt aaaacggtga gaggacctgg 660tcgagggccg tctttcaaga tccaggtgtc agttgctcga cctacggcag acaacgacaa 720gaagcgatct cgtgaagaag tgagaactag aagatcaaat gcatcaggag ataggcgaga 780ttattctcat ggaagatatg gacacgattc acttgatcgt caagtgaaag ctccaagatt 840atctaattat gtggccgatg ctgctgaccc ctatgaatca gctgttaatt cattaccttc 900agctgtcaag gaagtcttgc ttcgaattct acgtctaaga attggtactc gatatgatat 960tgatatccat tgtgttaaaa gccttgatga gcttcctgag tcatctgctc ttgctgtcct 1020taatcagttt ttgatatcag gtggagacaa acacaacaaa ggagattatt ttgcatcgtt 1080ggttgctaag caccaggctg agacctttgg cttaacacat gcattacacg gtaccactta 1140tttgtcaaga aatccggaaa tgcatagcaa gcgataccca catgaagatt atgattttgt 1200gacacccagg agcagtaggt acgattcgtc agcccatcat ccttcaacat actacgaaga 1260cgatccacca gtgtctgagt caagggttag aagatatgct gaagaaaggt ccaccattgt 1320aagaagccca gaaccacgtc cgcgatatga cgaaacagac ataagaataa acccagaacc 1380aagattacca tatgaatcaa gacacaacgc cgaaaagcat ctcgatcgaa gatacataca 1440agagcatagt tcaaatattg aaagaccagc tgaagaagct ctcctttcta gggaaaggag 1500atttctgcct gctgcagggt acatgccgaa cccaggcggc tcggatttcc gctccaggtc 1560gcccgccgaa tattcagcac aacgccaaca aatgaggttt gatccattca caggtgaacc 1620ttacaagttt gnacccttca caggggagcc catcaggcca gatccgaacc cagcgccgct 1680caggaagcct gtaattgant cagaataagt ttggaagccg anaatgccag attaagaacc 1740ctgaaancaa agcnaaga 17586448PRTZea maysmisc_feature(424)..(424)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid 6Gly Ser Arg Thr Asp Phe Met Leu Gly Asp Ile Leu His Pro Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 Asn Trp Ala Asp Lys Glu Ser His Leu Asp Pro Asp Glu Met Ala Lys 20 25 30 Met Lys Ser Ala Phe Ile Gly Asn Leu Pro Glu Asp Val Asn Glu Glu 35 40 45 Tyr Leu Arg Lys Leu Phe Gly Gln Phe Gly Glu Val Val Arg Val Ala 50 55 60 Ile Ser Arg Lys Gly Gln Cys Pro Val Ala Phe Val His Phe Ala Lys 65 70 75 80 Arg Ser Glu Leu Glu Asn Ala Ile Glu Glu Met Asp Gly Lys Thr Val 85 90 95 Arg Gly Pro Gly Arg Gly Pro Ser Phe Lys Ile Gln Val Ser Val Ala 100 105 110 Arg Pro Thr Ala Asp Asn Asp Lys Lys Arg Ser Arg Glu Glu Val Arg 115 120 125 Thr Arg Arg Ser Asn Ala Ser Gly Asp Arg Arg Asp Tyr Ser His Gly 130 135 140 Arg Tyr Gly His Asp Ser Leu Asp Arg Gln Val Lys Ala Pro Arg Leu 145 150 155 160 Ser Asn Tyr Val Ala Asp Ala Ala Asp Pro Tyr Glu Ser Ala Val Asn 165 170 175 Ser Leu Pro Ser Ala Val Lys Glu Val Leu Leu Arg Ile Leu Arg Leu 180 185 190 Arg Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr Asp Ile Asp Ile His Cys Val Lys Ser Leu 195 200 205 Asp Glu Leu Pro Glu Ser Ser Ala Leu Ala Val Leu Asn Gln Phe Leu 210

215 220 Ile Ser Gly Gly Asp Lys His Asn Lys Gly Asp Tyr Phe Ala Ser Leu 225 230 235 240 Val Ala Lys His Gln Ala Glu Thr Phe Gly Leu Thr His Ala Leu His 245 250 255 Gly Thr Thr Tyr Leu Ser Arg Asn Pro Glu Met His Ser Lys Arg Tyr 260 265 270 Pro His Glu Asp Tyr Asp Phe Val Thr Pro Arg Ser Ser Arg Tyr Asp 275 280 285 Ser Ser Ala His His Pro Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Glu Asp Asp Pro Pro Val 290 295 300 Ser Glu Ser Arg Val Arg Arg Tyr Ala Glu Glu Arg Ser Thr Ile Val 305 310 315 320 Arg Ser Pro Glu Pro Arg Pro Arg Tyr Asp Glu Thr Asp Ile Arg Ile 325 330 335 Asn Pro Glu Pro Arg Leu Pro Tyr Glu Ser Arg His Asn Ala Glu Lys 340 345 350 His Leu Asp Arg Arg Tyr Ile Gln Glu His Ser Ser Asn Ile Glu Arg 355 360 365 Pro Ala Glu Glu Ala Leu Leu Ser Arg Glu Arg Arg Phe Leu Pro Ala 370 375 380 Ala Gly Tyr Met Pro Asn Pro Gly Gly Ser Asp Phe Arg Ser Arg Ser 385 390 395 400 Pro Ala Glu Tyr Ser Ala Gln Arg Gln Gln Met Arg Phe Asp Pro Phe 405 410 415 Thr Gly Glu Pro Tyr Lys Phe Xaa Pro Phe Thr Gly Glu Pro Ile Arg 420 425 430 Pro Asp Pro Asn Pro Ala Pro Leu Arg Lys Pro Val Ile Xaa Ser Glu 435 440 445 71599DNAOryza sativa 7atcgatcaca ggctgcagca cgcgtacttc gtattggttc cagaacagat tttctgcttg 60gtggattgca tccttcaata aattgggctg agaaggagtc tcatgtagat gaggacgaaa 120tggccaaggt taagacagct ttcgttggaa atttaccagc aaatgttaca gaggagtatt 180taagaaagct ttttgaacat tgtggagagg tagtacgggt tgcagtctca aggaaaggac 240aatatccagt tggatttgtc cactttgcca gtcgtacaga gctcgacaat gcaataaaag 300aaatggatgg tgaaacagtg agaggacctg accgaggggc aactttcagg atccaggtct 360cagttgctcg gcctgtggta gagaacgata aaaagagaat tcgtgaagaa gtgaaaacta 420gaagatcaaa cgtatcaaca gacaagccgg accattctta tggaagacgt ggacatgatt 480catatgatcg tcaagcaaaa gctccaaggc tatataatga ggtgtctgat acggacccct 540atgaagcagc tgttgtttca ctaccttcag ccgtcaagga actcctactt cgtattctac 600gtcttagaat tggcactcga tatgatatag acattcattg cataaggagt cttaatgaac 660ttcctgaaaa ggctgcagtt gctgtcctta atcagttttt gatatcaggt gcagataaac 720acaataaagg agactatttc gcttcattaa ttgctaagta ccaggctgag acatttagct 780cagcactaag attgcagggt tctacttatt tgccaagaaa tcctggaata cagaacaaga 840gattcccaca tcaagattac gagtacacag catccgggag tagtagatac agttccttag 900gtgattatcc ttcctcatct tatgtggatg atcccgcatc atctcagtca aggaatagaa 960ggtatgatga atacagacct gatcttgtaa gatatccaga ttcaagatca cggcaagagg 1020aaatagtccg cattgaaaga tatccagaac caagatttgc acatgaacca agacaggata 1080ctggaaggca tctcgatcta gggtacgtac aagaacggaa ttcgaatatt gagagatcag 1140ctcaagtagc tttttcatct agggaaggag gatacttatc tgcttcaagg tacaacacaa 1200acatagtccc agaattcagc tccaggtcat ctgctgaata ctctactgct cgccaacaag 1260taaggtttga tccattcaca ggggaaccat acaagtttga tccctacacc ggtgaaccca 1320tcaggccaga atcgaaccca cgtcgctcag gaagcttata ctgactttga ttgattgaag 1380caacagtttg gatatggtag attagattta catccctgaa ccaaaaggac catatactgc 1440tcttgcatgt tgtaaaccta gtgtatttga tgtgcctcag cattgtaatg ttagaaatcc 1500attttcatcc atgtcactgg aaaactatgg ttgaaacaac agtaataagt tctatcattt 1560atgatggcat ctgatgatat gaattaggga aaactaagc 15998414PRTOryza sativa 8Met Ala Lys Val Lys Thr Ala Phe Val Gly Asn Leu Pro Ala Asn Val 1 5 10 15 Thr Glu Glu Tyr Leu Arg Lys Leu Phe Glu His Cys Gly Glu Val Val 20 25 30 Arg Val Ala Val Ser Arg Lys Gly Gln Tyr Pro Val Gly Phe Val His 35 40 45 Phe Ala Ser Arg Thr Glu Leu Asp Asn Ala Ile Lys Glu Met Asp Gly 50 55 60 Glu Thr Val Arg Gly Pro Asp Arg Gly Ala Thr Phe Arg Ile Gln Val 65 70 75 80 Ser Val Ala Arg Pro Val Val Glu Asn Asp Lys Lys Arg Ile Arg Glu 85 90 95 Glu Val Lys Thr Arg Arg Ser Asn Val Ser Thr Asp Lys Pro Asp His 100 105 110 Ser Tyr Gly Arg Arg Gly His Asp Ser Tyr Asp Arg Gln Ala Lys Ala 115 120 125 Pro Arg Leu Tyr Asn Glu Val Ser Asp Thr Asp Pro Tyr Glu Ala Ala 130 135 140 Val Val Ser Leu Pro Ser Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Leu Leu Arg Ile Leu 145 150 155 160 Arg Leu Arg Ile Gly Thr Arg Tyr Asp Ile Asp Ile His Cys Ile Arg 165 170 175 Ser Leu Asn Glu Leu Pro Glu Lys Ala Ala Val Ala Val Leu Asn Gln 180 185 190 Phe Leu Ile Ser Gly Ala Asp Lys His Asn Lys Gly Asp Tyr Phe Ala 195 200 205 Ser Leu Ile Ala Lys Tyr Gln Ala Glu Thr Phe Ser Ser Ala Leu Arg 210 215 220 Leu Gln Gly Ser Thr Tyr Leu Pro Arg Asn Pro Gly Ile Gln Asn Lys 225 230 235 240 Arg Phe Pro His Gln Asp Tyr Glu Tyr Thr Ala Ser Gly Ser Ser Arg 245 250 255 Tyr Ser Ser Leu Gly Asp Tyr Pro Ser Ser Ser Tyr Val Asp Asp Pro 260 265 270 Ala Ser Ser Gln Ser Arg Asn Arg Arg Tyr Asp Glu Tyr Arg Pro Asp 275 280 285 Leu Val Arg Tyr Pro Asp Ser Arg Ser Arg Gln Glu Glu Ile Val Arg 290 295 300 Ile Glu Arg Tyr Pro Glu Pro Arg Phe Ala His Glu Pro Arg Gln Asp 305 310 315 320 Thr Gly Arg His Leu Asp Leu Gly Tyr Val Gln Glu Arg Asn Ser Asn 325 330 335 Ile Glu Arg Ser Ala Gln Val Ala Phe Ser Ser Arg Glu Gly Gly Tyr 340 345 350 Leu Ser Ala Ser Arg Tyr Asn Thr Asn Ile Val Pro Glu Phe Ser Ser 355 360 365 Arg Ser Ser Ala Glu Tyr Ser Thr Ala Arg Gln Gln Val Arg Phe Asp 370 375 380 Pro Phe Thr Gly Glu Pro Tyr Lys Phe Asp Pro Tyr Thr Gly Glu Pro 385 390 395 400 Ile Arg Pro Glu Ser Asn Pro Arg Arg Ser Gly Ser Leu Tyr 405 410 91842DNAOryza sativa 9atggaaccga cgcgccgttg cgtccccggc catctcgcca ccgccgccgc cgccgccgcc 60gcctcgccgt tctccccgcc gccgtcgctg ccgctgccgt ccgcgctcat gccccccaag 120aagcgccgcc tcttcacgcc cgcccctcgc cacgccgcca ccccgccacc accaccacct 180ccccccaccc ccgccgtcga gcccacccta ccaatccccc ccgcctcgac accgccgacg 240ccgcctcagc cctccgcctc cacggagccc tcgacggcgc cgcctcccgc tgtcgacgac 300gcggcggcga ggtcgtcgtc gtcgtcgtcg ccggcgtcgg cggcggcggc gcggaaggtt 360cggaaagtgg ttaagaaggt catcgtcaag aaggtcgtcc ccaagggcac gttcgccgct 420cggaaggccg cggcggcggc ggttgctgct gctgcggcgg tctccggagc agcagcatca 480tcggaggcag ggggagaagc cccaaccgac gagccagcaa gtgatcagga cggcggagtt 540gggaatgagc