Patent application title: RECOMBINANT SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS AND USES THEREOF
Inventors:
Yan Zhou (Saskatoon, CA)
Aleksandar Masic (Belleville, CA)
IPC8 Class: AA61K39145FI
USPC Class:
4242061
Class name: Virus or component thereof reassortant or deletion mutant virus influenza virus
Publication date: 2013-07-25
Patent application number: 20130189303
Abstract:
Recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza viruses are disclosed that
include hemagglutinin segments from more than one influenza virus
subtype. Also described are methods of producing the recombinant
influenza viruses, immunogenic compositions comprising the recombinant
influenza viruses, methods of stimulating an immune response against
influenza virus, and methods of treating and preventing influenza virus
infection.Claims:
1. A recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus comprising more than
one hemagglutinin (HA) segment (segment 5) from more than one influenza
subtype, wherein said virus comprises segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from a first
influenza subtype and a second segment 5 from a second influenza subtype,
and further wherein all or a portion of the neuraminidase (NA) segment
(segment 6) of the first influenza subtype is missing to render an
attenuated virus.
2. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 1, wherein said second segment 5 comprises NA packaging sequences from said first influenza subtype located 3' and optionally 5' to said second segment 5.
3. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 2, wherein the NA packaging sequences comprise 3' NA packaging sequences from the 3' NA UTR and the 3' NA coding sequence and, optionally 5' NA packaging sequences from the 5' NA UTR and the 5' NA coding sequence.
4. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 1, wherein the influenza virus is derived from an influenza A virus.
5. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 4, wherein the influenza virus comprises an HA segment from an H1N1 subtype and an HA segment from an H3N2 subtype.
6. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 1, wherein the first influenza subtype is H1N1.
7. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 6, wherein the H1N1 subtype is A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02.
8. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 1, wherein the second influenza subtype is H3N2.
9. The recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 8, wherein the H3N2 subtype is A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98.
10. An attenuated, recombinant, porcine influenza virus comprising segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from an H1N1 influenza subtype, and segment 5 from an H3N2 influenza subtype, wherein all or a portion of segment 6 from the H1N1 influenza subtype is missing, wherein the H3N2 segment 5 is flanked by NA packaging sequences from said H1N1 subtype, wherein the packaging sequences comprise 3' NA packaging sequences from the 3' NA UTR and the 3' NA coding sequence and 5' NA packaging sequences from the 5' NA UTR and the 5' NA coding sequence.
11. The attenuated, recombinant porcine influenza virus of claim 10, wherein the H1N1 subtype is A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02 and the H3N2 subtype is A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98.
12. A composition comprising the recombinant virus of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
13. The composition of claim 12, further comprising an adjuvant.
14. A composition comprising the recombinant virus of claim 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
15. The composition of claim 14, further comprising an adjuvant.
16. A method of eliciting an immunological response in a vertebrate subject, comprising administering the composition of claim 12 to said subject.
17. A method of eliciting an immunological response in a vertebrate subject, comprising administering the composition of claim 14 to said subject.
18. A method of treating or preventing an influenza infection in a vertebrate subject, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 14.
19. A method of vaccinating a subject against an influenza virus, comprising administering an effective amount of the composition of claim 14 to said subject.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the subject is a porcine subject.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the influenza virus is a swine influenza virus.
22. A recombinant construct comprising: (a) a porcine influenza H3N2 subtype HA segment; and (b) porcine influenza H1N1 subtype NA packaging sequences located 3' and optionally 5' to said H3N2 HA segment.
23. The recombinant construct of claim 22, wherein the H3N2 HA segment is flanked by H1N1 NA packaging sequences that comprise 3' NA packaging sequences from the 3' NA UTR and the 3' NA coding sequence and 5' NA packaging sequences from the 5' NA UTR and the 5' NA coding sequence.
24. The recombinant construct of claim 23, wherein the H1N1 subtype is A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02 and the H3N2 subtype is A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98.
25. A method of producing a recombinant, chimeric influenza virus, comprising transfecting a host cell with (a) individual plasmids comprising segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from an H1N1 influenza subtype; and (b) a recombinant construct according to claim 22, and culturing said host cell under conditions that result in the production of said recombinant, chimeric influenza virus.
26. A cell transformed with (a) individual plasmids comprising segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from an H1N1 influenza subtype; and (b) a recombinant construct according to claim 22.
27. A method of producing a composition comprising combining the recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 1 with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
28. A method of producing a composition comprising combining the recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 10 with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
29. A method of producing an influenza vaccine comprising: (a) propagating the recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 1; (b) purifying the virus; and (c) combining the purified virus with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
30. A method of producing an influenza vaccine comprising: (a) propagating the recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus of claim 10; (b) purifying the virus; and (c) combining the purified virus with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
31. A kit comprising one or more containers wherein the one or more containers comprise the recombinant virus of claim 1.
Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/514,156, filed Aug. 2, 2011, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention pertains generally to influenza virus and immunogenic compositions and methods for treating and preventing influenza infection. In particular, the invention relates to recombinant, chimeric swine influenza viruses expressing more than one hemagglutinin (HA) subtype.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by type A and type C influenza viruses. Influenza A viruses are segmented negative-strand RNA viruses and can be isolated from a number of other animal host species, including birds, humans, horses, whales, and mink. Although whole influenza viruses rarely cross the species barrier, gene segments can cross this barrier through the process of genetic reassortment, or genetic shift. Pigs support the replication of both human and avian influenza A viruses and have been postulated to play an important role in interspecies transmission by acting as a "mixing vessel" for reassortment between viruses specific to different host species (Scholtissek, Eur. J. Epidemiol. (1994) 10:455-458). This may lead to the generation of influenza viruses capable of crossing the species barrier to humans.
[0004] Influenza virions include an internal ribonucleoprotein core (a helical nucleocapsid) containing the single-stranded RNA genome, and an outer lipoprotein envelope lined inside by a matrix protein (M1). The genome of influenza A virus consists of eight segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA molecules. Each segment possesses segment-specific RNA packaging signals which are composed of both the noncoding regions and short coding regions at both 5' and 3' ends. The eight segmented RNAs encode 11 viral proteins, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1 and PA) and nucleoprotein (NP) which form the nucleocapsid; the matrix membrane proteins (M1, M2); hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), both surface glycoproteins which project from the lipid-containing envelope; the nonstructural protein (NS1), nuclear export protein (NEP, also termed NS2), the proapoptotic factor PB1-F2. HA is critical for virus binding and entry to the cells, and is the major neutralizing antibody target, whereas NA plays a role in progeny virus release and is essential for virus propagation. Transcription and replication of the genome take place in the nucleus and assembly occurs via budding on the plasma membrane. The viruses can reassort genes during mixed infections.
[0005] Multiple swine influenza virus (SIV) subtypes continue to circulate in swine populations despite available vaccines. Currently, H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 are the dominant subtypes that cause disease in the North American swine population. SIVs of the subtype H3N2 were generated by reassortment between human, avian and classical swine viruses, are undergoing rapid evolution and in general cause more severe disease than classical H1N1 SIV. Current SIV vaccines do not provide cross-protection against multiple antigenic SIV variants.
[0006] Thus, there remains a need for the development of effective strategies for the treatment and prevention of swine influenza infection.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention relates to recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses that possess HAs from two or more subtypes of SIVs and methods of producing and using the same. In preferred embodiments, all or a portion of the NA segment is absent from the recombinant virus such that virus propagation is hindered. Because NA is essential for virus propagation, the function of NA can be provided in culture by growing the virus in the presence of sialidase. The recombinant virus that expresses more than one HA type can be used in immunogenic compositions to stimulate an immune response against influenza virus, and for treating and preventing influenza virus infection. Because HAs from different subtypes of SIVs are present, compositions including the chimeric influenza viruses can be used to provide broad coverage against a number of influenza strains.
[0008] In particular, the inventors herein have found that a chimeric virus including both H1 and H3, and retaining NA 3' and 5' viral RNA-specific packaging signals but lacking the remainder of the NA segment, grows efficiently in culture and is attenuated in pigs as no sialidase is present in swine. The NA packaging signals are largely retained for efficient packaging. Such chimeric constructs can be used as effective and safe live, attenuated vaccines.
[0009] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention is directed to a recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza virus comprising more than one hemagglutinin (HA) segment (segment 5) from more than one influenza subtype. In particular, the virus comprises segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from a first influenza subtype and a second segment 5 from a second influenza subtype. Further, all or a portion of the neuraminidase (NA) segment (segment 6) of the first influenza subtype is missing to render an attenuated virus.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the second segment 5 comprises NA packaging sequences from said first influenza subtype located 3' and optionally 5' to said second segment 5. In additional embodiments, the NA packaging sequences comprise 3' NA packaging sequences from the 3' NA UTR and the 3' NA coding sequence and, optionally 5' NA packaging sequences from the 5' NA UTR and the 5' NA coding sequence.
[0011] In further embodiments, the influenza virus described above is from an influenza A virus. In certain embodiments, the influenza virus comprises an HA segment from an H1N1 subtype and an HA segment from an H3N2 subtype. In certain embodiments, the first influenza subtype is H1N1, such as A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02. In other embodiments, the second influenza subtype is H3N2, such as A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98.
[0012] In yet additional embodiments, the invention is directed to an attenuated, recombinant, porcine influenza virus comprising segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from an H1N1 influenza subtype, and segment 5 from an H3N2 influenza subtype. Further, all or a portion of segment 6 from the H1N1 influenza subtype is missing and the H3N2 segment 5 is flanked by NA packaging sequences from the H1N1 subtype. The packaging sequences comprise 3' NA packaging sequences from the 3' NA UTR and the 3' NA coding sequence and 5' NA packaging sequences from the 5' NA UTR and the 5' NA coding sequence. In certain embodiments, the H1N1 subtype is A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02 and the H3N2 subtype is A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98.
[0013] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to a composition comprising any one of the recombinant viruses described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an adjuvant. In yet additional embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of eliciting an immunological response in a vertebrate subject, comprising administering the composition to the subject. In other embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of treating or preventing an influenza infection in a vertebrate subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition. In other embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of vaccinating a subject against an influenza virus, comprising administering an effective amount of the composition to the subject. In certain embodiments, the subject is a porcine subject.
[0014] In additional embodiments, the invention is directed to a recombinant construct comprising: (a) a porcine influenza H3N2 subtype HA segment; and (b) porcine influenza H1N1 subtype NA packaging sequences located 3' and optionally 5' to said H3N2 HA segment. In certain embodiments, the H3N2 HA segment is flanked by H1N1 NA packaging sequences that comprise 3' NA packaging sequences from the 3' NA UTR and the 3' NA coding sequence and 5' NA packaging sequences from the 5' NA UTR and the 5' NA coding sequence. In additional embodiments the H1N1 subtype is A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02 and the H3N2 subtype is A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98.
[0015] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of producing a recombinant, chimeric influenza virus, comprising transfecting a host cell with (a) individual plasmids comprising segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from an H1N1 influenza subtype; and (b) a recombinant construct described above, and culturing the host cell under conditions that result in the production of the recombinant, chimeric influenza virus.
[0016] In other embodiments, the invention is directed to a cell transformed with (a) individual plasmids comprising segments 1-5, 7 and 8 from an H1N1 influenza subtype; and (b) a recombinant construct as described above.
[0017] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of producing a composition comprising combining any of the recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza viruses described above with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0018] In other embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of producing an influenza vaccine comprising: (a) propagating any one of the recombinant, chimeric porcine influenza viruses described above; (b) purifying the virus; and (c) combining the purified virus with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0019] In yet additional embodiments, the invention is directed to a kit comprising one or more containers of any one of the recombinant viruses described above, or the compositions described above.
[0020] These and other embodiments of the subject invention will readily occur to those of skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0021] FIGS. 1A and 1B depict various influenza segments for use in the present invention. FIG. 1A depicts the 8 segments of a wild-type Influenza A H1N1 SIV virus, A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02 (termed "SK02" herein) and the 8 segments of the recombinant, chimeric attenuated virus produced as described in the examples (termed "SIV-606" herein). FIG. 1B is a schematic representation of the segment termed "H3-HA" in FIG. 1A. The HA segment depicted in FIG. 1B was derived from an H3N2 Influenza A virus, A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98 (termed "Tx98" herein) and included the 3' and 5' NA packaging signals from SK02.
[0022] FIG. 2 shows the growth curves of SIV-606 and SIV/SK02.
[0023] FIGS. 3A-3C show the body temperature of pigs infected with high and low doses of SK02 (FIG. 3A), Tx98 (FIG. 3B) and SIV-606 (FIG. 3C).
[0024] FIG. 4 shows the lung virus titers of pigs infected with high and low doses of SIV/SK02, SIV Tx98 and SIV-606.
[0025] FIGS. 5A and 5B (SEQ ID NOS:1 and 2) show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence, respectively, of HA from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619961.1).
[0026] FIGS. 6A and 6B (SEQ ID NOS:3 and 4) show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence, respectively, of NA from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619960.1).
[0027] FIGS. 7A-7C (SEQ ID NOS:5, 6 and 7) show the matrix nucleotide sequence (FIG. 7A) and the amino acid sequences of M2 (FIG. 7B) and M1 (FIG. 7C) from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619959.1).
[0028] FIGS. 8A and 8B (SEQ ID NOS:8 and 9) show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence, respectively, of NP from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619958.1).
[0029] FIGS. 9A-9C (SEQ ID NOS:10, 11 and 12) show the nonstructural protein nucleotide sequence (FIG. 9A) and the amino acid sequences of NEP (FIG. 9B) and NS1 (FIG. 9C) from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619957.1).
[0030] FIGS. 10A and 10B (SEQ ID NOS:13 and 14) show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence, respectively, of PA from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619956).
[0031] FIGS. 11A and 11B (SEQ ID NOS:15 and 16) show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence, respectively, of PB1 from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619955.1).
[0032] FIGS. 12A and 12B (SEQ ID NOS:17 and 18) show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence, respectively, of PB2 from SIV SK02 (GenBank: AY619954.1).
[0033] FIGS. 13A and 13B (SEQ ID NOS:19 and 20) show the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence, respectively, of HA from SIV Tx98.
[0034] FIGS. 14A-14C show SIV/SK02-specific serum IgG titers (FIG. 14A); SIV/Tx98-specific serum IgG titers (FIG. 14B); and H1N1 Halifax-specific serum IgG titers (FIG. 14C) in pigs vaccinated with SIV-606.
[0035] FIGS. 15A-15C show SIV/SK02-specific nasal IgA titers (FIG. 15A); SIV/Tx98-specific nasal IgA titers (FIG. 15B); and H1N1 Halifax-specific nasal IgA titers (FIG. 15C) in pigs vaccinated with SIV-606.
[0036] FIGS. 16A-16C show SIV/SK02-specific BALF IgA titers (FIG. 16A); SIV/Tx98-specific BALF IgA titers (FIG. 16B); and H1N1 Halifax-specific BALF IgA titers (FIG. 16C) in pigs vaccinated with SIV-606.
[0037] FIGS. 17A and 17B show rectal temperature in unvaccinated control pigs and SIV-606 vaccinated pigs challenged with SIV/SK02 (FIG. 17A) and challenged with SIV/Tx98 (FIG. 17B).
[0038] FIGS. 18A and 18B show the percentage of lung lesions (FIG. 18A) and lung viral load (FIG. 18B) in unvaccinated SIV/SK02 and SIV/Tx98 pigs, as well as in pigs vaccinated with SIV-606.
[0039] FIGS. 19A-19E show histopathological lesions in unvaccinated, unchallenged pigs (FIG. 19A); MEM vaccinated and challenged pigs (FIG. 19B); SIV-606 vaccinated and SIV/SK02 challenged pigs (FIG. 19C); MEM vaccinated and SIV/Tx98 challenged pigs (FIG. 19D); and SIV-606 vaccinated and SIV/Tx98 challenged pigs (FIG. 19E).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0040] The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of virology, chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and immunology, within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Fundamental Virology, Current Edition, vol. I & II (B. N. Fields and D. M. Knipe, eds.); Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vols. I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications); T. E. Creighton, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Properties (W.H. Freeman and Company); A. L. Lehninger, Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, Inc., current edition); Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (current edition); Methods In Enzymology (S. Colowick and N. Kaplan eds., Academic Press, Inc.).
[0041] All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0042] The following amino acid abbreviations are used throughout the text:
[0043] Alanine: Ala (A) Arginine: Arg (R)
[0044] Asparagine: Asn (N) Aspartic acid: Asp (D)
[0045] Cysteine: Cys (C) Glutamine: Gln (O)
[0046] Glutamic acid: Glu (E) Glycine: Gly (G)
[0047] Histidine: H is (H) Isoleucine: Ile (I)
[0048] Leucine: Leu (L) Lysine: Lys (K)
[0049] Methionine: Met (M) Phenylalanine: Phe (F)
[0050] Proline: Pro (P) Serine: Ser (S)
[0051] Threonine: Thr (T) Tryptophan: Trp (W)
[0052] Tyrosine: Tyr (Y) Valine: Val (V)
1. DEFINITIONS
[0053] In describing the present invention, the following terms will be employed, and are intended to be defined as indicated below.
[0054] It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "an influenza A virus" includes a mixture of two or more such viruses, and the like.
[0055] As used herein, the term "influenza virus" refers to members of the orthomyxoviridae family of enveloped viruses with a segmented antisense RNA genome (Knipe and Howley (eds.) Fields Virology, 4th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 2001). The term influenza virus may include any strain of influenza virus, such as influenza A, B, or C, which is capable of causing disease in an animal or human subject. In particular, the term encompasses any subtype of influenza A virus selected from H1-H15 and N1-N9, such as but not limited to H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H3N1, H9N2 and H5N1, or any combination of H's and N's. A large number of influenza isolates have been partially or completely sequenced. See, e.g., the Influenza Sequence Database (ISD) (website at flu.lanl.gov; described by Macken et al., "The value of a database in surveillance and vaccine selection." in Options for the Control of Influenza IV. A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, N. Cox & A. W. Hampson (Eds.) Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2001, 103-106) and the GenBank database, particularly the Influenza Virus Resource (website at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/FLU.html). The ISD and GenBank databases contain complete sequences for influenza A, B and C genome segments.
[0056] The term "derived from" is used herein to identify the original source of a molecule but is not meant to limit the method by which the molecule is made which can be, for example, by chemical synthesis or recombinant means.
[0057] An influenza virus molecule is a molecule derived from an influenza virus, including, without limitation, polypeptide, protein, polynucleotide, oligonucleotide, and nucleic acid molecules, as defined herein, from any of the various isolates of influenza subtypes A, B, or C. The molecule need not be physically derived from the particular isolate in question, but may be synthetically or recombinantly produced.
[0058] Nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences for a number of influenza virus isolates are known. Representative influenza sequences are presented in FIGS. 5-13 herein. Additional representative sequences, including additional sequences for the 8 influenza segments, including those segments coding for hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), polymerase acidic protein (PA), polymerase basic proteins 1 and 2 (PB1 and PB2), matrix membrane proteins 1 and 2 (M1 and M2), nucleoprotein (NP), and nonstructural proteins 1 and 2 (NS1 and NEP, also termed NS2) from influenza isolates found in various species are listed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and the Influenza Research Database found at fludb.org. See also Ferguson et al. (2003) Nature 422: 428-433; Lin et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 9654-9658; Nguyen et al. (2005) J. Virol. 79:4201-4212; Ha et al. (2002) EMBO J. 21:865-875; and Chan et al. (2004) J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 37:135-144; for sequence comparisons and a discussion of genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of influenza virus.
[0059] As used herein, the term "swine influenza virus" refers to a type A or type C influenza virus from the family orthomyxovirus that causes swine influenza. While orthomyxovirus has three groups: type A, type B and type C, only type A and type C influenza viruses infect pigs. Subtypes of swine influenza virus include H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H3N1, H9N2 and H5N1. In certain embodiments, a swine influenza virus is an influenza virus that has been isolated from swine. For purposes of the present invention, a swine influenza virus is either a wild-type swine influenza virus or a recombinant, chimeric influenza virus derived from a wild-type swine influenza virus.