aaaaattgga tgaatccaaa cctgccacgg attgcaatgc cgttgcggtg 600gtggaagaat cggtgtgtaa ggaggaggag gaggtggcct tagtggtggg taagggagtg 660gaggaggagg aggcggggat gtcggagcgg cggaagagga tgaccatgga ggtgtttgtt 720ggtgggcttc accgggacgc caaggaggat gatgtgaggg cggtgttcgc caaggccggg 780gaaatcaccg aggtccggat gataatgaat cctcttgcag ggaagaacaa ggggtactgc 840ttcgtgcgct accgccacgc cgcgcaggcg aagaaggcca tcgcggaatt cggcaatgtg 900aagatttgtg ggaagctctg tcgagctgca gttccagttg ggaatgacag aatttttctt 960ggaaacatca acaagaaatg gaaaaaagaa gatgtcatca agcagctaaa gaaaattgga 1020attgagaaca ttgattctgt aacacttaag tctgattcaa ataatccagt ctgtaatcgt 1080ggttttgcat ttcttgaact ggaaactagt agagatgcac ggatggcata caaaaagctt 1140tcacagaaaa atgcttttgg caaaggcctg aatataagag ttgcatgggc tgaaccattg 1200aatgatccag atgagaaaga tatgcaggtt aaatcgattt ttgtggatgg gataccaacg 1260tcctgggatc atgctcagct aaaagaaatc ttcaagaaac atgggaagat tgaaagtgtg 1320gttctgtcac gcgatatgcc gtcagctaaa aggagggact ttgcctttat taattacatt 1380actcgtgagg ctgcaatctc gtgtcttgaa tcttttgaca aggaagagtt cagtaagaac 1440ggctcaaagg tgaatattaa agtttcattg gctaaacctg cccaacagag caagcagacc 1500aaggaagacc ataaatctag tattactggg gaaggcaaaa tgaagacttc taaaataaga 1560taccctgttc aagattatac ccacatttat tctggagaga agcgtccctt ttcaacactg 1620ggtgatcctt attatccatt gagaggtcat tcttgtcgtc gtcatgaggg tagcacctat 1680actacagcag catcaagcta tggtgcgctg ccccctgcta ctgctgaatc ttctctgcca 1740cattatcatg acagcaatag atatcctcca cacctaggtg aggcaatcaa gttctcgcca 1800accagcgcag tcctatcgaa gcaggcatgg caaaaaatgt aa 184210613PRTOryza sativa 10Met Glu Pro Thr Arg Arg Cys Val Pro Gly His Leu Ala Thr Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ser Pro Phe Ser Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Leu 20 25 30 Pro Ser Ala Leu Met Pro Pro Lys Lys Arg Arg Leu Phe Thr Pro Ala 35 40 45 Pro Arg His Ala Ala Thr Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Pro 50 55 60 Ala Val Glu Pro Thr Leu Pro Ile Pro Pro Ala Ser Thr Pro Pro Thr 65 70 75 80 Pro Pro Gln Pro Ser Ala Ser Thr Glu Pro Ser Thr Ala Pro Pro Pro 85 90 95 Ala Val Asp Asp Ala Ala Ala Arg Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Ala 100 105 110 Ser Ala Ala Ala Ala Arg Lys Val Arg Lys Val Val Lys Lys Val Ile 115 120 125 Val Lys Lys Val Val Pro Lys Gly Thr Phe Ala Ala Arg Lys Ala Ala 130 135 140 Ala Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Val Ser Gly Ala Ala Ala Ser 145 150 155 160 Ser Glu Ala Gly Gly Glu Ala Pro Thr Asp Glu Pro Ala Ser Asp Gln 165 170 175 Asp Gly Gly Val Gly Asn Glu Gln Lys Leu Asp Glu Ser Lys Pro Ala 180 185 190 Thr Asp Cys Asn Ala Val Ala Val Val Glu Glu Ser Val Cys Lys Glu 195 200 205 Glu Glu Glu Val Ala Leu Val Val Gly Lys Gly Val Glu Glu Glu Glu 210 215 220 Ala Gly Met Ser Glu Arg Arg Lys Arg Met Thr Met Glu Val Phe Val 225 230 235 240 Gly Gly Leu His Arg Asp Ala Lys Glu Asp Asp Val Arg Ala Val Phe 245 250 255 Ala Lys Ala Gly Glu Ile Thr Glu Val Arg Met Ile Met Asn Pro Leu 260 265 270 Ala Gly Lys Asn Lys Gly Tyr Cys Phe Val Arg Tyr Arg His Ala Ala 275 280 285 Gln Ala Lys Lys Ala Ile Ala Glu Phe Gly Asn Val Lys Ile Cys Gly 290 295 300 Lys Leu Cys Arg Ala Ala Val Pro Val Gly Asn Asp Arg Ile Phe Leu 305 310 315 320 Gly Asn Ile Asn Lys Lys Trp Lys Lys Glu Asp Val Ile Lys Gln Leu 325 330 335 Lys Lys Ile Gly Ile Glu Asn Ile Asp Ser Val Thr Leu Lys Ser Asp 340 345 350 Ser Asn Asn Pro Val Cys Asn Arg Gly Phe Ala Phe Leu Glu Leu Glu 355 360 365 Thr Ser Arg Asp Ala Arg Met Ala Tyr Lys Lys Leu Ser Gln Lys Asn 370 375 380 Ala Phe Gly Lys Gly Leu Asn Ile Arg Val Ala Trp Ala Glu Pro Leu 385 390 395 400 Asn Asp Pro Asp Glu Lys Asp Met Gln Val Lys Ser Ile Phe Val Asp 405 410 415 Gly Ile Pro Thr Ser Trp Asp His Ala Gln Leu Lys Glu Ile Phe Lys 420 425 430 Lys His Gly Lys Ile Glu Ser Val Val Leu Ser Arg Asp Met Pro Ser 435 440 445 Ala Lys Arg Arg Asp Phe Ala Phe Ile Asn Tyr Ile Thr Arg Glu Ala 450 455 460 Ala Ile Ser Cys Leu Glu Ser Phe Asp Lys Glu Glu Phe Ser Lys Asn 465 470 475 480 Gly Ser Lys Val Asn Ile Lys Val Ser Leu Ala Lys Pro Ala Gln Gln 485 490 495 Ser Lys Gln Thr Lys Glu Asp His Lys Ser Ser Ile Thr Gly Glu Gly 500 505 510 Lys Met Lys Thr Ser Lys Ile Arg Tyr Pro Val Gln Asp Tyr Thr His 515 520 525 Ile Tyr Ser Gly Glu Lys Arg Pro Phe Ser Thr Leu Gly Asp Pro Tyr 530 535 540 Tyr Pro Leu Arg Gly His Ser Cys Arg Arg His Glu Gly Ser Thr Tyr 545 550 555 560 Thr Thr Ala Ala Ser Ser Tyr Gly Ala Leu Pro Pro Ala Thr Ala Glu 565 570 575 Ser Ser Leu Pro His Tyr His Asp Ser Asn Arg Tyr Pro Pro His Leu 580 585 590 Gly Glu Ala Ile Lys Phe Ser Pro Thr Ser Ala Val Leu Ser Lys Gln 595 600 605 Ala Trp Gln Lys Met 610 11654DNAOryza sativa 11cttctacatc ggcttaggtg tagcaacacg actttattat tattattatt attattatta 60ttattttaca aaaatataaa atagatcagt ccctcaccac aagtagagca agttggtgag 120ttattgtaaa gttctacaaa gctaatttaa aagttattgc attaacttat ttcatattac 180aaacaagagt gtcaatggaa caatgaaaac catatgacat actataattt tgtttttatt 240attgaaatta tataattcaa agagaataaa tccacatagc cgtaaagttc tacatgtggt 300gcattaccaa aatatatata gcttacaaaa catgacaagc ttagtttgaa aaattgcaat 360ccttatcaca ttgacacata aagtgagtga tgagtcataa tattattttc tttgctaccc 420atcatgtata tatgatagcc acaaagttac tttgatgatg atatcaaaga acatttttag 480gtgcacctaa cagaatatcc aaataatatg actcacttag atcataatag agcatcaagt 540aaaactaaca ctctaaagca accgatggga aagcatctat aaatagacaa gcacaatgaa 600aatcctcatc atccttcacc acaattcaaa tattatagtt gaagcatagt agta 6541230PRTArtificial sequencemotif I - consensus sequence 12Pro Tyr Glu Ala Ala Val Val Ala Leu Pro Val Val Val Lys Glu Arg 1 5 10 15 Leu Val Arg Ile Leu Arg Leu Gly Ile Ala Thr Arg Tyr Asp 20 25 30 1314PRTArtificial sequencemotif II - consensus sequence 13Arg Phe Asp Pro Phe Thr Gly Glu Pro Tyr Lys Phe Asp Pro 1 5 10 142166DNAArabidopsis thaliana 14aagatttggg cttacaatct ttatcacaaa ggctttttta aagcccatta gttacattca 60tcattatctc tcgacattaa aaaaaaaaag ttaaactgaa gaagctaaaa agagttttta 120acttttaact ctcttcgtct tctccctcgt gccgtgtcaa atcaatctac tgttctctct 180cctatctggt aaacttttcc tcttcgccat gaaatttttt tcttgctagg gttttagttt 240ctacagttcg cttcccaaaa attaggggtt ttgtcacaat ttctcaattt cttgttccat 300ttttcttctt ttctccataa tcattgctta atttagaatc ccaaatttta caaattaggg 360tttttgttta attttagggg tttttgattt tcaactgtta atagtgttct cgatgtcata 420attctgattt tttttattat ctattccgaa attagggcaa aaatctcaga caaacctgca 480aaattagggt atttgaggat atggattatg atcggtacaa gttatttgtt ggtggtattg 540cgaaagagac aagtgaagaa gctctgaagc agtattttag cagatatgga gctgtgttgg 600aagctgttgt agctaaagag aaagtcactg gaaaacctag aggttttggg tttgttcgct 660ttgctaatga ttgtgatgtt gttaaagctc ttagagacac tcacttcatt ctcggtaaac 720ccgtaagtgt taccgccttt ttatgcttgt gtcaattggg ttttgtgtat actctgtgga 780ttgattatgt gtgtgtttgt attaggttga tgtgagaaag gcgattagga aacatgaact 840ataccaacag ccgtttagca tgcagttttt ggagagaaaa gtgcaacaga tgaatggtgg 900tttgcgtgag atgtcgagta atggtgtgac cagtaggact aagaagatat ttgttggggg 960tttgtcgtct aacacgactg aggaagagtt taagagttac tttgagaggt ttggtaggac 1020tactgatgta gttgtgatgc atgacggtgt gactaacagg ccaaggggtt ttgggtttgt 1080tacttatgat tcggaggact ctgttgaggt tgttatgcag agtaatttcc atgagttgag 1140tgataaacgc gtggaagtga aacgggcaat acctaaagaa ggaatccaga gcaataacgg 1200taatgctgtt aatattcctc cttcctacag cagctttcaa gcaacacctt atgtccctga 1260gcaaaacgga tatgggatgg ttttacagtt tcctcctcct gtctttggtt atcatcacaa 1320tgtccaagcc gttcaatatc cttatggtta ccaattcaca gcacaagtgg ctaacgtttc 1380atggaacaat ccgattatgc aacccaccgg tttttactgt gctcctcctc atcctactcc 1440tcctcccacc aacaatcttg gttatatcca atacatgaac gggtttgatc tttcgggtac 1500gaacatttcc gggtacaatc ctctagcatg gcctgtaacg ggggatgcag ctggtgcgct 1560aatacatcag tttgtagatt tgaagcttga tgtccacagt caagcccatc agagaatgaa 1620tggaggtaac atgggaatac cattgcagaa tggtacatat atatgacagt tgcagaatga 1680taaatgcaaa taggctcaca agggtagtga aattctttgg actcttttaa atggtttttt 1740aggttcctca tctttcttca ttaactcttt ggtaaatgtg ttgggttggt ttggttacct 1800tgtatattgt ttaggtattt gattttaacc ccaagactta tgtatcatat attactgcat 1860ttgtaatata tcacactcat ttagttcatt ttgttgcttt tatggttttg ttgattttgt 1920ggtttcgttg attaaattgg caatgatgtt ttaaattcat caaggaaaac aaagaaatag 1980attgtcgatt aaacagtaga aaaaggaaat agttttgtag aaataggaac tgaatctgga 2040aatctctaag aataccatat tgtagaaaga aaataaatct gagacgggag aaactatcga 2100gcatccttga gctttaagtt ggagaaaccg ggtaagcgtt tgtgggattt tgttgtaaga 2160ttgaac