[0060] As used herein, the phrase "wild-type swine influenza virus" refers to the types of a swine virus that are prevalent, circulating naturally and producing typical outbreaks of disease. Examples of wild-type swine influenza viruses include, but are not limited to, A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02, A/Swine/Colorado/1/77, A/Swine/Colorado/23619/99, A/Swine/Cote d'Armor/3633/84, A/Swine/Cote d'Armor/3633/84, A/Swine/England/195852/92, A/Swine/Finistere/2899/82, A/Swine/Hong Kong/10/98, A/Swine/Hong Kong/9/98, A/Swine/Hong Kong/81/78, A/Swine/Illinois/100084/01, A/Swine/Illinois/100085A/01, A/Swine/Illinois/21587/99, A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88, A/Swine/Indiana/9K035/99, A/Swine/Indiana/P 12439/00, A/Swine/Iowa/30, A/Swine/Iowa/15/30, A/Swine/Iowa/533/99, A/Swine/Iowa/569/99, A/Swine/Iowa/3421/90, A/Swine/Iowa/8548-1/98, A/Swine/Iowa/930/01, A/Swine/Iowa/17672/88, A/Swine/Italy/1513-1/98, A/Swine/Italy/1523/98, A/Swine/Korea/CY02/02, A/Swine/Minnesota/55551/00, A/Swine/Minnesota/593/99, A/Swine/Minnesota/9088-2/98, A/Swine/Nebraska/1/92, A/Swine/Nebraska/209/98, A/Swine/Netherlands/12/85, A/Swine/North Carolina/16497/99, A/Swine/North Carolina/35922/98, A/Swine/North Carolina/93523/01, A/Swine/North Carolina/98225/01, A/Swine/Oedenrode/7C/96, A/Swine/Ohio/891/01, A/Swine/Oklahoma/18717/99, A/Swine/Oklahoma/18089/99, A/Swine/Ontario/01911-1/99, A/Swine/Ontario/01911-2/99, A/Swine/Ontario/41848/97, A/Swine/Ontario/97, A/Swine/Quebec/192/81, A/Swine/Quebec/192/91, A/Swine/Quebec/5393/91, A/Swine/Taiwan/7310/70, A/Swine/Tennessee/24/77, A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98, A/Swine/Wisconsin/125/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/136/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/163/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/164/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/166/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/168/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/235/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/238/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/457/98, A/Swine/Wisconsin/458/98, A/Swine/Wisconsin/464/98 and A/Swine/Wisconsin/14094/99.
[0061] The term "HA gene" refers to the gene which encodes the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein which projects from the lipid-containing envelope in influenza. HA is one of the molecules encoded by the segmented genome of influenza A and other viruses. A "swine influenza virus HA gene" is an HA gene isolated from a swine influenza virus, such as from any of the strains described above. The polynucleotide and amino acid sequences of representative swine HA genes can be found in public sequence databases such as GenBank. For example, HA genes from H1N1 and include, but are not limited to, GenBank Accession Nos. AY619961.1 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B); GQ457549.1; GQ457548.1; GQ457547.1; CY091769.1; CY091745.1; CY091737.1; CY091729.1; GU721143.3; JF820285.1; JF820277.1; JF707784.1; CY087136.1; CY087104.1; CY087096.1; CY087080.1; CY087072.1; CY087064.1; CY087056.1; CY087048.1; CY086863.1; CY086839.1; CY086353.1; CY086006.1; CY085990.1; CY085982.1; CY085974.1; CY085966.1; CY085958.1; CY085950.1; CY085942.1; CY085934.1; CY085926.1; CY085918.1; CY085910.1; CY085902.1; CY085894.1; CY085886.1; CY085878.1; CY085870.1; CY085854.1; CY085846.1; CY085838.1; CY085830.1; CY085822.1; CY085814.1; CY085806.1; CY085798.1; CY085790.1; CY085782.1; CY085774.1; CY085766.1; CY085758.1; CY085742.1; CY085726.1; CY085718.1; CY085710.1; CY085702.1; CY085694.1; CY085686.1; CY085670.1; JF833344.1; JF833343.1; JF833341.1; JF833339.1; JF833338.1; JF833337.1; JF833335.1; JF916682.1; JF812292.1; JF812291.1; JF812290.1; JF812287.1; JF812284.1; JF812281.1; JF812280.1; JF812279.1; JF812278.1; JF812273.1; JF812272.1; JF812271.1; AF091317.1; AF091315.1; AF091314.1.
[0062] HA genes from H3N2 and include, but are not limited to, the sequence shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B; as well as GenBank Accession Nos. AY377927.2; CY092324.1; AF153233.1; JN105973.1; HQ315643.1; FJ519977.1; FJ519976.1; FJ519975.1; FJ519974.1; FJ519973.1; FJ519972.1; FJ519971.1; GU937743.1; JF833345.1; JF833340.1; JF833336.1; JF833334.1; JF812293.1; JF812289.1; JF812277.1; JF812276.1; JF812275.1; JF812274.1; CY045575.1; CY045567.1; CY045559.1; CY045551.1; HQ825243.1; HQ825235.1; HQ825229.1; HQ825226.1; HQ825223.1; HQ825218.1; HQ825210.1; HQ825210.1; HQ825198.1; HQ825190.1; HQ825182.1; HQ825174.1; HQ825166.1; JF312065.1; JF312064.1; CY086920.1; JF312073.1; JF312072.1; JF312071.1; JF316643.1; JF263536.1; JF263535.1; HQ734204.1; HQ734201.1; HQ734198.1; HQ734195.1; HQ734192.1; HQ734189.1; HQ734186.1; CY077942.1; CY077934.1.
[0063] The term "NA gene" refers to the gene which encodes the neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoprotein which projects from the lipid-containing envelope in influenza. NA is one of the molecules encoded by the segmented genome of influenza A and other viruses. A "swine influenza virus NA gene" is an NA gene isolated from a swine influenza virus, such as from any of the strains described above. The polynucleotide and amino acid sequences of representative swine NA genes can be found in public sequence databases such as GenBank. For example, NA genes from H1N1 and include, but are not limited to, AY619960.1 (see FIGS. 6A and 6B); JF833356.1.; JF833355.1; JF833353.1; JF833351.1; JF833350.1; JF833349.1; JF833355.1; JF833347.1; JF812315.1; JF812314.1; JF812313.1; JF812310.1; JF812307.1; JF812304.1; JF812303.1; JF812302.1; JF812301.1; JF812294.1; FJ791299.1; FJ791298.1; FJ791297.1; FJ791296.1; FJ791295.1; FJ791294.1; FJ791293.1; FJ791292.1; FJ791291.1; FJ791290.1; FJ791289.1; FJ791288.1; FJ791287.1.
[0064] The term "NA packaging signal" refers to the 3' and 5' viral RNA-specific packaging signals for NA that provide for efficient incorporation of viral RNA into viral particles. The packaging signals are present in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) and extend into the coding region of the NA segment. Preferably, the NA packaging signals used in the production of the recombinant, chimeric viruses will include only so much of the NA region sufficient for packaging and will not include the entire NA coding sequence. NA packaging signals are discussed in greater detail below.
[0065] As used herein, the phrase "multiplicity of infection" or "MOI" is the average number of virus per infected cell. The MOI is determined by dividing the number of virus added (ml added x PFU) by the number of cells added (ml added x cells/ml).
[0066] As used herein, the term "attenuated" means that an influenza virus variant, such as a recombinant, chimeric virus described herein, exhibits a measurable reduction in replication efficiency relative to wild-type influenza virus. The replication efficiency of an influenza virus may be determined, for example, by measuring plaque size in MDCK cells, by measuring virus titers over multiple growth cycles, or by isolating virus from infected lung tissue and measuring titers.
[0067] The terms "polypeptide" and "protein" refer to a polymer of amino acid residues and are not limited to a minimum length of the product. Thus, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, multimers, and the like, are included within the definition. Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms also include postexpression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and the like. Furthermore, for purposes of the present invention, a "polypeptide" refers to a protein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions and substitutions, to the native sequence, so long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.
[0068] "Substantially purified" generally refers to isolation of a substance (recombinant virus, compound, polynucleotide, protein, polypeptide, polypeptide composition) such that the substance comprises the majority percent of the sample in which it resides. Typically in a sample, a substantially purified component comprises 50%, preferably 80%-85%, more preferably 90-95% of the sample. Techniques for purifying molecules of interest are well-known in the art and include, for example, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and sedimentation according to density.
[0069] By "isolated" is meant, when referring to a polypeptide, that the indicated molecule is separate and discrete from the whole organism with which the molecule is found in nature or is present in the substantial absence of other biological macro-molecules of the same type. The term "isolated" with respect to a polynucleotide is a nucleic acid molecule devoid, in whole or part, of sequences normally associated with it in nature; or a sequence, as it exists in nature, but having heterologous sequences in association therewith; or a molecule disassociated from the chromosome.
[0070] "Homology" refers to the percent identity between two polynucleotide or two polypeptide moieties. Two nucleic acid, or two polypeptide sequences are "substantially homologous" to each other when the sequences exhibit at least about 50% sequence identity, preferably at least about 75% sequence identity, more preferably at least about 80%-85% sequence identity, more preferably at least about 90% sequence identity, and most preferably at least about 95%-98% sequence identity over a defined length of the molecules. As used herein, substantially homologous also refers to sequences showing complete identity to the specified sequence.
[0071] In general, "identity" refers to an exact nucleotide-to-nucleotide or amino acid-to-amino acid correspondence of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences, respectively. Percent identity can be determined by a direct comparison of the sequence information between two molecules by aligning the sequences, counting the exact number of matches between the two aligned sequences, dividing by the length of the shorter sequence, and multiplying the result by 100. Readily available computer programs can be used to aid in the analysis, such as ALIGN, Dayhoff, M. O. in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure M. O. Dayhoff ed., 5 Suppl. 3:353-358, National biomedical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., which adapts the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman Advances in Appl. Math. 2:482-489, 1981 for peptide analysis. Programs for determining nucleotide sequence identity are available in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.) for example, the BESTFIT, FASTA and GAP programs, which also rely on the Smith and Waterman algorithm. These programs are readily utilized with the default parameters recommended by the manufacturer and described in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package referred to above. For example, percent identity of a particular nucleotide sequence to a reference sequence can be determined using the homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman with a default scoring table and a gap penalty of six nucleotide positions.
[0072] Another method of establishing percent identity in the context of the present invention is to use the MPSRCH package of programs copyrighted by the University of Edinburgh, developed by John F. Collins and Shane S. Sturrok, and distributed by IntelliGenetics, Inc. (Mountain View, Calif.). From this suite of packages the Smith-Waterman algorithm can be employed where default parameters are used for the scoring table (for example, gap open penalty of 12, gap extension penalty of one, and a gap of six). From the data generated the "Match" value reflects "sequence identity." Other suitable programs for calculating the percent identity or similarity between sequences are generally known in the art, for example, another alignment program is BLAST, used with default parameters. For example, BLASTN and BLASTP can be used using the following default parameters: genetic code=standard; filter=none; strand=both; cutoff=60; expect=10; Matrix=BLOSUM62; Descriptions=50 sequences; sort by ═HIGH SCORE; Databases=non-redundant, GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB+GenBank CDS translations+Swiss protein+Spupdate+PIR. Details of these programs are readily available.
[0073] Alternatively, homology can be determined by hybridization of polynucleotides under conditions which form stable duplexes between homologous regions, followed by digestion with single-stranded-specific nuclease(s), and size determination of the digested fragments. DNA sequences that are substantially homologous can be identified in a Southern hybridization experiment under, for example, stringent conditions, as defined for that particular system. Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within the skill of the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra; DNA Cloning, supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization, supra.
[0074] The teens "polynucleotide," "oligonucleotide," "nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid molecule" are used herein to include a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. This term refers only to the primary structure of the molecule. Thus, the term includes triple-, double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as triple-, double- and single-stranded RNA. It also includes modifications, such as by methylation and/or by capping, and unmodified forms of the polynucleotide. More particularly, the terms "polynucleotide," "oligonucleotide," "nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid molecule" include polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose), polyribonucleotides (containing D-ribose), any other type of polynucleotide which is an N- or C-glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base, and other polymers containing normucleotidic backbones, for example, polyamide (e.g., peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)) and polymorpholino (commercially available from the Anti-Virals, Inc., Corvallis, Oreg., as Neugene) polymers, and other synthetic sequence-specific nucleic acid polymers providing that the polymers contain nucleobases in a configuration which allows for base pairing and base stacking, such as is found in DNA and RNA. There is no intended distinction in length between the terms "polynucleotide," "oligonucleotide," "nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid molecule," and these terms will be used interchangeably. Thus, these terms include, for example, 3'-deoxy-2',5'-DNA, oligodeoxyribonucleotide N3' P5' phosphoramidates, 2'-O-alkyl-substituted RNA, double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA, DNA:RNA hybrids, and hybrids between PNAs and DNA or RNA, and also include known types of modifications, for example, labels which are known in the art, methylation, "caps," substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.), with negatively charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), and with positively charged linkages (e.g., aminoalklyphosphoramidates, aminoalkylphosphotriesters), those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (including nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine, etc.), those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.), those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing alkylators, those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.), as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotide or oligonucleotide. In particular, DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.
[0075] A polynucleotide "derived from" a designated sequence refers to a polynucleotide sequence which comprises a contiguous sequence of approximately at least about 6 nucleotides, preferably at least about 8 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 10-12 nucleotides, and even more preferably at least about 15-20 nucleotides corresponding, i.e., identical or complementary to, a region of the designated nucleotide sequence. The derived polynucleotide will not necessarily be derived physically from the nucleotide sequence of interest, but may be generated in any manner, including, but not limited to, chemical synthesis, replication, reverse transcription or transcription, which is based on the information provided by the sequence of bases in the region(s) from which the polynucleotide is derived. As such, it may represent either a sense or an antisense orientation of the original polynucleotide.
[0076] "Recombinant" as used herein to describe a nucleic acid molecule means a polynucleotide of genomic, RNA, cDNA, viral, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin which, by virtue of its origin or manipulation is not associated with all or a portion of the polynucleotide with which it is associated in nature. The term "recombinant" as used with respect to a virus, means a virus produced by manipulation of the viral genome.
[0077] "Recombinant host cells," "host cells," "cells," "cell lines," "cell cultures," and other such terms denoting microorganisms or higher eukaryotic cell lines cultured as unicellular entities refer to cells which can be, or have been, used as recipients for recombinant viruses and vectors or other transferred nucleic acid, and include the original progeny of the original cell which has been transfected.
[0078] A "coding sequence" or a sequence which "encodes" a selected polypeptide, is a nucleic acid molecule which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences (or "control elements"). The boundaries of the coding sequence can be determined by a start codon at the 5' (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3' (carboxy) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, RNA or cDNA from viral, procaryotic or eucaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from viral or procaryotic DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. A transcription termination sequence may be located 3' to the coding sequence.
[0079] Typical "control elements" include, but are not limited to, transcription promoters, transcription enhancer elements, transcription termination signals, polyadenylation sequences (located 3' to the translation stop codon), sequences for optimization of initiation of translation (located 5' to the coding sequence), and translation termination sequences.
[0080] "Operably linked" refers to an arrangement of elements wherein the components so described are configured so as to perform their usual function. Thus, a given promoter operably linked to a coding sequence is capable of effecting the expression of the coding sequence when the proper enzymes are present. The promoter need not be contiguous with the coding sequence, so long as it functions to direct the expression thereof. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between the promoter sequence and the coding sequence and the promoter sequence can still be considered "operably linked" to the coding sequence.
[0081] "Encoded by" refers to a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a polypeptide sequence, wherein the polypeptide sequence or a portion thereof contains an amino acid sequence of at least 3 to 5 amino acids, more preferably at least 8 to 10 amino acids, and even more preferably at least 15 to 20 amino acids from a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence.
[0082] "Expression cassette" or "expression construct" refers to an assembly which is capable of directing the expression of the sequence(s) or gene(s) of interest. An expression cassette generally includes control elements, as described above, such as a promoter which is operably linked to (so as to direct transcription of) the sequence(s) or gene(s) of interest, and often includes a polyadenylation sequence as well. An expression cassette may be contained within a plasmid construct. In addition to the components of the expression cassette, the plasmid construct may also include, one or more selectable markers, a signal which allows the plasmid construct to exist as single-stranded DNA (e.g., a M13 origin of replication), at least one multiple cloning site, and a "mammalian" origin of replication (e.g., a SV40 or adenovirus origin of replication).
[0083] The term "transfection" is used to refer to the uptake of foreign nucleic acid by a cell. A cell has been "transfected" when exogenous nucleic acid has been introduced inside the cell membrane. A number of transfection techniques are generally known in the art. See, e.g., Graham et al. (1973) Virology, 52:456, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, a laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York, Davis et al. (1986) Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier, and Chu et al. (1981) Gene 13:197. Such techniques can be used to introduce one or more exogenous DNA moieties into suitable host cells. The term refers to both stable and transient uptake of the genetic material, and includes uptake of peptide- or antibody-linked nucleic acids.
[0084] A "vector" is capable of transferring nucleic acid sequences to target cells (e.g., viral vectors, non-viral vectors, particulate carriers, and liposomes). Typically, "vector construct," "expression vector," and "gene transfer vector," mean any nucleic acid construct capable of directing the expression of a nucleic acid of interest and which can transfer nucleic acid sequences to target cells. Thus, the term includes cloning and expression vehicles, as well as viral vectors.
[0085] An "immunological response" to an antigen or composition is the development in a subject of a humoral and/or a cellular immune response to an antigen present in the composition of interest. For purposes of the present invention, a "humoral immune response" refers to an immune response mediated by antibody molecules, while a "cellular immune response" is one mediated by T-lymphocytes and/or other white blood cells. One important aspect of cellular immunity involves an antigen-specific response by cytolytic T-cells ("CTL"s). CTLs have specificity for peptide antigens that are presented in association with proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and expressed on the surfaces of cells. CTLs help induce and promote the destruction of intracellular microbes, or the lysis of cells infected with such microbes. Another aspect of cellular immunity involves an antigen-specific response by helper T-cells. Helper T-cells act to help stimulate the function, and focus the activity of nonspecific effector cells against cells displaying peptide antigens in association with MHC molecules on their surface. A "cellular immune response" also refers to the production of cytokines, chemokines and other such molecules produced by activated T-cells and/or other white blood cells, including those derived from CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.
[0086] A composition or vaccine that elicits a cellular immune response may serve to sensitize a vertebrate subject by the presentation of antigen in association with MHC molecules at the cell surface. The cell-mediated immune response is directed at, or near, cells presenting antigen at their surface. In addition, antigen-specific T-lymphocytes can be generated to allow for the future protection of an immunized host.
[0087] The ability of a particular antigen to stimulate a cell-mediated immunological response may be determined by a number of assays, such as by lymphoproliferation (lymphocyte activation) assays, CTL cytotoxic cell assays, or by assaying for T-lymphocytes specific for the antigen in a sensitized subject. Such assays are well known in the art. See, e.g., Erickson et al., J. Immunol. (1993) 151:4189-4199; Doe et al., Eur. J. Immunol. (1994) 24:2369-2376. Recent methods of measuring cell-mediated immune response include measurement of intracellular cytokines or cytokine secretion by T-cell populations, or by measurement of epitope specific T-cells (e.g., by the tetramer technique) (reviewed by McMichael, A. J., and O'Callaghan, C. A., J. Exp. Med. (1998) 187:1367-1371; Mcheyzer-Williams, M. G., et al, Immunol. Rev. (1996) 150:5-21; Lalvani, A., et al, J. Exp. Med. (1997) 186:859-865).
[0088] Thus, an immunological response as used herein may be one that stimulates the production of antibodies (e.g., neutralizing antibodies that block pathogens such as viruses entering cells and replicating by binding to toxins and pathogens, typically protecting cells from infection and destruction). The antigen of interest may also elicit production of CTLs. Hence, an immunological response may include one or more of the following effects: the production of antibodies by B-cells; and/or the activation of suppressor T-cells and/or memory/effector T-cells directed specifically to an antigen or antigens present in the composition or vaccine of interest. These responses may serve to neutralize infectivity, and/or mediate antibody-complement, or antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) to provide protection to an immunized host. Such responses can be determined using standard immunoassays and neutralization assays, well known in the art. (See, e.g., Montefiori et al. J. Clin Microbiol. (1988) 26:231-235; Dreyer et al., AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses (1999) 15:1563-1571). The innate immune system of mammals also recognizes and responds to molecular features of pathogenic organisms via activation of Toll-like receptors and similar receptor molecules on immune cells. Upon activation of the innate immune system, various non-adaptive immune response cells. are activated to, e.g., produce various cytokines, lymphokines and chemokines. Cells activated by an innate immune response include immature and mature Dendritic cells of the monocyte and plamsacytoid lineage (MDC, PDC), as well as gamma, delta, alpha and beta T cells and B cells and the like. Thus, the present invention also contemplates an immune response wherein the immune response involves both an innate and adaptive response.
[0089] An "immunogenic composition" is a composition that comprises an antigenic molecule where administration of the composition to a subject results in the development in the subject of an immunological response as defined above.
[0090] An "antigen" refers to a molecule, such as a protein, polypeptide, or fragment thereof, or an attenuated virus, containing one or more epitopes (either linear, conformational or both) that will stimulate a host's immune-system to make an immunological response, as defined above. The term is used interchangeably with the term "immunogen." The term "antigen" denotes both subunit antigens, (i.e., antigens which are separate and discrete from a whole organism with which the antigen is associated in nature), as well as, killed, attenuated or inactivated bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or other microbes. Similarly, an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which expresses an antigen or antigenic determinant in vivo, such as in gene therapy and nucleic acid immunization applications, is also included in the definition of antigen herein.