216615360PRTArabidopsis thaliana 15Met Asp Tyr Asp Arg Tyr Lys Leu Phe Val Gly Gly Ile Ala Lys Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Ser Glu Glu Ala Leu Lys Gln Tyr Phe Ser Arg Tyr Gly Ala Val 20 25 30 Leu Glu Ala Val Val Ala Lys Glu Lys Val Thr Gly Lys Pro Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Arg Phe Ala Asn Asp Cys Asp Val Val Lys Ala Leu 50 55 60 Arg Asp Thr His Phe Ile Leu Gly Lys Pro Val Asp Val Arg Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Ile Arg Lys His Glu Leu Tyr Gln Gln Pro Phe Ser Met Gln Phe Leu 85 90 95 Glu Arg Lys Val Gln Gln Met Asn Gly Gly Leu Arg Glu Met Ser Ser 100 105 110 Asn Gly Val Thr Ser Arg Thr Lys Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Ser 115 120 125 Ser Asn Thr Thr Glu Glu Glu Phe Lys Ser Tyr Phe Glu Arg Phe Gly 130 135 140 Arg Thr Thr Asp Val Val Val Met His Asp Gly Val Thr Asn Arg Pro 145 150 155 160 Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Val Thr Tyr Asp Ser Glu Asp Ser Val Glu Val 165 170 175 Val Met Gln Ser Asn Phe His Glu Leu Ser Asp Lys Arg Val Glu Val 180 185 190 Lys Arg Ala Ile Pro Lys Glu Gly Ile Gln Ser Asn Asn Gly Asn Ala 195 200 205 Val Asn Ile Pro Pro Ser Tyr Ser Ser Phe Gln Ala Thr Pro Tyr Val 210 215 220 Pro Glu Gln Asn Gly Tyr Gly Met Val Leu Gln Phe Pro Pro Pro Val 225 230 235 240 Phe Gly Tyr His His Asn Val Gln Ala Val Gln Tyr Pro Tyr Gly Tyr 245 250 255 Gln Phe Thr Ala Gln Val Ala Asn Val Ser Trp Asn Asn Pro Ile Met 260 265 270 Gln Pro Thr Gly Phe Tyr Cys Ala Pro Pro His Pro Thr Pro Pro Pro 275 280 285 Thr Asn Asn Leu Gly Tyr Ile Gln Tyr Met Asn Gly Phe Asp Leu Ser 290 295 300 Gly Thr Asn Ile Ser Gly Tyr Asn Pro Leu Ala Trp Pro Val Thr Gly 305 310 315 320 Asp Ala Ala Gly Ala Leu Ile His Gln Phe Val Asp Leu Lys Leu Asp 325 330 335 Val His Ser Gln Ala His Gln Arg Met Asn Gly Gly Asn Met Gly Ile 340 345 350 Pro Leu Gln Asn Gly Thr Tyr Ile 355 360 163041DNAArabidopsis thaliana 16cttcattgag agagagatat agagagagaa aagagagaga ggccatattt tgataagaga 60agaagaaccc ttatagagaa agagaaagag agagacagag agagtggatg gatgtcttat 120agaatgaaca aaacatcctc tgtttctctt gtccttgtcc ctttttccag atcttaaggt 180tttccacatt ttatcatctg ggtcctctcc ttaatggtga attctccatc tttacaagtt 240tgatgttttt gttcatcaaa tctggcgttt ttttttctct tctaatatat attgtctctg 300ctcattttcc gtttctcttc ccattgattg ttctgtttca tttctgtttt ttttttttca 360atagttttga ttggatgctt tgatgatcca ttgtcagatt tgaagacact caattcctat 420ttgatcgggg actagaattt ggattctgtt tcagacaaaa gtagatttcc ctgtctcttt 480cccgtttgat tttcaataag atgaatccgg aggtaaaaca ttgaacaatt cttcataaat 540ctcagaactt tgagcttttt tgaatcttaa aacacgatcg aagtaaaaaa tcgaattgtt 600agatgaaatg ggcaatcgtc attttcgcaa atctgatccg tatttgtgag atcggattca 660ttggatcgac tttggggttt tgcaggagca aaagatggaa tctgcatcgg atctgggcaa 720gctcttcatt ggcgggattt catgggacac agatgaagaa cgactgcaag agtattttgg 780caagtatgga gatttggttg aagctgtgat catgagagac cgtactaccg gacgtgcccg 840tggctttggg tttatcgttt ttgcagatcc ttctgttgcc gagagagtca tcatggacaa 900acacatcatt gatggccgca cggttagtat tcttggatcc attgcttgac aattcatcta 960attatcagtc ttgagtaatc gagtgttcta aagtctcgat ctttctgtaa tgattctgtc 1020ttagaggtct tattggtctc gctgctcgtt aatgagcaac ggattgttct ataatctcga 1080tctttctgta ttcatgctct cttagagatc tgtttggtgt catccattaa tgagttttaa 1140gcagcaacgt ttagatcttt ctgtaatcat gctcttttcg aaatcttctg ttgtcattag 1200cttctggatt tgctgttact gttataactt gtgagaatgt gttgttgctt tgtgttgaag 1260tggcaatgtt agtgttagat caatgagaaa agaatgaaag atcttttttt atttctttgt 1320tgcaggtcga ggcgaagaaa gctgtcccgc gggatgatca gcaagtgcta aaacgacacg 1380ccagtccaat gcaccttatc tcacctagcc atggtggtaa tggtggtgga gcacggacaa 1440agaagatctt tgttggaggt ttaccgtcta gcattactga ggccgagttc aagaactact 1500ttgatcagtt tggtacaatt gctgatgttg tggtaatgta tgatcataat acacagaggc 1560caagaggctt tggcttcatc acttttgatt ccgaagagtc tgttgatatg gttctccaca 1620agacctttca tgagctaaac ggaaaaatgg ttgaggttaa aagagcagtg ccaaaggagc 1680tctcctcgac tactcctaac cgaagcccac ttattgggta tggtaacaac tatggagtag 1740tccctaatag gtcttctgct aatagctact tcaatagttt tcctcctggt tataataata 1800ataatctagg ctctgctggc cggtttagtc ctattggtag cggtagaaat gctttctcta 1860gcttcgggct cggattgaat caagaactga atttgaattc aaactttgat ggaaacactc 1920ttgggtatag ccggatccct ggcaaccaat acttcaacag tgcttcacca aaccgttaca 1980actctccaat tgggtacaac agaggagact ctgcttacaa cccgagcaac agagacttgt 2040ggggaaacag aagcgattcc tctggtccag gttggaactt gggagtttcg gttggtaaca 2100acagaggaaa ctggggactt tcttctgtgg tgagcgataa caatggctat ggaagaagct 2160atggggctgg ttctggactt tcggggttat cattcgcggg taatacaaac ggttttgatg 2220gctctatagg ggaattgtat agaggcagct cagtttatag cgactcaaca tggcagcagt 2280caatgcctca tcatcagtct tctaatgagt tagacggctt gtctcgctct tatggctttg 2340gtattgacaa tgtaggctca gacccatcag ccaatgcctc agaaggatac tccggaaact 2400acaatgtcgg aaatagacaa acacatagag gtacactcat cgatgtcaaa cttttttcct 2460tttgcatctc atctgctaca tttatttttg cctgttgaaa agtaattaga ttgattaacg 2520ttttcaggta ttgaagcata gaaagaaatc gacgaagaga agtgagaatt gtagatcaag 2580aagaacagcc atttccgttg cagagtttga agagttgtta tttcgatatc aagtagagaa 2640agaaaccaac tttcttcatc acagtgagtt tcttgttttg tttttttcgt cgttagcatc 2700acaaacacaa aaaagagaag tttattttta ctttaaaaat tcttacataa gataagatca 2760gattggtagc tgcaaagata caacatggat gataaaaaaa gatttggttt cgtctccata 2820gcaataacca gagatcgttg attctcgatc actattcttt aggtttctct ccttcttctt 2880ccatgatttc ttgatgttgt gtgctctgtt tgtaactcta attgttaaaa ttttttatgt 2940tacagatttt ttttttcttt tggtttttaa actttggatt cgaattgttc atgggaactt 3000ttggattttt ctattagcgt gagagaaaac acattgtgca a 304117455PRTArabidopsis thaliana 17Met Asn Pro Glu Glu Gln Lys Met Glu Ser Ala Ser Asp Leu Gly Lys 1 5 10 15 Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Asp Thr Asp Glu Glu Arg Leu Gln 20 25 30 Glu Tyr Phe Gly Lys Tyr Gly Asp Leu Val Glu Ala Val Ile Met Arg 35 40 45 Asp Arg Thr Thr Gly Arg Ala Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Val Phe Ala 50 55 60 Asp Pro Ser Val Ala Glu Arg Val Ile Met Asp Lys His Ile Ile Asp 65 70 75 80 Gly Arg Thr Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala Val Pro Arg Asp Asp Gln Gln 85 90 95 Val Leu Lys Arg His Ala Ser Pro Met His Leu Ile Ser Pro Ser His 100 105 110 Gly Gly Asn Gly Gly Gly Ala Arg Thr Lys Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly 115 120 125 Leu Pro Ser Ser Ile Thr Glu Ala Glu Phe Lys Asn Tyr Phe Asp Gln 130 135 140 Phe Gly Thr Ile Ala Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp His Asn Thr Gln 145 150 155 160 Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Phe Asp Ser Glu Glu Ser Val 165 170 175 Asp Met Val Leu His Lys Thr Phe His Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Met Val 180 185 190 Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Lys Glu Leu Ser Ser Thr Thr Pro Asn 195 200 205 Arg Ser Pro Leu Ile Gly Tyr Gly Asn Asn Tyr Gly Val Val Pro Asn 210 215 220 Arg Ser Ser Ala Asn Ser Tyr Phe Asn Ser Phe Pro Pro Gly Tyr Asn 225 230 235 240 Asn Asn Asn Leu Gly Ser Ala Gly Arg Phe Ser Pro Ile Gly Ser Gly 245 250 255 Arg Asn Ala Phe Ser Ser Phe Gly Leu Gly Leu Asn Gln Glu Leu Asn 260 265 270 Leu Asn Ser Asn Phe Asp Gly Asn Thr Leu Gly Tyr Ser Arg Ile Pro 275 280 285 Gly Asn Gln Tyr Phe Asn Ser Ala Ser Pro Asn Arg Tyr Asn Ser Pro 290 295 300 Ile Gly Tyr Asn Arg Gly Asp Ser Ala Tyr Asn Pro Ser Asn Arg Asp 305 310 315 320 Leu Trp Gly Asn Arg Ser Asp Ser Ser Gly Pro Gly Trp Asn Leu Gly 325 330 335 Val Ser Val Gly Asn Asn Arg Gly Asn Trp Gly Leu Ser Ser Val Val 340 345 350 Ser Asp Asn Asn Gly Tyr Gly Arg Ser Tyr Gly Ala Gly Ser Gly Leu 355 360 365 Ser Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Gly Asn Thr Asn Gly Phe Asp Gly Ser Ile 370 375 380 Gly Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gly Ser Ser Val Tyr Ser Asp Ser Thr Trp Gln 385 390 395 400 Gln Ser Met Pro His His Gln Ser Ser Asn Glu Leu Asp Gly Leu Ser 405 410 415 Arg Ser Tyr Gly Phe Gly Ile Asp Asn Val Gly Ser Asp Pro Ser Ala 420 425 430 Asn Ala Ser Glu Gly Tyr Ser Gly Asn Tyr Asn Val Gly Asn Arg Gln 435 440 445 Thr His Arg Gly Ile Glu Ala 450 455 182524DNAArabidopsis thaliana 18atatgtgaga ctaactattg ttctctgtct ctttttttct ttttaattat caaagaaaga 60aactctttct taatggaaac catttacaga taaaaaaaac attaaaagga aaggttttta 120ataaagcctt tgagagagaa gatgtttatt ataggatgaa caaaaacatc ctctgtttct 180ctcttttcat atttttctcc acatttcctc atctgggtca tctccaaaaa tggtgctttt 240ttttaataat tcttcacgtt tctgggtttt tggttttgtg atttgatgat gctttttttt 300tgtttttttc agatttgatg ataacccaaa ttcgcaattt gattaggaca acaacaacaa 360ctttatttat ctgattccgt ctttgatttt cagacaagaa aagtatgttg tttctaagtc 420ttttgatttt tttcaatttc atctccttac tcgatttttt tttttttggg tttctctgaa 480ttggagcaga aaaaaaaaag atggaatcgg atctggggaa gctcttcatt ggtgggattt 540cgtgggatac agacgaagaa aggttaagag actactttag caactatggt gatgttgttg 600aagctgtgat catgagagat cgtgccacag gtcgtgcacg tggcttcggc ttcattgtct 660ttgcagaccc ctgtgtctca gagagagtga tcatggataa acacatcatc gatggccgca 720cggtttgtga tttcaatcat ttctcaatct ttcagcagaa caaacaaagt tcagatctta 780ttgcaacttc ctcaatttgc gtttttgaat catctctcaa tctttgtttc tcaaagtgta 840aagatcaaat ttatgttttg caggttgagg cgaagaaggc tgtgcctcga gatgatcagc 900aggtgctaaa gcgacacgct agtcctatcc accttatgtc acctgtccat ggtggtggtg 960gaaggacaaa gaagatcttc gttggaggtt taccgtctag cattaccgag gaggagttca 1020agaactactt tgatcagttt ggtactattg ctgatgttgt tgtaatgtat gatcataaca 1080cgcagaggcc aagaggtttt ggcttcatca catttgattc agatgatgct gttgatagag 1140ttcttcacaa gaccttccat gagctcaatg ggaaactagt tgaggtcaaa agagctgtac 1200ctaaggagat ttcccctgtt tctaatatcc gaagcccgct tgctagcggt gttaactatg 1260gaggcgggtc taataggatg cctgctaata gctactttaa caactttgct cctggtcctg 1320gtttttataa cagtctaggt cctgttggtc gtcggtttag tcctgttatt ggtagtggta 1380gaaatgcggt ttctgctttt ggcctcggtt tgaatcatga cttgagtttg aatttgaatc 1440caagctgcga tgggacaagt tctacgtttg gttataaccg tattccaagc aacccttact 1500tcaacggtgc ttccccgaac cgttacacct ctccaatcgg gcacaataga actgagtctc 1560cttacaattc gaacaataga gacttatggg gaaacagaac cgacactgca ggtcccggtt 1620ggaacttgaa tgtctcgaat ggaaacaaca gaggaaattg gggacttcct tcttcttctg 1680ctgttagtaa tgataacaat ggctttggaa ggaactatgg gacaagttct ggactttcct 1740cgtccccatt taatggtttt gaaggttcta taggggaact gtacagaggc ggctcagtct 1800acagcgactc aacgtggcag caacagcagc taccatctca gtcttctcac gagctagaca 1860atttgtctcg cgcttacggt tatgatattg acaatgtagg ttcagaccca tctgcaaatg 1920acccagaaac ttacaatgga agctacaatg ttggaaatag acaaactaat agaggtaaca 1980aaaaaattca tctcaataaa acttgtaact tggatacatt ttgatcgcaa tcgaaatgtt 2040ctgatctgtg ttttatttac ttgttgaggt attgctgcat aggttatcaa aaaccaagaa 2100aacaaaaaaa aaagttgaga gatttgtaga ttgaaagcaa ccaaatttca gttgcagagt 2160ttgaacaggt tctcatgaca aagaaaccaa ctttgttgat cacagtgcca aagattatgg 2220tttgctttct cttttgttag accaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa agagaaaaac aaagaaccgt 2280ttttgttttt cttcttctta cataaagatc agatcgtagc agccagacaa ccaaagatac 2340tacaaggtgg atttagattt gcttctcaaa aaagtttttt tttttctttc atagaataac 2400caaacaaaga tcgtagaatt ttcgatcaaa gattcttcag agttctgtgc tctgttttgt 2460aattgtactt tttttttctt gtttacaaaa tgaattgttc atgaaaactt tgttttctta 2520aaaa 252419460PRTArabidopsis thaliana 19Met Glu Ser Asp Leu Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Asp 1 5 10 15 Thr Asp Glu Glu Arg Leu Arg Asp Tyr Phe Ser Asn Tyr Gly Asp Val 20 25 30 Val Glu Ala Val Ile Met Arg Asp Arg Ala Thr Gly Arg Ala Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Ile Val Phe Ala Asp Pro Cys Val Ser Glu Arg Val Ile 50 55 60 Met Asp Lys His Ile Ile Asp Gly Arg Thr Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Arg Asp Asp Gln Gln Val Leu Lys Arg His Ala Ser Pro Ile 85 90 95 His Leu Met Ser Pro Val His Gly Gly Gly Gly Arg Thr Lys Lys Ile 100 105 110 Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Ile Thr Glu Glu Glu Phe Lys Asn 115 120 125 Tyr Phe Asp Gln Phe Gly Thr Ile Ala Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp 130 135 140 His Asn Thr Gln Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Phe Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Asp Asp Ala Val Asp Arg Val Leu His Lys Thr Phe His Glu Leu Asn 165 170 175 Gly Lys Leu Val Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Lys Glu Ile Ser Pro 180 185 190 Val Ser Asn Ile Arg Ser Pro Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Asn Tyr Gly Gly 195 200 205 Gly Ser Asn Arg Met Pro Ala Asn Ser Tyr Phe Asn Asn Phe Ala Pro 210 215 220 Gly Pro Gly Phe Tyr Asn Ser Leu Gly Pro Val Gly Arg Arg Phe Ser 225 230 235 240 Pro Val Ile Gly Ser Gly Arg Asn Ala Val Ser Ala Phe Gly Leu Gly 245 250 255 Leu Asn His Asp Leu Ser Leu Asn Leu Asn Pro Ser Cys Asp Gly Thr 260 265 270 Ser Ser Thr Phe Gly Tyr Asn Arg Ile Pro Ser Asn Pro Tyr Phe Asn 275 280 285 Gly Ala Ser Pro Asn Arg Tyr Thr Ser Pro Ile Gly His Asn Arg Thr 290 295 300 Glu Ser Pro Tyr Asn Ser Asn Asn Arg Asp Leu Trp Gly Asn Arg Thr 305 310 315 320 Asp Thr Ala Gly Pro Gly Trp Asn Leu Asn Val Ser Asn Gly Asn Asn 325 330 335 Arg Gly Asn Trp Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Ser Ala Val Ser Asn Asp Asn 340 345 350 Asn Gly Phe Gly Arg Asn Tyr Gly Thr Ser Ser Gly Leu Ser Ser Ser 355 360 365 Pro Phe Asn Gly Phe Glu Gly Ser Ile Gly Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gly Gly 370 375 380 Ser Val Tyr Ser Asp Ser Thr Trp Gln Gln Gln Gln Leu Pro Ser Gln 385 390 395 400 Ser Ser His Glu Leu Asp Asn Leu Ser Arg Ala Tyr Gly Tyr Asp Ile 405 410 415 Asp Asn Val Gly Ser Asp Pro Ser Ala Asn Asp Pro Glu Thr Tyr Asn 420 425 430 Gly Ser Tyr Asn Val Gly Asn Arg Gln Thr Asn Arg Gly Asn Lys Lys 435 440 445 Ile His Leu Asn Lys Thr Cys Asn Leu Asp Thr Phe 450 455 460 202607DNAArabidopsis thaliana 20ctgtaatgtg gagtttggaa ttttcgacaa caaagtgcac atctggcaca gagattgtca 60cagcacgaaa gatttttttg tcgttcttgt aggatttgct ggcacgtgtg gaatagaaaa 120cacacgagtg aaaccatcgt cggtctttgt agcccattat ttatacttct attgggctgg 180acttaagccc ataagtaagc atctctgtta caagaaaacg ggaaacagat ctgaaccgtt 240aataatatta gaaaggatct agaccgttga tttatttatc tgctgacaga ttcgtacctt 300cgcgaatatc aataccaaac caatagaaat attcgttcgc tgtcttcttc ctcttcctcc 360tctcaaatcg gctacagcca ttggaaaagc taaagccttt tcgtaatttc tggaagtttc 420tgcagtcggt tttcacggtt tcgtagattg aggtggattt gtgattctgg gtcagaagta 480agatagtgga atataaattc atggattcgg atcaaggaaa gctttttgtc ggtggtattt 540catgggaaac tgatgaagat aagctgagag aacatttcac caactatgga gaggtttctc 600aggctattgt gatgagagac aagctcacag gtcgacctag gggttttggg ttcgttatct 660tctcggatcc ttctgttctc gatagggttc ttcaagagaa acacagcatt gataccagag 720aggttattat tgttctctta tagctccatt tctctaattg tgttaaagtt ttatcctttt 780tgcgttttgc tgtgttgatt gagaacgaga gtaaatatag aattttgttt ggttggcaaa 840ttcgccttag tgtttcttag attctaggat tggttttaac ttgtataaga ggtattatag