[0091] By "vertebrate subject" is meant any member of the subphylum chordata, including, without limitation, humans and other primates, including non-human primates such as chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses; domestic mammals such as dogs and cats; laboratory animals including rodents such as mice, rats and guinea pigs; birds, including domestic, wild and game birds such as chickens, turkeys and other gallinaceous birds, ducks, geese, and the like. The term does not denote a particular age. Thus, both adult and newborn individuals are intended to be covered.
[0092] By "therapeutically effective amount" in the context of the immunogenic compositions is meant an amount of an immunogen, e.g., a recombinant, chimeric influenza virus, which will induce an immunological response, either for antibody production or for treatment or prevention of influenza virus infection. Such a response will generally result in the development in the subject of an antibody-mediated and/or a secretory or cellular immune response to the composition. Usually, such a response includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects; the production of antibodies from any of the immunological classes, such as immunoglobulins A, D, E, G or M; the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes; the provision of activation, growth and differentiation signals to immunological cells; expansion of helper T cell, suppressor T cell, and/or cytotoxic T cell and/or γδT cell populations.
[0093] "Parenteral administration" refers to introduction into the body outside the digestive tract, such as by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal or intravenous administration. This is to be contrasted with delivery to a mucosal surface, such as oral, nasal, vaginal or rectal. "Mucosal administration" refers to introduction into the body via any mucosal surface, such as intragastrically, pulmonarily, transdermally, intestinally, ocularly, intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, intratracheally or the like.
[0094] As used herein, "treatment" refers to any of (i) the prevention of infection or reinfection, as in a traditional vaccine, (ii) the reduction or elimination of symptoms, and (iii) the substantial or complete elimination of influenza virus from an infected individual. Treatment may be effected prophylactically (prior to infection) or therapeutically (following infection).
2. MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0095] Before describing the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular formulations or process parameters as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of the invention only, and is not intended to be limiting.
[0096] Although a number of methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred materials and methods are described herein.
[0097] The present invention provides recombinant, chimeric swine influenza viruses which are attenuated with an impaired ability to replicate in vivo, methods for producing such attenuated swine influenza viruses, and the use of such viruses in vaccine and pharmaceutical formulations. Such viruses are capable of generating an immune response and creating immunity but either do not cause illness or cause fewer and/or less severe symptoms, i.e., the viruses have decreased virulence. Therefore, they are ideal candidates for live virus vaccines. Moreover, because HAs from different subtypes of SIVs are present, compositions including the chimeric influenza viruses can be used to provide broad coverage against a number of influenza strains.
[0098] In particular, the invention pertains to recombinant, chimera influenza viruses that include HA segments from more than one influenza subtype and include a deletion of all or part of the NA segment, immunogenic compositions comprising the viruses, as well as methods of stimulating an immune response against influenza virus, and methods of interfering with influenza virus replication.
[0099] In order to further an understanding of the invention, a more detailed discussion is provided below regarding the production of recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses and methods of using the same in compositions in the treatment and/or prevention of influenza virus infection.
A. Recombinant, Chimeric Influenza Viruses
[0100] Wild-type swine influenza viruses typically include an 8 segmented genome with the segments designated as follows:
TABLE-US-00001 SEGMENT GENE PRODUCT NAME 1 PB2 (Polymerase (basic) protein 2) 2 PB1 (Polymerase (basic) protein 1) 3 PA (Polymerase (acidic) protein) 4 HA (Hemagglutinin) 5 NP (Nucleoprotein) 6 NA (Neuraminidase) 7 M1 (Matrix protein 1); M2 (Matrix protein 2) 8 NS1 (Non-structural protein 1); NEP, also termed NS2 (Non-structural protein 2)
[0101] The recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses described herein include two or more HA segments (segment 4) from two or more subtypes of influenza viruses. The recombinant influenza viruses can include HAs from any subtype of influenza virus and preferably from influenza A virus, selected from H1-H15 and N1-N9, such as but not limited to H1N2, H1N1, H3N2, H3N1, H9N2 and H5N1 or any combination of H's and N's. Particularly preferred are HA segments from viruses that infect pigs. The polynucleotide and amino acid sequences of representative swine HA genes can be found in public sequence databases such as GenBank. For example, HA genes from H1N1 and include, but are not limited to, GenBank Accession Nos. AY619961.1 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B); GQ457549.1; GQ457548.1; GQ457547.1; CY091769.1; CY091745.1; CY091737.1; CY091729.1; GU721143.3; JF820285.1; JF820277.1; JF707784.1; CY087136.1; CY087104.1; CY087096.1; CY087080.1; CY087072.1; CY087064.1; CY087056.1; CY087048.1; CY086863.1; CY086839.1; CY086353.1; CY086006.1; CY085990.1; CY085982.1; CY085974.1; CY085966.1; CY085958.1; CY085950.1; CY085942.1; CY085934.1; CY085926.1; CY085918.1; CY085910.1; CY085902.1; CY085894.1; CY085886.1; CY085878.1; CY085870.1; CY085854.1; CY085846.1; CY085838.1; CY085830.1; CY085822.1; CY085814.1; CY085806.1; CY085798.1; CY085790.1; CY085782.1; CY085774.1; CY085766.1; CY085758.1; CY085742.1; CY085726.1; CY085718.1; CY085710.1; CY085702.1; CY085694.1; CY085686.1; CY085670.1; JF833344.1; JF833343.1; JF833341.1; JF833339.1; JF833338.1; JF833337.1; JF833335.1; JF916682.1; JF812292.1; JF812291.1; JF812290.1; JF812287.1; JF812284.1; JF812281.1; JF812280.1; JF812279.1; JF812278.1; JF812273.1; JF812272.1; JF812271.1; AF091317.1; AF091315.1; AF091314.1.
[0102] HA genes from H3N2 and include, but are not limited to, GenBank Accession Nos. AF153233.1 (see FIGS. 13A and 13B); AY377927.2; CY092324.1; JN105973.1; HQ315643.1; FJ519977.1; FJ519976.1; FJ519975.1; FJ519974.1; FJ519973.1; FJ519972.1; FJ519971.1; GU937743.1; JF833345.1; JF833340.1; JF833336.1; JF833334.1; JF812293.1; JF812289.1; JF812277.1; JF812276.1; JF812275.1; JF812274.1; CY045575.1; CY045567.1; CY045559.1; CY045551.1; HQ825243.1; HQ825235.1; HQ825229.1; HQ825226.1; HQ825223.1; HQ825218.1; HQ825210.1; HQ825210.1; HQ825198.1; HQ825190.1; HQ825182.1; HQ825174.1; HQ825166.1; JF312065.1; JF312064.1; CY086920.1; JF312073.1; JF312072.1; JF312071.1; JF316643.1; JF263536.1; JF263535.1; HQ734204.1; HQ734201.1; HQ734198.1; HQ734195.1; HQ734192.1; HQ734189.1; HQ734186.1; CY077942.1; CY077934.1.
[0103] Any of the above HAs or other readily available HA sequences can be used with the subject invention.
[0104] Additionally, the recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses typically include a mutation in the NA genomic segment (segment 6) coding for neuraminidase such that replication of the virus is impaired. Mutations can include deletions, inversions, insertions or substitutions that impair replication of the virus. In certain embodiments, the virus variant comprises a deletion of all or part of the NA segment such that virus propagation is hindered. Because NA is essential for virus propagation, the function of NA can be provided in culture by growing the virus in the presence of sialidase. Preferably, NA packaging sequences at the 3' and optionally the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) flanking the NA sequence and extending into the coding sequence are retained in the recombinant viruses.
[0105] In particular, specific cis-acting packaging signals exist in 3' and 5' (UTRs) that extend into the coding regions of most if not all segments, including the NA segment, which is responsible for viral release from infected cells by removing sialic acids from cellular glycoconjugates and viral glycoproteins. Each viral RNA consists predominantly of coding sequences (in antisense orientation), flanked at both ends by UTRs that range from 19 to 58 bases long. Within these UTRs, the distal 12 and 13 noncoding bases that form the extreme 3' and 5' termini, respectively, of every segment are highly conserved among viral strains and among the eight segments themselves. These distal conserved sequences are partially complementary to each other and can anneal to form a bulged duplex structure that is essential for transcription and replication of the segment. The UTRs harbor cis-acting signals that contribute to RNA packaging, since the attachment of authentic UTRs onto a heterologous RNA can enable it to be packaged into, and transduced by, influenza virus particles. Optimal packaging of at least some segments, such as NA, HA and NS requires not only both UTRs but also short portions of the coding region.
[0106] Deletion analysis of reporter constructs indicates that the minimal sequences needed for efficient packaging extend beyond each UTR to include 9 to 80 bases of adjacent coding sequence at either end of the segment (Fujii et al., J. Virol. (2005) 79:3766-3774; Fujii et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100:2002-2007; Watanabe et al., J. Virol. (2003) 77:10575-10583). Sequences at the 3' end of the coding region appear to exert a greater quantitative effect than those at the 5' end. These regions are therefore useful for packaging and maintaining wild-type NA RNA as well as mutant NA RNAs, e.g., RNAs with internal deletions and/or insertions. Accordingly, the recombinant, chimeric viruses of the invention will include at least packaging signals from the 3' UTR and a portion of the 3' NA coding region, and preferably will include packaging signals from both the 3' and 5' UTRs and 3' and 5' portions of the NA sequence.
[0107] Methods for locating packaging signals are known. In particular, Gog et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (2007) 35:1897-1907 found highly statistically significant clusters of codons with lower than expected synonymous variation within the influenza virus genome, located at the terminal regions of segments, where the presence of specific packaging signals are known. Synonymous mutational analysis of these regions confirmed the ability of their method to identify functionally significant cis-acting elements (i.e., packaging signals) in the virus genome at the single nucleotide level. Using these methods, then, packaging signals for the NA segment of various virus strains and subtypes can be readily identified. Determination of packaging efficiency of recombinant viral RNA segments can be carried out using techniques known in the art. See, e.g., Dos et al., Virology (2005) 341:34-46.
[0108] Generally, NA packaging sequences for use in the present invention will include at least 19 nucleotides from the 3' UTR adjacent to the NA coding sequence, preferably 19-30 nucleotides, such as 19, 20 . . . 25 . . . 30 . . . 35 nucleotides and at least 28 nucleotides from the 5' UTR adjacent to the NA coding sequence, preferably 28-50 nucleotides, such as 28, 29, 30 . . . 35 . . . 40 . . . 45 . . . 50 nucleotides. The NA packaging sequences also will include about 145 to 250, preferably 150-200 nucleotides from at least the 3' end of the coding sequence and optionally from each end of the coding region for the NA segment. Thus, for example, influenza virus packaging sequences can comprise sequences corresponding to the 3' end of NA viral RNA including sequences corresponding to the N-terminus of the NA coding region, e.g., at least 150 nucleotides of the 3' end of a type A NA viral RNA such as 15O, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 . . . 160 . . . 165 . . . 170 . . . 175 . . . 180 . . . 185 . . . 190, and so on, and, optionally, packaging sequences corresponding to the 5' end of NA viral RNA including sequences corresponding to the C-terminus of the NA coding region, e.g., 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 . . . 160 . . . 165 . . . 170 . . . 175 . . . 180 . . . 185 . . . 190, and so on.
[0109] In one particular embodiment, a construct can be provided that includes an HA segment from one porcine influenza subtype and NA packaging sequences from another porcine influenza subtype located 3' and optionally 5' to the HA segment. As described in the examples, a construct was prepared that included an H3N2 HA flanked by H1N1 packaging sequences. This particular construct comprises an H3N2 HA sequence, flanked by 19 nucleotides from the 3' UTR adjacent to an H1N1 NA sequence and 183 nucleotides from the 3' NA coding region and 28 nucleotides from the 5' UTR adjacent to the NA sequence and 157 nucleotides from the 5' NA coding region. However, the remainder of the NA coding region is absent. Typically, the packaging sequences used are homologous to the backbone virus. Thus, if an H1N1 subtype is used as the backbone (i.e., all H1N1 segments are present in the recombinant virus except for all or a portion of the NA segment), NA packaging sequences from H1N1 will be retained and the remainder of the H1N1 NA sequence conveniently replaced with an HA sequence from a different subtype, such as an H3N2 HA sequence.
[0110] If desired, rather than a deletion, the NA coding region can be mutated such that virus propagation is hindered. The NA region can be mutagenized in vitro by the replacement of the appropriate nucleotides to result in the desired amino acid changes. Such a change can include as little as one nucleotide, effecting a change in a single amino acid, or can encompass several nucleotide changes. Mutants can be produced by standard methods of site-directed mutagenesis. The mutations can be effected using a mismatched primer which hybridizes to the parent nucleotide sequence (generally cDNA corresponding to the RNA sequence), at a temperature below the melting temperature of the mismatched duplex. The primer can be made specific by keeping primer length and base composition within relatively narrow limits and by keeping the mutant base centrally located. See, e.g., Innis et al, (1990) PCR Applications: Protocols for Functional Genomics; Zoller and Smith, Methods Enzymol. (1983) 100:468; Wu (Ed.), Meth. In Enzymol. Vol. 217, San Diego: Academic Press (1993); Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:488-492; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0111] The NA mutation (e.g., deletion of all or a portion of the NA coding sequence except the sequences harboring packaging signals) is preferably one that hinders virus propagation. The replication efficiency of an attenuated influenza virus may be determined, for example, by measuring plaque size in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, by measuring virus titers over multiple growth cycles, or by isolating virus from infected lung tissue and measuring titers. For example, an attenuated swine influenza virus of the invention permits the attenuated virus, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of between 0.0005 and 0.001, 0.001 and 0.01, 0.01 and 0.1, or 0.1 and 1, or a MOI of 0.0005, 0.0007, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, or 6.0, to grow to titers between approximately 1 to approximately 100 fold, approximately 2 to approximately 90 fold, approximately 5 to approximately 80 fold, approximately 20 to approximately 80 fold, or approximately 40 to approximately 80 fold, approximately 1 to approximately 10 fold, approximately 1 to approximately 5 fold, approximately 1 to approximately 4 fold, approximately 1 to approximately 3 fold, approximately 1 to approximately 2 fold, approximately 3 to approximately 15 fold, or approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 fold lower than wild-type swine influenza virus in cell culture, e.g. MDCK cells; cells of a human (e.g., PerC6, a producer cell line derived from human embryonic retinoblasts transformed with the E1 region of Adenovirus 5); mouse; chicken (e.g., chicken embryo fibroblasts); rat, birds; or pig (e.g., PK(D1) cells, PK(15) cells, PK13 cells, NSK cells, LLC-PK1 cells, LLC-PK1A cells, ESK-4 cells, ST cells, PT-K75 cells, PK-2a/CL 13 or SJPL cells). Replication efficiency can be determined by a hemagglutination assay of BALF from pigs or supernatants of pig cells approximately 2 to 10 days, 3 to 7 days, 3 to 5 days, or 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 days post-infection or when the viruses are plagued on MDCK cells. In one embodiment, the growth of an attenuated swine influenza virus of the invention is compared to a particular standard or reference, e.g., wild-type swine influenza virus A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98. Another measure of attenuation is to grow the virus in the absence of sialidase and measure titers as compared to a reference wild-type strain as above.
[0112] In addition to the HA sequences, and the packaging sequences described above, the recombinant, chimeric influenza virus will also include the remaining viral segments, segments 1-3, 5, 7 and 8, that is, segments encoding PB2 (segment 1), PB1 (segment 2), PA (segment 3), NP (segment 5), M1 and M2 (segment 7), NS1 and NEP (segment 8). Nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences for these segments, as well as segments 4 (encoding HA) and 6 (encoding NA) from a number of influenza virus isolates are known. Representative influenza sequences are presented in FIGS. 5-13 herein. Additional representative sequences for the 8 influenza segments from influenza isolates found in various species are listed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and the Influenza Research Database found at fludb.org. See also Ferguson et al. (2003) Nature 422: 428-433; Lin et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 9654-9658; Nguyen et al. (2005) J. Virol. 79:4201-4212; Ha et al. (2002) EMBO J. 21:865-875; and Chan et al. (2004) J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 37:135-144; for sequence comparisons and a discussion of genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of influenza virus.
[0113] Any of these sequences, as well as variants thereof can be used to produce the recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses. Thus, the invention includes variants of the above sequences displaying at least about 80-100% sequence identity thereto, including any percent identity within these ranges, such as 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% sequence identity thereto.
[0114] The above-described segments can be derived from any of various swine influenza viruses, including, without limitation, A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02, A/Swine/Colorado/1/77, A/Swine/Colorado/23619/99, A/Swine/Cote d'Armor/3633/84, A/Swine/Cote d'Armor/3633/84, A/Swine/England/195852/92, A/Swine/Finistere/2899/82, A/Swine/Hong Kong/10/98, A/Swine/Hong Kong/9/98, A/Swine/Hong Kong/81/78, A/Swine/Illinois/100084/01, A/Swine/Illinois/100085A/01, A/Swine/Illinois/21587/99, A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88, A/Swine/Indiana/9K035/99, A/Swine/Indiana/P 12439/00, A/Swine/Iowa/30, A/Swine/Iowa/15/30, A/Swine/Iowa/533/99, A/Swine/Iowa/569/99, A/Swine/Iowa/3421/90, A/Swine/Iowa/8548-1/98, A/Swine/Iowa/930/01, A/Swine/Iowa/17672/88, A/Swine/Italy/1513-1/98, A/Swine/Italy/1523/98, A/Swine/Korea/CY02/02, A/Swine/Minnesota/55551/00, A/Swine/Minnesota/593/99, A/Swine/Minnesota/9088-2/98, A/Swine/Nebraska/1/92, A/Swine/Nebraska/209/98, A/Swine/Netherlands/12/85, A/Swine/North Carolina/16497/99, A/Swine/North Carolina/35922/98, A/Swine/North Carolina/93523/01, A/Swine/North Carolina/98225/01, A/Swine/Oedenrode/7C/96, A/Swine/Ohio/891/01, A/Swine/Oklahoma/18717/99, A/Swine/Oklahoma/18089/99, A/Swine/Ontario/01911-1/99, A/Swine/Ontario/01911-2/99, A/Swine/Ontario/41848/97, A/Swine/Ontario/97, A/Swine/Quebec/192/81, A/Swine/Quebec/192/91, A/Swine/Quebec/5393/91, A/Swine/Taiwan/7310/70, A/Swine/Tennessee/24/77, A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98, A/Swine/Wisconsin/125/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/136/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/163/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/164/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/166/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/168/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/235/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/238/97, A/Swine/Wisconsin/457/98, A/Swine/Wisconsin/458/98, A/Swine/Wisconsin/464/98 and A/Swine/Wisconsin/14094/99.
[0115] In one particular embodiment, an H3N2 HA is used in place of all or part of an H1N1 NA sequence in an H1N1 backbone. Thus, the resulting recombinant virus includes two, HAs and the remainder of the viral segments. See, FIG. 1.
[0116] Each of the above described segments can be isolated from viral RNA using known methods. For example, nucleic acids can be obtained by screening cDNA and/or genomic libraries from cells infected with virus, or by deriving the gene from a vector known to include the same. For example, polynucleotides of interest can be isolated from a genomic library derived from viral RNA from an infected subject. Alternatively, influenza virus can be isolated from infected mammals or from biological samples (e.g., nasal, nasopharyngeal, throat, or conjunctival secretions, blood, or anal swabs) collected from infected subjects. Once obtained, the virus can be propagated using known techniques, such as described in Mochalova et al., Virology (2003) 313:473-480; Lin et al., Virology (1997) 233:402-410; Hardy et al., Virology (1995) 211:302-306; Hinshaw et al., J. Gen. Virol. (1978) 41:115-127. Nucleic acid can also be obtained directly from the influenza virus in question.
[0117] Thus, particular nucleotide sequences can be obtained from vectors harboring the desired sequences or synthesized completely or in part using various oligonucleotide synthesis techniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques where appropriate. See, e.g., Sambrook, supra. One method of obtaining nucleotide sequences encoding the desired sequences is by annealing complementary sets of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotides produced in a conventional, automated polynucleotide synthesizer, followed by ligation with an appropriate DNA ligase and amplification of the ligated nucleotide sequence via PCR. See, e.g., Jayaraman et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4084-4088. Additionally, oligonucleotide directed synthesis (Jones et al. (1986) Nature 54:75-82), oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis of pre-existing nucleotide regions (Riechmann et al. (1988) Nature 332:323-327 and Verhoeyen et al. (1988) Science 239:1534-1536), and enzymatic filling-in of gapped oligonucleotides using T4 DNA polymerase (Queen et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033) can be used to produce modified molecules.
[0118] An amplification method such as PCR can be used to amplify polynucleotides including the various segments. In one embodiment, these segments are reverse-transcribed into cDNA and amplified using RT-PCR. See, e.g., Hoffmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:6108-6113. The cDNA from each segment is cloned to provide separate plasmids for use in preparing the recombinant, chimeric influenza virus. In some embodiments, cloning vector pHW2000 (Hoffmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:6108-6113) can be used. However, the segments can be cloned into any suitable vector. Numerous cloning vectors are known to those of skill in the art, and the selection of an appropriate cloning vector is a matter of choice. Examples of recombinant DNA vectors for cloning and host cells which they can transform include the bacteriophage λ (E. coli), pBR322 (E. coli), pACYC177 (E. coli), pKT230 (gram-negative bacteria), pGV1106 (gram-negative bacteria), pLAFR1 (gram-negative bacteria), pME290 (non-E. coli gram-negative bacteria), pHV14 (E. coli and Bacillus subtilis), pBD9 (Bacillus), pIJ61 (Streptomyces), pUC6 (Streptomyces), YIp5 (Saccharomyces), YCp19 (Saccharomyces) and bovine papilloma virus (mammalian cells). See, generally, DNA Cloning: Vols. I & II, supra; Sambrook et al., supra; B. Perbal, supra.
[0119] The recombinant, chimeric, attenuated influenza virus comprising more than one HA sequence from more than one influenza subtype can then be produced by any method well know in the art. Preferably reverse genetics is used to produce the recombinant viruses. Reverse genetics uses RNA polymerase complexes isolated from influenza virus-infected cells to transcribe artificial influenza virus genome segments containing the mutation(s). The synthesized RNA segment(s) are incorporated into virus particles using a helper virus, and viruses containing the desired changes are then selected. Reverse genetics methods for influenza viruses are described, for example, in Enami et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1990) 87:3802 3805; Enami and Palese, J. Virol. (1991) 65:2711-13; Luytjes, Cell (1989) 59:1107-13; Fodor et al., J. Virol. (1999) 73:9679-9682; Gao et al., J. Virol. (2008) 82:6419-6426; Quinlivan et al., J. Virol. (2005) 79:8431-8439; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,578,473, 6,974,686 and 7,037,707, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
[0120] Recently developed reverse-genetics systems, based entirely on cDNA, have allowed the manipulation of the influenza viral genome. See, e.g, Palese et., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93:11354; Neumann and Kawaoka, Adv. Virus Res. (1999) 53:265; Neumann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:9345; Fodor et al., J. Virol. (1999) 73:9679, incorporated by reference in their entireties. In one technique, modified viral RNA transcripts are transcribed in vitro from cDNA constructs in the presence of purified NP, PB1, PB2, and PA proteins. The resulting synthetic RNP is then transfected into cells previously infected with an influenza helper virus. This helper virus usually has a conditional growth defect, such as host range restriction or temperature sensitivity, which allows the subsequent selection of transfectant viruses. For example, host-range helper viruses have been successfully used to rescue synthetic NA and PB2 genes. See Enami, supra, and Subbarao, J Virol (1993) 67:7223-28.
[0121] In preferred embodiments, an eight plasmid system is used to generate attenuated influenza viruses. See, e.g., Hoffmann et al., Vaccine (2002) 20:3165-3170; Hoffmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:6108-6113; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040029251, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In this embodiment, the plasmids harboring the eight segments of the desired influenza virus, such as the two HA segments, as well as segments encoding polymerase acidic protein (PA), polymerase basic proteins 1 and 2 (PB1 and PB2), the matrix (M) segment encoding matrix proteins 1 and 2 (M1 and M2), the nucleoprotein (NP), and the nonstructural (NS) segment encoding nonstructural proteins 1 and 2 (NS1 and NEP), are cotransfected into an appropriate cell resulting in the recombinant, chimeric virus described herein. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,951,754 that describes eight plasmid dual promoter reverse genetic systems for the production of attenuated influenza viruses using a pol I-pol II system, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0122] Production of live attenuated virus vaccine formulations is accomplished using conventional methods involving propagation of the recombinant, chimeric virus in any substrate that allows the virus to grow to titers sufficient for further use. Typically, the viruses are propagated in cells, embryonated eggs, and/or animals followed by purification. Generally, influenza viruses are grown in embryonated chicken eggs or mammalian cells, such as Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, pig cells, or African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, using known techniques. See, e.g., Mochalova et al., Virology (2003) 313:473-480; Lin et al., Virology (1997) 233:402-410; Hardy et al., Virology (1995) 211:302-306; Hinshaw et al., J. Gen. Virol. (1978) 41:115-127. Representative pig cells include porcine kidney cell lines, porcine testis cell lines and porcine lung cell lines, such as but not limited to, PK(D1) cells, PK(15) cells, PK13 cells, SJPL cells, NSK cells, LLC-PK1 cells, LLC-PK1A cells, ESK-4 cells, ST cells, PT-K75 cells, and PK-2a/CL 13 cells.
[0123] In another embodiment, the recombinant, chimeric swine influenza viruses are propagated in chicken cells, e.g., chicken embryo fibroblasts derived from, e.g., 6-14 day-old embryonated eggs. In other embodiments, young or immature embryonated eggs can be used to propagate the viruses of the invention. Immature embryonated eggs encompass eggs which are less than ten-day-old eggs. Immature embryonated eggs may also be eggs which artificially mimic immature eggs as a result of alterations to the growth conditions, e.g., changes in incubation temperatures; treating with drugs; or any other alteration which results in an egg with a retarded development. The swine influenza viruses can be propagated in different locations of the embryonated egg, e.g., the allantoic cavity.
[0124] In a specific embodiment, the attenuated swine influenza viruses of the present invention are propagated in any substrate that allows the virus to grow to titers comparable to those determined for wild type swine influenza virus strains. Preferably, the virions are cultured in the presence of sialidase since the NA segment in the recombinant, chimeric virus is deficient.
[0125] It is preferred that the virus is highly purified prior to vaccine formulation. Generally, the purification procedures will result in the extensive removal of cellular DNA, other cellular components, and adventitious agents. Procedures that extensively degrade or denature DNA can also be used. See, e.g., Mizrahi, ed., Viral Vaccines, Wiley-Liss, New York (1990). Methods of purification are known in the art and may include one or more of, for instance, gradient centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, zonal ultracentrifugation, continuous-flow ultracentrifugation and chromatography, such as ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and liquid affinity chromatography, polyethylene glycol or ammonium sulfate precipitation.
B. Anti-Viral Compositions
[0126] The recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses, as well as recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses that have been subsequently inactivated, can be formulated into compositions for delivery to subjects for either inhibiting infection, or for enhancing an immune response to influenza virus. Thus, either a live recombinant swine influenza virus vaccine or immunogenic formulation or an inactivated recombinant swine influenza virus vaccine or immunogenic formulation can be formulated. A live vaccine or immunogenic formulation may be preferred because multiplication in the host leads to a prolonged stimulus of similar kind and magnitude to that occurring in natural infections, and therefore, confers substantial, long-lasting immunity. Production of such live recombinant swine influenza virus vaccine formulations and immunogenic formulations may be accomplished using conventional methods involving propagation as described above. When formulated as a live virus vaccine, a range of about 102 to 108 can be used, preferably from about 103 to 107, more preferably 104 pfu to about 5×106, and most preferably from 104 to 107 pfu per dose should be used.
[0127] Inactivated vaccine formulations may be prepared using conventional techniques to "kill" the attenuated viruses. Inactivated vaccines are "dead" in the sense that their infectivity has been destroyed. Ideally, the infectivity of the virus is destroyed without affecting its immunogenicity. In order to prepare inactivated vaccines, the attenuated virus is grown and purified as described above. The purified virus is then inactivated using one of several methods known in the art. Such methods include both chemical or physical means. Chemical means for inactivating an influenza virus include treatment of the virus with an effective amount of one or more of the following agents: detergents, formaldehyde, formalin, β-propiolactone, or UV light. Other methods of viral inactivation are known in the art, such as for example binary ethylamine, acetyl ethyleneimine, or gamma irradiation. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,635,246; 5,891,705; 5,106,619; and 4,693,981, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
[0128] Compositions of the invention may comprise or be coadministered with a non-influenza antigen or combination of antigens, such as with a combination influenza vaccine. Methods of preparing such formulations are described in, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 18 Edition, 1990. The compositions of the present invention can be prepared for mucosal delivery, parenteral delivery, e.g., as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions. Solid forms suitable for solution in or suspension in liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared. The preparation may also be emulsified or the active ingredient encapsulated in liposome vehicles. The active immunogenic ingredient is generally mixed with a compatible pharmaceutical vehicle, such as, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like, and combinations thereof. In addition, if desired, the vehicle may contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents and pH buffering agents.
[0129] If used to modulate an immune response, additional adjuvants which enhance the effectiveness of the composition may also be added to the formulation. Adjuvants may include for example, muramyl dipeptides, pyridine, aluminum hydroxide, dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), oils, oil-in-water emulsions, saponins, cytokines, and other substances known in the art.
[0130] Carriers may also be used in order to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Suitable carriers include large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, including serum albumins, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, immunoglobulin molecules, thyroglobulin, ovalbumin, and other proteins well known to those skilled in the art; polysaccharides, such as sepharose, agarose, cellulose, cellulose beads and the like; polymeric amino acids such as polyglutamic acid, polylysine, and the like; amino acid copolymers; and inactive virus particles.
[0131] Furthermore, influenza molecules may be formulated into compositions in either neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the active polypeptides) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed from free carboxyl groups may also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
[0132] Formulations will contain a "therapeutically effective amount" of the active ingredient, that is, an amount capable of achieving the desired response in a subject to which the composition is administered. In the treatment and prevention of influenza infection, for example, a "therapeutically effective amount" would preferably be an amount which prevents, reduces or ameliorates the symptoms of flu. The exact amount necessary will vary depending on the subject being treated; the age and general condition of the subject to be treated; the capacity of the subject's immune system to synthesize antibodies; the degree of protection desired; the severity of the condition being treated; the particular virus preparation selected and its mode of administration, among other factors. An appropriate effective amount can be readily determined by one of skill in the art. Thus, a "therapeutically effective amount" will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials. The recombinant, chimeric influenza virus will typically range from about 1% to about 95% (w/w) of the composition, or even higher or lower if appropriate.
[0133] Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include suppositories and, in some cases, aerosol, intranasal, oral formulations, and sustained release formulations. For suppositories, the vehicle composition will include traditional binders and carriers, such as, polyalkaline glycols, or triglycerides. Such suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), preferably about 1% to about 2%. Oral vehicles include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium, stearate, sodium saccharin cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These oral vaccine compositions may be taken in the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations, or powders, and contain from about 10% to about 95% of the active ingredient, preferably about 25% to about 70%.
[0134] Intranasal formulations will usually include vehicles that neither cause irritation to the nasal mucosa nor significantly disturb ciliary function. Diluents such as water, aqueous saline or other known substances can be employed with the subject invention. The nasal formulations may also contain preservatives such as, but not limited to, chlorobutanol and benzalkonium chloride. A surfactant may be present to enhance absorption of the subject proteins by the nasal mucosa.
[0135] Controlled or sustained release formulations are made by incorporating the protein into carriers or vehicles such as liposomes, nonresorbable impermeable polymers such as ethylenevinyl acetate copolymers and HYTREL copolymers, swellable polymers such as hydrogels, resorbable polymers such as collagen and certain polyacids or polyesters such as those used to make resorbable sutures, polyphosphazenes, alginate, microparticles, gelatin nanospheres, chitosan nanoparticles, and the like. The influenza virus can also be delivered using implanted mini-pumps, well known in the art.
C. Administration
[0136] Compositions of the invention will generally be administered directly to a patient. Direct delivery may be accomplished by parenteral injection (e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or to the interstitial space of a tissue), or mucosally, such as by intratracheal, rectal, oral (e.g. tablet, spray), vaginal, topical, transdermal (See e.g. WO99/27961) or transcutaneous (See e.g. WO02/074244 and WO02/064162), intranasal (See e.g. WO03/028760), ocular, aural, pulmonary or other mucosal administration. Immunogenic compositions can also be administered topically by direct transfer to the surface of the skin. Topical administration can be accomplished without utilizing any devices, or by contacting naked skin with the immunogenic composition utilizing a bandage or a bandage-like device (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,450).
[0137] Preferably the mode of administration is parenteral, mucosal or a combination of mucosal and parenteral immunizations. Even more preferably, the mode of administration is parenteral, mucosal or a combination of mucosal and parenteral immunizations in a total of 1-2 vaccinations 1-3 weeks apart. Preferably the route of administration includes but is not limited to oral delivery, intramuscular delivery and a combination of oral and intramuscular delivery.
[0138] In one embodiment, the method for treating an infection by an influenza virus, comprises mucosally administering to a subject in need thereof a first immunogenic composition comprising the influenza viruses of the invention followed by parenterally administering a therapeutically effective amount of a second immunogenic composition comprising the influenza viruses of the invention.
[0139] The immunogenic composition may be used to elicit systemic and/or mucosal immunity, preferably to elicit an enhanced systemic and/or mucosal immunity. Preferably the immune response is characterized by the induction of a serum IgG and/or an IgA immune response.
[0140] In any method involving coadministration, the various compositions can be delivered in any order. Thus, in embodiments including delivery of multiple different compositions or molecules, the influenza virus need not be delivered prior to other immunogenic substances. For example, the priming step may include delivery of one or more polypeptides and the boosting may comprise delivery of one or more attenutated influenza viruses. Multiple administrations of influenza virus can be followed by multiple administrations of other substances. Administrations can be performed in any order. Therefore, any combination of influenza virus and other immunogenic substances can be used to elicit an immune reaction.
D. Dosage Regime
[0141] Dosage treatment can be according to a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. Multiple doses may be used in a primary immunization schedule and/or in a booster immunization schedule. In a multiple dose schedule, the various doses may be given by the same or different routes, e.g. a parenteral prime and mucosal boost, a mucosal prime and parenteral boost, etc.
[0142] Preferably the dosage regime enhances the avidity of the antibody response leading to antibodies with a neutralizing characteristic. An in vitro neutralization assay may be used to test for neutralizing antibodies (see for example Asanaka et al., J. of Virol. (2005) 102:10327; Wobus et al., PLOS Biology (2004) 2; e432; and Dubekti et al., J. Med. Virol. (2002) 66:400).
E. Tests to Determine the Efficacy of an Immune Response
[0143] One way of assessing efficacy of therapeutic treatment involves monitoring infection after administration of a composition of the invention. One way of assessing efficacy of prophylactic treatment involves monitoring immune responses against the antigens in the compositions of the invention after administration of the composition.
[0144] Another way of checking efficacy of therapeutic treatment involves monitoring infection after administration of the compositions of the invention. One way of checking efficacy of prophylactic treatment involves monitoring immune responses both systemically (such as monitoring the level of IgG1 and IgG2a production) and mucosally (such as monitoring the level of IgA production) against the antigens in the compositions of the invention after administration of the composition. Typically, serum specific antibody responses are determined post-immunization but pre-challenge whereas mucosal specific antibody body responses are determined post-immunization and post-challenge.
[0145] The immunogenic compositions of the present invention can be evaluated in in vitro and in vivo animal models prior to host administration. The efficacy of immunogenic compositions of the invention can be determined in vivo by challenging animal models of infection, e.g., guinea pigs or mice or pigs, with the immunogenic compositions. The immunogenic compositions may or may not be derived from the same strains as the challenge strains. Preferably the immunogenic compositions are derivable from the same strains as the challenge strains. Particularly useful mouse models include those in which intraperitoneal immunization is followed by either intraperitoneal challenge or intranasal challenge. In vivo efficacy mouse models include but are not limited to a murine infection model using swine strains and a murine disease model which is a murine model using a mouse-adapted strain, such as strains which are particularly virulent in mice.
[0146] The immune response may be one or both of a TH1 immune response and a TH2 response. The immune response may be an improved or an enhanced or an altered immune response. The immune response may be one or both of a systemic and a mucosal immune response. Preferably the immune response is an enhanced systemic and/or mucosal response.
[0147] An enhanced systemic and/or mucosal immunity is reflected in an enhanced TH1 and/or TH2 immune response. Preferably, the enhanced immune response includes an increase in the production of IgG1 and/or IgG2a and/or IgA. Preferably the mucosal immune response is a TH2 immune response. Preferably, the mucosal immune response includes an increase in the production of IgA.
[0148] Activated TH2 cells enhance antibody production and are therefore of value in responding to extracellular infections. Activated TH2 cells may secrete one or more of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. A TH2 immune response may result in the production of IgG1, IgE, IgA and memory B cells for future protection.
[0149] A TH2 immune response may include one or more of an increase in one or more of the cytokines associated with a TH2 immune response (such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10), or an increase in the production of IgG1, IgE, IgA and memory B cells. Preferably, the enhanced TH2 immune response will include an increase in IgG1 production.
[0150] A TH1 immune response may include one or more of an increase in CTLs, an increase in one or more of the cytokines associated with a TH1 immune response (such as IL-2, IFNγ, and TNFβ), an increase in activated macrophages, an increase in NK activity, or an increase in the production of IgG2a. Preferably, the enhanced TH1 immune response will include an increase in IgG2a production.
[0151] Immunogenic compositions of the invention, in particular, immunogenic composition comprising one or more antigens of the present invention may be used either alone or in combination with other antigens optionally with an immunoregulatory agent capable of eliciting a Th1 and/or Th2 response.
[0152] The immunogenic compositions of the invention will preferably elicit both a cell mediated immune response as well as a humoral immune response in order to effectively address an infection. This immune response will preferably induce long lasting (e.g., neutralizing) antibodies and a cell mediated immunity that can quickly respond upon exposure to one or more infectious antigens. By way of example, evidence of neutralizing antibodies in patient blood samples is considered as a surrogate parameter for protection since their formation is of decisive importance for virus elimination in TBE infections (see Kaiser and Holzmann, Infection 28; 78-84).
F. Kits
[0153] The invention also provides kits comprising one or more containers of compositions of the invention. Compositions can be in solid form, liquid form or can be lyophilized. Suitable containers for the compositions include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. Containers can be formed from a variety of materials, including glass or plastic. A container may have a sterile access port (for example, the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
[0154] The kit can further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution, or dextrose solution. It can also contain other materials useful to the end-user, including other pharmaceutically acceptable formulating solutions such as buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes or other delivery device. The kit may further include a third component comprising an adjuvant.
[0155] For mucosal routes, the composition may be packaged for intranasal administration, such as by nasal spray, nasal drops, gel or powder. See, e.g., Almeida & Alpar, J. Drug Targeting (1996) 3:455-467; Agarwal & Mishra, Indian J. Exp. Biol. (1999) 37:6-16 or in inhalation devices well known in the art.
[0156] The kit can also comprise a package insert containing written instructions for methods of inducing immunity or for treating infections. The package insert can be an unapproved draft package insert or can be a package insert approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory body.
[0157] The invention also provides a delivery device pre-filled with the immunogenic compositions of the invention.
3. EXPERIMENTAL
[0158] Below are examples of specific embodiments for carrying out the present invention. The examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
[0159] Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperatures, etc.), but some experimental error and deviation should, of course, be allowed for.
Example 1
Generation of a Recombinant Virus Including Both H1 and H3 HAs
[0160] A recombinant, chimeric influenza A virus possessing, an eight segmented genome, was produced as detailed below. The virus included seven segments of a swine H1N1 virus with the majority of the NA segment replaced by an H3 HA coding region sequence flanked by NA packaging sequences. The virus thus included HAs from two different types of swine influenza, H1 HA and H3 HA. Because NA is essential for virus propagation, the function of NA was provided by growing the virus in the presence of sialidase (neuraminidase).
[0161] In particular, in order to generate a recombinant swine influenza virus carrying two different HA molecules, the NA segment in an H1N1 swine influenza virus, A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02, termed "SIV SK02" herein (obtained from the Prairie Diagnostic Services, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada) was replaced with an H3 HA segment from the H3N2 Influenza A virus, A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98 (termed "SIV Tx98" herein) (FIG. 1A). The H3 HA open reading frame (ORF) derived from SIV-Tx98 was flanked by NA packaging signals that included 202 nt at the 3' end (19 nt from the 3' UTR and 183 nt from the 3' NA coding region) and 185 nt at the 5' end (28 nt from the 5' UTR and 157 nt from the 5' NA coding region) from SIV-SK02 (H1N1) strain (FIG. 1B). Plasmid pHW-SIV-NA-H3HA encoding H3 HA flanked by NA packaging signals was constructed by modifying an original plasmid pHW-SIV/SK-NA. Briefly, the NA segment-specific packaging signals at 3' and 5' ends (202 nt and 185 nt respectively), were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using pHW-SIV/SK-NA as template and the following sets of primers: for amplifying 3' NA packaging signal, 5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:21) and 5'-GTCATTTCCGGGAAGTTTTTGCACCCAAGTATTGTTTTCGTAG-3' (SEQ ID NO:22) were used; for amplifying 5' NA packaging signal, 5'-GCTGAAATCAGGATACAAAGATTGAGGCCTTGCTTCTGGGTTG-3' (SEQ ID NO:23) and 5'-ACAGGTGTCCGTGTCGCG-3' (SEQ ID NO:24) were used. H3 HA ectodomain (excluding signal peptide sequence) from SIV/Tx98 was amplified by PCR using pHW-Tx98 HA as a template and 5'-CTACGAAAACAATACTTGGGTGCAAAAACTTCCCGGAAATGAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:25) and 5'-CAACCCAGAAGCAAGGCCTCAATCTTTGTATCCTGATTTCAGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:26) as primers. The three pieces of PCR products were joined together by overlapping PCR. Finally, this PCR product was digested by NaeI/NheI and replaced the corresponding segment in pHW-SIV/SK-NA. The constructed plasmid was DNA-sequenced to ensure that additional mutations were not introduced during the overlapping PCRs.