900ggtactcgat atatgttaat cgtacactct atgaagtgat tgagtatagt attagaaaag 960agagcttggt ttggtttatt aggataagga aaaacagatg tatatatttt ctgttgcgtt 1020atgttctcga tttgggtaaa gtatgattct tggaagttta ttatgagctt tattgatttt 1080ggttaatgtt taggttgatg tgaagagagc catgtcaaga gaggagcagc aagtctctgg 1140aagaactggg aatcttaata catctagaag ttctggaggt gatgcttaca ataaaaccaa 1200gaagatcttt gttggaggct tgccacctac tttgactgat gaagagtttc gccagtactt 1260tgaagtttat ggccctgtga ctgatgttgc aatcatgtat gaccaggcta ccaaccgtcc 1320tcgtgggttt ggatttgttt ccttcgactc tgaagatgcg gtagacagtg ttttgcacaa 1380gactttccat gatttgagcg gtaaacaagt tgaagtaaag cgtgctcttc ctaaagatgc 1440caatcctgga ggtggtggac gatcaatggg tggtggtggc tctggtggtt accagggtta 1500tggtggcaat gaaagcagtt atgatggacg tatggattcc aataggtttt tgcagcatca 1560aagtgttgga aatggtttac catcttatgg ttcttctggt tatggcgctg gctatggaaa 1620tggtagtaat ggtgccgggt atggtgccta tggaggttac actggttctg ctggaggtta 1680tggcgctggt gctactgctg gatatggagc aacgaacatt ccaggtgctg gctatggaag 1740tagtactgga gttgctccga gaaactcatg ggacactcca gcttctagtg gttatgggaa 1800cccaggctat gggagtggtg ctgctcatag tggatatgga gttcctggtg cagctcctcc 1860tacgcagtca ccatctggct atagtaacca aggctacggt tatggagggt acagtggaag 1920tgattctggt tatggaaatc aagctgcata tggtgtggtt ggagggcgtc ctagtggtgg 1980cggttcaaac aaccctggta gtggtggcta catgggaggt ggttatggtg atggatcttg 2040gcgatctgac ccgtcacaag gttatggtgg tgggtacaat gatggtcagg gtcgacaagg 2100ccagtagtga ctgtgtaagg ggattatgac cgccctggtt tctggatcct tgtcaagaag 2160aatttagctc aaatcaaagg ttccacaact tcctaacggg ttggactgct tgaatctctt 2220tataagcatg tgctatctat tacaataagt cacttctatt aagttatttt tcggttgagt 2280gtacttttga gttttggcag agttattata actacaggct ttgctgtttt cgtattatgt 2340ttgtcttcct agtattcttg ccggattgtt tgttttgatt gtgttatttt gttttggccc 2400tgatggatat aacttaagca gggaataatg cttcagggta cttgttaaga aagcagatgg 2460tgagagcaga actcgatgga ggtgagagtc aaattgctga atgtatggtt tgagtagaaa 2520gtagaggtag ttggtaacgt tagtggtacc attaagaaga aggtgtagaa aatagtgaga 2580ggtagctttg agaaaaaggc ataatca 260721406PRTArabidopsis thaliana 21Met Asp Ser Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Phe Val Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Asp Glu Asp Lys Leu Arg Glu His Phe Thr Asn Tyr Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Ser Gln Ala Ile Val Met Arg Asp Lys Leu Thr Gly Arg Pro Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Ile Arg Lys Asn Arg Cys Ile Tyr Phe Leu Leu Arg Tyr Val 50 55 60 Leu Asp Leu Gly Lys Val Asp Val Lys Arg Ala Met Ser Arg Glu Glu 65 70 75 80 Gln Gln Val Ser Gly Arg Thr Gly Asn Leu Asn Thr Ser Arg Ser Ser 85 90 95 Gly Gly Asp Ala Tyr Asn Lys Thr Lys Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly Leu 100 105 110 Pro Pro Thr Leu Thr Asp Glu Glu Phe Arg Gln Tyr Phe Glu Val Tyr 115 120 125 Gly Pro Val Thr Asp Val Ala Ile Met Tyr Asp Gln Ala Thr Asn Arg 130 135 140 Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Val Ser Phe Asp Ser Glu Asp Ala Val Asp 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Leu His Lys Thr Phe His Asp Leu Ser Gly Lys Gln Val Glu 165 170 175 Val Lys Arg Ala Leu Pro Lys Asp Ala Asn Pro Gly Gly Gly Gly Arg 180 185 190 Ser Met Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Tyr Gln Gly Tyr Gly Gly Asn 195 200 205 Glu Ser Ser Tyr Asp Gly Arg Met Asp Ser Asn Arg Phe Leu Gln His 210 215 220 Gln Ser Val Gly Asn Gly Leu Pro Ser Tyr Gly Ser Ser Gly Tyr Gly 225 230 235 240 Ala Gly Tyr Gly Asn Gly Ser Asn Gly Ala Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Gly 245 250 255 Gly Tyr Thr Gly Ser Ala Gly Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Ala Thr Ala Gly 260 265 270 Tyr Gly Ala Thr Asn Ile Pro Gly Ala Gly Tyr Gly Ser Ser Thr Gly 275 280 285 Val Ala Pro Arg Asn Ser Trp Asp Thr Pro Ala Ser Ser Gly Tyr Gly 290 295 300 Asn Pro Gly Tyr Gly Ser Gly Ala Ala His Ser Gly Tyr Gly Val Pro 305 310 315 320 Gly Ala Ala Pro Pro Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Gly Tyr Ser Asn Gln Gly 325 330 335 Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Tyr Ser Gly Ser Asp Ser Gly Tyr Gly Asn Gln 340 345 350 Ala Ala Tyr Gly Val Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Ser Gly Gly Gly Ser Asn 355 360 365 Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Tyr Met Gly Gly Gly Tyr Gly Asp Gly Ser 370 375 380 Trp Arg Ser Asp Pro Ser Gln Gly Tyr Gly Gly Gly Tyr Asn Asp Gly 385 390 395 400 Gln Gly Arg Gln Gly Gln 405 223178DNAArabidopsis thaliana 22ttgaaattgg gttaaatcgg tttgaatcgg attgaacaaa aactgtatta ataataattc 60ttcctctact tttctctctg attgattcca atcttctttc attttcttct tcttcttctt 120ctggggaagg ggcaggttaa aattatgcca tctattcaaa tcgtgcctat cctcagatct 180taactctttt ctctacgaga ttcggcatct gggttttatt cttcttggtg ggtttttttt 240tattcttctt cttctgatct cagatttccc ctgattggtt tttttttttg ctaaatccgt 300tttatgtttt cccgatcaaa ctctcctggc agattctcgg atctgttgtt ttctagattc 360aatctgaatt tgattttacg tttttgtctt tgtaaagatg tttccttttg atcagatttt 420gataatccat tgacatctct gattcaagca aaagctaatt aactttgatc cgattccttt 480gtgtgtgtgt gcagagcaaa atgcaatcgg ataatggaaa gcttttcatc ggtgggatat 540cttgggacac caatgaggaa cgtctcaagg agtatttcag cagttttgga gaagtgatcg 600aagctgtcat cttgaaagat cgtaccactg gtcgtgctcg tggtttcggt tttgttgttt 660ttgctgatcc tgctgttgct gagattgtta tcaccgaaaa acataatatt gatggcagat 720tggtatgttc actgttctct gcctttcgtt tttgtacaat gtaacttgtt ttcgaagctt 780ccttatgcaa tcaagccttc aagagttaca gtttgttctc atttggttcc gattaatcat 840ttttgtgctt tgattggatt tttgagaaga aatgagtgat ctttagttat atgagcttag 900tttttcattt ttcaagttgt ttgatcttcc gcaggttgaa gccaagaaag ctgttcccag 960agatgaccaa aacatggtaa atagaagcaa cagcagtagc atccaaggtt ctcccggtgg 1020tccaggtcgc acaaggaaga tatttgttgg aggattacct tcttcggtta cagagagtga 1080tttcaagacg tattttgagc agtttggtac aactacggat gtggttgtca tgtatgatca 1140caacacacaa aggcctagag gtttcgggtt tataacctac gattccgagg aggcggttga 1200aaaggtattg ctcaagacat tccatgaact aaatggtaaa atggttgagg ttaagcgagc 1260tgttccaaag gagttatctc caggtccaag tcgcagtcct cttggtgcag gttacagcta 1320tggagttaat agggtcaata acctccttaa tgggtatgct caagggttta atcccgctgc 1380agttggaggc tacggactta ggatggatgg tcggttcagt ccggttggtg ctggaagaag 1440cgggtttgca aattacagtt ctggatacgg gatgaatgtg aactttgatc agggattgcc 1500cacagggttc acgggaggta caaattacaa tggaaatgtt gactatggcc gaggaatgag 1560cccgtactac attggtaaca caaacaggtt tggtcctgcg gttggctatg aagggggcaa 1620cggaggagga aactcatcct tcttcagttc ggttacacgg aacttatggg gaaacaatgg 1680tggtcttaac tataacaaca ataatacaaa ctcaaactcc aatacatata tgggaggatc 1740atcaagtggg aacaacacac ttagtggtcc atttggaaat tcaggagtca attggggtgc 1800tcctggagga ggaaacaatg ctgtgagtaa cgagaatgtg aagtttggtt atggaggaaa 1860cggtgaatct ggttttgggt tgggaacagg tggttatgca gcaagaaacc caggggctaa 1920caaggcagca ccatcctctt cattctcttc tgcctcagca accaacaaca cgggttatga 1980tacagcagga cttgcagagt tttacgggaa tggtgcagtt tatagtgacc ctacatggag 2040atcaccaact cctgagacag aagggcctgc tccttttagc tatgggattg gaggaggggt 2100tccttcttca gatgtttcag ctagaagttc atctccaggt tatgttggca gttacagtgt 2160gaacaagaga caaccaaaca gaggtaattg agttcagagt aattttctgc tttaacatgt 2220gattctatga aaagcaaagg actcttgaga aaaagaattt agaaagccta gatagtttcc 2280aaatttttga ttatcctcgt cttctttctg gaatatacaa accatggttt agggtcttgc 2340actaatggtg atctagaaca ccttcgtatc actagtgaat tggcttttcc tcagaaacac 2400gaatatactt gcatgcagaa acagtagcca ttctgcatct ttattgtttt ttagttcatc 2460agagattatt tagaggaaag tttctttccg tgctttagat ataagctcat ggaactagaa 2520aactagttga atcttttatg ttgctcacac cagtgtctat gggaagtcta agaaacttgt 2580gatgaagaaa ctcaattgca tgactggttt cttatcgctc ttctcttctc tgaattatat 2640ttcccttttt cggttttgtt gcaggaattg ctacttagta caatcgtttt tgttttacca 2700cgatattgta ggcgagccat cacggtgaac gatctgtgtc ttttggcgaa tcttttagat 2760tatcttcttt tcccttcata caaagccagt gaggacgaaa cttgatcata tcatcaccta 2820gagctaacca gagaatcccg cagacttttc tgtcatggtt tggttttcta aattcattgt 2880tcctcctagg cttttttctg ctttcttttt ttttctattt ttgttttctt ttcttctttc 2940aatgagggac agaagaaact gtatcagtct ccggcgaggc ggtaatacat aaggagagtt 3000caaaacaaaa acccaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa agatgatcct tcttcctcag ttttcttctt 3060cattgtcatg taatggttct tcttcttttc ttcttcttgg gggttatggt taaggtttgt 3120gttttgaggc agattgtact agagtttttt ttcatgtttc ttttgttttg tcgttttt 317823494PRTArabidopsis thaliana 23Met Gln Ser Asp Asn Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Asp 1 5 10 15 Thr Asn Glu Glu Arg Leu Lys Glu Tyr Phe Ser Ser Phe Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Ile Glu Ala Val Ile Leu Lys Asp Arg Thr Thr Gly Arg Ala Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Val Phe Ala Asp Pro Ala Val Ala Glu Ile Val Ile 50 55 60 Thr Glu Lys His Asn Ile Asp Gly Arg Leu Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Arg Asp Asp Gln Asn Met Val Asn Arg Ser Asn Ser Ser Ser 85 90 95 Ile Gln Gly Ser Pro Gly Gly Pro Gly Arg Thr Arg Lys Ile Phe Val 100 105 110 Gly Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Val Thr Glu Ser Asp Phe Lys Thr Tyr Phe 115 120 125 Glu Gln Phe Gly Thr Thr Thr Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp His Asn 130 135 140 Thr Gln Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Tyr Asp Ser Glu Glu 145 150 155 160 Ala Val Glu Lys Val Leu Leu Lys Thr Phe His Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys 165 170 175 Met Val Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Lys Glu Leu Ser Pro Gly Pro 180 185 190 Ser Arg Ser Pro Leu Gly Ala Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Gly Val Asn Arg Val 195 200 205 Asn Asn Leu Leu Asn Gly Tyr Ala Gln Gly Phe Asn Pro Ala Ala Val 210 215 220 Gly Gly Tyr Gly Leu Arg Met Asp Gly Arg Phe Ser Pro Val Gly Ala 225 230 235 240 Gly Arg Ser Gly Phe Ala Asn Tyr Ser Ser Gly Tyr Gly Met Asn Val 245 250 255 Asn Phe Asp Gln Gly Leu Pro Thr Gly Phe Thr Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr 260 265 270 Asn Gly Asn Val Asp Tyr Gly Arg Gly Met Ser Pro Tyr Tyr Ile Gly 275 280 285 Asn Thr Asn Arg Phe Gly Pro Ala Val Gly Tyr Glu Gly Gly Asn Gly 290 295 300 Gly Gly Asn Ser Ser Phe Phe Ser Ser Val Thr Arg Asn Leu Trp Gly 305 310 315 320 Asn Asn Gly Gly Leu Asn Tyr Asn Asn Asn Asn Thr Asn Ser Asn Ser 325 330 335 Asn Thr Tyr Met Gly Gly Ser Ser Ser Gly Asn Asn Thr Leu Ser Gly 340 345 350 Pro Phe Gly Asn Ser Gly Val Asn Trp Gly Ala Pro Gly Gly Gly Asn 355 360 365 Asn Ala Val Ser Asn Glu Asn Val Lys Phe Gly Tyr Gly Gly Asn Gly 370 375 380 Glu Ser Gly Phe Gly Leu Gly Thr Gly Gly Tyr Ala Ala Arg Asn Pro 385 390 395 400 Gly Ala Asn Lys Ala Ala Pro Ser Ser Ser Phe Ser Ser Ala Ser Ala 405 410 415 Thr Asn Asn Thr Gly Tyr Asp Thr Ala Gly Leu Ala Glu Phe Tyr Gly 420 425 430 Asn Gly Ala Val Tyr Ser Asp Pro Thr Trp Arg Ser Pro Thr Pro Glu 435 440 445 Thr Glu Gly Pro Ala Pro Phe Ser Tyr Gly Ile Gly Gly Gly Val Pro 450 455 460 Ser Ser Asp Val Ser Ala Arg Ser Ser Ser Pro Gly Tyr Val Gly Ser 465 470 475 480 Tyr Ser Val Asn Lys Arg Gln Pro Asn Arg Gly Ile Ala Thr 485 490 242351DNAArabidopsis thaliana 24atgatctaac attttttctc aaataataag gtcattgatc cttatataac atggaatcac 60tataacattt ataacctaca ttcttgctca tatatctctc tccttttttt tccaacatat 120taacgactaa taataaaatt tatcaaccat tttaaatctc taaatggaac ttattattac 180atgactaaaa aataaaaata aataaataaa taaacgaagc tgatatggaa aagtcttctc 240tttctttttt tttttttggt aagtcgatct ctctttcact cactttaacc caattggccg 300ctattttcca aagtctgttt atttttttaa tctctctctc ttctctctca cccaatttca 360caaacccgaa accctaattt tctcgggaca ctgaaatttt tacagcttct ttcctcttct 420tcaccgggga gatttgtcgg tactaaatct agggtttttg ggtatcaccg gagggttgaa 480gagagagaaa aaaactcaca atggaatcag atcagggaaa gctatttatc ggcgggattt 540catgggatac cgacgagaat cttctgagag agtacttcag caatttcggc gaggttttgc 600aggtcactgt tatgcgagag aaagctactg gtcgtcctag aggattcgga ttcgtcgcat 660tctcggatcc tgctgttatt gatagggttc ttcaggacaa gcaccatatt gataatagag 720atgtaagcaa aaatcttgtt tctcaaatgg gtctttctaa attttgaatc tttatagtaa 780aaattgatac tttgaatctt gttgttgtcg aggtttgatt ttcatctttg atggatttaa 840gttgtgttaa tttcttaggt tgatgtgaag agagcaatgt ctagagagga gcagagtcct 900gctgggagat cagggacttt taatgcttct aggaattttg atagtggagc taacgtgagg 960actaagaaga tattcgtggg aggtttgcct cctgcattaa catcagatga atttcgggct 1020tactttgaga cttatggtcc tgtgagtgat gcagtcatta tgattgatca gactacacag 1080cgtcctcgag gatttgggtt tgtttctttt gattctgaag attcggttga ccttgtttta 1140cataagactt tccacgattt gaatggtaaa caagtcgaag ttaaaagagc tcttcctaaa 1200gatgctaacc ctggaatagc cagtggtggt ggtcgtggca gtggtggagc tggagggttt 1260ccgggctatg gtggttctgg tggaagtggc tatgagggtc gtgtggattc taatagatac 1320atgcagccgc aaaacactgg aagtggttat cctccttatg gtggttctgg gtatggtact 1380ggttatggtt atggaagcaa tggtgtaggt tatgggggtt ttggtgggta tggcaatcca 1440gctggtgcgc cttatgggaa tcctagtgtc cctggagctg ggtttggaag tggtccaaga 1500agttcatggg gcgctcaagc accatcgggt tatgggaatg tgggatatgg aaatgcagct 1560ccgtggggtg gttctggtgg tcctggttca gcagtaatgg gtcaagctgg tgcatctgca 1620ggttatggca gtcaaggtta tggctatggt ggaaatgatt cctcttacgg gactccatct 1680gcctatggtg cagtaggggg gcgatctggg aatatgccta acaaccatgg tggcggtggc 1740tatgcggatg ctttagatgg ctctggaggc tatgggaatc accaagggaa caacgggcaa 1800gctggttatg gtggaggtta tggaagtggt aggcaagctc aacaacagtg attgaagaag 1860aaatactact agaatgtggt tttatcgctg accttgaaac ctcctgcttt ccgccttaac 1920catgtcacgt ctttggcggt tagaccagga ggtggaccta cgctggatta tctcttttgt 1980tagtttctca ataagttgtt ttcaggcaat tccggatact atttcctatc aagttgtagt 2040ttttaagttt gcgtgcttat ttatatttgt cgctttggaa tggttttctt tctctgttat 2100cctctagtgt ttgtgtttaa cgatacatcc tccagattat cattattcat ctcccttttg 2160gttcattcat ttttgttgaa tattccattc acagattctt gcttttgcat ctcctctgtt 2220taggggaaga tgatttgctc agtgttcaat gtgatctaag aaaagtgttt ggtagagcaa 2280gagctgcaat aaatcacttt gagattgcgt tgttacatga aggtcgtgtt ggcggaaact 2340taacagtccc a 235125404PRTArabidopsis thaliana 25Met Glu Ser Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Asp 1 5 10 15 Thr Asp Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Glu Tyr Phe Ser Asn Phe Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Leu Gln Val Thr Val Met Arg Glu Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg Pro Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Ala Phe Ser Asp Pro Ala Val Ile Asp Arg Val Leu 50 55 60 Gln Asp Lys His His Ile Asp Asn Arg Asp Val Asp Val Lys Arg Ala 65 70 75 80 Met Ser Arg Glu Glu Gln Ser Pro Ala Gly Arg Ser Gly Thr Phe Asn 85 90 95 Ala Ser Arg Asn Phe Asp Ser Gly Ala Asn Val Arg Thr Lys Lys Ile 100 105 110 Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Pro Pro Ala Leu Thr Ser Asp Glu Phe Arg Ala 115 120 125 Tyr Phe Glu Thr Tyr Gly Pro Val Ser Asp Ala Val Ile Met Ile Asp 130 135 140 Gln Thr Thr Gln Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Val Ser Phe Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Glu Asp Ser Val Asp Leu Val Leu His Lys Thr Phe His Asp Leu Asn 165 170 175 Gly Lys Gln Val Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Leu Pro Lys Asp Ala Asn Pro 180 185 190 Gly Ile Ala Ser Gly Gly Gly Arg Gly Ser Gly Gly Ala Gly Gly Phe 195 200 205 Pro Gly Tyr Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Gly Tyr Glu Gly Arg Val Asp 210 215 220 Ser Asn Arg Tyr Met Gln Pro Gln Asn Thr Gly Ser Gly Tyr Pro Pro 225 230 235 240 Tyr Gly Gly Ser Gly Tyr Gly Thr Gly Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ser Asn Gly 245 250 255 Val Gly Tyr Gly Gly Phe Gly Gly Tyr

Gly Asn Pro Ala Gly Ala Pro 260 265 270 Tyr Gly Asn Pro Ser Val Pro Gly Ala Gly Phe Gly Ser Gly Pro Arg 275 280 285 Ser Ser Trp Gly Ala Gln Ala Pro Ser Gly Tyr Gly Asn Val Gly Tyr 290 295 300 Gly Asn Ala Ala Pro Trp Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Pro Gly Ser Ala Val 305 310 315 320 Met Gly Gln Ala Gly Ala Ser Ala Gly Tyr Gly Ser Gln Gly Tyr Gly 325 330 335 Tyr Gly Gly Asn Asp Ser Ser Tyr Gly Thr Pro Ser Ala Tyr Gly Ala 340 345 350 Val Gly Gly Arg Ser Gly Asn Met Pro Asn Asn His Gly Gly Gly Gly 355 360 365 Tyr Ala Asp Ala Leu Asp Gly Ser Gly Gly Tyr Gly Asn His Gln Gly 370 375 380 Asn Asn Gly Gln Ala Gly Tyr Gly Gly Gly Tyr Gly Ser Gly Arg Gln 385 390 395 400 Ala Gln Gln Gln 262731DNAArabidopsis thaliana 26tgagcattgc ttatttgctt ccatccattt ttgttccttt taattcgatt tggattgcag 60aaaaagaaaa gaaaagaaaa gactaaaaat ttggacgata agcagaaaag agagaggagg 120gcctctcgcc ctcttattaa aaccttgcct tctccaaatc tgaagatttc tcaatcctaa 180aatctttttt ttttcctctt tctccgtttc tttattttcg gtattacaca catacataga 240ttctctgtct tctgggtttt tcattccttc cttcctccaa gcttacacct ttattgatca 300tttgtgtttt tttttgtttc tgcaggaatc caagatcgtg ggtcgatcgg tttttacaca 360atccgatcac gacccatctg ctctttttca tcctattttg cttcccttga ggtgtttcta 420tcgattccat tctccttctc acttagatcg atatagaatc tggaaccaaa aacaaacctt 480tttttgtttg tttggcagaa atggaaatgg aatcatgtaa gctcttcatc ggtggtatat 540cttgggaaac cagtgaagat cgtcttcgtg actattttca cagttttggt gaggttttag 600aggctgttat tatgaaggat cgtgccactg gccgtgctcg tggctttggt ttcgttgtct 660ttgctgatcc taatgttgct gaaagagtcg tcttgcttaa acatatcatt gatggtaaaa 720ttgtaagttt cctcctgcta tataccaaca tacattgctt ccaatttcaa caatcttcct 780gcttacttgc ttcattttga ggttgctgct tctcaaagca aagcaaagct actcactttt 840attccttcct gttttagtta gtagactcta ttgtttacaa tcagctttgc cgctctgata 900aatgcatatc tttgtcagaa gttgttcatt tcacactcac aaataaaaat gtaaaacttg 960gatcgtttca tatcctcatg tgaaagaaag tggttcacaa tgaatgaaaa actgctttct 1020ttgagttgtg tcgtgtgttg attttctcca tgatatacag gttgaggcaa agaaggctgt 1080tccaagagat gatcacgtag tatttaataa aagtaacagc agccttcagg gatcacctgg 1140cccatcaaac tccaagaaga tctttgtggg aggtttggca tcatccgtga cagaggctga 1200gttcaaaaag tattttgctc agtttgggat gatcactgat gttgtggtga tgtatgacca 1260cagaacccag cggcctagag gctttgggtt catttcatat gactctgagg aagctgttga 1320caaagtactg cagaagacat tccacgaact caatggtaag atggtggagg tcaaactggc 1380tgttcctaag gatatggctc tcaacacaat gcggaaccaa atgaatgtaa atagctttgg 1440cactagtaga atcagttcat tactgaatga gtacacccag ggattcagcc cgagtccaat 1500ctctggttat ggagtgaaac ctgaagttag gtacagtcca gcagtaggta ataggggagg 1560attctcaccg tttggacatg gatacggaat cgagctgaat tttgagccaa accagactca 1620gaactacggt tctggttcca gtggaggctt tggacgaccc tttagccctg gatatgctgc 1680gagtctcggc aggttcggta gccaaatgga gtcgggagga gctagtgttg ggaacggttc 1740tgtcctaaat gcagcaccaa agaaccattt atggggaaat ggtggtctag gttacatgtc 1800aaactctccg atatcaagaa gcagcttcag tggaaactct ggaatgtctt cactaggcag 1860cattggtgac aactggggaa cagttgcacg tgcacgcagt agctaccacg gtgagagagg 1920aggtgtagga ttagaagcaa tgagaggagt tcatgttggt ggttacagca gcggctcaag 1980catcttggag gcagactctc tgtacagcga ctcgatgtgg ctttcgctgc ctgcaaaggc 2040agaggaagga ttgggaatgg gaccattgga cttcatgtct agaggaccag ctggatacat 2100caacaggcaa ccaaacggag gtatgaataa tgaatgaatg aacgcctttt ttctatccga 2160gaattcaagc atttgtagaa aatctgatga tatcatatga aaatggtgtt gttgcaggaa 2220ttgcagctta gagaagtgac aaatctatac catggagatc agatgattgc agaagagagt 2280ttttagaaga ggaaaaaagt ttattaaaaa aaaaaaaatt attggtacca aaaagcttaa 2340agcttttatt tactttttac tattttgatt tgttgttata gctttctttt cacccttttt 2400tctaatttgg ggttttgttt cttttgtttt tatcgttaaa gaaaaaagat gtaaacttga 2460gtgatataaa aagagacaaa gaaacaatga agtgtatttt gttcttgtct ttctctctct 2520tttatcatct aaatccatat attgacaaat tcaaacatga aaacgaatta aaaaaagagc 2580aatttgccta gaatgtaggc aacgtagtgt gaggacgacg tgtggcaaac atgtggatga 2640tgataagcca caggacaaag aaagcaatcc ctcatccatc gcaataatat ccattaatgt 2700gaagtggacc aaaagagaga gaagcgagtg t 273127431PRTArabidopsis thaliana 27Met Glu Met Glu Ser Cys Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Ser Glu Asp Arg Leu Arg Asp Tyr Phe His Ser Phe Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Leu Glu Ala Val Ile Met Lys Asp Arg Ala Thr Gly Arg Ala Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Val Phe Ala Asp Pro Asn Val Ala Glu Arg Val Val 50 55 60 Leu Leu Lys His Ile Ile Asp Gly Lys Ile Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Arg Asp Asp His Val Val Phe Asn Lys Ser Asn Ser Ser Leu 85 90 95 Gln Gly Ser Pro Gly Pro Ser Asn Ser Lys Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly 100 105 110 Leu Ala Ser Ser Val Thr Glu Ala Glu Phe Lys Lys Tyr Phe Ala Gln 115 120 125 Phe Gly Met Ile Thr Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp His Arg Thr Gln 130 135 140 Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Ser Tyr Asp Ser Glu Glu Ala Val 145 150 155 160 Asp Lys Val Leu Gln Lys Thr Phe His Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Met Val 165 170 175 Glu Val Lys Leu Ala Val Pro Lys Asp Met Ala Leu Asn Thr Met Arg 180 185 190 Asn Gln Met Asn Val Asn Ser Phe Gly Thr Ser Arg Ile Ser Ser Leu 195 200 205 Leu Asn Glu Tyr Thr Gln Gly Phe Ser Pro Ser Pro Ile Ser Gly Tyr 210 215 220 Gly Val Lys Pro Glu Val Arg Tyr Ser Pro Ala Val Gly Asn Arg Gly 225 230 235 240 Gly Phe Ser Pro Phe Gly His Gly Tyr Gly Ile Glu Leu Asn Phe Glu 245 250 255 Pro Asn Gln Thr Gln Asn Tyr Gly Ser Gly Ser Ser Gly Gly Phe Gly 260 265 270 Arg Pro Phe Ser Pro Gly Tyr Ala Ala Ser Leu Gly Arg Phe Gly Ser 275 280 285 Gln Met Glu Ser Gly Gly Ala Ser Val Gly Asn Gly Ser Val Leu Asn 290 295 300 Ala Ala Pro Lys Asn His Leu Trp Gly Asn Gly Gly Leu Gly Tyr Met 305 310 315 320 Ser Asn Ser Pro Ile Ser Arg Ser Ser Phe Ser Gly Asn Ser Gly Met 325 330 335 Ser Ser Leu Gly Ser Ile Gly Asp Asn Trp Gly Thr Val Ala Arg Ala 340 345 350 Arg Ser Ser Tyr His Gly Glu Arg Gly Gly Val Gly Leu Glu Ala Met 355 360 365 Arg Gly Val His Val Gly Gly Tyr Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Ile Leu Glu 370 375 380 Ala Asp Ser Leu Tyr Ser Asp Ser Met Trp Leu Ser Leu Pro Ala Lys 385 390 395 400 Ala Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Met Gly Pro Leu Asp Phe Met Ser Arg Gly 405 410 415 Pro Ala Gly Tyr Ile Asn Arg Gln Pro Asn Gly Gly Ile Ala Ala 420 425 430 281395DNAOryza sativa 28atggagtcgg atcaggggaa gctgttcatc ggcggcatct cgtgggagac caccgaggag 60aagctccgcg accacttcgc cgcctacggc gacgtctccc aggccgccgt catgcgcgac 120aagctcaccg gccgcccccg cggcttcggc ttcgtcgtct tctccgaccc ttcctccgtc 180gacgccgccc tcgtcgaccc ccacaccctc gacggccgca cggttgatgt gaagcgggcg 240ctctcgcggg aggagcagca ggccgcgaag gcggcgaacc ctagcgcggg ggggaggcac 300gcctccggtg ggggcggtgg tgggggaggc gccggtggtg gtggtggtgg cggcggtggt 360gacgccggcg gtgcgcggac gaagaagatc ttcgtcggcg ggctgccctc caacctgacg 420gaggacgagt tccggcagta cttccagacc tacggggtcg tcaccgacgt cgtcgtcatg 480tacgaccaga acacgcagcg gccgaggggg ttcgggttca tcaccttcga cgcggaggac 540gccgttgacc gcgtgctgca caagaccttc catgacctga gcgggaagat ggtggaggtg 600aagcgcgccc tgcccaggga ggccaaccct ggctccggca gtggtggccg ttccatggga 660ggcggcggtg ggggttacca gagtaacaat gggccgaact ccaattctgg gggctatgat 720agcagaggtg acgctagcag gtatggtcag gcgcagcagg gtagtggtgg ttatcccggt 780tatggtgctg gaggatatgg tgctggtacg gttggttatg gatatgggca tgctaaccct 840ggaactgcgt atgggaatta tggggctgga ggatttggag gtgttcctgc tgggtatggt 900gggcattatg gcaatccaaa tgcgcctggt tcaggttacc agggtggtcc tccaggagca 960aacagaggac catggggtgg tcaagctccg tctggttatg gcactgggag ttatggtggc 1020aatgcaggct atgctgcttg gaacaactct tctgctggag gtaatgcacc cactagtcag 1080gccgctggtg caggcacagg ctatgggagc cagggctatg gatatggtgg atatggagga 1140gatgcatcgt atggtaatca tggtggatat gggggttatg gaggaagggg agatggtgct 1200ggcaatccag ctgctggcgg tggatctggg tatggtgctg gctatggaag cgggaatggc 1260ggttctggtt atccaaatgc ttgggctgat ccttcacaag gtggagggtt tggggcttca 1320gtcaatggag tgtctgaagg ccaatcaaat tatggcagtg gttatggtgg tgtgcaacct 1380agggttgctc agtaa 139529464PRTOryza sativa 29Met Glu Ser Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Glu Glu Lys Leu Arg Asp His Phe Ala Ala Tyr Gly Asp Val 20 25 30 Ser Gln Ala Ala Val Met Arg Asp Lys Leu Thr Gly Arg Pro Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Val Phe Ser Asp Pro Ser Ser Val Asp Ala Ala Leu 50 55 60 Val Asp Pro His Thr Leu Asp Gly Arg Thr Val Asp Val Lys Arg Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu Ser Arg Glu Glu Gln Gln Ala Ala Lys Ala Ala Asn Pro Ser Ala 85 90 95 Gly Gly Arg His Ala Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Ala Gly 100 105 110 Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Asp Ala Gly Gly Ala Arg Thr Lys 115 120 125 Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Pro Ser Asn Leu Thr Glu Asp Glu Phe 130 135 140 Arg Gln Tyr Phe Gln Thr Tyr Gly Val Val Thr Asp Val Val Val Met 145 150 155 160 Tyr Asp Gln Asn Thr Gln Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Phe 165 170 175 Asp Ala Glu Asp Ala Val Asp Arg Val Leu His Lys Thr Phe His Asp 180 185 190 Leu Ser Gly Lys Met Val Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Leu Pro Arg Glu Ala 195 200 205 Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Arg Ser Met Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly 210 215 220 Gly Tyr Gln Ser Asn Asn Gly Pro Asn Ser Asn Ser Gly Gly Tyr Asp 225 230 235 240 Ser Arg Gly Asp Ala Ser Arg Tyr Gly Gln Ala Gln Gln Gly Ser Gly 245 250 255 Gly Tyr Pro Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Thr Val Gly 260 265 270 Tyr Gly Tyr Gly His Ala Asn Pro Gly Thr Ala Tyr Gly Asn Tyr Gly 275 280 285 Ala Gly Gly Phe Gly Gly Val Pro Ala Gly Tyr Gly Gly His Tyr Gly 290 295 300 Asn Pro Asn Ala Pro Gly Ser Gly Tyr Gln Gly Gly Pro Pro Gly Ala 305 310 315 320 Asn Arg Gly Pro Trp Gly Gly Gln Ala Pro Ser Gly Tyr Gly Thr Gly 325 330 335 Ser Tyr Gly Gly Asn Ala Gly Tyr Ala Ala Trp Asn Asn Ser Ser Ala 340 345 350 Gly Gly Asn Ala Pro Thr Ser Gln Ala Ala Gly Ala Gly Thr Gly Tyr 355 360 365 Gly Ser Gln Gly Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Tyr Gly Gly Asp Ala Ser Tyr 370 375 380 Gly Asn His Gly Gly Tyr Gly Gly Tyr Gly Gly Arg Gly Asp Gly Ala 385 390 395 400 Gly Asn Pro Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Tyr Gly 405 410 415 Ser Gly Asn Gly Gly Ser Gly Tyr Pro Asn Ala Trp Ala Asp Pro Ser 420 425 430 Gln Gly Gly Gly Phe Gly Ala Ser Val Asn Gly Val Ser Glu Gly Gln 435 440 445 Ser Asn Tyr Gly Ser Gly Tyr Gly Gly Val Gln Pro Arg Val Ala Gln 450 455 460 302469DNAOryza sativa 30ggtccattat ttataccatt tccgcgtccc cccaccctcc tcccccgctt tcccaatcga 60ggcgagcacc gcaattgcag ggttccggag gccgaataaa aaagtttggc ctctccccgc 120aaaaaagtaa aaaacccaaa acaaccatcc accagcgcat cgcggcaccg cgagcgagcg 180agcggaggga gggaggtgga gagcaaaagt tcgataaaag gagaggagga gacgaagcgt 240cgaagcccaa gtaacatccc cccaacctcc gcctcctcct cctccccctc ctcccatgcc 300cgcatcgaga tcttagccgc gccggagatc gagagggagg agcggcgacg cgggcgcccc 360cgatccctcc tcctcgccgc cgccgccgcc ggcggcgccg gagcagcagc agccgacgac 420gacgacgacc gccgcagcag ccgatcgggg gaggagggga ggggaggacg cgatggaggc 480ggactccggg aagctcttcg tcggcggcat ctcgtgggag acggacgagg accgcctccg 540cgagtacttc agccggttcg gggaggtcac cgaggccgtc atcatgcggg accgcaacac 600cggccgcgcc cgtgggttcg gcttcgtggt cttcaccgac gcaggcgtcg ccgagcgggt 660caccatggat aagcacatga tcgacgggcg catggtggaa gcgaagaaag ctgttcccag 720ggacgaccag agcatcacca gcaagaacaa tggcagcagc atagggtcac ctggaccagg 780ccgtactaga aagatctttg ttggaggctt ggcctctaat gttactgagg ttgaatttag 840aaggtatttt gagcaatttg gtgtgattac ggatgtggtt gtcatgtacg accacaacac 900gcagaggcct aggggctttg gattcatcac ctatgactca gaagatgcgg tggacaaggc 960actgcacaag aacttccatg agctgaatgg taagatggtt gaggtcaaga gagctgttcc 1020aaaggagcaa tcacctggac ctgctgcacg ttcacctgcg ggagggcaga actatgctat 1080gagcagggtc catagcttct tgaatggttt caaccagggt tataacccaa accctattgg 1140aggttatggc atgagggttg atggaaggta tggtctgctt acaggcgcac ggaatggatt 1200ctcttcattt ggccctggtt atggaatggg catgaattct gaatctggga tgaatgcgaa 1260ttttggcgcc aattctagtt ttgtcaataa ctccaatggg cggcagatag gttcattcta 1320caatggtagt tcaaacagat taggtagtcc tattggttat gttggtctta atgatgattc 1380aggatcacta ttgagttcaa tgtcaaggaa tgtttggggt aatgaaaatc tgaactaccc 1440aaacaacccc acaaacatga gttcttttgc accatctgga actggaggtc aaatgggtat 1500taccagtgac ggtattaatt ggggagggcc tactcctggc catggaatgg gcaacatttc 1560aagccttggg ctggctaacc ttggccgtgg agctggagac agttttggct tgccttctgg 1620cagctatgga aggagcaatg caactggtac cattggtgaa cccttctctg caccacccaa 1680tgcatatgaa gtgaacaatg cagatacata tggcagcagc tccatttatg gagactcaac 1740ttggaggttc acgtcatctg agattgatat gcctcctttt ggtaatgacc ttggaaatgt 1800tgatccagat atcaaatcaa acataccagc aagttacatg ggcaactata ctgttaataa 1860taatcagaca agcagaggta tcacttccta gcgagagtac tattatattc atatatgact 1920tgggatagat gaaagaagca ttatatcagg tattcaggtg catgactatg aattggtgat 1980atcaggttaa tatacgggtt agttaattgt ttctagctaa ccagaggtgt ggtttatgga 2040caccaccatg ctagaggagc gaatacaaac gttttgtgaa ggtttcagat tttagtttaa 2100ttcctacatg tattaggtct tggtttttga atgagatgtg cagtggtgat tgcggcacat 2160acttagagtg ttccaacata agctggaatc ctgtcatatg gacaaacttg tataccaaag 2220gaatgcttta ttatcttgcc catttatggc tacattagct cgcttgtttt cattcccttt 2280ttaaccaatt ccatttgtat actagagatc tgcttgactt actagtgaaa ctattcgggg 2340acgccgatcc tatctttgca gttggctccc agaaataaag ccaccaaaag tgcatactta 2400tttgttctac cttgatttgc catatgtata tgcttctgtt cgttttaaaa tagaactttg 2460ggtttgatt 246931472PRTOryza sativa 31Met Glu Ala Asp Ser Gly Lys Leu Phe Val Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Asp Glu Asp Arg Leu Arg Glu Tyr Phe Ser Arg Phe Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Thr Glu Ala Val Ile Met Arg Asp Arg Asn Thr Gly Arg Ala Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Val Phe Thr Asp Ala Gly Val Ala Glu Arg Val Thr 50 55 60 Met Asp Lys His Met Ile Asp Gly Arg Met Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Arg Asp Asp Gln Ser Ile Thr Ser Lys Asn Asn Gly Ser Ser 85 90 95 Ile Gly Ser Pro Gly Pro Gly Arg Thr Arg Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly 100 105 110 Leu Ala Ser Asn Val Thr Glu Val Glu Phe Arg Arg Tyr Phe Glu Gln 115 120 125 Phe Gly Val Ile Thr Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp His Asn Thr Gln 130 135 140 Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Tyr Asp Ser Glu Asp Ala Val 145 150 155 160 Asp Lys Ala Leu His Lys Asn Phe His Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Met Val 165 170 175 Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Lys Glu Gln Ser Pro Gly Pro Ala Ala 180 185 190 Arg Ser Pro Ala Gly Gly Gln Asn Tyr Ala Met Ser Arg Val His Ser 195 200 205 Phe Leu Asn Gly Phe Asn Gln Gly Tyr Asn Pro Asn Pro Ile