[0162] This construct was inserted into cloning vector pHW2000 (Hoffmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:6108-6113) to render plasmid-606. Cloning vector pHW2000 contains 225 bp of the human pol I promoter and 33 bp of the murine terminator sequence separated by two BsmB1 sites. The pol I promoter and terminator elements are flanked by a truncated immediate-early promoter of human cytomegalovirus and by the gene encoding bovine growth hormone.
[0163] The pHW2000 vector was cotransfected with plasmid-606 and seven plasmids which included the PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, M and NS segments from SIV-SK02 strain as described in Masic et al., J. Gen. Virol. (2009) 90:375-385, in the presence of 10 mU/ml of vibrio cholera sialidase which resulted in successful rescuing of a recombinant, chimeric virus termed "SIV/SK-606 or SIV-606" This SIV/H1H3 SIV mutant virus was rescued using an 8-plasmid reverse genetics system described by Hoffmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:6108-6113. Briefly, 293T and MDCK cells were co-cultured at the same density (2.5×105 cells/well) in a 6-well plate and maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS at 37° C., 5% CO2 for 24 hrs. One hour prior to transfection, medium containing FBS was replaced with fresh Opti-MEM (Invitrogen). To rescue SIV/SK-606, cells were transfected with eight plasmid constructs (pHW-SIV/SK-PB2, pHW-SIV/SK-PB1, pHW-SIV/SK-PA, pHW-SIV/SK-HA, pHW-SIV/SK-NP, pHW-SIV-NA-H3HA, pHW-SIV/SK-M and pHW-SIV/SK-NS) by Transit-LT1 transfection reagent (Minis, Madison, Wis.). Six hours later, the transfection mixture was replaced with 1 ml of fresh Opti-MEM. Twenty four hours post-transfection, one ml of Opti-MEM containing 0.4% BSA, 2 μg/ml of TPCK-treated trypsin and 10 mU/ml Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (Sigma, N6514) was added to transfected cells. Supernatant was collected at 96 hours post transfection. Cytopathogenic effect (CPE) was observed after the third consecutive passage on MDCK cells and virus presence was confirmed by a hemagglutination test.
Example 2
Characterization of SIV/SK-606
[0164] To confirm that recombinant virus SIV/SK-606 possessed both H1 and H3 HA segments in its genome, viral RNA was isolated from purified virons. Briefly, tissue culture grown viruses were collected by ultracentrifugation and subjected to a sucrose gradient centrifugation (Masic et al., J. Gen. Virol. (2009) 90:375-385). For RNA purification, purified virions were processed following manufacturer's instruction of Trizol (Invitrogen). Reverse transcription was performed using the Uni12 primer (Hoffman et al., Arch. Virol. (2001) 146:2275-2289) which specifically amplifies viral RNAs. PCR was carried out by using primers specific for H1 (Fw 5' TGGCCAAACCATGAGACAAC 3' (SEQ ID NO:27) and Bw 5' GGCGTTATTCCTCAGTTGTG 3' (SEQ ID NO:28)) and H3 HAs (Fw 5' CGCAATCGCAGGTTTCATAG 3' (SEQ ID NO:29) and Bw 5' CAACCCAGAAGCAAGGCCTCAATCTTTGTATCCTGATTTCAGC 3' (SEQ ID NO:30)).
[0165] While PCR products representing the H1 HA segment were detected only in the SK02 and the SIV-606 genomes, PCR bands representing the H3 HA segment were observed in Tx98 and SIV-606 viral RNA extraction. These data demonstrated that the genome of SIV-606 included both H1 and H3 HA segments.
[0166] To examine whether both HAs were expressed, viral infected cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting analysis using antibodies specific for H1HA, H3HA and M1. Briefly, MDCK cells were infected with wild-type SIV/SK02, wild-type SIV/Tx98, or SIV-606 at an MOI of 0.01. At 48 hours post-infection, cell lysates were prepared and were subjected to Western blotting analysis using antibodies specific for H1 HA (Anti-HA (A/California/06/2009((H1N1) monoclonal antibody, eEnzyme (Maryland, USA), H3 HA (Anti-multi-Hemagglutinins (H3N2) Antibody, rabbit IgG, eEnzyme (Maryland, USA) and M1 (Shin et al., J Gen Virol (2007) 88:942-950).
[0167] M1 protein was detected in all virus infected cells, however, H1 HA was seen only in SK02 and SIV-606 infected cells and H3 HA was seen in Tx98 and SIV-606 samples. Together, these data demonstrate that the H3 segment was incorporated into the genome of SIV-606 and both HAs were expressed.
[0168] To observe the morphology of the recombinant virus, negative staining transmission electron microscopy was performed. The majority of virions exhibited spherical enveloped particles of approximately 100 nm in diameter, which resembled the morphology of the wild type virus.
[0169] The replication potential of the SIV-606 was investigated in MDCK cells. In the presence of sialidase, SIV-606 formed plaques similar in size as wild-type virus. In contrast, SIV-606 did not grow in the absence of sialidase, indicating that replication of the recombinant virus was dependent on sialidase. The growth potential and kinetics of SIV-606 were also determined. As shown in FIG. 2, SIV-606 reached a plateau at 24 h.p.i. as did the wild-type virus. SIV-606 grew to a titer of 7×106 PFU/ml, which was approximately 1 log lower than wild-type virus. These results indicated that although SIV-606 had a slightly lower titer, it grew to relatively high titer in cell culture, which enables propagation of the virus.
Example 3
Pathogenicity of SIV-606 in Pigs
[0170] The pathogenicity of SIV-606 was evaluated in pigs. Thirty-five 4-week old SIV-negative pigs were split randomly into seven groups of five pigs. These were infected intratracheally with 4 ml MEM containing 1×105 or 1×106 PFU/ml SK02 WT, SIV-606 or Tx98. The animals in the control group were mock infected with medium only (Table 1). Rectal temperature was monitored daily. On day 5 post infection pigs were euthanized and necropsies were performed. As shown in FIGS. 3A-3C, pigs infected with wild-type viruses had an increased temperature on day 1 post infection, and the temperature decreased gradually on the following days. However, pigs infected by SIV-606 did not show elevated temperatures compared to the control group. At necropsy, the macroscopic lung lesions were documented. The mock, SIV-606 high dose- and low dose-infected pigs did not show any typical macroscopic lung lesions. In contrast, gross lesions characterized as purple- to plum-colored consolidated areas were observed in cardiac lobes of pigs infected by SK02 and Tx98 with high and low doses. In agreement with these results, SK02 wild type virus could be recovered from lung tissue of all animals infected with low and high doses of SK02 with median titers of 2.4×104 PFU/ml and 2.6×104 PFU/ml respectively. Similarly, wild type virus could be isolated from lung tissue of all pigs infected with Tx98 virus with median titers of 1×104 PFU/ml and 3.4×104 PFU/ml in low and high dose groups. However, SIV-606 virus was only detected from one pig in the low dose group and 3 pigs from the high dose group with a very low titer (median titers were 0 and 20 PFU/ml respectively). These results demonstrated that the SIV-606 virus is highly attenuated in pigs and thus can be used as a live, attenuated vaccine for swine influenza.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Assignment of pigs, dose and route of virus infection Group N = 5 Inoculum Concentration Dose Volume Route 1 MEM 4 ml Intratracheal 2 SK02-WT 105 PFU/ml 4 ml Intratracheal 3 SK02-WT 106 PFU/ml 4 ml Intratracheal 4 SIV-606 105 PFU/ml 4 ml Intratracheal 5 SIV-606 106 PFU/ml 4 ml Intratracheal 6 Tx98 105 PFU/ml 4 ml Intratracheal 7 Tx98 106 PFU/ml 4 ml Intratracheal
Example 4
Protective Effect of SIV-606 in Pigs
[0171] To determine whether SIV-606 was immunogenic and could provide protection from SIV infection, the following vaccination and viral challenge studies were performed in pigs. Twenty three H1N1 and H3N2 sero-negative pigs were randomly divided into five groups (n=5, except n=3 in group 5) (Table 2). Two groups of pigs were given MEM and two groups of pigs were vaccinated with 4×106 PFU of SIV-606 virus intratracheally. Pigs received a second vaccination on day 21. Ten days after the second vaccination (on day 31), pigs were challenged intratracheally with either SIV/SK02 or SIV/Tx98 and were euthanized on day 5 post infection. Sera were collected prior to the first vaccination, 21 days after the first vaccination and 10 days after the second vaccination (before viral challenge). Antigen specific serum IgG and nasal IgA were measured on day 0, 21 and 31.
[0172] After the first vaccination, SIV/SK02 specific IgG in serum increased significantly and the second dose of SIV-606 boosted IgG response measured on day 31 (FIG. 14A). Serum IgG against SIV/Tx98 or a heterologous H1N1 Halifax210 strain, which was isolated during a 2009 pandemic, increased slightly after one vaccination and increased significantly after the second vaccination (FIGS. 14B and 14C).
[0173] To assess the presence of IgA antibodies specific for H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses at mucosal surfaces in the upper and lower respiratory tract, nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from pigs in all groups were collected and tested by ELISA. The first vaccination of SIV-606 induced moderate IgA levels in nasal secretion and the second vaccination boosted IgA induction specific to SIV/SK02, SIV/Tx98 and Halifax210 (FIGS. 15A, 15B and 15C). Similarly, IgA titers remained low in BALF after the first vaccination and were significantly higher after the second vaccination (FIGS. 16A, 16B and 16C).
[0174] After the viral challenge on day 31, rectal temperature was measured daily for 5 days until necropsy. On day 1 post infection, the pigs vaccinated with MEM and challenged with SIV/SK02 had an onset of fever with a mean rectal temperature of 40.9° C. In contrast, pigs vaccinated with SIV-606 and challenged with SIV/SK02 had a normal temperature ranging between 39.1° C. to 39.6° C. during these five days (FIG. 17A). Similarly, the temperature of pigs vaccinated with MEM and challenged with Tx98 rose to 40.1° C. on day 1 post infection then decreased to 39.6° C. the following day and went back to 39.3° C. on day 5 post infection. Fever was not seen in pigs vaccinated with SIV-606 and challenged with Tx98 (FIG. 17B). The temperature in this group fluctuated between 39.2° C. and 39.7° C. during the 5 days post infection.
[0175] At necropsy, SIV-induced gross lung lesions were examined and scored by the percentage of surface that lesions took up compared to the total lung area (FIG. 18A). All pigs in the unvaccinated groups and challenged with SIV/SK02 or SIV/Tx98 manifested SIV typical gross lesions seen as clear demarcation of dark purple, consolidated areas mostly found in the apical and cardiac lobes. The mean score for these two groups were 8.6 and 14.6, respectively. In contrast, the lungs of pigs vaccinated with SIV-606 and challenged with either SIV/SK02 or SIV/Tx98 had no gross lung lesions.
[0176] To measure the viral load in the lungs (FIG. 18B), tissues from the right apical, cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes were collected at necropsy. Virus was detected in the lung tissues from all pigs in the unvaccinated and SIV/SK02 challenged group (mean viral titer was 1.90×104 PFU per gram). In the unvaccinated and SIV/Tx98 challenged group, virus was only isolated from one pig. No virus was detected in the lung tissues of pigs vaccinated with SIV-606 and challenged with SIV.
[0177] Histophathological lesions were examined using lung tissue samples taken from the right apical, cardiac, and diaphragmatic lobes at necropsy. As shown in FIGS. 19B and 19D, pathological lesions were observed in the lung tissues of unvaccinated and virus challenged groups. The histophathological lesions included the loss of bronchial epithelium due to the necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium to compensate for the necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium, neutrophil infiltration through the mucosa and into the lumen of bronchioles, peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphocyte infiltration, interstitial thickening, and proliferation of the bronchiolar associated lymphoid tissues. In contrast, no histopathological changes were observed in the lung tissues of SIV-606 vaccinated and challenged groups (FIGS. 19C and 19E). Both SIV-606 vaccinated groups maintained healthy bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar structures with mild interstitial thickening, similar to the tissue shown in the unvaccinated and unchallenged group (FIG. 19A).
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Assignment of pigs for virus challenge Vaccination Challenge Group 1 (day 0) 2 (day 21) (day 31) 1 (n = 5) MEM MEM SIV/SK02 2 (n = 5) MEM MEM SIV/Tx98 3 (n = 5) SIV-606 SIV-606 SIV/SK02 4 (n = 5) SIV-606 SIV-606 SIV/Tx98 5 (n = 3) -- -- --
[0178] Thus, recombinant, chimeric influenza viruses are disclosed, as well as compositions and methods for treating and preventing influenza. Although preferred embodiments of the subject invention have been described in some detail, it is understood that obvious variations can be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Sequence CWU
1
1
3011701DNAInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(1701)Figure 5A Influenza A
virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) hemagglutinin (HA) gene
(GenBank AY619961.1) 1atggaagcaa aactgttcgt actattctgt acattcactg
tactgaaagc tgacactatc 60tgtgtgggct accatgcaaa caactctaca aacactgttg
atacagtact ggaaaagaac 120ataactgtga ctcactcagt gaatttgctc gaagacagcc
ataatgggaa gctctgcagt 180ctgaatggga tagctccttt acaattgggg aagtgtaatg
tagcgggatg gctcctgggc 240aacccagaat gtgaccttct actcactgca aactcatggt
cctatataat agagacgtcc 300aattcagaga acgggacatg ctatcctggt gagttcatag
attatgagga attaagggag 360caattgagtt cggtttcttc atttgaaaag tttgaaattt
tccccaaggc aaactcatgg 420ccaaaccatg agacaactaa aggtgttaca gctgcctgct
cttactctgg ggccagcagt 480ttttaccgaa atttgctgtg gataacaaag aagggaactt
catatccaaa actcagcaag 540tcatacacga acaataaagg gaaagaagtg cttgtgctct
ggggagtgca ccatcctccg 600accaccagtg atcaacagag tatataccag aacactgatg
catacgtctc agttgggtca 660tcaaagtaca accgaagatt cactccagag atagcagcta
gacccaaagt tagaggacag 720gcaggcagga tgaactatta ttggacacta ctagaccaag
gagacaccat aacatttgag 780gccactggga atctgatagc accatggtat gccttcgcac
taaataaggg gtcagactca 840gggattataa catcagatgc tccagttcac aattgcgaca
caaggtgcca aacccctcac 900ggggcgttga acagtagcct cccttttcag aatgtgcatc
ctatcaccat tggagaatgt 960cccaaatatg tcaagagcac caagctaaga atggcaacag
gactaagaaa tgtcccatcc 1020attcaatcca gaggactgtt tggagcaatt gccggattca
ttgagggagg atggacaggc 1080atgatagatg ggtggtatgg gtaccaccac cagaatgagc
aaggatcagg gtatgccgct 1140gatcagaaaa gcacacagaa tgcaatcgac ggaataacta