Gly Gly 210 215 220 Tyr Gly Met Arg Val Asp Gly Arg Tyr Gly Leu Leu Thr Gly Ala Arg 225 230 235 240 Asn Gly Phe Ser Ser Phe Gly Pro Gly Tyr Gly Met Gly Met Asn Ser 245 250 255 Glu Ser Gly Met Asn Ala Asn Phe Gly Ala Asn Ser Ser Phe Val Asn 260 265 270 Asn Ser Asn Gly Arg Gln Ile Gly Ser Phe Tyr Asn Gly Ser Ser Asn 275 280 285 Arg Leu Gly Ser Pro Ile Gly Tyr Val Gly Leu Asn Asp Asp Ser Gly 290 295 300 Ser Leu Leu Ser Ser Met Ser Arg Asn Val Trp Gly Asn Glu Asn Leu 305 310 315 320 Asn Tyr Pro Asn Asn Pro Thr Asn Met Ser Ser Phe Ala Pro Ser Gly 325 330 335 Thr Gly Gly Gln Met Gly Ile Thr Ser Asp Gly Ile Asn Trp Gly Gly 340 345 350 Pro Thr Pro Gly His Gly Met Gly Asn Ile Ser Ser Leu Gly Leu Ala 355 360 365 Asn Leu Gly Arg Gly Ala Gly Asp Ser Phe Gly Leu Pro Ser Gly Ser 370 375 380 Tyr Gly Arg Ser Asn Ala Thr Gly Thr Ile Gly Glu Pro Phe Ser Ala 385 390 395 400 Pro Pro Asn Ala Tyr Glu Val Asn Asn Ala Asp Thr Tyr Gly Ser Ser 405 410 415 Ser Ile Tyr Gly Asp Ser Thr Trp Arg Phe Thr Ser Ser Glu Ile Asp 420 425 430 Met Pro Pro Phe Gly Asn Asp Leu Gly Asn Val Asp Pro Asp Ile Lys 435 440 445 Ser Asn Ile Pro Ala Ser Tyr Met Gly Asn Tyr Thr Val Asn Asn Asn 450 455 460 Gln Thr Ser Arg Gly Ile Thr Ser 465 470 322315DNAOryza sativa 32ttggagatag aatagagaga gacacacaaa cacctacaac accaacaaca acaagagaaa 60gagagaaaga agagaaggaa aggagaggaa gaagaggtgg tggtggtggt ggtggtggtg 120tgtggcctcc ttcccctccc tcctctcgcg aggttgccat gcctccccca agatcgatcc 180aacccgatca tcaatcgggg cggggaagga ggaggagggg atggaggcgg acgccgggaa 240gctgttcatc ggcggcatct cgtgggacac caacgaggac cgcctccgcg agtacttcga 300caagtacggc gaggtggtgg aggccgtcat catgcgcgac cgcgccaccg gccgcgcccg 360gggattcggc ttcatcgtct tcgctgaccc tgccgtcgcc gagcgggtca ttatggagaa 420gcacatgatc gatggccgca tggtggaggc gaagaaagct gttcccaggg acgatcagca 480cgctcttagc aagagcggcg ggagcgctca tggatcgccg gggcccagcc gcaccaagaa 540gatattcgtt ggggggctag cgtccaccgt gacggaggcg gacttcagga agtactttga 600gcagttcggg acgatcaccg atgtcgtggt gatgtatgat cacaacacgc agcgtcccag 660aggttttggg ttcattacgt acgattcgga ggatgctgtg gacaaggcat tgttcaagac 720cttccatgaa ctgaacggta agatggttga ggtcaagcgc gcggttccta aggaactatc 780acctgggcct agcatgcgtt ctcctgtcgg tggattcaac tatgccgtga acagagccaa 840taacttcctc aatggataca cccagggtta taatccgagc ccagtcggtg gctatggaat 900gaggatggat gcaaggtttg ggcttctatc gggtggccgt agtagttatc cttcttttgg 960tggtggttat ggagtcggta tgaattttga tccagggatg aaccctgcta ttgggggaag 1020ctcaagcttc aacaacagtc tccagtatgg aaggcagctt aatccatact acagtggaaa 1080ttctggtaga tacaatagca atgttagcta tggtggagtc aatgacagta ctgggtcagt 1140gttcaactcg ctggctcgta atttatgggg taattcaggt cttagttact cttccaactc 1200tgcaagctct aattccttca tgtcatctgc caatgggggc cttggtggaa ttgggaacaa 1260caatgtgaat tggggaaacc ctcctgtgcc tgcacaaggt gctaatgctg gcccaggcta 1320tggcagtggg aacttcggtt atggatccag tgaaaccaac tttggtctcg gtaccaatgc 1380ttatggaagg aatgctggat ctggtgttgt taatacattc aatcaatcaa ccaatgggta 1440tggaaggaac tttggagatt catcaggagg aggtggcggt ggtggcggtg gctccatcta 1500tggagacaca acttggagat ccggatcttc tgagcttgat ggaaccagcc catttggcta 1560tgggcttggg aatgcagctt cagatgttac agcaaagaac tcagcaggtt acatggggca 1620ttaacaaata gagcaatgtc gccgcctagg aatctttttc acatacaaca tttgtcaaaa 1680taggttgagg agagaaccac aggtgcatca ggtgcaaatt ttgaacctca catgatttac 1740agaaatgggt tagttaatag agctaaccac cagggatttg gtcaatgaga tcagatatat 1800atcctcagag aaccatttaa acgtatttcc attttatgta aggtttgaga ttgtggtttc 1860ggatttctac agcgagttta ggttttggca accttgtgtt ttttcttggt tgagatgtga 1920agtaagattg cgggatatat atatctgaag agtgttcagt tgtacggcgg cgctgccccc 1980atataggccc ccctttttgg gtttttgttc ttatagtaga aactgctcta gcgttttgca 2040aattgtgtgc tagctgttgt tatcaggatg ataatttttt tccccttctt ggtttttatc 2100ttactgaagt gtatgtacca gagatcttgc tggtctgtgt ttttcctagt ggaacttttg 2160agggatgccc cttctgggtc tcaaagaata ataatgctac attatattct aattcatttt 2220gaggctttct aaggctatat attatttgta tgtaccctgc tggaacatct gtacattctg 2280atgctctttg caatttgcct ttgtgctgct tttgc 231533467PRTOryza sativa 33Met Glu Ala Asp Ala Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Asp 1 5 10 15 Thr Asn Glu Asp Arg Leu Arg Glu Tyr Phe Asp Lys Tyr Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Val Glu Ala Val Ile Met Arg Asp Arg Ala Thr Gly Arg Ala Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Ile Val Phe Ala Asp Pro Ala Val Ala Glu Arg Val Ile 50 55 60 Met Glu Lys His Met Ile Asp Gly Arg Met Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Arg Asp Asp Gln His Ala Leu Ser Lys Ser Gly Gly Ser Ala 85 90 95 His Gly Ser Pro Gly Pro Ser Arg Thr Lys Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly 100 105 110 Leu Ala Ser Thr Val Thr Glu Ala Asp Phe Arg Lys Tyr Phe Glu Gln 115 120 125 Phe Gly Thr Ile Thr Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp His Asn Thr Gln 130 135 140 Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Tyr Asp Ser Glu Asp Ala Val 145 150 155 160 Asp Lys Ala Leu Phe Lys Thr Phe His Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Met Val 165 170 175 Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Lys Glu Leu Ser Pro Gly Pro Ser Met 180 185 190 Arg Ser Pro Val Gly Gly Phe Asn Tyr Ala Val Asn Arg Ala Asn Asn 195 200 205 Phe Leu Asn Gly Tyr Thr Gln Gly Tyr Asn Pro Ser Pro Val Gly Gly 210 215 220 Tyr Gly Met Arg Met Asp Ala Arg Phe Gly Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Arg 225 230 235 240 Ser Ser Tyr Pro Ser Phe Gly Gly Gly Tyr Gly Val Gly Met Asn Phe 245 250 255 Asp Pro Gly Met Asn Pro Ala Ile Gly Gly Ser Ser Ser Phe Asn Asn 260 265 270 Ser Leu Gln Tyr Gly Arg Gln Leu Asn Pro Tyr Tyr Ser Gly Asn Ser 275 280 285 Gly Arg Tyr Asn Ser Asn Val Ser Tyr Gly Gly Val Asn Asp Ser Thr 290 295 300 Gly Ser Val Phe Asn Ser Leu Ala Arg Asn Leu Trp Gly Asn Ser Gly 305 310 315 320 Leu Ser Tyr Ser Ser Asn Ser Ala Ser Ser Asn Ser Phe Met Ser Ser 325 330 335 Ala Asn Gly Gly Leu Gly Gly Ile Gly Asn Asn Asn Val Asn Trp Gly 340 345 350 Asn Pro Pro Val Pro Ala Gln Gly Ala Asn Ala Gly Pro Gly Tyr Gly 355 360 365 Ser Gly Asn Phe Gly Tyr Gly Ser Ser Glu Thr Asn Phe Gly Leu Gly 370 375 380 Thr Asn Ala Tyr Gly Arg Asn Ala Gly Ser Gly Val Val Asn Thr Phe 385 390 395 400 Asn Gln Ser Thr Asn Gly Tyr Gly Arg Asn Phe Gly Asp Ser Ser Gly 405 410 415 Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Ile Tyr Gly Asp Thr Thr Trp 420 425 430 Arg Ser Gly Ser Ser Glu Leu Asp Gly Thr Ser Pro Phe Gly Tyr Gly 435 440 445 Leu Gly Asn Ala Ala Ser Asp Val Thr Ala Lys Asn Ser Ala Gly Tyr 450 455 460 Met Gly His 465 341146DNATriticum aestivum 34aaaaagcagg tgggaccggc ccggaattct cgggatatcg tcgacccacg cgtccgcgca 60cccgagcgcg agagaatccg aggagaggag cggcgcaagg aggcggtgat ggagtcggat 120cagggcaagc tcttcatcgg cggcatctcc tgggagacga cggaggagaa gctgcaggag 180cacttctcca acttcggcga ggtctcccag gccgccgtca tgcgcgacaa gctcactggc 240cgcccgcggg gcttcggctt cgtagtctac gccgaccccg ccgccgtcga cgccgccctc 300caggagcccc acaccctcga cggccgcacg gtcgatgtga agcgggcgct ctcgcgggag 360gagcagcagg ctaccaaggc ggtgaaccct agcgcaggaa ggaacgctgg aggtggtggc 420ggcggcggcg gcggcggcgg cgatgccggt ggtgctagga caaagaagat ttttgtgggc 480ggactgccct ccagtctgac agatgaggag ttccggcagt acttccagac cttcggggct 540gtcaccgatg ttgtggtgat gtatgaccag acaacacagc gtccccgggg cttcggcttc 600attacctttg actcggagga tgcggttgac cgtgtgctgc acaaaacctt ccacgatctt 660ggagggaaga tggtagaggt gaagcgtgct ctgccccgag aggcgaatcc tggctctggc 720ggcggcggcc gttccatggg aggtgggggg tttcatagta acaatggacc ccactccaat 780gctagcagct atgatggcag aggcgatgct agcagatatg ggcaggcgca gcaaggcatg 840ggtggctacc caggttatgg tgctggagct tatggcagtg ctccaactgg gtttggatat 900gggccaccca atccgggaac tacttatgga aatattgggt ctgcagggtt aggagctttt 960ccttggtgcg tatgcggggg gcttatgggc aacccaggtg gctgcgggtt tcgggttacc 1020cgggggggcc cctccggggc cctaaataag ggaccctggg ggcagccaaa cctccgccct 1080ggtttatggc acctgggggc tttatcctgg gcacgtgcgg ggctattggg tgcgtggaaa 1140taaccc 114635344PRTTriticum aestivum 35Met Glu Ser Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Glu Glu Lys Leu Gln Glu His Phe Ser Asn Phe Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Ser Gln Ala Ala Val Met Arg Asp Lys Leu Thr Gly Arg Pro Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Val Tyr Ala Asp Pro Ala Ala Val Asp Ala Ala Leu 50 55 60 Gln Glu Pro His Thr Leu Asp Gly Arg Thr Val Asp Val Lys Arg Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu Ser Arg Glu Glu Gln Gln Ala Thr Lys Ala Val Asn Pro Ser Ala 85 90 95 Gly Arg Asn Ala Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Asp 100 105 110 Ala Gly Gly Ala Arg Thr Lys Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Pro Ser 115 120 125 Ser Leu Thr Asp Glu Glu Phe Arg Gln Tyr Phe Gln Thr Phe Gly Ala 130 135 140 Val Thr Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp Gln Thr Thr Gln Arg Pro Arg 145 150 155 160 Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Phe Asp Ser Glu Asp Ala Val Asp Arg Val 165 170 175 Leu His Lys Thr Phe His Asp Leu Gly Gly Lys Met Val Glu Val Lys 180 185 190 Arg Ala Leu Pro Arg Glu Ala Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Arg 195 200 205 Ser Met Gly Gly Gly Gly Phe His Ser Asn Asn Gly Pro His Ser Asn 210 215 220 Ala Ser Ser Tyr Asp Gly Arg Gly Asp Ala Ser Arg Tyr Gly Gln Ala 225 230 235 240 Gln Gln Gly Met Gly Gly Tyr Pro Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Ala Tyr Gly 245 250 255 Ser Ala Pro Thr Gly Phe Gly Tyr Gly Pro Pro Asn Pro Gly Thr Thr 260 265 270 Tyr Gly Asn Ile Gly Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Phe Pro Trp Cys Val 275 280 285 Cys Gly Gly Leu Met Gly Asn Pro Gly Gly Cys Gly Phe Arg Val Thr 290 295 300 Arg Gly Gly Pro Ser Gly Ala Leu Asn Lys Gly Pro Trp Gly Gln Pro 305 310 315 320 Asn Leu Arg Pro Gly Leu Trp His Leu Gly Ala Leu Ser Trp Ala Arg 325 330 335 Ala Gly Leu Leu Gly Ala Trp Lys 340 36800DNASaccharum officinarummisc_feature(8)..(8)n is a, c, g, or t 36agaattcncg gttcgaccta cgcgtccgcc cggaatcccc aattccgctc tcttcctctc 60tccctctctc ccccaccgca gcatcaggcg agcgcgaggc ggaggtggag gagagatgga 120gttggaccag ggcaagctct tcatcggcgg catctcctgg gagacgacgg aggagaagct 180gagcgagcac ttctccgcct acggcgaggt tacgcaggcc gccgtcatgc gggacaagat 240caccggccgc ccccgtggct tcgggttcgt cgtcttcgcc gaccccgccg tcgtcgaccg 300agcgctgcag gacccccaca ccctcgacgg ccgcacggtc gatgtgaagc gggcactctc 360gcgggaggag cagcaggcct ncaaggccgc gaaccctagc ggtgggagga acactggcgg 420tggangangc ggcgggtggc ggggcggcga tgcaagtggt gctcggaccc aggaagatct 480ntggggggcc ggcttgcctt ctactctgac tganggatgg gtttcggcag tactttccgg 540accttcggag gggtcactga tggttggtgg ccatggttga accggaacaa gcaattgccc 600gcgttggttt tggaatcaat acttttgaac tttaagattc cggtgaaccg ctgctggcca 660agaactttca tgacctggtg ggaagatggt ttaaggtgaa ccagcattgc gcccttgagg 720cgaaccctgg gggttctgga acgggccgtt ctgggggaaa tgggggcttt ctagcaacca 780tggccttacc cccgttttgg 80037154PRTSaccharum officinarummisc_feature(89)..(89)Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid 37Met Glu Leu Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Glu Glu Lys Leu Ser Glu His Phe Ser Ala Tyr Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Thr Gln Ala Ala Val Met Arg Asp Lys Ile Thr Gly Arg Pro Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Val Phe Ala Asp Pro Ala Val Val Asp Arg Ala Leu 50 55 60 Gln Asp Pro His Thr Leu Asp Gly Arg Thr Val Asp Val Lys Arg Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu Ser Arg Glu Glu Gln Gln Ala Xaa Lys Ala Ala Asn Pro Ser Gly 85 90 95 Gly Arg Asn Thr Gly Gly Gly Xaa Xaa Gly Gly Trp Arg Gly Gly Asp 100 105 110 Ala Ser Gly Ala Arg Thr Gln Glu Asp Leu Trp Gly Ala Gly Leu Pro 115 120 125 Ser Thr Leu Thr Xaa Gly Trp Val Ser Ala Val Leu Ser Gly Pro Ser 130 135 140 Glu Gly Ser Leu Met Val Gly Gly His Gly 145 150 381243DNAOryza sativa 38aaaaccaccg agggacctga tctgcaccgg ttttgatagt tgagggaccc gttgtgtctg 60gttttccgat cgagggacga aaatcggatt cggtgtaaag ttaagggacc tcagatgaac 120ttattccgga gcatgattgg gaagggagga cataaggccc atgtcgcatg tgtttggacg 180gtccagatct ccagatcact cagcaggatc ggccgcgttc gcgtagcacc cgcggtttga 240ttcggcttcc cgcaaggcgg cggccggtgg ccgtgccgcc gtagcttccg ccggaagcga 300gcacgccgcc gccgccgacc cggctctgcg tttgcaccgc cttgcacgcg atacatcggg 360atagatagct actactctct ccgtttcaca atgtaaatca ttctactatt ttccacattc 420atattgatgt taatgaatat agacatatat atctatttag attcattaac atcaatatga 480atgtaggaaa tgctagaatg acttacattg tgaattgtga aatggacgaa gtacctacga 540tggatggatg caggatcatg aaagaattaa tgcaagatcg tatctgccgc atgcaaaatc 600ttactaattg cgctgcatat atgcatgaca gcctgcatgc gggcgtgtaa gcgtgttcat 660ccattaggaa gtaaccttgt cattacttat accagtacta catactatat agtattgatt 720tcatgagcaa atctacaaaa ctggaaagca ataagaaata cgggactgga aaagactcaa 780cattaatcac caaatatttc gccttctcca gcagaatata tatctctcca tcttgatcac 840tgtacacact gacagtgtac gcataaacgc agcagccagc ttaactgtcg tctcaccgtc 900gcacactggc cttccatctc aggctagctt tctcagccac ccatcgtaca tgtcaactcg 960gcgcgcgcac aggcacaaat tacgtacaaa acgcatgacc aaatcaaaac caccggagaa 1020gaatcgctcc cgcgcgcggc ggcgacgcgc acgtacgaac gcacgcacgc acgcccaacc 1080ccacgacacg atcgcgcgcg acgccggcga caccggccgt ccacccgcgc cctcacctcg 1140ccgactataa atacgtaggc atctgcttga tcttgtcatc catctcacca ccaaaaaaaa 1200aaggaaaaaa aaacaaaaca caccaagcca aataaaagcg aca 12433959DNAArtificial sequenceprimer prm00405 39ggggacaagt ttgtacaaaa aagcaggctt cacaatggat tatgatcggt acaagttat 594054DNAArtificial sequenceprimer prm00406 40ggggaccact ttgtacaaga aagctgggtt taaaagagtc caaagaattt cact 54417PRTArtificial sequenceMotif (i) 41Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly Leu 1 5 427PRTArtificial sequenceMotif (ii) 42Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe 1 5 43411PRTArabidopsis thaliana 43Met Asp Ser Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Phe Val Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Asp Glu Asp Lys Leu Arg Glu His Phe Thr Asn Tyr Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Ser Gln Ala Ile Val Met Arg Asp Lys Leu Thr Gly Arg Pro Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Ile Phe Ser Asp Pro Ser Val Leu Asp Arg Val Leu 50 55 60 Gln Glu Lys His Ser Ile Asp Thr Arg Glu Val Asp Val Lys Arg Ala 65 70 75 80 Met Ser Arg Glu Glu Gln Gln Val Ser Gly Arg Thr Gly Asn Leu Asn 85 90 95 Thr Ser Arg Ser Ser Gly Gly Asp Ala Tyr Asn Lys Thr Lys Lys Ile 100 105 110 Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Pro Pro Thr Leu Thr Asp Glu Glu Phe Arg