acaaggtgaa ttcggtaatt 1200gagaaaatga acactcaatt cactgcagtg ggtaaggaat
tcaacaatct agagaggaga 1260attgaaaatc tgaataggaa agtcgatgat gggttcctgg
atgtttggac atacaatgct 1320gaactgctcg ttctactgga gaatgaaaga actctggact
ttcatgattc caatgtgagg 1380aatttgtatg aaaaggtcag atcacaactg aggaataacg
ccaaagaact tggaaatggt 1440tgctttgagt tctatcacaa gtgtgatgat gaatgcatgg
aaagtgtgaa gaacggcaca 1500tatgactatc ccaaatattc agaagagtct aaattgaatc
gggaagaaat agacggagtg 1560agactagaat cgatgggagt ttaccaaatt ttggcgatct
attccacagt cgccagttct 1620ctagtcttgt tagtctccct gggggcaatc agcttctgga
tgtgttctaa tgggtcattg 1680caatgcagaa tatgcattta g
17012566PRTInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(566)Figure 5B Influenza A virus Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) hemagglutinin (HA) gene
(GenBank AY619961.1) 2Met Glu Ala Lys Leu Phe Val Leu Phe Cys Thr Phe Thr
Val Leu Lys1 5 10 15Ala
Asp Thr Ile Cys Val Gly Tyr His Ala Asn Asn Ser Thr Asn Thr 20
25 30Val Asp Thr Val Leu Glu Lys Asn
Ile Thr Val Thr His Ser Val Asn 35 40
45Leu Leu Glu Asp Ser His Asn Gly Lys Leu Cys Ser Leu Asn Gly Ile
50 55 60Ala Pro Leu Gln Leu Gly Lys Cys
Asn Val Ala Gly Trp Leu Leu Gly65 70 75
80Asn Pro Glu Cys Asp Leu Leu Leu Thr Ala Asn Ser Trp
Ser Tyr Ile 85 90 95Ile
Glu Thr Ser Asn Ser Glu Asn Gly Thr Cys Tyr Pro Gly Glu Phe
100 105 110Ile Asp Tyr Glu Glu Leu Arg
Glu Gln Leu Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Phe 115 120
125Glu Lys Phe Glu Ile Phe Pro Lys Ala Asn Ser Trp Pro Asn His
Glu 130 135 140Thr Thr Lys Gly Val Thr
Ala Ala Cys Ser Tyr Ser Gly Ala Ser Ser145 150
155 160Phe Tyr Arg Asn Leu Leu Trp Ile Thr Lys Lys
Gly Thr Ser Tyr Pro 165 170
175Lys Leu Ser Lys Ser Tyr Thr Asn Asn Lys Gly Lys Glu Val Leu Val
180 185 190Leu Trp Gly Val His His
Pro Pro Thr Thr Ser Asp Gln Gln Ser Ile 195 200
205Tyr Gln Asn Thr Asp Ala Tyr Val Ser Val Gly Ser Ser Lys
Tyr Asn 210 215 220Arg Arg Phe Thr Pro
Glu Ile Ala Ala Arg Pro Lys Val Arg Gly Gln225 230
235 240Ala Gly Arg Met Asn Tyr Tyr Trp Thr Leu
Leu Asp Gln Gly Asp Thr 245 250
255Ile Thr Phe Glu Ala Thr Gly Asn Leu Ile Ala Pro Trp Tyr Ala Phe
260 265 270Ala Leu Asn Lys Gly
Ser Asp Ser Gly Ile Ile Thr Ser Asp Ala Pro 275
280 285Val His Asn Cys Asp Thr Arg Cys Gln Thr Pro His
Gly Ala Leu Asn 290 295 300Ser Ser Leu
Pro Phe Gln Asn Val His Pro Ile Thr Ile Gly Glu Cys305
310 315 320Pro Lys Tyr Val Lys Ser Thr
Lys Leu Arg Met Ala Thr Gly Leu Arg 325
330 335Asn Val Pro Ser Ile Gln Ser Arg Gly Leu Phe Gly
Ala Ile Ala Gly 340 345 350Phe
Ile Glu Gly Gly Trp Thr Gly Met Ile Asp Gly Trp Tyr Gly Tyr 355
360 365His His Gln Asn Glu Gln Gly Ser Gly
Tyr Ala Ala Asp Gln Lys Ser 370 375
380Thr Gln Asn Ala Ile Asp Gly Ile Thr Asn Lys Val Asn Ser Val Ile385
390 395 400Glu Lys Met Asn
Thr Gln Phe Thr Ala Val Gly Lys Glu Phe Asn Asn 405
410 415Leu Glu Arg Arg Ile Glu Asn Leu Asn Arg
Lys Val Asp Asp Gly Phe 420 425
430Leu Asp Val Trp Thr Tyr Asn Ala Glu Leu Leu Val Leu Leu Glu Asn
435 440 445Glu Arg Thr Leu Asp Phe His
Asp Ser Asn Val Arg Asn Leu Tyr Glu 450 455
460Lys Val Arg Ser Gln Leu Arg Asn Asn Ala Lys Glu Leu Gly Asn
Gly465 470 475 480Cys Phe
Glu Phe Tyr His Lys Cys Asp Asp Glu Cys Met Glu Ser Val
485 490 495Lys Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp Tyr
Pro Lys Tyr Ser Glu Glu Ser Lys Leu 500 505
510Asn Arg Glu Glu Ile Asp Gly Val Arg Leu Glu Ser Met Gly
Val Tyr 515 520 525Gln Ile Leu Ala
Ile Tyr Ser Thr Val Ala Ser Ser Leu Val Leu Leu 530
535 540Val Ser Leu Gly Ala Ile Ser Phe Trp Met Cys Ser
Asn Gly Ser Leu545 550 555
560Gln Cys Arg Ile Cys Ile 56531410DNAInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(1410)Figure 6A Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) neuraminidase (NA) gene
(GenBank AY619960.1) 3atgaatccaa atcaaaagat aataactatt gggtcaatct
gcatggcaat tggagtaata 60agtctggtgt tacaaattgg aaatataatc tcaatatggg
ttaaccattc aattcaaact 120ggaagtcaga accaccccga aacatgcaat caaagtgtca
ttacctacga aaacaatact 180tgggtgaatc aaacatacat caacataagc aataccaatt
taattgcaga acaagctgta 240gctccagtaa cactagcagg caattcctct ctctgtccca
tcagtgggtg ggctatatac 300agcaaggata atggtataag gataggttcg aagggagatg
tatttgtcat cagagagcct 360tttatttcat gctctcactt ggagtgcagg gctttctttc
taactcaagg ggccttgttg 420aatgacaagc attccaacgg aaccgttaaa gacagaagcc
cttatagaac cctaatgagc 480tgtcctgttg gcgaagctcc ttctccatac aattcaaggt
ttgagtctgt tgcttggtca 540gcaagtgctt gtcatgatgg cattagttgg ttgacaattg
gtatttccgg cccagacaat 600ggggcggtgg ctgtattgaa atacaatggc ataataacag
atactgttaa gagttggaga 660aacaatatat tgagaacaca agagtctgaa tgtgcctgca
ttaacggttc ctgctttacc 720ataatgactg atgggccaag taatggccag gcctcataca
agattttcaa gatagaaaag 780gggaaggtag tcaaatcagt tgagttgaat gcccctaatt
accactacga ggagtgctcc 840tgttatcctg atgctagtga ggtaatgtgt gtatgcagag
acaactggca tggttcaaac 900cgaccatggg tgtccttcaa tcagaatcta gagtaccaaa
taggatacat atgcagcgga 960gtttttggag acaacccacg ccccaatgat ggaacaggca
gttgtggtcc agtgtcttct 1020aatggggcat atggagtaaa ggggttttca tttaaatacg
gtaatggtgt ttggatagga 1080agaactaaaa gtactagctc aaggagtggg tttgagatga
tttgggatcc caatgggtgg 1140acagagacag acaacagttt ctctgtgaaa caagatattg
tagcaataac tgattggtca 1200ggatatagcg gaagttttgt tcagcatcca gaattaacgg
ggctggactg catgaggcct 1260tgcttctggg ttgagctgat cagaggaaga cccaaggaga
atacaatctg gaccagtggg 1320agcagcattt ccttttgtgg agtaaatagc gacactgtgg
gttggtcttg gccagacggt 1380gctgagttgc cattcaccat tgacaagtag
14104469PRTInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(469)Figure 6B Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) neuraminidase (NA) gene
(GenBank AY619960.1) 4Met Asn Pro Asn Gln Lys Ile Ile Thr Ile Gly Ser Ile
Cys Met Ala1 5 10 15Ile
Gly Val Ile Ser Leu Val Leu Gln Ile Gly Asn Ile Ile Ser Ile 20
25 30Trp Val Asn His Ser Ile Gln Thr
Gly Ser Gln Asn His Pro Glu Thr 35 40
45Cys Asn Gln Ser Val Ile Thr Tyr Glu Asn Asn Thr Trp Val Asn Gln
50 55 60Thr Tyr Ile Asn Ile Ser Asn Thr
Asn Leu Ile Ala Glu Gln Ala Val65 70 75
80Ala Pro Val Thr Leu Ala Gly Asn Ser Ser Leu Cys Pro
Ile Ser Gly 85 90 95Trp
Ala Ile Tyr Ser Lys Asp Asn Gly Ile Arg Ile Gly Ser Lys Gly
100 105 110Asp Val Phe Val Ile Arg Glu
Pro Phe Ile Ser Cys Ser His Leu Glu 115 120
125Cys Arg Ala Phe Phe Leu Thr Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Asn Asp Lys
His 130 135 140Ser Asn Gly Thr Val Lys
Asp Arg Ser Pro Tyr Arg Thr Leu Met Ser145 150
155 160Cys Pro Val Gly Glu Ala Pro Ser Pro Tyr Asn
Ser Arg Phe Glu Ser 165 170
175Val Ala Trp Ser Ala Ser Ala Cys His Asp Gly Ile Ser Trp Leu Thr
180 185 190Ile Gly Ile Ser Gly Pro
Asp Asn Gly Ala Val Ala Val Leu Lys Tyr 195 200
205Asn Gly Ile Ile Thr Asp Thr Val Lys Ser Trp Arg Asn Asn
Ile Leu 210 215 220Arg Thr Gln Glu Ser
Glu Cys Ala Cys Ile Asn Gly Ser Cys Phe Thr225 230
235 240Ile Met Thr Asp Gly Pro Ser Asn Gly Gln
Ala Ser Tyr Lys Ile Phe 245 250
255Lys Ile Glu Lys Gly Lys Val Val Lys Ser Val Glu Leu Asn Ala Pro
260 265 270Asn Tyr His Tyr Glu
Glu Cys Ser Cys Tyr Pro Asp Ala Ser Glu Val 275
280 285Met Cys Val Cys Arg Asp Asn Trp His Gly Ser Asn
Arg Pro Trp Val 290 295 300Ser Phe Asn
Gln Asn Leu Glu Tyr Gln Ile Gly Tyr Ile Cys Ser Gly305
310 315 320Val Phe Gly Asp Asn Pro Arg
Pro Asn Asp Gly Thr Gly Ser Cys Gly 325
330 335Pro Val Ser Ser Asn Gly Ala Tyr Gly Val Lys Gly
Phe Ser Phe Lys 340 345 350Tyr
Gly Asn Gly Val Trp Ile Gly Arg Thr Lys Ser Thr Ser Ser Arg 355
360 365Ser Gly Phe Glu Met Ile Trp Asp Pro
Asn Gly Trp Thr Glu Thr Asp 370 375
380Asn Ser Phe Ser Val Lys Gln Asp Ile Val Ala Ile Thr Asp Trp Ser385
390 395 400Gly Tyr Ser Gly
Ser Phe Val Gln His Pro Glu Leu Thr Gly Leu Asp 405
410 415Cys Met Arg Pro Cys Phe Trp Val Glu Leu
Ile Arg Gly Arg Pro Lys 420 425
430Glu Asn Thr Ile Trp Thr Ser Gly Ser Ser Ile Ser Phe Cys Gly Val
435 440 445Asn Ser Asp Thr Val Gly Trp
Ser Trp Pro Asp Gly Ala Glu Leu Pro 450 455
460Phe Thr Ile Asp Lys4655982DNAInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(982)Figure 7A Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) (GenBank AY619959.1) 5atgagtcttc
taaccgaggt cgaaacgtac gttctctcta tcgtcccgtc aggccccctc 60aaagccgaga
tcgcgcagag acttgaagat gtctttgcag ggaagaacac cgatcttgag 120gcactcatgg
aatggctaaa gacaagacca atcctgtcac ctctgactaa ggggatttta 180ggatttgtgt
ttacactcac cgtgcccagt gagcgaggac tgcagcgtag acgctttgtc 240caaaatgccc
ttaatgggaa tggggatcca aacaacatgg acagagcagt caaactgtac 300aggaaactaa
aaagggaaat aacattccat ggggcaaaag aggtggcact cagttattcg 360actggtgcac
ttgccagttg catgggcctc atatacaaca gaatggggac tgtgaccact 420gaagtggcat
ttggcctagt ttgcgccaca tgtgagcaga ttgctgactc ccagcatcgg 480tctcacagac
agatggtaac aacaaccaac ccactgatca gacatgagaa cagaatggta 540ctagccagta
ccacggctaa ggccatggaa caaatggcag ggtcaagtga gcaggctgca 600gaggctatgg
aggttgctaa tcaagctaga caaatggtgc aggcaatgag gaccattggg 660actcatccta
gctccagtgc cggtctaaaa gatgatcttc ttgaaaattt gcaggcctac 720cagaaacgga
tgggagtgca aatgcagcga ttcaagtgat cctcttgtta ttgccgcaag 780tatcattggg
atcttgcact tgatattgtg gattcttgat cgtcttttct tcaaatgcat 840ttatcgtcgc
cttaaatacg gtttgaaaag agggccttct acggaaggag tgcctgagtc 900tatgagggaa
gaatatcggc aggaacagca gagtgctgtg gatgttgacg atggtcattt 960tgtcaacata
gagctggagt aa
982697PRTInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(97)Figure 7B Influenza A
virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) matrix protein 2 (M2)
gene (GenBank AY619959.1) 6Met Ser Leu Leu Thr Glu Val Glu Thr Pro
Thr Arg Asn Gly Trp Glu1 5 10
15Cys Lys Cys Ser Asp Ser Ser Asp Pro Leu Val Ile Ala Ala Ser Ile
20 25 30Ile Gly Ile Leu His Leu
Ile Leu Trp Ile Leu Asp Arg Leu Phe Phe 35 40
45Lys Cys Ile Tyr Arg Arg Leu Lys Tyr Gly Leu Lys Arg Gly
Pro Ser 50 55 60Thr Glu Gly Val Pro
Glu Ser Met Arg Glu Glu Tyr Arg Gln Glu Gln65 70
75 80Gln Ser Ala Val Asp Val Asp Asp Gly His
Phe Val Asn Ile Glu Leu 85 90
95Glu7252PRTInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(252)Figure 7C
Influenza A virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) matrix
protein 1 (M1) gene (GenBank AY619959.1) 7Met Ser Leu Leu Thr Glu
Val Glu Thr Tyr Val Leu Ser Ile Val Pro1 5
10 15Ser Gly Pro Leu Lys Ala Glu Ile Ala Gln Arg Leu
Glu Asp Val Phe 20 25 30Ala
Gly Lys Asn Thr Asp Leu Glu Ala Leu Met Glu Trp Leu Lys Thr 35
40 45Arg Pro Ile Leu Ser Pro Leu Thr Lys
Gly Ile Leu Gly Phe Val Phe 50 55
60Thr Leu Thr Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Gly Leu Gln Arg Arg Arg Phe Val65
70 75 80Gln Asn Ala Leu Asn
Gly Asn Gly Asp Pro Asn Asn Met Asp Arg Ala 85
90 95Val Lys Leu Tyr Arg Lys Leu Lys Arg Glu Ile
Thr Phe His Gly Ala 100 105
110Lys Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Tyr Ser Thr Gly Ala Leu Ala Ser Cys Met
115 120 125Gly Leu Ile Tyr Asn Arg Met
Gly Thr Val Thr Thr Glu Val Ala Phe 130 135
140Gly Leu Val Cys Ala Thr Cys Glu Gln Ile Ala Asp Ser Gln His
Arg145 150 155 160Ser His
Arg Gln Met Val Thr Thr Thr Asn Pro Leu Ile Arg His Glu
165 170 175Asn Arg Met Val Leu Ala Ser
Thr Thr Ala Lys Ala Met Glu Gln Met 180 185
190Ala Gly Ser Ser Glu Gln Ala Ala Glu Ala Met Glu Val Ala
Asn Gln 195 200 205Ala Arg Gln Met
Val Gln Ala Met Arg Thr Ile Gly Thr His Pro Ser 210
215 220Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Lys Asp Asp Leu Leu Glu Asn
Leu Gln Ala Tyr225 230 235
240Gln Lys Arg Met Gly Val Gln Met Gln Arg Phe Lys 245
25081497DNAInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(1497)Figure 8A
Influenza A virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1))
nucleoprotein (NP) gene (GenBank AY619958.1 ) 8atggcgtctc aaggcaccaa
acgatcttat gagcagatgg aaactggtgg agaacgccag 60aatgccactg aaatcagagc
atctgttggg agaatggttg gtggaatcgg aagattctac 120atacagatgt gcactgaact
caaactcagt gactatgaag ggagactgat ccaaaacagc 180atcacaatag agagaatggt
tctctcagca tttgatgaga ggagaaacaa atatctggaa 240gagcatccca gtgctgggaa
agaccctaag aagactggag gtccaatcta caggaggaga 300gatgggaaat ggatgagaga
attgatccta tatgacaaag aggagatcag aaggatttgg 360cgtcaagcga ataatggaga
agacgcaact gccggtctca cccatttgat gatctggcac 420tccaatctga atgatgccac
ctatcagagg acgagggcac ttgtgcgtac tggaatggat 480cccaggatgt gttctctgat
gcaaggctcg actctcccga ggaggtctgg agctgctgga 540gcagctgtga aaggagttgg
aacaatggtg atggaattga tccgaatgat caagcgaggg 600atcaatgatc ggaatttctg
gagaggcgaa aatgggcgga ggacaagaat tgcttatgaa 660agaatgtgca acatcctcaa
agggaagttc caaacagcgg cacaacgagc aatgatggac 720caggtgaggg aaagccggaa
tcctgggaat gctgaaattg aagatctcat ctttcttgca 780cggtctgctc tcattctgag
gggatcagtg gctcataagt cttgcctgcc tgcttgtgtg 840tatggacttg ctgtggccag
tggatacgac tttgaaaggg agggatactc cctagttgga 900attgatcctt tccgtctgct
ccaaaacagt caagtcttca gtcttatcag accaaacgaa 960aatccagcac ataaaagcca
gctggtatgg atggcatgcc actctgcagc ttttgaagat 1020cttagagtgt caagcttcat
tagaggaaca agagtagtcc caagaggaca actgtccacc 1080agaggagttc agattgcttc
aaatgagaac atggagacaa tggactccag tactcttgaa 1140ctgaggagca gatactgggc
tataaggacc agaagtgggg ggaacactaa ccagcagaga 1200gcatccgcag ggcaaatcag
cgtacagccc acattctctg tacagaggaa cctcccattc 1260gagagagcaa ccattatggc
ggcatttaca ggaaacactg aaggcagaac ttcagacatg 1320agaacagaaa tcataaggat
gatggaaaat gccagacctg aagatgtgtc tttccagggg 1380cggggagtct tcgagctctc
ggacgaaaag gcaacgaacc cgatcgtgcc ttcctttgac 1440atgagcaacg aaggatctta
tttcttcgga gacaatgcag aggaatatga caattaa 14979498PRTInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(498)Figure 8B Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) nucleoprotein (NP) gene
(GenBank AY619958.1 ) 9Met Ala Ser Gln Gly Thr Lys Arg Ser Tyr Glu Gln
Met Glu Thr Gly1 5 10
15Gly Glu Arg Gln Asn Ala Thr Glu Ile Arg Ala Ser Val Gly Arg Met
20 25 30Val Gly Gly Ile Gly Arg Phe
Tyr Ile Gln Met Cys Thr Glu Leu Lys 35 40
45Leu Ser Asp Tyr Glu Gly Arg Leu Ile Gln Asn Ser Ile Thr Ile
Glu 50 55 60Arg Met Val Leu Ser Ala
Phe Asp Glu Arg Arg Asn Lys Tyr Leu Glu65 70
75 80Glu His Pro Ser Ala Gly Lys Asp Pro Lys Lys
Thr Gly Gly Pro Ile 85 90
95Tyr Arg Arg Arg Asp Gly Lys Trp Met Arg Glu Leu Ile Leu Tyr Asp
100 105 110Lys Glu Glu Ile Arg Arg
Ile Trp Arg Gln Ala Asn Asn Gly Glu Asp 115 120
125Ala Thr Ala Gly Leu Thr His Leu Met Ile Trp His Ser Asn
Leu Asn 130 135 140Asp Ala Thr Tyr Gln
Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val Arg Thr Gly Met Asp145 150
155 160Pro Arg Met Cys Ser Leu Met Gln Gly Ser
Thr Leu Pro Arg Arg Ser 165 170
175Gly Ala Ala Gly Ala Ala Val Lys Gly Val Gly Thr Met Val Met Glu
180 185 190Leu Ile Arg Met Ile
Lys Arg Gly Ile Asn Asp Arg Asn Phe Trp Arg 195
200 205Gly Glu Asn Gly Arg Arg Thr Arg Ile Ala Tyr Glu
Arg Met Cys Asn 210 215 220Ile Leu Lys
Gly Lys Phe Gln Thr Ala Ala Gln Arg Ala Met Met Asp225
230 235 240Gln Val Arg Glu Ser Arg Asn
Pro Gly Asn Ala Glu Ile Glu Asp Leu 245
250 255Ile Phe Leu Ala Arg Ser Ala Leu Ile Leu Arg Gly
Ser Val Ala His 260 265 270Lys
Ser Cys Leu Pro Ala Cys Val Tyr Gly Leu Ala Val Ala Ser Gly 275
280 285Tyr Asp Phe Glu Arg Glu Gly Tyr Ser
Leu Val Gly Ile Asp Pro Phe 290 295
300Arg Leu Leu Gln Asn Ser Gln Val Phe Ser Leu Ile Arg Pro Asn Glu305
310 315 320Asn Pro Ala His
Lys Ser Gln Leu Val Trp Met Ala Cys His Ser Ala 325
330 335Ala Phe Glu Asp Leu Arg Val Ser Ser Phe
Ile Arg Gly Thr Arg Val 340 345
350Val Pro Arg Gly Gln Leu Ser Thr Arg Gly Val Gln Ile Ala Ser Asn
355 360 365Glu Asn Met Glu Thr Met Asp
Ser Ser Thr Leu Glu Leu Arg Ser Arg 370 375
380Tyr Trp Ala Ile Arg Thr Arg Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asn Gln Gln
Arg385 390 395 400Ala Ser
Ala Gly Gln Ile Ser Val Gln Pro Thr Phe Ser Val Gln Arg
405 410 415Asn Leu Pro Phe Glu Arg Ala
Thr Ile Met Ala Ala Phe Thr Gly Asn 420 425
430Thr Glu Gly Arg Thr Ser Asp Met Arg Thr Glu Ile Ile Arg
Met Met 435 440 445Glu Asn Ala Arg
Pro Glu Asp Val Ser Phe Gln Gly Arg Gly Val Phe 450
455 460Glu Leu Ser Asp Glu Lys Ala Thr Asn Pro Ile Val
Pro Ser Phe Asp465 470 475
480Met Ser Asn Glu Gly Ser Tyr Phe Phe Gly Asp Asn Ala Glu Glu Tyr
485 490 495Asp
Asn10838DNAInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(838)Figure 9A Influenza A
virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) (GenBank AY619957.1 )
10atggactcca acacgataac ctcgttccag gtagattgct atctatggca cataagaaag
60ctgctcagca tgagagacat gtgtgatgct ccctttgatg atagactcag aagagatcaa
120aaggcattaa agggaagagg cagcacactt ggactcgacc tgcgagtggc cacaatggaa
180ggcaaaaaga ttgttgaaga catcctaaag agtgaaatgg atgaaaatct caaaattgca
240attgcatcca gccctgctcc tcggtacatt accgatatga gcatagagga aataagcagg
300gaatggtaca tgctcatgcc aaggcagaaa ataactgggg gtctgatggt gaaaatggat
360caggccatta tggacaagag gataatactc aaggcgaact tctctgtcct ttttgatcaa
420ctggagacat tagtctcact gagggctttc acagacaatg gcgccattgt agctgaaata
480tctcccattc cttccatgcc aggacattct acagaggatg tcaaaaatgc aattggaatc
540ctcatcggcg gacttgaatg gaatgataac tcaattcgag cgtctgaaaa tatacagaga
600ttcgcttggg gagtccgtga tgagaatggg ggacctccac tccctccaaa gcagaaacgc
660tacatggcga gaagagttga gtcagaagtt tgaagaaatc agatggctaa ttgcagagtg
720cagaaacata ttaaccaaaa ctgagaacag cttcgagcag ataacgttct tgcaagcatt
780gcaactctta cttgaagtcg agagtgagat aaggacattt tcttttcagc ttatttag
83811121PRTInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(121)Figure 9B Influenza A
virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) nonstructural protein 2
(NS2, also termed NEP) gene (GenBank AY619957.1 ) 11Met Asp Ser Asn
Thr Ile Thr Ser Phe Gln Asp Ile Leu Gln Arg Met1 5
10 15Ser Lys Met Gln Leu Glu Ser Ser Ser Ala
Asp Leu Asn Gly Met Ile 20 25
30Thr Gln Phe Glu Arg Leu Lys Ile Tyr Arg Asp Ser Leu Gly Glu Ser
35 40 45Val Met Arg Met Gly Asp Leu His
Ser Leu Gln Ser Arg Asn Ala Thr 50 55
60Trp Arg Glu Glu Leu Ser Gln Lys Phe Glu Glu Ile Arg Trp Leu Ile65
70 75 80Ala Glu Cys Arg Asn
Ile Leu Thr Lys Thr Glu Asn Ser Phe Glu Gln 85
90 95Ile Thr Phe Leu Gln Ala Leu Gln Leu Leu Leu
Glu Val Glu Ser Glu 100 105
110Ile Arg Thr Phe Ser Phe Gln Leu Ile 115
12012230PRTInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(230)Figure 9C Influenza A
virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) nonstructural protein 1
(NS1) gene (GenBank AY619957.1 ) 12Met Asp Ser Asn Thr Ile Thr Ser
Phe Gln Val Asp Cys Tyr Leu Trp1 5 10
15His Ile Arg Lys Leu Leu Ser Met Arg Asp Met Cys Asp Ala
Pro Phe 20 25 30Asp Asp Arg
Leu Arg Arg Asp Gln Lys Ala Leu Lys Gly Arg Gly Ser 35
40 45Thr Leu Gly Leu Asp Leu Arg Val Ala Thr Met
Glu Gly Lys Lys Ile 50 55 60Val Glu
Asp Ile Leu Lys Ser Glu Met Asp Glu Asn Leu Lys Ile Ala65
70 75 80Ile Ala Ser Ser Pro Ala Pro
Arg Tyr Ile Thr Asp Met Ser Ile Glu 85 90
95Glu Ile Ser Arg Glu Trp Tyr Met Leu Met Pro Arg Gln
Lys Ile Thr 100 105 110Gly Gly
Leu Met Val Lys Met Asp Gln Ala Ile Met Asp Lys Arg Ile 115
120 125Ile Leu Lys Ala Asn Phe Ser Val Leu Phe
Asp Gln Leu Glu Thr Leu 130 135 140Val
Ser Leu Arg Ala Phe Thr Asp Asn Gly Ala Ile Val Ala Glu Ile145
150 155 160Ser Pro Ile Pro Ser Met
Pro Gly His Ser Thr Glu Asp Val Lys Asn 165
170 175Ala Ile Gly Ile Leu Ile Gly Gly Leu Glu Trp Asn
Asp Asn Ser Ile 180 185 190Arg
Ala Ser Glu Asn Ile Gln Arg Phe Ala Trp Gly Val Arg Asp Glu 195
200 205Asn Gly Gly Pro Pro Leu Pro Pro Lys
Gln Lys Arg Tyr Met Ala Arg 210 215
220Arg Val Glu Ser Glu Val225 230132151DNAInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(2151)Figure 10A Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1))(GenBank AY619956) 13atggaagact
ttgtgcgaca atgcttcaat ccaatgatcg tcgagcttgc ggaaaaggca 60atgaaggaat
atggggaaga cccaaaaatc gagactaaca aattcgctgc aatatgcact 120cacttggaag
tatgtttcat gtattcggat ttccacttca ttgatgaacg gggcgaatca 180ataattgtgg
aatctggtga tccaaatgca ttactgaagc accgatttga aataattgaa 240ggaagggacc
gaacaatggc ctggacagtg gtgaatagca tctgcaacac cacaggagtc 300gagaagccta
aatttctccc ggatctgtat gattacaagg agaaccgatt cattgaaatt 360ggagtgacac
ggagagaggt ccatatatac tacctagaga aagccaacaa gataaaatcc 420gagaagacac
acattcacat cttttcattt actggagaag aaatggccac caaagcagac 480tacactcttg
atgaagaaag cagggcaaga atcaaaacca ggctgttcac tataagacaa 540gaaatggcca
gcaggggcct atgggattcc tttcgtcagt ccgaaagagg cgaagagaca 600actgaagaaa
gatttgaaat cacaggaacc atgcgtaggc ttgccgacca aagtctccca 660ccgaacttct
ccagccttga aaactttaga gcctatgtgg atggattcga accgaacggc 720tgcattgagg
gcaagctttc tcaaatgtca aaagaagtga acgccaggat cgagccattc 780ctgaagacaa
caccacgccc tctcaaatta cctgatgggc ccccttgctc ccagcggtcg 840aaattcttgc
tgatggatgc cttgaaacta agcatcgaag atccaagtca cgagggagag 900gggataccac
tatacgatgc aatcaaatgt atgaagacat ttttcggctg gaaagagccc 960aatataatca
aaccacatga gaaaggcata aatcccaatt accttctggc ttggaagcaa 1020gtgctggcag
aacttcagga ccttgaaaat gaagagaaaa tcccaaagac aaagaacatg 1080aagaagacaa
gccaattgaa gtgggcactt ggtgagaaca tggcaccaga gaaagtggac 1140tttgaggatt
gcaaggacat tggcgatctg aaacaatatg atagtgatga gccagagcct 1200agatcgctag
caagctggat ccagaacgaa ttcaataagg cgtgtgaatt gaccgactcg 1260agctggatag
aacttgatga aataggagaa gatgttgctc cgattgaaca cattgcaagt 1320ataaggagga
actattttac agcagaagtg tcccactgca gggccactga atacataatg 1380aagggagtct
acataaacac agctctgctc aatgcatctt gtgcagccat ggacgacttc 1440cagctgattc
caatgataag caaatgtaga acaaaggaag gaagacggaa aaccaacctg 1500tatggattca
tcataaaagg aagatcccat ttgaggaatg atactgatgt ggtaaacttt 1560gtgagcatgg
aattttctct cactgacccg aggctagaac cccacaaatg ggaaaagtac 1620tgtgttcttg
aaataggaga tatgctcctg aggactgcaa taggccaagt gtctaggccc 1680atgttcctgt
acgttagaac caatgggacc tctaagatca agatgaaatg gggtatggaa 1740atgagacgct
gcctccttca atctcttcaa cagattgaga gcatgattga ggccgagtct 1800tctgtcaaag
aaaaggacat gactaaggaa ttctttgaaa ataagccgga aaagtggcca 1860attggagaat
cccccagagg agtagaggaa ggctctatcg ggaaagtatg cagaacctta 1920ctggcaaaat
ctgtattcaa cagtctatat gcatctccac aacttgaggg attttcagct 1980gaatcgagga
aattgcttct cattgttcag gcacttaggg acaacctgga acctggaacc 2040tttgatcttg
gggggctata tgaagcaatt gaggagtgcc tgattaatga tccctgggtt 2100ttgcttaatg
catcttggtt caactccttc ctcacacatg cactgaaata g
215114716PRTInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(716)Figure 10B Influenza A
virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) polymerase acidic
protein 2 (PA) gene (GenBank AY619956) 14Met Glu Asp Phe Val Arg Gln
Cys Phe Asn Pro Met Ile Val Glu Leu1 5 10
15Ala Glu Lys Ala Met Lys Glu Tyr Gly Glu Asp Pro Lys
Ile Glu Thr 20 25 30Asn Lys
Phe Ala Ala Ile Cys Thr His Leu Glu Val Cys Phe Met Tyr 35
40 45Ser Asp Phe His Phe Ile Asp Glu Arg Gly
Glu Ser Ile Ile Val Glu 50 55 60Ser
Gly Asp Pro Asn Ala Leu Leu Lys His Arg Phe Glu Ile Ile Glu65
70 75 80Gly Arg Asp Arg Thr Met
Ala Trp Thr Val Val Asn Ser Ile Cys Asn 85
90 95Thr Thr Gly Val Glu Lys Pro Lys Phe Leu Pro Asp
Leu Tyr Asp Tyr 100 105 110Lys
Glu Asn Arg Phe Ile Glu Ile Gly Val Thr Arg Arg Glu Val His 115
120 125Ile Tyr Tyr Leu Glu Lys Ala Asn Lys
Ile Lys Ser Glu Lys Thr His 130 135
140Ile His Ile Phe Ser Phe Thr Gly Glu Glu Met Ala Thr Lys Ala Asp145
150 155 160Tyr Thr Leu Asp
Glu Glu Ser Arg Ala Arg Ile Lys Thr Arg Leu Phe 165
170 175Thr Ile Arg Gln Glu Met Ala Ser Arg Gly
Leu Trp Asp Ser Phe Arg 180 185
190Gln Ser Glu Arg Gly Glu Glu Thr Thr Glu Glu Arg Phe Glu Ile Thr
195 200 205Gly Thr Met Arg Arg Leu Ala
Asp Gln Ser Leu Pro Pro Asn Phe Ser 210 215
220Ser Leu Glu Asn Phe Arg Ala Tyr Val Asp Gly Phe Glu Pro Asn
Gly225 230 235 240Cys Ile
Glu Gly Lys Leu Ser Gln Met Ser Lys Glu Val Asn Ala Arg
245 250 255Ile Glu Pro Phe Leu Lys Thr
Thr Pro Arg Pro Leu Lys Leu Pro Asp 260 265
270Gly Pro Pro Cys Ser Gln Arg Ser Lys Phe Leu Leu Met Asp
Ala Leu 275 280 285Lys Leu Ser Ile
Glu Asp Pro Ser His Glu Gly Glu Gly Ile Pro Leu 290
295 300Tyr Asp Ala Ile Lys Cys Met Lys Thr Phe Phe Gly
Trp Lys Glu Pro305 310 315
320Asn Ile Ile Lys Pro His Glu Lys Gly Ile Asn Pro Asn Tyr Leu Leu
325 330 335Ala Trp Lys Gln Val
Leu Ala Glu Leu Gln Asp Leu Glu Asn Glu Glu 340
345 350Lys Ile Pro Lys Thr Lys Asn Met Lys Lys Thr Ser
Gln Leu Lys Trp 355 360 365Ala Leu
Gly Glu Asn Met Ala Pro Glu Lys Val Asp Phe Glu Asp Cys 370
375 380Lys Asp Ile Gly Asp Leu Lys Gln Tyr Asp Ser
Asp Glu Pro Glu Pro385 390 395
400Arg Ser Leu Ala Ser Trp Ile Gln Asn Glu Phe Asn Lys Ala Cys Glu
405 410 415Leu Thr Asp Ser
Ser Trp Ile Glu Leu Asp Glu Ile Gly Glu Asp Val 420
425 430Ala Pro Ile Glu His Ile Ala Ser Ile Arg Arg
Asn Tyr Phe Thr Ala 435 440 445Glu
Val Ser His Cys Arg Ala Thr Glu Tyr Ile Met Lys Gly Val Tyr 450
455 460Ile Asn Thr Ala Leu Leu Asn Ala Ser Cys
Ala Ala Met Asp Asp Phe465 470 475
480Gln Leu Ile Pro Met Ile Ser Lys Cys Arg Thr Lys Glu Gly Arg
Arg 485 490 495Lys Thr Asn
Leu Tyr Gly Phe Ile Ile Lys Gly Arg Ser His Leu Arg 500
505 510Asn Asp Thr Asp Val Val Asn Phe Val Ser
Met Glu Phe Ser Leu Thr 515 520
525Asp Pro Arg Leu Glu Pro His Lys Trp Glu Lys Tyr Cys Val Leu Glu 530
535 540Ile Gly Asp Met Leu Leu Arg Thr
Ala Ile Gly Gln Val Ser Arg Pro545 550
555 560Met Phe Leu Tyr Val Arg Thr Asn Gly Thr Ser Lys
Ile Lys Met Lys 565 570
575Trp Gly Met Glu Met Arg Arg Cys Leu Leu Gln Ser Leu Gln Gln Ile
580 585 590Glu Ser Met Ile Glu Ala
Glu Ser Ser Val Lys Glu Lys Asp Met Thr 595 600
605Lys Glu Phe Phe Glu Asn Lys Pro Glu Lys Trp Pro Ile Gly
Glu Ser 610 615 620Pro Arg Gly Val Glu
Glu Gly Ser Ile Gly Lys Val Cys Arg Thr Leu625 630
635 640Leu Ala Lys Ser Val Phe Asn Ser Leu Tyr
Ala Ser Pro Gln Leu Glu 645 650
655Gly Phe Ser Ala Glu Ser Arg Lys Leu Leu Leu Ile Val Gln Ala Leu
660 665 670Arg Asp Asn Leu Glu
Pro Gly Thr Phe Asp Leu Gly Gly Leu Tyr Glu 675
680 685Ala Ile Glu Glu Cys Leu Ile Asn Asp Pro Trp Val
Leu Leu Asn Ala 690 695 700Ser Trp Phe
Asn Ser Phe Leu Thr His Ala Leu Lys705 710
715152274DNAInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(2274)Figure 11A Influenza
A virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) polymerase subunit PB1
(PB1) gene (GenBank AY619955.1 ) 15atggatgtca atccgacttt acttttcttg
aaagttccag cgcaaaatgc cataagcacc 60acattcccat atactggaga tcctccctac
agccatggaa cgggaacggg atacaccatg 120gacacagtca acaggacaca tcaatactca
gaaaagggga aatggacaac aaacacagag 180actggagcac cccaacttaa cccgattgac
ggaccattac ctgaggataa tgaaccaagt 240ggatatgcac aaacagactg cgtcctggaa
gcaatggctt tccttgaaga atcccaccca 300ggaatctttg aaaactcgtg tcttgaaacg
atggaagttg ttcaacaaac aagagtggac 360aagctgaccc aaggtcgcca gacctatgat
tggacattaa acaggaatca gccagctgca 420actgcattag ccaatactat agaggtcttc
agatcgaacg gtttaacagc taatgaatcg 480ggaaggctaa tcgatttcct caaggatgtg
atggaatcaa tggataaaga ggaaatggaa 540ataacaacgc acttccaaag aaaaagaagg
gtgagagaca acatgaccaa gaaaatggtc 600acacaaagaa caataggaaa gaagaagcag
agattaaaca agagaagcta tctaataaga 660gcattgacat taaacacaat gacaaaagat
gctgaaagag gcaaattaaa gagaagagca 720attgcaacac ccgggatgca aatcagagga
tttgtgtatt ttgttgaaac actagcaagg 780agcatttgtg agaagctcga gcaatctgga
cttccagttg gaggcaatga aaagaaggct 840aaactggcaa atgtcgtgag aaagatgatg
actaattcac aagacacaga gctctctttc 900acaatcactg gagacaacac caaatggaat
gaaaatcaaa accctcgaat gttcctggca 960atgataacat acataacaag aaatcaacct
gaatggttta gaaatgtttt gagcattgca 1020cctataatgt tctcgaataa aatggcaaga
ctaggaaaag gatacatgtt cgaaagtaag 1080agcatgaagc ttcgaacaca gataccggca
gaaatgctag caagtattga tctgaaatat 1140ttcaacgaat caacaagaaa gaaaatcgag
aagataagac ctcttctaat agatggtaca 1200gcctcattga gccctggaat gatgatgggc
atgttcaaca tgctaagtac agttttggga 1260gtctcaattc tgaatctagg gcaaaagaga
tacaccaaaa caacatactg gtgggacgga 1320ctccaatcct ctgatgactt tgctctcata
gtgaatgctc cgaatcatga gggtatacaa 1380gcaggagtag atagattcta tagaacctgc
aagctggtcg gaatcaacat gagcaaaaag 1440aagtcctaca taaacagaac agggacattt
gaattcacaa gctttttcta tcgctatgga 1500tttgtagcca actttagcat ggagctgccc
agctttggag tgtctgggat caatgaatct 1560gccgacatga gcattggagt aacagtgata
aagaacaaca tgataaacaa tgatcttgga 1620ccagcaacag ctcaaatggc tcttcagctg
ttcatcaagg attacagata cacatatcgg 1680tgtcacagag gggacacaca aattcagaca
aggaggtcat tcgagctgaa aaaactgtgg 1740gaacaaaccc gctcaaaggc aggactgctg
gtttcagatg gaggaccaaa cttatacaat 1800atccggaatc tccacattcc ggaagtctgc
ctgaaatggg agctaatgga tgaagactat 1860cagggaaggc tttgtaatcc cctgaatcca
tttgtcagcc acaaagagat agagtctgta 1920aacaatgctg tggtgatgcc agctcatgga
ccagccaaga gcatggaata tgatgctgtt 1980gctactacac actcctggat tcctaagagg
aaccgctcca ttctcaacac aagtcaaagg 2040ggaatccttg aagatgaaca gatgtaccaa
aagtgctgca atctattcga gaaattcttc 2100cctagcagct catacaggag accagttggg
atttccagca tggtggaggc catggtttct 2160agggcccgaa ttgatgcgcg aattgacttc
gaatctggac ggattaagaa ggaggaattt 2220gctgagatca tgaagatctg ttccaccatt
gaagagctca gacggcagaa atag 227416757PRTInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(757)Figure 11B Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) polymerase subunit PB1 (PB1)
gene (GenBank AY619955.1 ) 16Met Asp Val Asn Pro Thr Leu Leu Phe Leu Lys
Val Pro Ala Gln Asn1 5 10
15Ala Ile Ser Thr Thr Phe Pro Tyr Thr Gly Asp Pro Pro Tyr Ser His
20 25 30Gly Thr Gly Thr Gly Tyr Thr
Met Asp Thr Val Asn Arg Thr His Gln 35 40
45Tyr Ser Glu Lys Gly Lys Trp Thr Thr Asn Thr Glu Thr Gly Ala
Pro 50 55 60Gln Leu Asn Pro Ile Asp
Gly Pro Leu Pro Glu Asp Asn Glu Pro Ser65 70
75 80Gly Tyr Ala Gln Thr Asp Cys Val Leu Glu Ala
Met Ala Phe Leu Glu 85 90
95Glu Ser His Pro Gly Ile Phe Glu Asn Ser Cys Leu Glu Thr Met Glu
100 105 110Val Val Gln Gln Thr Arg
Val Asp Lys Leu Thr Gln Gly Arg Gln Thr 115 120
125Tyr Asp Trp Thr Leu Asn Arg Asn Gln Pro Ala Ala Thr Ala
Leu Ala 130 135 140Asn Thr Ile Glu Val
Phe Arg Ser Asn Gly Leu Thr Ala Asn Glu Ser145 150
155 160Gly Arg Leu Ile Asp Phe Leu Lys Asp Val
Met Glu Ser Met Asp Lys 165 170
175Glu Glu Met Glu Ile Thr Thr His Phe Gln Arg Lys Arg Arg Val Arg
180 185 190Asp Asn Met Thr Lys
Lys Met Val Thr Gln Arg Thr Ile Gly Lys Lys 195
200 205Lys Gln Arg Leu Asn Lys Arg Ser Tyr Leu Ile Arg
Ala Leu Thr Leu 210 215 220Asn Thr Met
Thr Lys Asp Ala Glu Arg Gly Lys Leu Lys Arg Arg Ala225
230 235 240Ile Ala Thr Pro Gly Met Gln
Ile Arg Gly Phe Val Tyr Phe Val Glu 245
250 255Thr Leu Ala Arg Ser Ile Cys Glu Lys Leu Glu Gln
Ser Gly Leu Pro 260 265 270Val
Gly Gly Asn Glu Lys Lys Ala Lys Leu Ala Asn Val Val Arg Lys 275
280 285Met Met Thr Asn Ser Gln Asp Thr Glu
Leu Ser Phe Thr Ile Thr Gly 290 295
300Asp Asn Thr Lys Trp Asn Glu Asn Gln Asn Pro Arg Met Phe Leu Ala305
310 315 320Met Ile Thr Tyr
Ile Thr Arg Asn Gln Pro Glu Trp Phe Arg Asn Val 325
330 335Leu Ser Ile Ala Pro Ile Met Phe Ser Asn
Lys Met Ala Arg Leu Gly 340 345