Gln 115 120 125 Tyr Phe Glu Val Tyr Gly Pro Val Thr Asp Val Ala Ile Met Tyr Asp 130 135 140 Gln Ala Thr Asn Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Val Ser Phe Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Glu Asp Ala Val Asp Ser Val Leu His Lys Thr Phe His Asp Leu Ser 165 170 175 Gly Lys Gln Val Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Leu Pro Lys Asp Ala Asn Pro 180 185 190 Gly Gly Gly Gly Arg Ser Met Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Tyr Gln 195 200 205 Gly Tyr Gly Gly Asn Glu Ser Ser Tyr Asp Gly Arg Met Asp Ser Asn 210 215 220 Arg Phe Leu Gln His Gln Ser Val Gly Asn Gly Leu Pro Ser Tyr Gly 225 230 235 240 Ser Ser Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Tyr Gly Asn Gly Ser Asn Gly Ala Gly 245 250 255 Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Gly Gly Tyr Thr Gly Ser Ala Gly Gly Tyr Gly Ala 260 265 270 Gly Ala Thr Ala Gly Tyr Gly Ala Thr Asn Ile Pro Gly Ala Gly Tyr 275 280 285 Gly Ser Ser Thr Gly Val Ala Pro Arg Asn Ser Trp Asp Thr Pro Ala 290 295 300 Ser Ser Gly Tyr Gly Asn Pro Gly Tyr Gly Ser Gly Ala Ala His Ser 305 310 315 320 Gly Tyr Gly Val Pro Gly Ala Ala Pro Pro Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Gly 325 330 335 Tyr Ser Asn Gln Gly Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Tyr Ser Gly Ser Asp Ser 340 345 350 Gly Tyr Gly Asn Gln Ala Ala Tyr Gly Val Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Ser 355 360 365 Gly Gly Gly Ser Asn Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Tyr Met Gly Gly Gly 370 375 380 Tyr Gly Asp Gly Ser Trp Arg Ser Asp Pro Ser Gln Gly Tyr Gly Gly 385 390 395 400 Gly Tyr Asn Asp Gly Gln Gly Arg Gln Gly Gln 405 410 44495PRTArabidopsis thaliana 44Met Gln Ser Asp Asn Gly Lys Leu Phe Ile Gly Gly Ile Ser Trp Asp 1 5 10 15 Thr Asn Glu Glu Arg Leu Lys Glu Tyr Phe Ser Ser Phe Gly Glu Val 20 25 30 Ile Glu Ala Val Ile Leu Lys Asp Arg Thr Thr Gly Arg Ala Arg Gly 35 40 45 Phe Gly Phe Val Val Phe Ala Asp Pro Ala Val Ala Glu Ile Val Ile 50 55 60 Thr Glu Lys His Asn Ile Asp Gly Arg Leu Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Arg Asp Asp Gln Asn Met Val Asn Arg Ser Asn Ser Ser Ser 85 90 95 Ile Gln Gly Ser Pro Gly Gly Pro Gly Arg Thr Arg Lys Ile Phe Val 100 105 110 Gly Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Val Thr Glu Ser Asp Phe Lys Thr Tyr Phe 115 120 125 Glu Gln Phe Gly Thr Thr Thr Asp Val Val Val Met Tyr Asp His Asn 130 135 140 Thr Gln Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Thr Tyr Asp Ser Glu Glu 145 150 155 160 Ala Val Glu Lys Val Leu Leu Lys Thr Phe His Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys 165 170 175 Met Val Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Lys Glu Leu Ser Pro Gly Pro 180 185 190 Ser Arg Ser Pro Leu Gly Ala Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Gly Val Asn Arg Val 195 200 205 Asn Asn Leu Leu Asn Gly Tyr Ala Gln Gly Phe Asn Pro Ala Ala Val 210 215 220 Gly Gly Tyr Gly Leu Arg Met Asp Gly Arg Phe Ser Pro Val Gly Ala 225 230 235 240 Gly Arg Ser Gly Phe Ala Asn Tyr Ser Ser Gly Tyr Gly Met Asn Val 245 250 255 Asn Phe Asp Gln Gly Leu Pro Thr Gly Phe Thr Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr 260 265 270 Asn Gly Asn Val Asp Tyr Gly Arg Gly Met Ser Pro Tyr Tyr Ile Gly 275 280 285 Asn Thr Asn Arg Phe Gly Pro Ala Val Gly Tyr Glu Gly Gly Asn Gly 290 295 300 Gly Gly Asn Ser Ser Phe Phe Ser Ser Val Thr Arg Asn Leu Trp Gly 305 310 315 320 Asn Asn Gly Gly Leu Asn Tyr Asn Asn Asn Asn Thr Asn Ser Asn Ser 325 330 335 Asn Thr Tyr Met Gly Gly Ser Ser Ser Gly Asn Asn Thr Leu Ser Gly 340 345 350 Pro Phe Gly Asn Ser Gly Val Asn Trp Gly Ala Pro Gly Gly Gly Asn 355 360 365 Asn Ala Val Ser Asn Glu Asn Val Lys Phe Gly Tyr Gly Gly Asn Gly 370 375 380 Glu Ser Gly Phe Gly Leu Gly Thr Gly Gly Tyr Ala Ala Arg Asn Pro 385 390 395 400 Gly Ala Asn Lys Ala Ala Pro Ser Ser Ser Phe Ser Ser Ala Ser Ala 405 410 415 Thr Asn Asn Thr Gly Tyr Asp Thr Ala Gly Leu Ala Glu Phe Tyr Gly 420 425 430 Asn Gly Ala Val Tyr Ser Asp Pro Thr Trp Arg Ser Pro Thr Pro Glu 435 440 445 Thr Glu Gly Pro Ala Pro Phe Ser Tyr Gly Ile Gly Gly Gly Val Pro 450 455 460 Ser Ser Asp Val Ser Ala Arg Ser Ser Ser Pro Gly Tyr Val Gly Ser 465 470 475 480 Tyr Ser Val Asn Lys Arg Gln Pro Asn Arg Gly Glu Pro Ser Arg 485 490 495 45358PRTArabidopsis thaliana 45Met Val Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala Val Pro Arg Asp Asp His Val Val Phe 1 5 10 15 Asn Lys Ser Asn Ser Ser Leu Gln Gly Ser Pro Gly Pro Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 Lys Lys Ile Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Ala Ser Ser Val Thr Glu Ala Glu 35 40 45 Phe Lys Lys Tyr Phe Ala Gln Phe Gly Met Ile Thr Asp Val Val Val 50 55 60 Met Tyr Asp His Arg Thr Gln Arg Pro Arg Gly Phe Gly Phe Ile Ser 65 70 75 80 Tyr Asp Ser Glu Glu Ala Val Asp Lys Val Leu Gln Lys Thr Phe His 85 90 95 Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Met Val Glu Val Lys Leu Ala Val Pro Lys Asp 100 105 110 Met Ala Leu Asn Thr Met Arg Asn Gln Met Asn Val Asn Ser Phe Gly 115 120 125 Thr Ser Arg Ile Ser Ser Leu Leu Asn Glu Tyr Thr Gln Gly Phe Ser 130 135 140 Pro Ser Pro Ile Ser Gly Tyr Gly Val Lys Pro Glu Val Arg Tyr Ser 145 150 155 160 Pro Ala Val Gly Asn Arg Gly Gly Phe Ser Pro Phe Gly His Gly Tyr 165 170 175 Gly Ile Glu Leu Asn Phe Glu Pro Asn Gln Thr Gln Asn Tyr Gly Ser 180 185 190 Gly Ser Ser Gly Gly Phe Gly Arg Pro Phe Ser Pro Gly Tyr Ala Ala 195 200 205 Ser Leu Gly Arg Phe Gly Ser Gln Met Glu Ser Gly Gly Ala Ser Val 210 215 220 Gly Asn Gly Ser Val Leu Asn Ala Ala Pro Lys Asn His Leu Trp Gly 225 230 235 240 Asn Gly Gly Leu Gly Tyr Met Ser Asn Ser Pro Ile Ser Arg Ser Ser 245 250 255 Phe Ser Gly Asn Ser Gly Met Ser Ser Leu Gly Ser Ile Gly Asp Asn 260 265 270 Trp Gly Thr Val Ala Arg Ala Arg Ser Ser Tyr His Gly Glu Arg Gly 275 280 285 Gly Val Gly Leu Glu Ala Met Arg Gly Val His Val Gly Gly Tyr Ser 290 295 300 Ser Gly Ser Ser Ile Leu Glu Ala Asp Ser Leu Tyr Ser Asp Ser Met 305 310 315 320 Trp Leu Ser Leu Pro Ala Lys Ala Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Met Gly Pro 325 330 335 Leu Asp Phe Met Ser Arg Gly Pro Ala Gly Tyr Ile Asn Arg Gln Pro 340 345 350 Asn Gly Gly Ile Ala Ala 355