350Lys Gly Tyr Met Phe Glu Ser Lys Ser Met Lys Leu Arg Thr Gln Ile
355 360 365Pro Ala Glu Met Leu Ala Ser
Ile Asp Leu Lys Tyr Phe Asn Glu Ser 370 375
380Thr Arg Lys Lys Ile Glu Lys Ile Arg Pro Leu Leu Ile Asp Gly
Thr385 390 395 400Ala Ser
Leu Ser Pro Gly Met Met Met Gly Met Phe Asn Met Leu Ser
405 410 415Thr Val Leu Gly Val Ser Ile
Leu Asn Leu Gly Gln Lys Arg Tyr Thr 420 425
430Lys Thr Thr Tyr Trp Trp Asp Gly Leu Gln Ser Ser Asp Asp
Phe Ala 435 440 445Leu Ile Val Asn
Ala Pro Asn His Glu Gly Ile Gln Ala Gly Val Asp 450
455 460Arg Phe Tyr Arg Thr Cys Lys Leu Val Gly Ile Asn
Met Ser Lys Lys465 470 475
480Lys Ser Tyr Ile Asn Arg Thr Gly Thr Phe Glu Phe Thr Ser Phe Phe
485 490 495Tyr Arg Tyr Gly Phe
Val Ala Asn Phe Ser Met Glu Leu Pro Ser Phe 500
505 510Gly Val Ser Gly Ile Asn Glu Ser Ala Asp Met Ser
Ile Gly Val Thr 515 520 525Val Ile
Lys Asn Asn Met Ile Asn Asn Asp Leu Gly Pro Ala Thr Ala 530
535 540Gln Met Ala Leu Gln Leu Phe Ile Lys Asp Tyr
Arg Tyr Thr Tyr Arg545 550 555
560Cys His Arg Gly Asp Thr Gln Ile Gln Thr Arg Arg Ser Phe Glu Leu
565 570 575Lys Lys Leu Trp
Glu Gln Thr Arg Ser Lys Ala Gly Leu Leu Val Ser 580
585 590Asp Gly Gly Pro Asn Leu Tyr Asn Ile Arg Asn
Leu His Ile Pro Glu 595 600 605Val
Cys Leu Lys Trp Glu Leu Met Asp Glu Asp Tyr Gln Gly Arg Leu 610
615 620Cys Asn Pro Leu Asn Pro Phe Val Ser His
Lys Glu Ile Glu Ser Val625 630 635
640Asn Asn Ala Val Val Met Pro Ala His Gly Pro Ala Lys Ser Met
Glu 645 650 655Tyr Asp Ala
Val Ala Thr Thr His Ser Trp Ile Pro Lys Arg Asn Arg 660
665 670Ser Ile Leu Asn Thr Ser Gln Arg Gly Ile
Leu Glu Asp Glu Gln Met 675 680
685Tyr Gln Lys Cys Cys Asn Leu Phe Glu Lys Phe Phe Pro Ser Ser Ser 690
695 700Tyr Arg Arg Pro Val Gly Ile Ser
Ser Met Val Glu Ala Met Val Ser705 710
715 720Arg Ala Arg Ile Asp Ala Arg Ile Asp Phe Glu Ser
Gly Arg Ile Lys 725 730
735Lys Glu Glu Phe Ala Glu Ile Met Lys Ile Cys Ser Thr Ile Glu Glu
740 745 750Leu Arg Arg Gln Lys
755172280DNAInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(2280)Figure 12A Influenza
A virus (A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) polymerase subunit PB2
(PB2) gene (GenBank AY619954.1 ) 17atggagagaa taaaagaact aagagatcta
atgtcacagt ctcgcactcg cgagatactc 60accaaaacca ctgtggacca catggccata
atcaaaaagt acacatcagg aaggcaagag 120aagaaccctg cactcaggat gaagtggatg
atggcaatga aatatccaat tgcagcagac 180aagagaataa tggagatgat tcctgaaagg
aatgaacagg gacaaaccct ttggagcaaa 240gcaaatgatg ccggctcaga ccgagtgatg
gtatctcctc tggctgtgac atggtggaat 300aggaatggac caacaactag tacagttcat
tatccaaagg tgtataagac ttatttcgaa 360aaagtcgaaa ggttgaaaca cgggaccttt
ggccctgttc gcttcagaaa tcaagttaaa 420ataagacgga tggttgacat aaaccctggt
cacgcaggcc tcagtgccaa agaggcacag 480gatgtaataa tggaagtcgt tttcccaaat
gaagtgggag cgagaatact aacatcggag 540tcacaactga cgataccaaa agaaaagaag
gaagaactcc aggactgcaa gattgcccct 600ttgatggttg catacatgct agaaagggaa
ttggtccgta aaactaggtt cctcccagtg 660gctggtggaa caagcagtgt ctacattgag
gtgctgcatt taactcaggg gacatgctgg 720gagcaaatgt acaccccagg aggggaagtg
aggaatgatg atgttgacca aagcttgatt 780atcgctgcca ggaacatagt aagaagagca
acagtatcag cagacccact agcatctcta 840ttggagatgt gtcacagcac acagattgga
gggataagga tggtagacat tcttcggcaa 900aatccgacag aggaacaagc tgtggacata
tgcaaggcag caatgggctt aaggattagc 960tcatctttca gctttggcgg attcactttc
aaaagaacaa gcgggtcgtc agttaagaga 1020gaagaagaaa tgcttacggg caaccttcaa
acattgaaaa taagagtaca tgaggggtat 1080gaagagttca caatggttgg gagaagagca
acagccattc tcaggaaggc aaccagaaga 1140ttgatccagc taatagtaag tgggagagac
gagcagtcaa ttgctgaagc aataattgtg 1200gccatggtat tctcacaaga ggattgcatg
atcaaggcag tccgaggtga tttgaacttt 1260gtcaatagag caaaccagcg gctaaaccca
atgcatcaac tcttgagaca cttccaaaag 1320gacgcaaaag tgcttctcca aaactgggga
attgaaccca ttgacaatgt aatgggaatg 1380atcgggatat tacccgacat gactccaagt
actgagatgt cgctgagggg gataagagtc 1440agtaagatgg gagtagatga atactccagc
acagagagag tggtagtgag cattgaccga 1500tttttaagag tccgggacca acgagggaat
gtgctattgt cgcctgaaga agtcagcgag 1560acacaaggaa cagagaagct gacaataact
tattcgtcgt caatgatgtg ggagatcaat 1620ggccctgaat cggttttggt caacacttat
cagtggatca tcagaaattg ggaaactgtg 1680aaaattcaat ggtcacaaga ccccacgatg
ttatataaca agatggaatt cgagccattc 1740cagtctctgg tccctaaagc agccagaggt
cagtacagtg gattcgtgag gacacttttc 1800caacagatgc gggatgtgct tggaactttc
gacactgttc agataataaa acttctcccc 1860tttgctgctg ctccaccaga acaaagtagg
atgcaattct cctccttgac tgtgaatgtg 1920aggggatcag gaatgagaat actagtaagg
ggcaattctc cagtgttcaa ttacaataag 1980gccactaaga ggcttacagt tctcggaaaa
gatgcaggtg cattgatcga agatccagac 2040gaaggcacag ctggagtaga gtctgctgtt
ttgagaggat tcctcatctt gggcaaagaa 2100gacaagagat atggcccagc attgagcatc
aatgagctga gcaatcttgc aaaaggagag 2160aaggctaatg tgctaattgg gcaaggagac
gtggtgttgg taatgaaacg gaaacgggac 2220tctagcatac ttactgacag tcagacagcg
accaaaagaa ttcggatggc catcaattag 228018759PRTInfluenza A
virusmisc_feature(1)..(759)Figure 12B Influenza A virus
(A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)) polymerase subunit PB2 (PB2)
gene (GenBank AY619954.1 ) 18Met Glu Arg Ile Lys Glu Leu Arg Asp Leu Met
Ser Gln Ser Arg Thr1 5 10
15Arg Glu Ile Leu Thr Lys Thr Thr Val Asp His Met Ala Ile Ile Lys
20 25 30Lys Tyr Thr Ser Gly Arg Gln
Glu Lys Asn Pro Ala Leu Arg Met Lys 35 40
45Trp Met Met Ala Met Lys Tyr Pro Ile Ala Ala Asp Lys Arg Ile
Met 50 55 60Glu Met Ile Pro Glu Arg
Asn Glu Gln Gly Gln Thr Leu Trp Ser Lys65 70
75 80Ala Asn Asp Ala Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Met Val
Ser Pro Leu Ala Val 85 90
95Thr Trp Trp Asn Arg Asn Gly Pro Thr Thr Ser Thr Val His Tyr Pro
100 105 110Lys Val Tyr Lys Thr Tyr
Phe Glu Lys Val Glu Arg Leu Lys His Gly 115 120
125Thr Phe Gly Pro Val Arg Phe Arg Asn Gln Val Lys Ile Arg
Arg Met 130 135 140Val Asp Ile Asn Pro
Gly His Ala Gly Leu Ser Ala Lys Glu Ala Gln145 150
155 160Asp Val Ile Met Glu Val Val Phe Pro Asn
Glu Val Gly Ala Arg Ile 165 170
175Leu Thr Ser Glu Ser Gln Leu Thr Ile Pro Lys Glu Lys Lys Glu Glu
180 185 190Leu Gln Asp Cys Lys
Ile Ala Pro Leu Met Val Ala Tyr Met Leu Glu 195
200 205Arg Glu Leu Val Arg Lys Thr Arg Phe Leu Pro Val
Ala Gly Gly Thr 210 215 220Ser Ser Val
Tyr Ile Glu Val Leu His Leu Thr Gln Gly Thr Cys Trp225
230 235 240Glu Gln Met Tyr Thr Pro Gly
Gly Glu Val Arg Asn Asp Asp Val Asp 245
250 255Gln Ser Leu Ile Ile Ala Ala Arg Asn Ile Val Arg
Arg Ala Thr Val 260 265 270Ser
Ala Asp Pro Leu Ala Ser Leu Leu Glu Met Cys His Ser Thr Gln 275
280 285Ile Gly Gly Ile Arg Met Val Asp Ile
Leu Arg Gln Asn Pro Thr Glu 290 295
300Glu Gln Ala Val Asp Ile Cys Lys Ala Ala Met Gly Leu Arg Ile Ser305
310 315 320Ser Ser Phe Ser
Phe Gly Gly Phe Thr Phe Lys Arg Thr Ser Gly Ser 325
330 335Ser Val Lys Arg Glu Glu Glu Met Leu Thr
Gly Asn Leu Gln Thr Leu 340 345
350Lys Ile Arg Val His Glu Gly Tyr Glu Glu Phe Thr Met Val Gly Arg
355 360 365Arg Ala Thr Ala Ile Leu Arg
Lys Ala Thr Arg Arg Leu Ile Gln Leu 370 375
380Ile Val Ser Gly Arg Asp Glu Gln Ser Ile Ala Glu Ala Ile Ile
Val385 390 395 400Ala Met
Val Phe Ser Gln Glu Asp Cys Met Ile Lys Ala Val Arg Gly
405 410 415Asp Leu Asn Phe Val Asn Arg
Ala Asn Gln Arg Leu Asn Pro Met His 420 425
430Gln Leu Leu Arg His Phe Gln Lys Asp Ala Lys Val Leu Leu
Gln Asn 435 440 445Trp Gly Ile Glu
Pro Ile Asp Asn Val Met Gly Met Ile Gly Ile Leu 450
455 460Pro Asp Met Thr Pro Ser Thr Glu Met Ser Leu Arg
Gly Ile Arg Val465 470 475
480Ser Lys Met Gly Val Asp Glu Tyr Ser Ser Thr Glu Arg Val Val Val
485 490 495Ser Ile Asp Arg Phe
Leu Arg Val Arg Asp Gln Arg Gly Asn Val Leu 500
505 510Leu Ser Pro Glu Glu Val Ser Glu Thr Gln Gly Thr
Glu Lys Leu Thr 515 520 525Ile Thr
Tyr Ser Ser Ser Met Met Trp Glu Ile Asn Gly Pro Glu Ser 530
535 540Val Leu Val Asn Thr Tyr Gln Trp Ile Ile Arg
Asn Trp Glu Thr Val545 550 555
560Lys Ile Gln Trp Ser Gln Asp Pro Thr Met Leu Tyr Asn Lys Met Glu
565 570 575Phe Glu Pro Phe
Gln Ser Leu Val Pro Lys Ala Ala Arg Gly Gln Tyr 580
585 590Ser Gly Phe Val Arg Thr Leu Phe Gln Gln Met
Arg Asp Val Leu Gly 595 600 605Thr
Phe Asp Thr Val Gln Ile Ile Lys Leu Leu Pro Phe Ala Ala Ala 610
615 620Pro Pro Glu Gln Ser Arg Met Gln Phe Ser
Ser Leu Thr Val Asn Val625 630 635
640Arg Gly Ser Gly Met Arg Ile Leu Val Arg Gly Asn Ser Pro Val
Phe 645 650 655Asn Tyr Asn
Lys Ala Thr Lys Arg Leu Thr Val Leu Gly Lys Asp Ala 660
665 670Gly Ala Leu Ile Glu Asp Pro Asp Glu Gly
Thr Ala Gly Val Glu Ser 675 680
685Ala Val Leu Arg Gly Phe Leu Ile Leu Gly Lys Glu Asp Lys Arg Tyr 690
695 700Gly Pro Ala Leu Ser Ile Asn Glu
Leu Ser Asn Leu Ala Lys Gly Glu705 710
715 720Lys Ala Asn Val Leu Ile Gly Gln Gly Asp Val Val
Leu Val Met Lys 725 730
735Arg Lys Arg Asp Ser Ser Ile Leu Thr Asp Ser Gln Thr Ala Thr Lys
740 745 750Arg Ile Arg Met Ala Ile
Asn 755191762DNAInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(1762)Figure 13A
Influenza A virus (A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98 (H3N2)) hemagglutinin
gene 19agcaaaagca ggggataatt ctattaacca tgaagactat cattgctttg agctacattt
60tatgtctggt tttcgctcaa aaacttcccg gaaatgacaa cagcacagca acgctgtgcc
120tgggacacca tgcagtgcca aacggaaccc tagtgaaaac aatcacgaat gatcaaattg
180aagtgactaa tgctactgag ctggttcaga gttcctcaac aggtagaata tgcgacagtc
240ctcaccgaat ccttgatgga aaaaactgca cattgataga tgctctactg ggagaccctc
300attgcgatgg ctttcaaaat aaggaatggg acctttttat tgaacgcagc aaagcttaca
360gcaactgtta cccttatgat gtgccggatt attcctccct taggtcacta gttgcctcat
420caggcaccct ggagtttacc aatgaagact tcaattggac tggggtcgct caggatgggg
480gaagctattc ttgcaaaagg ggatctgtta aaagtttctt tagtagattg aattggttac
540acaaattaga atacaaatat ccagcactga acgtgactat gccaaacaat gacaaatttg
600acaaattgta catttggggg gttcaccacc cgagcacgga cagtgaacaa accagcctgt
660atgttcaagc aatagggaga gtcacagtct ctaccaaaag tagccaacaa actgtaatcc
720cgaacatcgg gtccagaccc tgggtgaggg gcatctccag tagaataagc atctattgga
780caatagtaaa accgggagac atacttttga ttagcagcac agggaatcta attgctcctc
840ggggttactt caaaatacga aatgggaaaa gctcaataat gaggtcagat gcacccattg
900acaactgcta ttctgaatgc atcactccaa atggaagcat tcccaatgac aaaccttttc
960aaaatgtaaa taggatcaca tatggggcct gtcccaaata tgttaagcaa aaaactctga
1020aattggcaac agggatgcgg aatgtaccag agaaacaaac tagaggcata ttcggcgcaa
1080tcgcaggttt catagaaaat ggttgggagg gaatggtaga cggttggtac ggtttcaggc
1140atcaaaattc tgagggcaca ggacaagcag cagatcttaa aagcacccaa gcagcaatcg
1200atcaagtcaa cgggaaattg aataggttaa tcgagaaaac gaacgagaaa ttccatcaaa
1260tcgaaaaaga attttcagaa gtagaaggga gaattcagga cctcgagaaa tatgttgaag
1320acactaaaat agatctctgg tcttacaacg cggagctcct tgttgccctg gagaatcaac
1380atacaattga tctaactgac tcagaaatga acaaactgtt tgaaaaaaca aggaagcaac
1440tgagggaaaa tgctgaggac atgggcaatg gttgcttcaa aatataccac aaatgtgaca
1500atgcctgcat agggtcaatc agaaatggaa cttatgacca tgatgtatac agagacgaag
1560cattaaacaa ccggttccag atcaaaggtg ttgagctgaa atcaggatac aaagattgga
1620tcctatggat ttcctttgcc atatcatgct ttttgctttg tgttgttttg ctggggttca
1680tcatgtgggc ctgccaaaaa ggcaacatta ggtgcaacat ttgcatttga gtgcattaat
1740taaaaacacc cttgtttcta ct
176220566PRTInfluenza A virusmisc_feature(1)..(566)Figure 13B Influenza A
virus (A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98 (H3N2)) hemagglutinin gene 20Met Lys
Thr Ile Ile Ala Leu Ser Tyr Ile Leu Cys Leu Val Phe Ala1 5
10 15Gln Lys Leu Pro Gly Asn Asp Asn
Ser Thr Ala Thr Leu Cys Leu Gly 20 25
30His His Ala Val Pro Asn Gly Thr Leu Val Lys Thr Ile Thr Asn
Asp 35 40 45Gln Ile Glu Val Thr
Asn Ala Thr Glu Leu Val Gln Ser Ser Ser Thr 50 55
60Gly Arg Ile Cys Asp Ser Pro His Arg Ile Leu Asp Gly Lys
Asn Cys65 70 75 80Thr
Leu Ile Asp Ala Leu Leu Gly Asp Pro His Cys Asp Gly Phe Gln
85 90 95Asn Lys Glu Trp Asp Leu Phe
Ile Glu Arg Ser Lys Ala Tyr Ser Asn 100 105
110Cys Tyr Pro Tyr Asp Val Pro Asp Tyr Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser
Leu Val 115 120 125Ala Ser Ser Gly
Thr Leu Glu Phe Thr Asn Glu Asp Phe Asn Trp Thr 130
135 140Gly Val Ala Gln Asp Gly Gly Ser Tyr Ser Cys Lys
Arg Gly Ser Val145 150 155
160Lys Ser Phe Phe Ser Arg Leu Asn Trp Leu His Lys Leu Glu Tyr Lys
165 170 175Tyr Pro Ala Leu Asn
Val Thr Met Pro Asn Asn Asp Lys Phe Asp Lys 180
185 190Leu Tyr Ile Trp Gly Val His His Pro Ser Thr Asp
Ser Glu Gln Thr 195 200 205Ser Leu
Tyr Val Gln Ala Ile Gly Arg Val Thr Val Ser Thr Lys Ser 210
215 220Ser Gln Gln Thr Val Ile Pro Asn Ile Gly Ser
Arg Pro Trp Val Arg225 230 235
240Gly Ile Ser Ser Arg Ile Ser Ile Tyr Trp Thr Ile Val Lys Pro Gly
245 250 255Asp Ile Leu Leu
Ile Ser Ser Thr Gly Asn Leu Ile Ala Pro Arg Gly 260
265 270Tyr Phe Lys Ile Arg Asn Gly Lys Ser Ser Ile
Met Arg Ser Asp Ala 275 280 285Pro
Ile Asp Asn Cys Tyr Ser Glu Cys Ile Thr Pro Asn Gly Ser Ile 290
295 300Pro Asn Asp Lys Pro Phe Gln Asn Val Asn
Arg Ile Thr Tyr Gly Ala305 310 315
320Cys Pro Lys Tyr Val Lys Gln Lys Thr Leu Lys Leu Ala Thr Gly
Met 325 330 335Arg Asn Val
Pro Glu Lys Gln Thr Arg Gly Ile Phe Gly Ala Ile Ala 340
345 350Gly Phe Ile Glu Asn Gly Trp Glu Gly Met
Val Asp Gly Trp Tyr Gly 355 360
365Phe Arg His Gln Asn Ser Glu Gly Thr Gly Gln Ala Ala Asp Leu Lys 370
375 380Ser Thr Gln Ala Ala Ile Asp Gln
Val Asn Gly Lys Leu Asn Arg Leu385 390
395 400Ile Glu Lys Thr Asn Glu Lys Phe His Gln Ile Glu
Lys Glu Phe Ser 405 410
415Glu Val Glu Gly Arg Ile Gln Asp Leu Glu Lys Tyr Val Glu Asp Thr
420 425 430Lys Ile Asp Leu Trp Ser
Tyr Asn Ala Glu Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Glu 435 440
445Asn Gln His Thr Ile Asp Leu Thr Asp Ser Glu Met Asn Lys
Leu Phe 450 455 460Glu Lys Thr Arg Lys
Gln Leu Arg Glu Asn Ala Glu Asp Met Gly Asn465 470
475 480Gly Cys Phe Lys Ile Tyr His Lys Cys Asp
Asn Ala Cys Ile Gly Ser 485 490
495Ile Arg Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp His Asp Val Tyr Arg Asp Glu Ala Leu
500 505 510Asn Asn Arg Phe Gln
Ile Lys Gly Val Glu Leu Lys Ser Gly Tyr Lys 515
520 525Asp Trp Ile Leu Trp Ile Ser Phe Ala Ile Ser Cys
Phe Leu Leu Cys 530 535 540Val Val Leu
Leu Gly Phe Ile Met Trp Ala Cys Gln Lys Gly Asn Ile545
550 555 560Arg Cys Asn Ile Cys Ile
5652120DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic primer 21taatacgact
cactataggg
202243DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic primer 22gtcatttccg ggaagttttt
gcacccaagt attgttttcg tag 432343DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic primer 23gctgaaatca ggatacaaag attgaggcct tgcttctggg
ttg 432418DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic primer
24acaggtgtcc gtgtcgcg
182543DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic primer 25ctacgaaaac aatacttggg
tgcaaaaact tcccggaaat gac 432643DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic primer 26caacccagaa gcaaggcctc aatctttgta tcctgatttc
agc 432720DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic primer
27tggccaaacc atgagacaac
202820DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic primer 28ggcgttattc ctcagttgtg
202920DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic primer 29cgcaatcgca ggtttcatag
203043DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic primer
30caacccagaa gcaaggcctc aatctttgta tcctgatttc agc
43
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