Claims

1. A method for improving plant growth characteristics relative to a corresponding wild type plant, comprising: (a) introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, wherein said RNA-binding protein or homologue thereof is either: (i) a polypeptide having RNA-binding activity and comprising either 2 or 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and a motif having at least 75% sequence identity to motif I: PYEAAVVALPVVVKERLVRILRLGIATRYD (SEQ ID NO: 12) and/or a motif having at least 50% sequence identity to motif II: RFDPFTGEPYKFDP (SEQ ID NO: 13); or (ii) an RBP1 polypeptide or homologue thereof having (a) RNA-binding activity; (b) two RRM domains, (c) the following two motifs: (i) KIFVGGL (SEQ ID NO: 41); and (ii) RPRGFGF (SEQ ID NO: 42), allowing for up to three amino acid substitutions and any conservative change in the motifs; and (d) having at least 20% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 15; and (b) selecting a plant having improved growth characteristics relative to a corresponding wild type plant.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof comprises: (a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to a seed-preferred promoter or a promoter capable of preferentially expressing said nucleic acid in shoots.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the seed-preferred promoter is prolamin promoter, or wherein the promoter capable of preferentially expressing said nucleic acid in shoots has a comparable expression profile to a beta-expansin promoter.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the improved plant growth characteristic is increased yield, increased seed yield, increased plant biomass, and/or increased growth rate relative to a corresponding wild type plant.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the increased seed yield is selected from any one or more of (i) increased seed biomass; (ii) increased number of (filled) seeds; (iii) increased seed size; (iv) increased seed volume; (v) increased harvest index; and (vi) increased thousand kernel weight (TKW).

7. A plant obtained by the method of claim 1.

8. A construct comprising: (i) a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, wherein said nucleic acid comprises: (a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; (ii) one or more control sequence capable of driving expression of the nucleic acid of (i); and optionally (iii) a transcription termination sequence.

9. The construct of claim 8, wherein the control sequence is a promoter capable of driving expression in seed tissue or a promoter capable of driving expression in shoots.

10. The construct of claim 8, wherein the control sequence is a prolamin promoter or a promoter having a comparable expression profile to a beta-expansin promoter.

11. A plant transformed with the construct of claim 8.

12. The plant of claim 11, wherein said plant is a monocotyledonous plant.

13. A harvestable part or a progeny of the plant of claim 12, wherein said harvestable part or said progeny comprises said nucleic acid.

14. The harvestable part of claim 13, wherein said harvestable part is a seed.

15. A method for the production of a transgenic plant having improved growth characteristics relative to a corresponding wild type plant, comprising: (i) introducing into a plant a nucleic acid encoding an RNA-binding protein or a homologue thereof, wherein said nucleic acid comprises: (a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; (ii) screening for a transgenic plant having improved growth characteristics relative to a corresponding wild type plant; and (iii) cultivating the transgenic plant under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to a seed-preferred promoter or a promoter capable of preferentially expressing said nucleic acid in shoots.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the seed-preferred promoter is prolamin promoter, or wherein the promoter capable of preferentially expressing said nucleic acid in shoots has a comparable expression profile to a beta-expansin promoter.

18. The method of claim 15, further comprising obtaining a progeny plant from said transgenic plant, wherein said progeny plant comprises said nucleic acid and has having improved growth characteristics relative to a corresponding wild type plant.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the improved plant growth characteristic is increased yield, increased seed yield, increased plant biomass, and/or increased growth rate relative to a corresponding wild type plant.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the increased seed yield is selected from any one or more of (i) increased seed biomass; (ii) increased number of (filled) seeds; (iii) increased seed size; (iv) increased seed volume; (v) increased harvest index; and (vi) increased thousand kernel weight (TKW).

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